Current issues related to Lac production

LFkkiuk fnol lEesyu Ykk[k ds mRiknu ls tqM+s lkef;d eqn~ns 20&21 flrEcj] 2010 Foundation day Conference of Stakeholders Current Issues Related to Lac Production 20-21 September, 2010 Compilation of talks Hkkjrh; izkÑfrd jky ,oa xksan laLFkku INDIAN INSTITUTE OF NATURAL RESINS AND GUMS ¼Hkkjrh; d`f"k vuqla/kku ifj"kn~½ (INDIAN COUNCIL OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH) ukedqe] jk¡ph 834 010 >kj[k.M] Hkkjr Namkum, Ranchi 834 010, Jharkhand, India Phone: 91-651-2260117, 2261156 (Director) Website: www.icar.org.in/iinrg/default.htm Publication Courtesy : NABARD, Ranchi Published by Dr R Ramani Director Compiled and Edited by Dr JP Singh Dr Md Monobrullah Dr Anjesh Kumar Dr R Ramani Design and Layout Dr Md Monobrullah Hindi Translation Dr JP Singh Photographs and Technical support Shri RP Srivastava Shri Arjun K Sinha Shri SK Yadav Correct Citation Monobrullah Md, Singh J P, Kumar A, Ramani R (2010). Current issues related to lac production. Compilation of talks, 20-21 September, 2010, 56 pp. Printed at Kailash Paper Conversion Pvt. Ltd., Ranchi – 8340 01 September 2010 INDIAN INSTITUTE OF NATURAL RESINS AND GUMS Namkum, Ranchi - 834 010, Jharkhand, India Phone : 91-651-2260117, 2261156 (Director) Website : www.icar.org.in/iinrg/default.htm http://ilri.ernet.in Hkk-izk-jk-xksa-la- IINRG CONTENTS Sl. No. Topic Author Page No. General Issues Related to Lac Production 1. National strategy for enhancing lac production R. Ramani 1 2. Role of NGOs for development of lac production Binju Abraham 4 3. Lac exports Vs production: Issues and remedial measures Roshan Lal Sharma 7 4. yk[k mRiknu dh mUufr esa yk[k m|ksx dh Hkwfedk xtkuu vxzoky 10 5. yk[k dh ?kjsyq mi;ksfxrk ij ,d utj lqHkk"k vxzoky 13 6. Private Participation - A Solution to Improve Lac Production Base Y. D. Mishra, Balajee Mishra 17 7. Price support for lac growing farmers- A practical solution Irfan Ozair 19 8. Scope of lac production through intensive cultivation on quick plantations of bushy hosts T. Bhattacharya 22 9. Nationalization of lac in Madhya Pradesh: Lesson leant Moni Thomas, Ravi Shrivastava & V. R Khare 25 10. Supply of lac : Importers perspective Burkhard Volbert 28 11. Capacity building on lac production technologies – Status and future thrusts A. K. Jaiswal 30 t;nso egrks 32 12. Ñ"kd Lrj ij yk[k mRiknu dh leL;k;sa Issues Related to Lac Production in Major Lac Growing Areas 13. Jharkhand : Current status of lac production, issues, remedial measures and support system for development Ram Bharat 33 Sl. No. Topic Author Page No. 14. Madhya Pradesh : Current status of lac production, issues, remedial measures and support system for development Moni Thomas 35 15. West Bengal : Current status of lac production, issues, remedial measures and support system for development R. K. Middya 38 lh- ,y- ikj/kh 40 16. egkjk"Vª esa yk[k dh [ksrh ,d pquko Issues Related to Lac Production in Minor Lac Growing Areas 17. Gujarat : Current status of lac production, issues, remedial measures and support system for development S. K. Dwivedi 41 18. Orissa : Current status of lac production, issues, remedial measures and support system for development P. K. Panda 43 19. Uttar Pradesh : Current status of lac production, issues, remedial measures and support system for development B. K. Dwivedi 46 20. Jammu: Current status of lac production, issues, remedial measures and support system for development R. K. Gupta & Md. Monobrullah 49 Hkk-izk-jk-xksa-la- IINRG National Strategy for Enhancing Lac Production R Ramani Indian Institute of Natural Resins and Gums, Ranchi 834 010, India [email protected] Introduction India is the leading lac producing country in the world and it continues to maintain its leadership despite the fluctuations in production. Increasing lac production has been constrained as it is done in backward regions of the country by resource-constrained farmers. In view of the economic returns to the growers and global interest for safe natural materials, lac is seen as an inevitable tool for livelihood support in the lac growing areas of country. India, therefore, should achieve a quantum leap in lac production in order to cater to the increasing domestic requirement and also ensure stable supply and price to overseas buyers; this is envisaged to result in rise in demand over a period of time. Production trend analysis Analysis of lac production trends in India during past six years (2004-05 to 2009-10) showed a significant positive growth trend up to 2006-07. But subsequently, there had been decline in production, which is attributed to climatic patterns unfavourable for lac crop. This has resulted in an overall negative growth rate of country’s lac production (~4%) during past six years. The maximum decline of growth rate was seen in Jharkhand (-12.6%) and the least in Madhya Pradesh (-0.4%); only Chhattisgarh showed an overall positive growth of 2.3%. The change in trend was observed particularly during last four years. The production trends during last four years in leading districts of major lac producing States reveal an interesting picture. In Jharkhand, Ranchi district showed a distinct decline due to drop in rangeeni lac production, whereas West Singhbhum and Gumla districts showed a positive growth of 6.3 to 28.9% mainly due to good kusmi lac production. All the Jharkhand districts showed a sharp decline in rangeeni lac production with an overall drop by 54.5% for the State, whereas the State showed a growth of 19.4% for kusmi lac production during the same period. In Chhattisgarh, Rajnandgaon and Bilaspur districts showed a negative growth, whereas Korba and Raipur districts registered a growth rate of 9.6 and 4.3% respectively. Both rangeeni and kusmi crops registered a negative growth rate of about 16-17%. In the central India State of Madhya Pradesh, about 72% of lac production came from Seoni and Balaghat districts. Seoni district registered growth rate of 6.9% for the rangeeni production especially due to growth in summer crop production. 1 A major trend appears to emerge from the above analysis is that as we move across the three major lac growing States (contribution: 85%), East to West, as indicated below: State Trend of rangeeni crop Trend of kusmi crop Jharkhand Very poor Good Chhattisgarh Poor Very poor Madhya Pradesh Moderate Poor The rangeeni crops showed progressively poor performance in north-eastern States Jharkhand and West Bengal, whereas the kusmi crops faired relatively poor in more Westerly State, Madhya Pradesh. This is particularly due to major deviations in the rain patterns during monsoon as well as post-monsoon and winter rain fall and temperature regimen in these States observed during recent years. A major change is seen in the Indian lac production scenario is the growth in the kusmi lac production in absolute and relative terms to that of rangeeni. This is seen as welcome change due to superior industrial quality of the kusmi and better returns to grower. As per available statistics, the share of kusmi lac has grown from about 16% in the 1990s to 43% during last four years. This change is attributed to two reasons: i) boost to kusmi lac production due to promotional efforts of IINRG with the support of a number governmental and non-governmental agencies and ii) decline in rangeeni lac production, especially due to poor performance summer crops due to weather patterns during winter and pre-summer months. A look at the weather data recorded at Namkum during past five years in comparison to previous decade reveal clear deviations from the normal weather patterns: changed rain patterns; reduced post-monsoon and winter rain spells; overall fall in relative humidity; deviations in maximum and minimum temperature patterns over seasons. Exhaustive experimentation and sample analysis from Jharkhand and West Bengal have revealed very high level of parasitization (mean: 54%) by Aprostocetus purpureus in the lac insect cultures in the Institute as well as samples of farmers’ crops (palas and ber) in Jan. 2010, the vulnerable stage of rangeeni summer lac crop; caging of samples in Jan. and Mar. showed 248-364 and 416-573 parasites of the above species from 10cm lac sticks, which is extremely high. These data point to a surgence of parasitic population due to change in weather conditions during postmonsoon period. The rangeeni insect appears to be more vulnerable compared to kusmi insect due probably to difference in life cycle patterns. It is also envisaged that the summer kusmi crop (jethwi) acts as a reservoir from which the parasites can easily migrate to rangeeni crops in the early stage of development and multiply, when these crops are grown in the same area. 2 Hkk-izk-jk-xksa-la- IINRG In view of the above considerations, a national strategy for lac production for rangeeni and kusmi lac crops is mooted here to boost overall lac production as well as overcome the problems related to rangeeni lac production, especially the summer crop. The natural occurrence of major lac hosts for rangeeni production: palas and ber; and kusmi production: kusum and ber has to be considered while proposing a production plan. The production areas for rangeeni and kusmi lac production have to be segregated to minimize migration of harmful predators and parasites between kusmi and rangeeni crops. This will also help availability of broodlac locally. A broad plan for demarcating kusmi and rangeeni areas in the lac producing States has been shown below, which is tentative and has be fine-tuned at mircolevel after considering host availability and agroclimatic condtions. Rangeeni: Northern India including Uttar Pradesh and Jammu; a large part of Madhya Pradesh (palas concentrations); Jharkhand (districts adjoining UP: Garwah, Palamau, Latehar; Ranchi); Maharashtra (eastern); Bankura and Medinipur of West Bengal; northern and sourthern Chhattisgarh,etc.; North-eastern states. Kusmi: Southern Jharkhand (Gumla, Simdega, West Singhbhum, Southern Ranchi); Southern Chhattisgarh (Kanker, etc.); Orissa (kusum concentrations); coastal Andhra Pradesh (Vishakapatnam); Gujarat. Intensive lac cultivation on bushy lac host F. semialata has yielded promising results for through quick establishment of plantations. This host is amenable for integrated farming systems and semialata + vegetable integration has led to kusmi broodlac production during summer. Promotion of large-scale plantations can create substantial impact on lac production in the country. Action plan suggested zz Resource (lac host) mapping in lac growing States to demarcate and segregate rangeeni and kusmi lac production areas and its implementation through appropriate agencies. zz Development of information network on lac crop progress in different locations for crop management and availability of broodlac. zz Precise identification of reasons for large-scale pre-summer rangeeni insect mortality and overcoming the adverse impact of climate change through: i) development of suitable management technique; ii) insect breed differing of maturity time with reduced vulnerability. zz Development of semialata-based farming system models and promotion of lac production in semialata through suitable support system for supplementing production. zz Lac crop insurance plans with government subsidy to attract investment in lac production. 