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2019, Settlements and Necropoleis of the Black Sea and its Hinterland in Antiquity Gocha R. Tsetskhladze and Sümer Atasoy with the collaboration of
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Abstract The Great Göztepe Tumulus, which is located in the city of Safranbolu in inland Paphlagonia, has been little studied so far. The salvage excavations initiated in 2011 revealed an unprecedented tomb structure in the region. At the centre of the tumulus there is a stone circle with a diameter of 15 m constructed in the dry masonry technique. Inside this circle there is a tholos tomb in the form of beehive which is filled with soil. This tomb is constructed in the dry masonry technique as well. The tumulus was exposed to looting many times by tomb raiders, hence there is not a solid finding in the tomb inventory. However a number of pottery sherds found inside the tomb structure shows that the tumulus dates back to the Middle Phrygian period. Although the architecture of the tomb does not correspond to traditional Phrygian tomb architecture, it is considered that the owner of the tomb was a local noble who lived in the Phrygian period. In and around Safranbolu there are very few remains dating to Phrygian period and these are located in the Soğanlı valley to the south-east. Examples of Phrygian influence in the valley are some open-air altars dedicated to Cybele and the façade of a Hellenistic-period rock-cut tomb. There are dozens of tumuli over the hills close to Safranbolu.
Space, Politics, Culture and Religion in the First Millennium BC
The present paper examines the 'royal' status displayed by the grave goods found in the tumuli at Gordion. For some time now it has been clear that the so-called Midas Mound is not the tomb of King Midas. If we are not able to assign any of the tombs to a specific name, however, then what can be made of the grave goods and inscriptions found in Phrygian tumuli? Graffiti from the tombs provide recurrent names that might be interpreted as cultic titles. It seems that representations of ritual status were more important than political or historical claims. Or, rather, political messages were rendered in terms of ritual status. The interpretation of some of the bronze objects found in the tombs (belts and fibulae) supports this suggestion. Thus, we can interpret Phrygian tumuli as élite burial monuments, but not all of them can be considered royal. The research situation is comparable with the problems concerning the 4th century BC Thracian tombs. Although some Thracian royal names of that period are known, none of the tombs can be securely assigned to a certain ruler. Again, the deceased was projected in his symbolic and ritual status rather than in his political capacity as a historical ruler. Finally, the author considers Phrygian identities displayed by tumuli outside the Phrygian heartland. They supplement further pieces of evidence for cultural interactions.
CEDRUS, 2021
The İkiztepeler Tumuli, located approximately 14 km north of Erzurum, consist of five tumuli, located in a 34 acre area of land between the Gülpınar and Kırmızıtaş neighborhoods. Three of the five tumuli excavations were carried out in 1965 by Hamid Z. Herman Vary Kosay. Number I, IV and V tumuli excavated provide important data for the history of the region. In the excavation reports examined, it is seen that in particular Tumuli IV has important data with its architectural features and tomb finds. The tumuli were superficially evaluated in the studies of Koşay and Vary, as belonging to a Hellenistic Period context. Tumulus IV and its tomb finds, which were reexamined within the scope of this research, are here dated to a more specific time period. This paper aims to shed light on the history of Erzurum and its environs, where relatively little information is available concerning its Hellenistic past and to provide data for more comprehensive studies to be carried out in the future.