3 Role of Ngo’s for Development of Lac Production Binju Abraham PRADAN, Jharkhand Introduction Lac has been a traditional source of livelihood for thousands of tribal families living in the forest fringes of Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh and Orissa. These families primarily depend on agriculture for their livelihood, which is insufficient to provide them with food security and round-the-year income. Poor families living in forests and forest fringe villages have historically suffered from challenges like unfertile or barren land, low asset base, lack of irrigation facilities, small landholding, poor linkages with the market and their own low risk-bearing capacity, forcing them to migrate in search of work. Lac cultivation with host resources readily available within the periphery of their habitat does provide appreciable incomes to certain segment of families in central and eastern region. However, with recent failure in rangeeni crop consecutively for last 3-4 years now, these families have lost significant livelihoods. Civil societies in the past have contributed significantly in developing value chain of sub-sectors where poor people participated most. The recent example from Jharkhand is the case of tasar, poultry and rainfed vegetable cultivation. It is argued that in order to fix the problem in the lac value chain, especially at the production end of the chain, active involvement of NGOs need to be ensured along with state, market, banking and research partners. Current status and analysis of scenario zz Demand condition global and national seems stable in spite of financial crisis. Thus, any further increase in supply is not going to severely affect the price of crude lac. zz Indian lac is superior in quality and has greatest share in quantity in the international market. Thus, we have a command in the market. zz Poorer communities represent 95% of current volume of production. Therefore, any investment in lac production enhancement will target the ‘aam admi’ (common man) and would contribute to poverty alleviation. zz Only around 7-10% of the host is currently utilized. This means that India has immense potential to shore up crude lac supply. zz The reservation price for farmers is much below the current lowest price. This means that farmers are going to continue lac cultivation in spite of price fluctuations. 4 Hkk-izk-jk-xksa-la- IINRG Major constraints in enhancing production zz Large production risks beyond human control zz Lack of service delivery mechanism around lac production services (brood, credit, technology extension, agrochemical inputs/equipments, institutional support etc) zz Only few government subsidy programs for lac cultivation infrastructure development including improved equipments Strategies for NGOs in enhancing production zz Invest in action researches pertaining to production assuring and productivity enhancing technologies. Developing knowledge partnership amongst producer, lac experts, research institution and promoting agencies to improve lac productivity and contain risks. For example the NABARD-RIF lac project. zz Diversifying production risks by growing different strains of lac on different hosts in different seasons with focus on kusmi lac cultivation (See the above figure for preferring kusmi strain). Strategic shift to kusmi on ber/kusum and bringing new lac host plants like Flemingia semialata under plantation through government programs like NREGA, SGSY etc. 5 zz Introduce and improve production services like credit, brood, extension, insurance can bring more host under cultivation. NGOs can select lac production clusters in its operating area and create relevant service linkages. zz Setting up farmers’ cooperatives to leverage economies of scale to maximize producers’ selling power and provide production services. zz Intervene in brood market structuring to ensure quality brood supply. zz Working towards developing insurance product and insurance service delivery for risks unmanaged by technology/management. 3 6 Hkk-izk-jk-xksa-la- IINRG Lac Exports Vs Production : Issues and Remedial Measures Roshanlal Sharma Tajna Shellac Private Limited, Khunti, Jharkhand Introduction Lac being a natural organic resin having biodegradable properties is one of the many gifts of nature given to mankind. It has been in use for centuries in some form or other before the development of synthetic resins. The synthetic resins because of their cheaper prices and stable supplies have found greater acceptances all over the world. Lately the scientific community particularly in the developed countries has observed the detrimental effects of the inorganic resins. So the interest in this natural resin has been gaining increased acceptance. Lac has been the livelihood of millions of tribals in India. Like other agricultural commodities this commodity has also been suffering the high fluctuations of prices. The poor tribals have no holding power and have to sell their produce as soon as the crop comes in. The manufacturing and exporting units have their limited capacity to buy and hold. Domestic and overseas market scenario It is at this time when purchasing capacity of the industries is exhausted the poor tribals become the victims in the hands of speculative elements, who then start buying at much reduced prices as the arrivals at that time are at peak. Ultimately the major quantity of the lac produce goes into the hands of these speculating elements at highly squeezed prices. When the crop arrivals in the markets have either stopped coming or have reduced considerably, the manufacturerexport units have to buy lac from these stock holders at their dictated prices, which results in highly increased prices for the finished products for the consuming industries in domestic and overseas markets. The overseas consuming industries who have to use the lac in their industrial formulations do not mind the price fluctuations of 10 - 20% but at times the price fluctuations are as wild as 400-500% as the raw material is in the hands of the stockists. The stockists would only sell when they want to. This situation makes the supplies unstable. It is because of these reasons that the overseas consumers have lost interest in this commodity in spite of its organic and biodegradable character. Apart from the work done by Indian Institute of Natural Resins & Gums, over 50 years back two big companies in USA (Zinsser & Mantrose) and one big company in Germany (Kalkhof Petersen & Stroever) used to be regularly involved in R&D work for developing new formulations by making huge investments. The second main reason of price fluctuations is that when the prices go too low the farmers’ loose interest in production resulting in short crop and higher prices. The stock holders at this time put fuel to the fire by further creating artificial 7 shortage. Because of its unstable supplies and prices these companies have stopped doing any R&D work for further use of the resin. About ten years back upon my request Stroever Shellac KG Bremen in Germany had tried to develop one product through their consumer which would have consumed about 500 tons of additional shellac. It had taken them two years to develop the formulation. When they had started their R&D work on this new product the price of shellac was US$ 2500/- per ton but when they asked for the supply the price was US$ 4000/- per ton. This not only annoyed them but also resulted in stoppage of all further use and development in the commodity. The govt. has tried three times to stabilize the prices for the producers during the last 50 years. But these could not achieve the required success because of bureaucratic hurdles and instead of being of any help it had created problems for all concerned in production, trade and industry. With my personal experience in this trade for over 50 years, I feel if we could increase the domestic consumption of lac by developing some new lac based products from the present about 20 to 50%, it will help the situation to great extent. At present about 70-80% of the produce depends upon the overseas markets. This dependence has to be reduced by developing some new uses. The lac is also perishable commodity which cannot be stored for more than 2 years for better use. Bioved research institute of agriculture technology, Allahabad has developed a variety of new lac based products the use of which should be increased which will not only help the tribal poor to become less dependent on the overseas markets and speculative elements but will also increase the domestic consumption which will be helpful in stabilizing the prices. Jharcraft has also taken great initiative and are aiming to market their entire lac based products produced by the tribal poor. The govt. has its own limitations of handling these small delicate and perishable commodities for which lots of care for storage and handling the material which is highly temperature sensitive when fresh and keep the material block free condition and also save from the extreme high temperatures. The poor tribal lac cultivators are compelled to sell even their brood to meet their daily requirements, resulting in no inoculation for further production. They are left with no brood which they have to buy from the others at very high dictated prices, which they cannot afford. This results in poor crops and higher prices, causing problems to the consuming industry to retain sustainable interest in the product. All concerned and connected with the lac in any way have to join together to help the growth and development of this commodity properly and provide reasonable prices to the producers who are really poor and need the help of their big brothers. It is high time to awake; if we do not awake nature is already taking its own course in creating its balance in the form of extreme shortage, droughts in some areas and heavy floods in the other areas. 8 Hkk-izk-jk-xksa-la- IINRG Suggestions for improvement zz Brood farms should be developed so that at the time of crises sufficient brood could be made available to the farmers. zz Reasonable price should be provided to the producers by concerted efforts of all connected with lac in any way. zz We should increase the domestic consumption of lac by developing some new lac based products. Everybody in the country is well aware about the naxalite problems we are facing which are the result of imbalance in society created by our own self-interests and greed. It is the LAW of NATURE to create, produce and maintain the balance, whether in climate, society or in any form. Nature has no favours. It pours all its blessings and curses equal on the rich and the poor, evil and virtuous. 3 9 Ykk[k mRiknu dh mUufr esa yk[k m|ksx dh Hkwfedk xtkuu vxzoky lsUVªy bafM;k yk[k MsoyiesaV lkslk;Vh] xksafn;k] egkjk"Vª eSa Hkkjrh; izkÑfrd jky ,oa xksan laLFkku dks yk[k ds mRiknu ls tqM+s lkef;d eqn~nksa ij nks fnolh; lEesyu vk;ksftr djus ds fy, c?kkbZ ,oa èkU;okn nsrk gw¡] mijksDr fo"k; ij ppkZ gsrw eSa laLFkku dk vkHkkj o;Dr djrk gw¡A Hkkjro"kZ yk[k mRiknu esa igys lcls vxz.kh jgk fdUrq foxr~ dqN o"kksZa ls fujRrj yk[k dh [ksrh de gksrh x;h vkSj 2009 ls bldh [ksrh rdjhcu 5 izfr'kr ij vk x;h] ;g ,d fpark dk fo"k; gSA Ykk[k rFkk yk[k ls mRikfnr inkFkksZa ds Hkko ges'kk Qly rFkk ekdsZV fMekaM ij voyfEcr gksus ls de&T;knk gksrs jgs gSaA vuqlaèkku dsUnz us foxr~ 8&10 o"kksZa ls egkjk"Vª esa Hkh xksafn;k dh laLFkk lsUVªy bafM;k ysd MsoyIkesaV lkslk;Vh ds lkFk dkQh lg;ksx fn;k] ftlls egkjk"Vª dk mRiknu tks fd 1 izfr'kr Fkk] c<+dj rdjhcu 4 izfr'kr rd gks x;k FkkA mlh izdkj e?;izns'k ,oa NRrhlx<+ esa Hkh yk[k dk mRiknu foxr~ o"kksZa esa c<+k FkkA vuqlaèkku dsUnz us xqtjkr] vkUèkzizns'k jkT;ksa esa Hkh yk[k mRiknu dks c<+kok nsus gsrq dk;Z Hkh fd;k fdUrq jkT;ksa esa xyr iz.kkfy;ksa ds dkj.k dkLrdkj caèkq] vkfnoklh dk :>ku yk[k dh [ksrh djus essa de jgkA mnkgj.k ds rkSj ij xqtjkr jkT; esa yk[k ij oSV dk gksuk] ftlls ogk¡ ds dkLrdkj rFkk O;kikjhx.k VSDl dh iz.kkyh gksus ls yk[k mRiknu esa fnypLih de j[krs gSaA eè;izsn'k 'kklu }kjk flracj 2009 ls yk[k ds mRiknu dk jk"Vªh;dj.k dj fn;k x;k tcfd yk[k 95 izfr'kr dkLrdkj rFkk vkfnoklh caèkq viuh Lo;a dh [ksrh rFkk iM+rh tehu ds isM+ksa ls mRiknu ysrs gSaA eè;izns'k 'kklu us 2003 esa bl y?kq oumit dks iwjh rjg ls vkoktkgh ls eqDr dj fn;kA mlds i'pkr 2003 ds ckn eè;izns'k ds yk[k dk mRiknu tks fd laiw.kZ Hkkjr dk 5 izfr'kr fgLlk Fkk] og c<+dj 9 izfr'kr gks x;kA NRrhlx<+ jkT; us yk[k mRiknu gsrq dkQh iz;kl fd;s] tks fd ljkguh; gSA ou foHkkx }kjk ou deZpkfj;ksa dks rFkk vkfnoklh o dkLrdkj caèkqvksa dks Hkkjrh; izkÑfrd jky ,oa xksan laLFkku] jk¡ph ls izf'k{k.k fnyok;k x;k lkFk gh yk[k mRiknu gsrq yk[k fctkbZ dk Hkh forj.k fd;k x;kA blds vykok yk[k ls pkSjh cukus gsrq dqN e'khusa Hkh ctV l= esa vkfnoklh izdYi dks miyCèk djk;k ftlesa NRrhlx<+ us dkQh vkfFkZd ;ksxnku yk[k mRikfnr {ks=ksa dks fn;kA vkUèkzizns'k esa dPph yk[k ij vkoktkgh ds jksdVkd ds dkj.k mRikfnr yk[k dk xSjdkuwuh <ax ls vkoktkgh gksrh gS] ftlls yk[k mRiknu dks lgh dher ugha feyrh vkSj bl dkj.k fdlku yk[k mRiknu djus dk bPNqd ugha jgrkA 10 Hkk-izk-jk-xksa-la- IINRG egkjk"Vª esa Hkh bl o"kZ yk[k mRikfnr ftyksa & xksafn;k] HkaMkjk] xM+fpjksyh] vejkorh] ;oreky] panziqj bR;kfn esa ou foHkkx }kjk vkfnokfl;ksa ds mRFkku gsrq 2 djksM+ ls T;knk dh jkf'k dk vkfFkZd ;ksxnku fn;k fdUrq yk[k mRiknu dh laiw.kZ tkudkjh ugha gksus ls mldk mRiknu gsrq lgh mi;ksx ugha gks ikrk tcfd vuqlaèkku laLFkku vius oSKkfudksa dks izf'k{k.k gsrq laiw.kZ Hkkjr esa Hkstus ds fy;s rRij jgrk gSA fQj Hkh bu jkT;ksa }kjk vuqlaèkku laaLFkku ls ekxZn'kZu rFkk izf'k{k.k ugha fy;k tkrk gS] ;g nq%[k dk fo"k; gSA >kj[kaM ftldk fd Hkkjr esa yk[k mRiknu esa lcls vfèkd ;ksxnku jgk] fdUrq dqN o"kksaZ ls ;gk¡ dk mRiknu dkQh izHkkfor gqvk tcfd yk[k ls piM+k bR;kfn cukus ds dkj[kkus >kj[kaM rFkk if'pe caxky esa gh vR;fèkd gSA ;g ,d fparu dk fo"k; gS] fd Hkkjro"kZ tks vfxze Fkk] mlls vfèkd dk mRiknu FkkbZyM aS ] baMksufs 'k;k] fo;ruke bR;kfn jk"Vªkas esa gksus yxkA yk[k gekjh èkjksgj gS rFkk iykl] csj] dqleq bR;kfn o`{kksa ds isM+ Hkkjro"kZ esa izpjq ek=k esa gS ftlls yk[k dh [ksrh djds gekjs dkLrdkj caèkqvks]a vkfnoklh] nqcy Z ?kVd dks vkfFkZd ;ksxnku izkIr gks ldrk gS] ftlls vkfFkZd ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa lqèkkj gksxk rFkk bl yk[k ds mRiknu ls piM+k bR;kfn fufeZr djds ge mldk vfèkdkfèkd fu;kZr dj ldrs gS]a ftlls gesa fons'kh eqnkz izkIr gksxhA Hkkjro"kZ esa tula[;k dks ns[krs gq;s dkQh uo;qod csjkstxkj gS]a ftUgsa dh bl yk[k mRiknu ls dekbZ dk lzkrs izkIr gks ldrk gSA lkèkkj.k ckr gS fd ftl isM+ ds nksgu ls gesa vkfFkZd ykHk gksxk] mldk laj{k.k fuf'pr :i ls gksxk] ftlls Ik;kZoj.k dh j{kk gksxh] isM+ ugha dVsx a as rFkk u;s isM+ yxkus dh tkx:drk gj O;fDr esa vk;sxhA mijksDr lacksèku dk rkRi;Z ;g gS fd Hkkjro"kZ ds mu jkT;ksa esa tgka dj yxkus dk izkoèkku fd;k x;k gS] mu jkT;ksa esa bl yk[k rFkk yk[k ls mRikfnr inkFkksaZ ij fdlh izdkj dk ou foHkkx }kjk vkoktkgh ij jksd rFkk fdlh izdkj dk Hkh VSDl Ñf"k eaMh lsl bR;kfn ugha gksuk pkfg;sA eè;izn's k 'kklu us Hkh tks yk[k ij jk"Vªh;dj.k fd;k gS] ml dkj.k ogk¡ dk mRiknu 9 izfr'kr ls ?kVdj 0-1 izfr'kr gks x;kA vr% eè;izn's k 'kklu ls fuosnu gS fd os yk[k ij ls jk"Vªh;dj.k gVk dj iwooZ r yk[k dh [ksrh rFkk vkoktkgh dks eqDr dj nsAa LokHkkfod gS fd os fdlh Hkh dk;Z dks dqN yksxksa }kjk djus ds ctk; gtkjksa rFkk yk[kksa yksx djs]a rks fuf'pr :i ls mldk mRiknu c<+x s k rFkk Lo;a ds eky dh j{kk gj O;fDr Lo;a ds LokFkZ ds fufgr T;knk djrk gS rFkk dkLrdkj caèkq viuk mRikfnr yk[k eafM;ksa esa ykdj T;knk ls T;knk nke esa cspus dk iz;kl djrk gSA vkt dh ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa yk[k mRikfnr djusokys dkLrdkj o vkfnoklh caèkq etcwju vkSus&ikSus nkeksa esa xk¡o ds NksVs O;kikfj;ksa dks viuk mRikfnr inkFkZ cspus ds fy;s ckè; gksrs gSa rFkk os O;kikjhx.k fdlh rjg Hkh yk[k dh vkoktkgh dj ysrs gSa ftlls yk[k mRiknd dks mfpr ewY; ugha fey ikrk ftlls mldh yk[k mRiknu esa bPNk de gksrh tk jgh gSA eSa] dkLrdkj caèkqvksa ls Hkh ;g vis{kk djrk gw¡ fd os yk[k dh [ksrh vuqlaèkku dsUnz }kjk nf'kZr fu;eksa ls djsa ftlls mUgsa izfr isM+ T;knk mRiknu izkIr gksxk] isM+ksa ls yk[k dh Vgfu;k¡ dkVus ds 11 i'pkr mls lgh <ax ls [ksr ;k taxy ls yk[k fNyus dh txg rd yk;sa ftlls dh jkLrs esa lw[kh gq;h yk[k lM+d ij uk fxjs rFkk yk[k ydfM+;ksa ls fudkyrs le; Q'kZ ij ;k IykfLVd bR;kfn fcNkdj fudkysa] vU;Fkk yk[k esa feV~Vh o jsrh bR;kfn dk lfeJ.k gks tkrk gS] ftlls yk[k dh DokfyVh [kjkc gksrh gSA yk[k ds cM+s O;kikjh] vM+fr;k] dkj[kkusnkjksa dk Hkh dRrZO; gksrk gS fd os yk[k mRiknu ds fy;s dkLrdkj caèkqvksa dks izksRlkfgr djsa] le;&le; ij vuqlaèkku dsUnz ds ekè;e ls izf'k{k.k f'kfoj dk vk;sktu djsa rFkk bl O;olk; esa gksus ds dkj.k blesa vkfFkZd o 'kkjhfjd ;ksxnku Hkh djsaA ou foHkkx ds vfèkdkjhx.k Hkh yk[k mRiknu esa iw.kZ lg;ksx djsa ftlls muds ou foHkkx ls yxs gq;s xzkeksa dk mRFkku Hkh gksxk rFkk isM+ksa dh j{kk Hkh gksxhA ou foHkkx dks ;k fdlh Hkh jkT; dks [kjhnh&fcØh ds dk;Z esa layXu ugha gksuk pkfg;s D;ksafd yk[k dh [ksrh esa yk[k ds isM+ksa dh Vgfu;ksa dh NaVkbZ] yk[k ohgu ckaèkuk] isM+ksa ls dqN izfr'kr dPph yk[k dkVuk] ckn esa Qawdh yk[k dkVuk fctkbZ gsrq dqN isM+ksa dks vxyh Qly gsrq j[kuk ;g lc izfØ;k dkLrdkj caèkq rFkk yk[k mRikfnr O;fDr gh fuf'pr :i ls dj ldrk gSA ou foHkkx rFkk jkT; 'kklu yk[k mRikfnr dkLrdkj] vfnoklh caèkq dks izf'k{k.k nsuk] yk[k fctkbZ gsrq FkSfy;k¡] midj.k] dhVuk'kd nokb;ka bR;kfn miyCèk djkuk] jkT; ds gj yk[k mRiknd ftyksa esa ou foHkkx }kjk yk[k chtkxq.kd dsUnz dk fuekZ.k djuk pkfg;s ftlls yk[k mRiknd caèkqvksa dks fj;k;rh nj esa yk[k ds cht izkIr gks lds rFkk mlh yk[k chtkxq.kd dsUnz esa yk[k izf'k{k.k dk f'kfoj vk;ksftr dj mUgsa izksRlkfgr djus dk dk;Z ou dk;Z ou foHkkx ds ekè;e ls fd;k tkuk pkfg;sA mijksDr ckrksa esa jkT; ds Ñf"k vuqlaèkku dsUnz dks Hkh lg;ksx djuk pkfg;sA Hkkjro"kZ Ñf"k izèkku ns'k gS vkSj mijksDr ckrksa ij ge fopkj djsa rks fuf'pr :i ls ge yk[k dk mRiknu c<+k ldrs gSa rFkk gekjs xkeh.k caèkqvksa dks vkfFkZd Lrj esa Hkh lqèkkj dj ldrs gSaA o"kZ 2009 ls yk[k dk mRiknu ,dne de gksus dk dkj.k ekulwu dk foyac ls vkuk rFkk de ckfjl gksus ls yk[k ds dhM+sa vfèkdk'kr% ej x;s fdUrq tgk¡ unh] rkykc bR;kfn esa isM+ Fks ogk¡ isM+ksa esa gfj;kyh gksus ds dkj.k dqN yk[k iks"kd isM+ rFkk dhM+s thfor jgsA vc gesa mRiknu c<+kus gsrq de ls de rhu o"kZ yxsaxs] ftlesa lHkh dk lg;ksx ;kfu dh Hkkjrh; izkÑfrd jky ,oa xksan laLFkku] ou foHkkx] yk[k O;olk;h] dkj[kkusnkj] jkT; ds Ñf"k foHkkx] dsUnz 'kklu }kjk ;ksxnku feyus ij gh ;g dk;Z gks ldrk gSA mijksDr ckrksa ij fopkj djds Hkkjrh; izkÑfrd jky ,oa xksan laLFkku] jk¡ph] dsUnz 'kklu] yk[k mRikfnr jkT;ksa ds Ñf"k foHkkx] ou foHkkx dks vius fopkj Hkstsa] ftlls ftyk ifj"kn ia;k;r lfefr;ksa }kjk bldk izpkj&izlkj rFkk yk[k dh [ksrh dks izksRlkfgr fd;k tk ldsA eè;izns'k 'kklu bu ifjfLFk;ksa esa vkxkeh vDVwcj 2010 ls yk[k ij jk"Vªh;dj.k gVk ysaxsa] ,slh mEehn j[krs gSaA 3 12 Hkk-izk-jk-xksa-la- IINRG Ykk[k dh ?kjsyw mi;ksfxrk ij ,d utj lqHkk"k vxzoky èkerjh] NRrhlx<+ tSlk fd ge lHkh dks ekywe gS fd ge Hkkjrokfl;ksa dks yk[k] cgqr izkphudky ls izÑfr }kjk fojklr esa feyh gS] blds izek.k gekjs xzaFk gSaA blls ekywe iM+rk gS fd yk[k dh [ksrh gtkjksa o"kksZ igys ls gksrh vk jgh gS] fdUrq O;olk; esa bldk mi;ksx lu 1900 ds ckn ls cjkcj c<+us yxk] lu 1900 rd 95 izfr'kr yk[k fu;kZr gks tkrk Fkk vkSj ek= 5 izfr'kr yk[k dh Hkkjr esa [kir gksrh FkhA le; dh mi;ksfxrk ds lkFk Hkkjr esa bldk mi;ksx èkhjs&èkhjs c<+us yxk vkSj orZeku esa Hkkjr ds dqy yk[k mRiknu dk 30 izfr'kr yk[k Hkkjr esa mi;ksx gks jgk gS rFkk 'ks"k 70 izfr'kr yk[k vkt Hkh fons'kksa dks pyk tkrk gSA ge vkidks ;g crkuk pkgrs gSa fd yk[k m|ksx ls orZeku esa ge D;k&D;k cuk jgs gSa ,oa yk[k dh mi;ksfxrk vHkh fdu&fdu {ks=ksa esa gks jgh gS ,oa bls vkSj dSls c<+k ldrs gSaA yk[k ls yk[k nkuk ,oa piM+k yk[k rS;kj gksrk gS ftldk mi;ksx isaV] okfuZ'k] gSaMh ØkQV] dkWVst baMLVªht] vksjukesaV] bysDVªhd ok;j bUlqys'ku bR;kfn esa gksrk gSA buesa lcls T;knk djhc 60 izfr'kr mi;ksx isaV okfuZ'k esa gksrk gSA tks yk[k nkuk ,oa piM+k ds ewY; esa mrkj p<+ko ds dkj.k flaFksfVd jky mi;ksx djus yx tkrs gS tcfd yk[k nkuk ,oa piM+k] flaFksfVd jky dh xq.koRrk ls cgqr vPNk gksrk gS] vr% yk[k nkuk piM+k ds Hkkoksa esa fLFkjrk cgqr t:jh gSA T;knk m¡pk Hkko gksuk Hkh yk[k ds Hkfo"; ds fy, vPNk ugha gSA yk[k ds fLFkj Hkko jgus ls flaFksfVd jky dh mi;ksfxrk viuss vki Mcy gks ldrh gSA yk[k nkuk ,oa piM+k dh mi;ksfxrk c<+kus ds fy, gesa izpkj izlkj dh Hkh vko';drk gS rFkk yk[k ls fufeZr gSUMh ØkQV m|ksx] Tosyjh m|ksx gekjs tgka dqVhj m|ksx ds :i esa cgqrk;r esa Hkkjro"kZ ds cgqr lkjs txgksa esa gksrk gSA ftlesa eq[; :i ls t;iqj] cyjkeiqj] uojaxiqj] bankSj] gSnjkckn] eqTt¶Qjiqj] lacyiqj] fo'kk[kkirue tSlh txg esa ifjokj lfgr yksx gLrf'kYi dh oLrq,a cukdj viuk ifjokj dk xqtkjk djrs gSaA bu oLrqvksa dh cM+s 'kgjksa esa rFkk fons'kksa esa vPNh fMekaM gksus ds ckotwn Hkh ;s lIykbZ djus esa l{ke ugha gSa] D;ksafd vkfFkZd ,oa ekufld :i ls detksj gSA bl vksj 'kklu ;k yk[k ds fodkl ls tqM+h laLFkk,a vxj è;ku ns rks bldh [kir nqxuh frxquh dh tk ldrh gSA yk[k nkuk ,oa piM+k fo|qr dqpkyd gksus dh otg ls fo|qr m|ksxksa esa piM+s dk mi;ksx eq[;r% fctyh fujksèkd okfuZ'k] <ys gq, fctyh fujksèkd lkeku] bysDVªhd ok;j esa bUlqys'ku ds :i esa fd;k tkrk gS A viuh dqN fo'ks"krkvksa ds dkj.k piM+k yk[k fctyh dk lkeku rS;kj djus esa cgqr mi;qDr fl) gksrk gS] 13 z D;ksafd piM+k yk[k esa fctyh dk fujksèk djus dh vlkèkj.k {kerk gSA z nwljh ;g gS fd bldh okfuZ'k dh ijr cgqr vPNh p<+rh gSA z rhljk ;g vfèkdrj inkFkZ ftlesa vHkzd Hkh lfEefyr gS ds lkFk ;g vklkuh ls fpid tkrk gSA z pkSFkk blesa vojksèk 'kfDr vfèkd gksrh gSA z iakpok vlapkj'khyrk dk xq.k vFkkZr lrg dks dkyh u iM+us nsuk vkSj uhjo vFkok vfèkd oksYVst okys fo|qr osx dh fLFkr esa dUMfDVM VSadksa dk foLrkjA bles rhljh ,oa ikapoh fo'ks"krk cgqr egRoiw.kZ gS D;ksafd piM+s ds vfrfjDr vU; izkÑfrd jkyksa esa ;g fo'ks"krk;sa ugha ikbZ tkrhA piM+s dk iz;ksx fctyh fujksèkd irys dkxt] fctyh fujksèkd ufydk,a] cSVfj;ksa] ufy;ksa ,oa vHkzd dh Qhrs vkfn ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA blds vykok fo'ks"k izdkj ds <ys gq, vojksèkd tSls fLopksa ds gsUMy] cksMZ] fiUM] Mk;y] LikdZ 'khYM] fctyh ds Lohp vkfn rS;kj djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA yk[k nkuk ,oa piM+k dk mi;ksx ikWfy'k ds {ks= esa] peM+s ds lkekuksa esa ikWfy'k ltkoV vFkok fgQktr ds fy, fofoèk izdkj dh okfuZ'k] ikfy'kksa rFkk lqugjh okfuZ'ksa ds :i esa rFkk QuhZpj rFkk vU; oLrqvksa ij tSls ok|;a=ksa] [ksy ds lkeku] f[kykSus] ySEi LVSaM] ydM+h rFkk èkkrq esa iM+h njkjksa esa Hkjus ds fy, Hkh fd;k tkrk gSA Q'kZ ikWfy'k] dkxt ij ysi] eSy vkfn ls cpkus ds fy, èkkrq ds crZuksa ij ysi] iqjkrRo vkSj izk.kh'kkL= fo"k;d uewuksa dh j{kk gsrq ysi] rkl ds iRrksa ekse tkes] vk;y DykFk] vk;y flYd] ykbuksfy;e vkfn dh lrg fpduh djus ds mn~ns'; ls bldk mi;ksx gksrk gSA eksgj yxkus esa Hkh yk[k dk iz;ksx cgqr izkphure gSA vPNh fdLe dh eksgj yxkus esa yk[k piM+s dk mi;ksx mfpr ,oa vPNk ekuk tkrk gSA nwljs jky dks vHkh rd bl vksj lQyrk ugha feyh gSA blds vykok Øsdj baMLVªht foLQksVd inkFkZ] ce oxSjg cukus ds dke Hkh vkrk gSA MhoSDl Cyht ysd ,oa MhoSDLM MhdyjkbUM 'ksysd dk mi;ksx dyj ysl okfuZ'k] QkekZL;wfVdy baMLVªht] pkdysV ,oa ÝwV dksfVx rFkk csLV DokfyVh dh isaV ,oa okfuZ'k esa fd;k tkrk gSA orZeku esa bldh mi;ksfxrk Hkkjr esa c<+ jgh gS rFkk vkSj iz;kl djus dh vko';drk gSA MsaVy IysV] Q'kZ ij fcNkus dh pVkbZ;ak] VkbZYl] Vk;j] V;wc vkSj ekse tkes vkfn rS;kj djus ds fy, Hkh fd;k tkrk gSA jcM+ baMLVht esa bldk iz;ksx djus ls jcM+ dks dM+k djuk rFkk fofHkUu :i nsus esa lqxerk gks tkrh gS] jcM+ dk f>f>jkiu de gks tkrk gS vkSj rS;kj eky dh vk;q rFkk mldh rsy vkSj fctyh fujksèkd {kerk esa o`f) gks tkrh gSA 14 Hkk-izk-jk-xksa-la- IINRG QkekZL;qfVdy baMLVªht esa bldk mi;ksx nokbZ;ksa esa ,oa dSIlwy esa] ckgjh xehZ ,oa ueh ls cpkus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gS] ftlls nokbZ;k [kjkc ugha gksrh rFkk bldh ykbQ c<+ tkrh gS blds vykok vk;qosZn dh nokbZ;ka Hkh cukus esa mldk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA bldk mi;ksx pkWdysV ,oa ÝwV dksfVax] ftlesa eq[;r% lso ,oa uklikrh esa Hkh bldh dksfVax dh tkrh gS] ftlls Qy tYnh [kjkc ugha gksrs ,oa bldh dksfVax dh otg ls laqnj ,oa pednkj fn[krs gSA ÝwV dksfVax esa bldh [kir vkSj c<+kbZ tk ldrh gS] ftlls ;gka ds Qy ckgj tkdj T;knk fnu jg ldrs gS vkSj ekdsZfVax esa lgwfy;r gks ldrh gSA vPNh DokfyVh dh isaV ,oa okfuZ'k esa Hkh bldk mi;ksx gksrk gSA ,Y;wfjfVd ,lhM dk mi;ksx Hkkjro"kZ esa ij¶;wejh baMLVªht ,oa dkWLesfVd baMLVªht ,oa Qkbu dsfedy baMLVªht ,oa QkekZL;wfVdy baMLVªht esa fd;k tkrk gSA Hkkjro"kZ esa bldk mi;ksx cgqr de gSA ,Y;wfjfVd ,lhM tks Hkh Hkkjr esa rS;kj gksrk gS 90 izfr'kr eky fons'kksa esa pyk tkrk gSA 10 izfr'kr [kir Hkkjr esa gksrk gSA vr% bldh mi;ksfxrk Hkkjr esa c<+kuk t:jh gS] ftlls fons'kksa ds mij vkfJr u gksuk iM+sA vkblks,EczksVksykbM dk mi;ksx Hkkjr esa ij¶;wejh baMLVªh esa fd;k tkrk gSA vr% blds izpkj&izlkj dh vko';drk gS] ftlls bldk izlaLdj.k fd;k tk lds vkSj yk[k dh [kir c<+kbZ tk ldsA Ykk[k ds izlaLdj.k ls gesa dqN ckb izksMDV Hkh feyrh gS] ftldk eSa cgqr gh laf{kIr esa tkudkjh nsuk pkgawxk & bldk mi;ksx ,oa [kir Hkkjro"kZ esa vklkuh ls gks tkrk gSA igyk gS & dquh ,oa ukyh eqyEek & bldk mi;ksx vkVkseksckbZy baMLVªh ,oa xsLdsV 'ksysd es gksrk gSA nwljk gesa & jax ilsok ,oa fdjh feyrk gS] ftldk Cysd Vh-,u- cukdj xsLdsV 'ksysd ,oa vkVkseksckbZy baMLVªh esa [kir gks tkrk gS] rhljk gesa Mh osDl ysd cukrs le; yk[k esa ekStwn 0-05 izfr'kr ekse dh izkfIr gksrh gS tks ysnj ikWfy'k ,oa ¶yksj ikWfy'k cukus esa mi;ksx vkrk gSA Ykk[k dh èkqykbZ djus esa tks ikuh fudyrk gS] mlls ysd Mkb cukrs gSaA bldk mi;ksx izkphudky esa O;kid :i ls fd;k tkrk FkkA mUuhloha 'krkCnh ds vkjaHk esa fons'kksa esa bUnzxksi ds fodYi ds :i esa yk[k ds jax dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk Fkk] ,uhyhu jaxksa dk vkfo"dkj gks tkus ij yk[k ds jax dk iz;ksx can gks x;kA Hkkjr esa js'ke] Åu vkSj peM+k jaxus ds fy, yk[k ds jax dk mi;ksx cgqr vfèkd fd;k tkrk Fkk] fdUrq vc vfèkd lLrs vkSj vusd izdkj ds jax miyCèk gksus ds dkj.k ;g izlaLdj.k e`r izk;% gks x;k gSA bl izlaLdj.k esa etnwjh ,oa [kpZ T;knk vk jgk gSA vr% bldks cukus esa [kphZykiu dks dSls de fd;k tk ldrk gSA bl ij è;ku nsuk gksxkA rHkh izlaLdj.k iqu% pkyw gks ldrh gSA vHkh rd geus ftrus izlaLdj.k crk;s gSa ,oa muls izkIr phtksa dh [kir crk,a gS] mlesa geus ns[kk fd lcls T;knk [kir QuhZpj ikfy'k esa gksrk gS] bls vxj ge dbZ xquk T;knk c<+kuk pkgrs gSa rks 15 gesa iqjkuh i)fr ls ikfy'k djus dh dyk dks cnyuk gksxh] iqjkuh i)fr ls esjk rkRi;ZZ ydM+h dks ckj&ckj jsrey dkxt ls f?kluk fQj ikWfy'k djuk] fQj f?kluk fQj diM+s ls ikfy'k djuk] blesa esgur] le;] etnwjh cgqr T;knk yxrh gSS vkSj ikfy'k de gksrk gSA vr% gesa le; ds lkFk lkFk lkFk cnyuk gksxk ,oa ubZ VsDuksykWth ykuh gksxh] ftlesa xu Lizs] isfVax gks ldsA ftlls esgur] le;] etnwjh dh cpr gks lds rFkk ljQsl esa fpdukbZ ,oa ped Hkh T;knk vkosA ;g VsDukWykth flQZ Hkkjrh; izkÑfrd jky ,oa xksan laLFkku ds oSKkfudksa ds iz;kl ls gh laHko gks ldrh gS] eS vk'kk djrk gw¡ fd laLFkku t:j iz;kl djsxk] ftlls flaFksfVd jsthu dh [kir ?kVus ls gekjs ;gka ds yk[k dh [kir dbZ xquk c<+ tkosxhA vkt izpkj&izlkj dk tekuk gSA ftlds vHkko esa bruh xq.koÙkk fy;s yk[k tks fMosDl djus ij [kkus esa uqdlkunk;d ugha gSA blds foijhr Hkkjr esa flaFksfVd jsthu] pkWdysV] nokbZ;ksa ,oa ÝqV dksfVax esa dke vk jgk gS] tks ges dkQh uqdlku igqapkrk gS] vr% eS laLFkku ls vuqjksèk d:axk fd yk[k dk izpkj&izlkj Hkh djsa] tks {ks=h; Lrj ij uk gksdj jk"Vªh; Lrj ij gksA vUr esa eS Hkkjrh; izkÑfrd jky ,oa xksan laLFkku }kjk vFkd ,oa lefiZr iz;klksa ds dkj.k mDr lHkh izlaLdj.k dh miyfCèk;ka laHko gks ldh gSA vr% lHkh izlaLdj.k ds ekxZn'kZu ds fy;s vkHkkj O;Dr djrk gw¡ rFkk laLFkku ds lHkh oSKkfud }kjk fd;s x;s cgqewY; ;ksxnku rFkk lg;ksx dh gkfnZd iz'kalk djrk gw¡A eS NÙrhlx<+ esa yxkrkj fodkl ,oa foLrkj ds fy;s fo'ks"k dj vknj.kh; Mk- vt; Hkêkpk;Z th] Mk- tk;loky th ,oa budh Vhe dks cgqr&cgqr ?kU;okn nsuk pkgrk gw¡] rFkk eq>s fo'okl gS fd vkids blh yxu dh dk;Z {kerk ls NÙkhlx<+ ,oa iwjs Hkkjr ds yk[k m|ksx dk fodkl vkus okys le; ess dbZ xquk T;knk c<+sxk] ,slh dkeuk djrs gq, vius 'kCnksa dks ;gh fojke nsrk gw¡A 3 16 Hkk-izk-jk-xksa-la- IINRG Private Participation - A Solution to Improve Lac Production Base Y. D. Mishra and Balajee Mishra Laksha, Namkum, Ranchi Introduction Lac, the valuable and versatile resin of commerce, is an insect product cultured on a number of host plants in India, Thailand, Indonesia, Vietnam, China and many more countries. The lac industry can be subdivided into three different sections: lac production, lac processing and lac products. India is blessed with congenial climate, vast natural resources in the form of host plants and cheap labour man power available in geographically handicapped areas. The investment on fixed assets and recurring expenditure is higher in lac processing compared to that in lac production. But, the income from lac production is higher from lac production compared to processing. The processing industry has been going through rough weather regularly since 70s due to erratic supply of raw materials and price variations. Not only for a healthy processing sector, but also to provide additional source of livelihood, huge investment in lac production is needed; government funding in this sector is highly insufficient and private participation in the form of contract farming appears to be the solution as dealt herein. Contract farming of lac and profit sharing by processing and product industries Broodlac, a source material for lac production is an essential input to start with. Quality broodlac: pest- free, fully mature, at initial stage of swarming is not guaranteed in every season and is also not readily available in significant quantity at a particular place to promote lac cultivation. Every year, various development projects funded by different agencies such as World Bank, Central and State government require broodlac to tune of 500 to 1000 tons. To establish a network for supply a broodlac, separate broodlac cultivation should be adopted by producer which requires huge capital investment not possible for poor illiterate farmers. Hence NGOs and progressive farmer should join hands with farmers having host plant resources on contractual or lease basis to harvest handsome profit and benefit the farmers by providing additional engagement and livelihood protection. It is possible to obtain excellent returns from ber and kusum through kusmi broodlac production. It is estimated that 150 q of broodlac can be produced from 1000 ber trees with an investment of 5.5 lakhs; income up-to 22 lakhs is envisaged. Similarly, 400 kusum trees divided into two groups can yield summer broodlac of 60q with income of 9 lakhs. Trees and labour of seasonal operation shall be met by farmers. Cost of broodlac shall be met by the private investor; cost of other input like insecticide and implement shall be met by the scrape from phunki (exhausted broodlac). 17 Income shared between the grower and investor @ 50% to each partner. Sticklac production on F. semialata on leased farmer’s land or under participatory approach can be practiced as backward integration by processing industries. As a policy matter, lac industries should sponsor production of sticklac on semialata through intensive lac cultivation to meet at least 25% of their requirement. Conclusions zz Lac processing and product industry should invest in lac production through profitsharing with the lac growers. This will help in attaining required investment needed for lac cultivation and stabilization of lac production. zz Lac processing industry should derive about one-fourths of their sticklac requirement through intensive lac cultivation on semialata, under their sponsorship. zz Private investment in lac production on lease or contractual basis is profitable not only to the investors but also to the farmers equally. This will also improve lac production to a great extent and provide better livelihood support to the farmers. Further, scientific intervention is always needed for application of technologies for pest management and crop management to ensure sustainable returns. The non-governmental agency Laksha shall join hands with IINRG to extend consultancy services and technical help to the investors and farmers so that they are benefited by the technological interventions. 