Antik Dönem Anadolusu’nda, Phrygia Bölgesinin “dağlık kesimi” Dorylaion (günümüzde Eskişehir ili), Kotiaion (günümüzde Kütahya ili) ve Akroinos (günümüzde Afyon ili) arasında kalan kısmıdır ve “Dağlık Phrygia” olarak adlandırılmıştır. Dağlık Phrygia Bölgesinde “Phryg” Döneminde kayaya oyulmuş Ana Tanrıça tapınımı ile ilgili görkemli anıtlar ve aynı döneme ait anıtsal oda mezarların yanı sıra Hellenistik ve Roma İmparatorluk Dönemlerinde kayaya oyulmuş çeşitli tipte mezarlar ve oda mezarlar da bulunmaktadır. Hellenistik ve Roma İmparatorluk Dönemlerinde Dağlık Phrygia Bölgesi’nde, kayaya oyulmuş oda mezarların yarıya yakın kısmında çeşitli seviyelerde cephe mimarisi ve süslemeleri tespit edilebilmiştir. Bu cephe mimarisine sahip oda mezarlardan bazıları anıtsal nitelik gösterirler ve cephelerinde barındırdıkları süsleme ve diğer bazı unsurlardan dolayı sadece mezar tipolojisi yönünden değil “cephe düzenlemesi” açısından da ayrıca değerlendirilmeleri gerekir. Bu nedenle söz konusu anıtsal cephe mimarisine sahip oda mezarlardan, önemli örnekler olduklarını düşündüğüm 20 kadarı farklı açılardan makalede irdelenmeye çalışılmıştır. Bunlar Eskişehir ili sınırları içerisinde Kümbet-Deliklikaya, Kümbet – Solon’un Mezarı, Zehran, bölgenin tapınak formlu en anıtsal kaya mezarı olan Gerdekkaya, kutsal Phryg Yazılıkayası’nda bulunan Kırkgözkaya, Kilise, Yapıldak nekropolisindeki oda mezarlar, Afyon ili sınırları içerisinde ise Ahlatçıinler nekropolisindeki oda mezarlar, Ayazin kasabasındaki oda mezarlar, Güllük mevkiindeki bir oda mezar, Demirli köyü civarındaki nekropolisten bir oda mezar’dır. Dağlık Phrygia Bölgesi’ndeki oda mezarlar tarihlendirilirken iki önemli karşılaştırma ögesi dikkate alınmıştır. Mezar tipolojisi ve cephe mimarisi/süslemeleri. Mezar tipolojisi makalenin ana içeriğinden apayrı bir konudur ve dolayısıyla burada üzerinde durulmamıştır. Cephe düzenlemesi için ise farklı Antik bölge ve coğrafyalardaki yapılar veya oygular ile yapılması gereken olağan karşılaştırmaların yanı sıra, Phrygia Bölgesi ve Dağlık Phrygia Bölgesi kaya oyguları için, literatürde “türsteine” veya “doorstone” şekliyle daha çok kullanılan “sahte kapı stelleri”, bunların bölgede kaya oygularındaki yansımaları ve tüm Antik coğrafyanın en önemli lahit üretim merkezlerinden olan ve Dağlık Phrygia’ya çok yakın bir konumda bulunan Dokimeion tipi lahitler ile yapılan karşılaştırmalar dikkate değer bir nitelik taşımaktadır. Ayrıca kendi kutsal bölgesinde tanrıçanın hemen her dönemde kaya üzerinde betimlenmesi de “gelenek” ve “süreklilik” kavramları için bir diğer özel örnektir.
Ancestral Landscapes TMO 58, Maison de l'Orient de la Mediterranee, Lyon 2011, 2011
ISBN 978 1 78491 192 8 ISBN 978 1 78491 193 5 (e-Pdf)
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This paper presents a new tomb complex of the Late Bronze Age at Palaepaphos-Teratsoudhia in south-west Cyprus. Although looted, Tomb 288 yielded a representative repertoire of funerary gifts, including seals and scarabs, ranging chronologically from the very beginning of the Late Bronze Age to Late Cypriote IIC, roughly from 1650 to 1200 BC. Tomb 288 has characteristics which are typical of Late Bronze Age tomb architecture in Cyprus and well known in the Paphos region, as well as aspects which have not previously been observed in any necropolis of the period, such as the large central “pillars” which support the roof in Chambers A and B. The tomb’s finds comprise representative examples of the ceramic production of Palaepaphos for a period of some 400 years and illustrate the wealth of this region during the whole of the Late Bronze Age. The tomb is a significant addition, in particular, to our knowledge of the earliest phase of the city’s existence, a period which is not adequately known since the focus of recent research has primarily been on the latest phase of the Late Bronze Age and the early part of the Iron Age.
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