3 18 Hkk-izk-jk-xksa-la- IINRG Price Support for Lac growing Farmers- A Practical Solution Irfan Ozair Additional Registrar, Cooperative Societies, Jharkhand (Former Managing Director, JHASCOLAMPF, Ranchi) Introduction There are about 3 lakhs of lac growers in Jharkhand. The lac crop is being cultivated by the inhabitants of remote rural area. Majority among them are tribal persons and persons belonging to BPL category. Hence the lac cultivation is an important item in providing them their livelihood. But their labour unfortunately does not yield them their expected income and hence they are not taking lac cultivation as whole heartily as it should be. Cultivation of lac in Jharkhand is lagging behind of the neighbouring state of Chhattisgarh. The main reason for half hearted interest in cultivation of lac is the price & the value a lac grower receives is not satisfactory. The prevalent system in haats/bazars (local market) is exploitive in rate, weight and by different modes. The total purchases of lac are in the hand of privateers. Only one cooperative organization namely JASCOLAMPF is intervening to purchase of lac grown by lac growers through Primary Lac Cooperative Society (PLCS) like LAMPS/PACS/VMSS/ PLGCS. But their ratio of purchase vis-a-vis production of the state is not more than 5% and with the purchase of only 5% JASCOLAMPF along with other cooperatives cannot impress the market. The capacity of JASCOLAMPF of consuming raw material can be a maximum of 2000 MT per year. But this is being utilized approx 1/3rd only. That means, if the total capacity is utilized then almost 20-25% of the production of the state can be procured by JASCOLAMPF for processing of lac into seed lac, button lac, sealing wax, shellac and aleuritic acid. Now the question is how to design pricing system by JASCOLAMPF which will ensure benefit to the lac growers. Designing pricing system Cost + labour of cultivation would form the basis for fixing price support. This should be the base price as because this is the cost price of the production. Government of Jharkhand should ensure that this base price which is the cost of production should be provided to the farmers at any situation. If JASCOLAMPF or any other identified agencies incur loss after keeping it for a while then that loss should be met from price stability fund. The price of lac is fluctuating like share money. It sometimes rises and sometimes falls depending upon several reasons mainly crop production condition if production is well prices of lac normally remain low. When crop fails it becomes high as at present prices of lac is abnormally high. 19 There are also man made reasons. Private lac industries have a cartel. They jointly decide to purchase the commodity at their own convenient price. Normally they keep it low till they have purchased their required stock. To achieve their own benefit they spread rumor that production is abundant and fixes the price at abysmal low rate and the sufficient quantity as per they desire they purchase then increases the rate while it is time to sale. Hence other competitors from other states and cooperative agencies cannot compete. Rather sometimes they join with primary level cooperative societies and sell their low rate purchased lac at higher rate to government agencies. Suggestions zz ฀Fixation of cost price every two to three months every year or every harvest season. zz ฀To spread the message of basic price through all means of communication. zz ฀To purchase at declared Minimum Support Price (M.S.P.) even when the prices is lowest. The different amount of purchase and sale should be met by price fluctuation or price stabilization fund to be provided by government. zz ฀To revamp market intelligence systems JASCOLAMPF with assistance from Indian Institute of Natural Resins & Gums (IINRG), Forest Production council and Government of Jharkhand zz ฀To acquire & acquaint forward trade rate for sale of the product like shellac, seed lac, aleuritic acid, button lac etc. and deducting the cost of production & processing. The price of lac for lac growers should be fixed. zz ฀To establish rural production industries for lac. Particularly seed lac manufacturing unit as designed by Indian Institute of Natural Resins & Gums which can process 100 kg of sticklac into seed lac per day. JASCOLAMPF fixes price as per Chauri Parta/Kg., i.e., the resin content percentage available in the raw lac decides the ultimate price. As the farmers are unaware about the exact resin content in their produce (raw lac) so they are deceived by Paikars who are capable to asses resin content through naked eye. If chauri (seedlac) will be made in the villages, lac growers will be ensured of 30 to 40% value addition of the prices at present they are getting at village markets (haats). Further it will generate employment at the villages for seed lac processing. zz ฀JASCOLAMPF should be encouraged to do direct export to other countries like Egypt, UAE, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Indonesia, Germany and France. That will fetch high prices of the lac which will ultimately benefit the lac growers. zz ฀There are many agencies who are better buyers of the lac product like ship industry, electrical equipment industry, medicine industry, food preservative industry, cosmetic 20 Hkk-izk-jk-xksa-la- IINRG industry, leather industry etc. But till now direct contact with such industries have not been explored. The direct sale will eliminate the middlemen. And the benefits accrued by middlemen will be the farmers' benefit subsequently. zz ฀It is imperative to design an auction centre for lac and lac products. Several SHGs and small entrepreneurs are collecting and processing lac into seed lac but they have insufficient working capital to keep it for longer duration. So they will bring or send their product to the JASCOLAMPF auction centre where as per quality and the content of the resin. The traders who will joint from outside Jharkhand will bid highest for the quality and quantity they want to purchase. Major portion of the produced lac in Jharkhand is being processed and marketed in West Bengal. It is evident that buyers from Bihar, Bengal and nearby states are eager to buy but they are not sure when and where they can buy. Hence the local trader/ hoarder take benefit of this situation. Weekly auction will attract customers from different parts and will fetch prevalent prices in different parts of the country to the lac grower groups of the state of Jharkhand. zz ฀Indian Institute of Natural Resins & Gums can be the leading institution in evaluating production, exploring price and helping JASCOLAMPF in this activity of price stabilization of lac produce and value addition after processing it in different forms for the ultimate benefit of lac growers. 3 21 Scope of Lac Production through Intensive Cultivation on Quick Plantations of Bushy Hosts T. Bhattacharya i MAP, Midnapur, West Bengal Introduction No community can ever get the real essence of welfare without an elevated livelihood. That is what we the trustees of International Mass Awareness Programme (IMAP) firmly believe. IMAP, a registered trust has been working for the last 6 years in the remote rural areas of Paschim Medinipur district of West Bengal, covering a population of more than 75000 spread over 42 villages. The focus of the activities of the trust is on the livelihood programmes for the rural mass along with community welfare through medical service and awareness programme. Our experience and exposure has taught us the best way of implementing a livelihood programme is to generate alternate income for the people at large, along with the best utilization of the fallow lands, which are otherwise non-productive. In this context, we had the opportunity of getting in touch with the department of biotechnology, government of West Bengal. They were keen on making the people aware of the concept and utilitiez of lac cultivation and in this effort; they wanted to utilize our rural base and experience. So, our trust was awarded an awareness programme on lac cultivation in 15 villages of the Chandrakona block of Paschim Medinipur. As we believe, no awareness is complete without a tangible benefit; we modified the project into awareness cum cultivation programme wherein, the farmers’ land were utilized for the lac cultivation, which resulted in the sharing of revenue, by them. Going into the details of lac cultivation, we found, the commonly known lac host plants are mostly trees that take a long time to attain maturity. Here we were introduced to Flemingia semialata, a bushy plant that attains maturity within a year and becomes ready for inoculation of lac insects. As a result, the whole cultivation programme does not take much time and the farmer gets his yield just like the regular cultivation of paddy, potato or wheat. Moreover, this plant grows easily on arid soil. So, instead of finding big trees like palas, kusum or ber, Flemingia semialata can be a very good lac-host plant, as it grows quickly and nurture the lac insects very well. As premier research institute, the Indian Institute of Natural Resins and Gums (IINRG) provided us with all the possible technical knowledge and training on semialata plantation as well as lac cultivation. They also arranged the semialata seeds for us. We began our nursery in April, 2009. Flemingia semialata had so far been planted on arid soils. This was the first time; it was planted on the alluvial soil of the river plane. By June, 2009, more than 80,000 seedlings were planted in the plantation sites, covering 3 ha of land in total. 22 Hkk-izk-jk-xksa-la- IINRG The present scenario The first experiment with Flemingia semialata in the alluvial soil of Paschim Medinipur district was very much successful. The growth index was quite good, the plants could even withstand the waterlogged condition of the floods and above all, they became ready for inoculation within 6 months, instead of one year. The plants had rich green foliage and abundant flowers that yielded seeds, which have a good market value. The farmers started getting their returns even before the inoculation. In the first phase, we inoculated half of the plants in February 2010. The harvest was also encouraging. We did intercropping by planting vegetables like papaya, tomato etc within the semialata plants, which also gave a good return. Our experience in lac cultivation on Flemingia semialata showed us a number of results, some of them are listed below: zz It can be a very good source of alternate income and in no way disturbs the main source of income. zz The local self-help groups or women of the household can very well manage this cultivation programme. zz This programme makes the farmers aware of a new concept of farming and an unknown cash crop, which has a great export potential. zz Fallow lands, riversides, lands beside ponds or small plots of land adjoining the households can be utilised for this purpose making the otherwise deserted lands economically productive. To sum up, this cultivation can go a long way in redefining the agrarian economy of rural India. Suggestions zz More and more areas should be brought under the programme of lac cultivation on Flemingia semialata. zz Pre-cultivation awareness programme should be conducted. zz Farmers need to be motivated through FLDs. zz Proper arrangements should be made about the sale of the sticklac after harvest. Remedial measures zz Proper measures against insects in proper time are necessary and the farmers should be made aware about the measures before hand. zz The seeds of semialata are quite costly and are not always easily available. It is ideal, if there are some specific points from where seeds can be purchased. 23 zz Farmers cultivating lac for the first time should have an experts’ helpline, where they can clear their doubts or get answers of specific questions. zz Apart from lac, another rich source of revenue from semialata plantation is the seed. So farmers should get the training of extracting the seeds from the flowers and preserving them. Action plan zz For full impact and best results, the idea of a central point is conceived where the farmers can sell the harvested product in competitive price without the interference of the middleman. zz A processing centre is also planned, so that the raw lac can be processed within proximity to yield better returns and generate more income for the rural youth. 3 24 Hkk-izk-jk-xksa-la- IINRG Nationalization of Lac in Madhya Pradesh: Lessons Learnt Moni Thomas†, Ravi Shrivastava* and V. R Khare♦ †Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh *Add. Managing Director, Madhya Pradesh Minor Forest Produce (Trade and Development) Co-operative Federation Limited ♦ Ex Principal Chief Conservator of Forests, GoMP, Bhopal & Advisor to GoMP Madhya Pradesh Minor Forest Produce (Trade and Development) Co-operative Federation Limited, (hereafter Federation) Bhopal formed in 1984, is the Government agency, to benefit the forest dependents communities in the state in collection and trade of minor forest produce (MFPs). Tendu leaves, sal seed, lac and kullu gum are nationalized minor forest produce and the federation co-ordinates its collection, processing and trading through primary forest produce co-operative societies in the districts. However, the non-nationalized MFPs can be collected and traded freely. The federation has Minor Forest Produce Processing and Research Centre (MFPPARC) established at Van Parisar, Barkheda Pathani, Near BHEL, Bhopal. The other processing units are at Rehti (District Sehore), Barman (District Narsinghpur), Katni, Panna and Dewas. The products of these units are sold under Vindhya Herbals brand. Enacting the 73rd amendment of the constitution and the provisions of the Panchayat (Extension to Scheduled Areas) Act 1996 (PESA), MP not only empowered Panchayati Raj Institutions (in 1995) but also endowed it with the ownership of MFPs (in 1998-99). Thus, Madhya Pradesh became the first state in the country to transfer ownership rights of MFPs to the Gram Sabhas and transferring the net income gained from the trade of MFPs to the primary forest produce co-operative societies. These societies in turn distribute the profits as under: zz 60 per cent to primary collectors zz 20 per cent for the development of MFP and regeneration of forests zz 20 per cent for infrastructure development/ cash payment Lac is classified as MFP in India, so also in MP. It is the only state only in the country that has mobilized its resources to promote lac cultivation. The GoMP initiated policies for promotion of lac sub sector with the help of with Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya (JNKVV), Jabalpur through convergence and inter-departmental cooperation. The Government is supporting forest dependants and resource poor in the state to adopt lac cultivation, since a decade. The effort yielded visible results in terms of expansion in the area under lac production (33 districts), rise in the number of lac growers (over 20,000) and volume of lac production (approx. 6500mt). Everything was moving well till the year 2008 when the price fluctuation of raw lac at national 25 and local level worried the lac growers in the state. Low price of raw lac in 2008 was probably due to import of semi-processed lac in bulk by big players. Seriously concerned with the issue of poor price of raw lac raised by its lac growers at various platforms, the GoMP was determined to address it with strong policy intervention. The GoMP in its cabinet meeting decided to nationalize lac in ten districts of the state and it was notified on 17th September 2009 under the clause (ii) of sub section (3) of Section (1) of Madhya Pradesh forest produce (Vyapaar Viniyaman) Adhiniyam1969 (No.9 of 1969). Nationalization of lac in MP had a mixed reaction among the traders, exporters and lac growers in the country. The government probably anticipated it. But the Government was committed to its people for conserving the bio-diversity, natural resource based employment generation for its rural youth besides implementation of the 73rd amendment of the constitution and the provisions of the Panchayat (Extension to Scheduled Areas) Act 1996 (PESA).The GoMP assigned the federation as an agent to collect and trade lac on its behalf in these ten districts. The federation after having promoted lac production in partnership with JNKVV, found nothing wrong when it decided to carry forward the decision of nationalization of lac by the GoMP. The federation had its own strength with its wide experience in the trade of Tendu leaves; better infrastructure, network of trained personals and numerous primary forests produce co-operative societies. The federation wanted to ensure its lac growers (mostly poor) with a better pricing for their produce, at the same time wished to attract bulk purchases and gradually encourage industrialists to set up a their units taking advantage of the state’s industrial promotional policy. Experiences The experiences during the year 2009-10 have taught valuable lessons and enabled the federation to strengthen the procurement process in future. Nationalization delayed movement of the rangeeni lac from Madhya Pradesh to other trade centres, because of the fact that lac was to be collected at a decided location and sold through auction later. This led to a shortage in the lac mandi of Balrampur (West Bengal) as well as in Gondia (Maharashtra) resulting into an escalation in the price of raw lac. According to sources in Balrampur, majority of the rangeeni lac arrives in the mandi from MP and it affects the market. Thus, MP is a major player in the lac industry of India. During October 2009, the federation decided to purchase lac directly through its primary forest produce co-operative societies. Thus, lac collection and purchasing centres and lac munshis were identified across the ten districts where lac was nationalized. It was decided to procure lac on partha basis to ensure right price and quality during procurement. Skilled based practical training on washing the samples of raw lac to evaluate it on the basis of partha was imparted to both 26 Hkk-izk-jk-xksa-la- IINRG lac munshis and forest guards. Initial procurement went well as there was marginal difference in the rate of lac declared by the federation and that existing in the mandi. Lac growers responded well. At the end of procurement season the raw lac procured was processed to seed lac in the processing facility at Janamkhari, Seoni. It not only generated local employment but also added value to the raw lac. It brought a new hope to the lac growers and to the GoMP. The profit in the form of bonus was also distributed to the lac growers. The Federation procured raw lac for the first time and the positive response of the lac growers during the first procurement season (October’2009) was encouraging. Thus, the federation decided to expand its procurement plan for baishakhi crop (April 2010). Unfortunately, the baishakhi crop during April-May 2010 did not perform well. It was a trend not limited to MP but experienced in almost all the lac producing states in India. Rise in the price during a season when the crop is poor is a general feature, so was it in case of rangeeni crop. Frequent jump in the price of raw lac in the mandi could match with the Government’s step of declaring rate in accordance with the price in the mandi. Lac growers were not willing to sell their lac at a lower price. Learning from the experience of the previous season, federation decided to appoint purchasers in advance for various lac production units for June 2010. The procedure is followed in the case of Tendu leaves. This was to take advantage of the experience of lac traders and also to extend advantage to them in the trade. One year and two procurement seasons, especially during a poor lac crop year, it is too early and too short period for arriving to any conclusion. Based on the learning and past experiences, the GoMP is committed to strengthen lac sub sector and its lac growers. 3 27 Supply of Lac: Importer's Perspective Burkhard Volbert Stroever GmbH & Company KG, Bremen, Germany [email protected] Introduction SSB was founded 1893 as Bernhards & Stroever in Bremen and started with trading of seedlac and Copal. SSB developed a special production process for shellac. In 1961, SSB Stroever joined with the shellac factories Kalkhof-Mainz and Peteresen-Hamburg to the company KPS. In 1995 the complete shellac business of KPS was continued with the traditional company SSB Stroever GmbH & Co. KG in Bremen. The shellac production in Bremen started 1908. SSB became the only shellac producer in Europe. The high quality shellac is guaranteed in its own production and laboratory. SSB's products are used worldwide and well known for their highest quality. Lac varieties and advantage The main countries from which lac is imported and their quality: India extra light - dark, very good quality Indonesia light - dark, good quality Thailand middle - dark, good quality China dark, lower quality Shellac is natural and complex in composition, but has lots of advantages. Synthetic subsitutes like acrlylate, HPMC, PVP, etc have well defined chemical structure and composition with stable pricing. Optimistic and pessimistic scenario for shellac zz Stable quality, supply and price would lead to more applications zz Unreliable quality and supply , volatile price would pave way to synthetics substituting shellac Measures for strengthening lac Traditional lac farming does not involve much of management practices while growing and not much care is paid on the lac crop and the plants. But, plantation-based production systems would help in better supervision and care of raising, maintenance and harvesting of lac crop and plants. 28 Hkk-izk-jk-xksa-la- IINRG The needs felt for development of lac production in future: zz ฀The farmers need to be well trained for the raising, growing and harvesting as well as taking care and maintenance of the lac crop and the host plants. zz Plantation-based production systems for better management and productivity zz Marketing system without speculators zz Organization/regulations for fair trade zz Products without any undesirable contamination (pesticides, etc) In order to ensure a bright future of lac, the following requirements are to be met by India for the supply of seedlac, which is the basic material for preparing the value-added lac zz Stable quantity (supply) zz High quality zz Reasonable price without much fluctuation 3 29 Capacity Building on Lac Production Technologies – Status and Future Thrusts A. K. Jaiswal Indian Institute of Natural Resins and Gums, Ranchi, Jharkhand Production of lac is fairly simple, but requires timely execution of cultivation operations. Delay in harvesting of broodlac, crop inoculation and wrong method of transportation of broodlac as well as untimely and incorrect pest management operations may result substantial loss to lac crop or even complete failure. Scientific knowledge of lac cultivation will help to overcome these problems and training is one of the methods to acquire the knowledge. The Indian Institute of Natural Resins and Gums (IINRG), Ranchi conducts several training programmes in respect of lac production for all stakeholders as enumerated below: Modern method of lac cultivation: This course is of three months duration and mainly meant for unemployed rural youth, forest guards and supervisory staff. More than 100 persons from Maharashtra, West Bengal, Jharkhand, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh and Orissa have successfully completed this course during last 20 years. Education programme: This one week duration programme is meant for agricultural and nonagricultural science graduates, started in the year 2000 and till date about 700 students have been successfully completed this course through 37 courses. This course has now been modified into “Production, processing and utilization of natural resins and gums.” Farmers’ training: This one week duration programme is on ‘Scientific lac cultivation, primary processing and uses’. This course was started during 1991-92 and is one of the most successful programmes. During last 20 years more than 255 courses organized for around 7000 farmers, hailed from Jharkhand, Orissa, Madhya Pradesh, West Bengal, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Rajasthan, Bihar, etc. There is substantial impact of this programme on the livelihood of farmers. Trainers’ training programme: This one week duration training course started in 2004-05 and since its commencement, more than 38 courses conduced for around 600 stakeholders. The participant includes community workers, SDO, forest rangers, district rural agriculture extension officers, members of agriculture development officer, lac facilitator, primary society managers, deputy managing directors of districts (Forest), lac executives, and others. Large number participants from Chhattisgarh state, covering more than 18 districts were trained in recent years. Field out-reach training programme: This is 1-2 day(s) and very effective programme. IINRG expert organizes it as and when demanded. During last 10 years, the institute conducted around 500 30 Hkk-izk-jk-xksa-la- IINRG camps, and benefited more than 50,000 farmers of Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Maharashtra, West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh, Orissa and Assam. This programme helped in enhanced visibility of the Institute and helped in development of linkages with NGOs and state governments organization. Field visits for lac crop monitoring: The institute undertakes monitoring of lac crop for possible incidence of disease and pest and suggested on-spot remedial measures. This programme is a part of back-up of training programme. More than 54 districts of eight lac growing states have been covered under this programme. In- campus orientation programme: One day exposure visit to institute farm, museum and interaction session is being organized round the year. About 15 such programmes are being conducted every year. A number of beneficiaries from several government and non- government organization of Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Orissa, West Bengal and Gujarat have been trained under various such programmes. A strong pool of resource persons for scientific lac production is now ready for dissemination of knowledge on lac production. These persons are now being utilized for field level training to farmers and farm women in remote areas of Chhattisgarh state. ‘Lakh Chaupal’ is being regularly organized in remote places of Sukma, Dantewara, Jagdalpur, Narayanpur and other districts. In view of the impact on lac producion, Chhattisgarh can be viewed as model state for human resource development, in which resource persons were trained who in turn disseminated knowledge to grass root level. Future thrusts of capacity building zz Capacity building with the ultimate aim of grooming at least one resource person for each village; promoting farmers field school zz Educational programme on lac production for forestry graduates, officials of state forest, agriculture and welfare department, especially in lac growing states. zz Organization of refresher courses for trainers. zz Development of need-based and regional language literature on lac production. 3 31 d`"kd Lrj ij yk[k mRiknu dh leL;k;sa Tk;nso egrks iqVhMhg] iq:fy;k] if'pe caxky gekjs if'pe caxky esa yk[k dh [ksrh eq[; :Ik ls iq:fy;k] ckadqjk vkSj fenukiqj ftys esa gksrh gSA yxHkx 20 o"kZ igys bu {ks=ksa esa iwjs vizSy&ebZ ekg esa xehZ ds ckotwn fdlku dkQh cM+s Lrj ij jkLrs Hkj dVkbZ dh x;h Qly ys tkrs fn[kk;h iM+rs FksA efgyk;sa iwjs fnuHkj yk[k dh fNykbZ djrh Fkha] fQj Hkh iwjh yk[k dh fNykbZ lekIr ugha gks ikrh FkhA yk[k ds iSls ls dbZ ?kjksa dh 'kknh] cPpksa dh i<+kbZ] diM+k] ?kj cuokuk vkfn dk;Z gks tkrk FkkA ysfdu le; cny x;k gSA tehu esa ikuh dk Lrj cgqr uhps pyk x;kA rkieku dkQh mij rd iagqp tkrk gS] ikuh ugha cjl jgk gS] ihus dk ikuh Hkh eqf'dy ls fey jgk gS] xjhch ds dkj.k yk[k chgu dh [kjhnkjh esa fdlku Hkh l{ke ugha jg x;kA ,sls esa yk[k yxkuk Hkh yxHkx vlEHko gks x;k gSA vius vuqHko ls dg ldrs gSa fd yk[k [ksrh esa fuEufyf[kr leL;k;sa vkrh gSaA z z z z z z z yxHkx fiNys 6 lky ls jaxhuh yk[k Qjojh&ekpZ ekg esa ej tkrh gSA cph Qly gky ds dqN o"kksZa esa xehZ es vf/kd rkieku ls ej tkrh gSA mlds Ik'pkr tks Qly cprh gS og ekulwu le; ls u vkus ds dkj.k ;k nsj ls vkus ds dkj.k ejus dk [krjk cuk jgrk gSA cjlkr dh Qly esa 'k=qdhV dk vkØe.k cgqr vf/kd cuk jgrk gSA dqleh Qly ij ØkbZlksik uked [krjukd ijHk{kh dk vkØe.k lkekU; ckr gSA ekulwu nsj ls vkus ij chguyk[k ls f'k'kq dhV cgqr de fudyukA 'k=q dhVksa ls yk[k Qly dk uqdlkuA gesa bl ckr ls [kq'kh Hkh gS fd Hkk-izk-jk-xksa-la- }kjk dbZ ubZ rduhd fdlkuksa ds fy;s fodflr dh x;h gS] tSls csj ij dqleh yk[k dh [ksrh] ckxku yxkdj lsfe;kyrk ij dqleh yk[k dh [ksrh] jaxhuh ,oa dqleh nksuksa Qlyksa gsrq 'k=q dhV dk izca/ku bR;kfnA vko';drk vc bl ckr dh gS fd dksbZ ,slk yk[k dhV fodflr gks] tks de ikuh esa ;k lw[ks dh fLFkfr esa mRiknu dj ldsA ,sls yk[k iks"kd o`{k dh vko';drk gS ftl ij yk[k dhV lw[ks dh fLFkfr esa Hkh thfor jgsA le; cny x;k] ysfdu le;kuqlkj bl dk;Z ds fy;s oSKkfud bl fn'kk esa Hkh ;fn dk;Z djsxsa rks fdlkuksa dk Hkh Hkyk gksxkA eS iq:fy;k ds >kynk iz[kMa dk fuoklh gw¡] esjs xkao esa iykl] csj vkSj dqlqe rhuksa izdkj ds iks"kd o`{k i;kZIr la[;k esa gaS rFkk laLFkku ds dbZ oSKkfudksa us fiNys 10 o"kZ ls gekjs xkao esa viuk 'kks/k dk dk;Z iwjk fd;k gS vkSj vHkh Hkh cgqr dqN dj jgs gSA ge pkgrs gSa ge fdlkuksa ds [ksr] taxy esa vf/kd ls vf/kd 'kks/k dk;Z gksA esjs vius gh 11 dqlqe] 52 csj] 2500 iykl ds isM+ gSA ;fn laLFkku pkgs rks bls 'kks/k ds fy;s ys ldrk gSA gekjk ;g Hkh vuqjks/k gS fd ;fn laLFkku viuh ,d bZdkbZ iq:fy;k ftysa esa [kksys rks bldk ykHk iwjs if'pe caxky ds fdlkuksa dks feysxkA 32 Hkk-izk-jk-xksa-la- IINRG Jharkhand: Current Status of Lac Production Issue, Remedial Measures and Support System for Development Ram Bharat District Forest Officer, Jharkhand Forest Dept. Palamau, Jharkhand Introduction The state of Jharkhand covers 29% of forest area. Ranchi, Gumla, West Singhbhum, Simdega, Latehar, Palamau, Garhwa, Khunti and Hazaribagh are the main lac growing districts. Though three major lac host trees namely palas, ber and kusum are available in plenty but production is confined in these conventional areas. On an average, Jharkhand state contributes around 39% of national lac production. Out of seven main lac producing districts, Ranchi still producing highest followed by Simdega, Gumla, West Singhbhum, Palamau, Garhwa, Latehar and others. Recently, lac production activity was successfully introduced in Dhanbad, Jamtara and Dumka districts also. A perusal of production data indicate that during the last four years (2006-07 to 20092010), there have been negative growth in lac production in Ranchi, Palamau, Garhwa, Latehar and a few other minor lac producing districts. The greatest setback recorded in Ranchi which witness 42.8% negative growth and this district alone contributed around 28.5%. Gumla, West Singhbhum and Simdega districts known for kusmi belt recorded positive growth ranging 6.3 to 29% and these three districts together contributed around 56% of the state total lac production. The analysis of data pertaining to period 2006-07 to 2008-09 showed that magnitude of negative growth rate witness during these three years came down appreciably during four years for only Ranchi district. Similar comparison between three and four years indicated that two districts namely West Singhbhum and Simdega which recorded negative growth during three years (2006-07 to 2008-09) recorded positive growth during four years (2006-07 to 2009-10) indicating substantial improvement for lac production during last year in these two districts. The districts of Latehar, Palamau and Garhwa which were most suffered during 2006-07 to 200809, further suffered during 2009-10 and magnitude of negative growth increased substantially. On estimates, around 110 millions lac hosts are being exploited in the state. More than 4 lakhs families in the state are involved in lac cultivation activity resulting creation of 35-40 million mandays per year. Forest department, Jharkhand have 16 broodlac farm of kusum and palas tree in Ranchi, Gumla, Saraikela, Hazaribagh, Palamau, Dhanbad, Bokaro, Godda and Chatra districts but in view of disturbances, these farmers are more or less abundant. Limited availability of broodlac, scattered lac host, poor inter-institution linkages, climate change and involvement of villagers in certain undesirable activities are the main concerned which limits growth of lac production in these state. We in the state suffered a lot especially for rangeeni lac cultivation 33 due to frequent mortality of rangeeni lac insect sometimes during February – March and due to high temperature in April and May. There is need to address these problems, so that farmers confidence is returned and again lac cultivation is taken up in big way. The new technologies developed by the Institute like pest management and kusmi lac cultivation on ber trees, have been adapted successfully by many growers, should also reach to remote areas through awareness drive, training and demonstration. Suggestions There is need to invest some money in this sector by the govt. for the benefit of poor forest dwellers to address the social issues also. Revival of existing broodlac farms, identification of newer suitable forest areas of lac hosts, protection of rangeeni lac crop from high temperature during summer and during February- March from palas tree is the need of hour to bring back the lost glory of Jharkhand especially Palamau, which was the lac production capital once upon a time. 3 34 Hkk-izk-jk-xksa-la- IINRG Madhya Pradesh : Current Status of Lac Production, Issues, Remedial Measures and Support System for Development Moni Thomas Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh Introduction Madhya Pradesh- the heart of the incredible India, geographically lies between21001’N and 26052’N Latitudes and 7402’E and 82081’E Longitudes. It has a geographical area of 30.75 mha. The state covers 9.35 per cent of India’s area (328.73 mha). The arable area is 16.27 mha and net sown area is 15.07 mha. There are 73.60 lakh holdings in the state with an average size of 2.22 ha. Small and marginal farmers form a dominant group in the state with 65.07 per cent of the total holdings and 25.8 per cent of the cultivated area. Lac is produced at varying scale in 33 districts of Madhya Pradesh (MP), covering ten out of its eleven agro-climatic zones. The ten major lac producing districts are bordered by Chhattisgarh and Maharashtra states. Balaghat, Seoni, Mandla, Chhindwara, Dindori, and Narsinghpur districts in Jabalpur division are the major lac producers in the state. These districts along with Hoshangabad contribute about 80 per cent of the lac produced in MP. These districts fall under four agro-climatic zones, and have five forest circles and eleven forest divisions. Anuppur and Shahdol is the major broodlac supply centre. The majority of the lac producing districts are predominantly tribal, have high rainfall (100 to 140cm) with soil varying from shallow medium black soil, medium and deep black soil to mixed red and black soil. Natural resources and strength Establishment of Rewah shellac factory at Umaria in the year 1903 with 44 lac storage structures in Shahdol, Anuppur and Umaria districts as well as presence of lac Mukkadum and lac Moharrir under erstwhile princely state of Rewah are few evidence of MP being a traditional lac producing area. During post independence, establishment of three offices of lac development officers from Ranchi at Umaria, Damoh and Sohagpur districts till late 1970s are other evidences. The state has a forest cover of 31 per cent and almost an equal per cent of forest dependant population. Tiger reserves, wildlife sanctuaries, reserve forests, MP state minor forest federation and over 55 forest divisions are an indication of rich forest in the state. Among numerous host plant species of lac insect, Butea monosperma, Schleichera oleosa, Zizyphus mauritiana and Z. xylophora are widely distributed in MP. B. monosperma is found along the bunds of cultivated fields, wasteland, revenue and forest lands. S. oleosa is found in both revenue and forest lands, while Z. xylophora in wasteland and forests. 35 Z. mauritiana is found along the bunds of cultivated fields and near dwellings. About five per cent of these available natural resources have been tapped to produce estimated 6500mt (2008-09) of lac in the state. Promotion and production As mentioned earlier, large volume of lac was produced in the state, but the production declined steeply due to factors both at international and local level. Lac cultivation in MP was revived in the year 1997 at Shahdol by Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Jabalpur with the help of Indian Institute of Natural Resins and Gums, Ranchi. Government of Madhya Pradesh under Madhya Pradesh Chief Minister’s fellow programme funded by the MP State Minor Forest Produce (Trade & Development) cooperative federation limited (hereafter federation) promoted lac cultivation in the state since 2002. Intensive in situ training to forest dependants, extension workers, forest personals, non government organizations and development managers were conducted over these years. Ensuring critical inputs (brood, technical support) and market were focused while strengthening lac trade network in the state. Today over 20,000 people are producing lac to an estimated 6500 mt (2008-09). This production estimation has been done based on information gathered from lac traders in MP and those in Balrampur, West Bengal. The GoMP initiated favourable policies to popularize lac and its production in MP. Abolishing transit pass to ensure free transport of lac within the state, permitting forest dependents to produce lac on the host trees in the forest areas, allowing self help groups to produce lac on the host trees in the community and revenue land, convergence of existing programme to extend financial support, establishment of lac processing unit at Janamkhari, Seoni, honoring lac growers, federating lac growers are the steps taken by the GoMP. Promotion of lac cultivation in MP is one of the few priority programmes of the Chief Minister. Remedial measures Like all the lac producing states in India, MP too experienced a low production of its katki and baishakhi crop as well as aghani and jethwi crop during the year 2009-2010. In India the great depression in the lac production in 2009-2010 had its beginning in 2008-2009 which went unnoticed. Factors like climate, location and social as well as financial had a major role in the great depression. Inspite of having a trained force and natural resources, unavailability of quality brood was one among the many problems identified in the year 2008-2009 and again in the year 2009-2010. Thus, ensuring the availability of brood lac in future became the major development concern of GoMP. 36 Hkk-izk-jk-xksa-la- IINRG Establishing of rangeeni broodlac nurseries and a small group to manage it, was initiated during January 2010.The federation came forward with financial support for the establishing atleast one broodlac nursery in each of its forest divisions. Initially only ten broodlac nursery sites were identified along with the small group to manage production and sell of broodlac. B. monosperma trees in lots were pruned (in March and April) and the group trained on technical and managerial aspects. Continuous high temperature during the months of April and May 2010 resulted in the loss of the available broodlac even in the traditional broodlac producing areas in Anuppur and Seoni districts. Lesser availability of quality broodlac in July 2010 only seven broodlac nurseries had its trees inoculated. But a new beginning is made and new nurseries will be established this year. 3 37 West Bengal : Current Status of Lac Production, Issues, Remedial Measures and Support System for Development R. K. Middya Joint Director, Micro and Small Scale Enterprises (P&S), Government of West Bengal Introduction Lac cultivation is an important economic activity of the tribal people of West Bengal (W. B.). Cultivation of lac not only provides livelihood to the growers but also helps in conserving vast stretches of forest. So, promoting and encouraging lac cultivation not only reduces environmental degradation, it conserves flora and fauna while uplifting the economic status of the tribal growers. In 2009-10, WB is in fourth position in respect of production, after Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh and Madhya Pradesh; nearly 99000 cultivators are involved in lac production in the State. West Bengal contributes nearly 7.5% of the total lac produced in India. 138 out of 181 processing units in the country are located in WB; nearly 40% of total production is processed in these units. Lac cultivation in West Bengal is spread over 5 districts, viz., Purulia, Bankura, West Medinipur, Malda and Murshidabad. Purulia district is leading for lac production as well as processing. West Bengal has 23 state broodlac farms in 5 districts. About half of the total lac- host trees are still lying un-exploited for lac cultivation in lac growing areas of West Bengal. State Government is trying to spread awareness of the benefits of lac cultivation, among the local people, which not only generate subsidiary income but also prevent indiscriminate felling of trees for fuel purpose. It is a fact that the production of lac is extremely dependent on the vagaries of nature and in the recent past change in weather, especially in the lac producing areas, affected the production. Extreme weather conditions like elevated emission of carbon di-oxide, heat wave, etc. causes major injury to the crops. Atmospheric stress management system is required to strengthen to study the impact of adverse weather conditions. Decision support system is required to mitigate the effects of extreme weather events. Research should be undertaken to develop stress tolerable breed of lac insects to meet the challenges of climatic change. It is a problem that seed (broodlac) cannot be stored and is very short lived. Scientific lac cultivation technology needs intervention in this area. Wherever there is a dip in the lac production due to adverse climatic condition in area resilience in production is constrained by broodlac supply. Without intervention to stabilize the production, prices cannot be stabilized. Existing markets are mostly controlled by the influential brokers who are ready to dupe the poor innocent tribal producers. Since cultivation operations of lac is seasonal in nature and time bound, timely fund 38 Hkk-izk-jk-xksa-la- IINRG availability has utmost significance in carrying out the activities relating to lac cultivation. Late receipt of fund affects timely execution of development programme. At present lac cultivation in state broodlac firms could not be executed in mass scale due to shortage of manpower. Govt. is planning to tackle this problem by engaging lac self help Groups (SHG) to revive and expanding cultivation. 19 SHGs encompassing 355 members formed by the Govt. in the department of Micro and Small Scale Enterprises and Textiles are engaged in lac cultivation apart from a good number of Self Help Groups under SGSY. As on date more than 18,000 lac host trees have been pruned in the current season. In order to encourage development of lac industry within the State. West Bengal govt. has been promoting and assisting the ‘lac artisans’ cooperative society for producing quality lac products. The existing societies are manufacturing sealing lac as per International Specification and supplying them to the district administration during election. In order to diversify, lac training for manufacturing of lacquered dolls/jewellery has been taken up by training cum servicing centre at Chatna, Bankura. For ensuring greater sustenance of the lac-based handicraft products and consequent manufacturing lac products needy artisans have been brought under old-age pension scheme and health insurance scheme. More significantly a cluster development initiative has been taken by the Government for shellac cluster at Balarampur, Purulia under MSE – CDP. As the demand in the national and international market for the product which is non-toxic and edible as well is enormous and there is no dearth of lac host trees in India, there is a tremendous scope for increase in lac production. Suggestions for improvement Scientists should devise more improvised way of cultivation and genetically developed insects to combat with the adverse impacts in nature. 3 39 egkjk"Vª esa yk[k dh [ksrh ,d pquko Lkh- ,y- ikj/kh Xkk;=h yk[k mRiknu laLFkku] Ckkyk?kkV ¼e-iz-½ egkjk"Vª ds vkfnoklh {ks=ksa esa mUur fof/k ls yk[k dh [ksrh dks c<+kok nsus ds fy, vius Lrj ij dk;Z fd;k tk jgk gS] ftles eq>s tks vuqHko izkIr gqvk gS mldh vuqHkwfr vius bl ys[k esa izLrqr dj jgk gw¡A leL;k,a z mUur fof/k ls tkudkjh esa dehA z u, {ks= esa foi.ku dh leL;kA z e/;izns'k ls chgu iznk; dh leL;kA z dqN xyr ,u th vks ds }kjk xyr rjhds ls tkudkjh nsukA tSls& tqykbZ ekg esa chgu dk lapkj.k] tkyh dk mfpr eki n.M dk ugha gksuk isM+ksa ij lgh lapkj.k ugha gksuk] oSKkfud fof/k dk mi;ksx u djukA z foHkkxh; deZpkfj;ksa dks yk[k dh [ksrh dh tkudkjh ugha gS ftlls [ksrh dks c<+kok nsus ds fy, le; ij mfpr fu.kZ; ugh ys ikrs gSA fuokj.k z yksdy Lrj ij DyLVj cukdj Vsªfuax dh O;oLFkk djukA z yksdy Lrj ij i<+s fy[ks yksxksa ds }kjk yk[k dh [ksrh djkdj ekdsZV rS;kj djukA z le; ij utnhdh LFkkuksas ls mfpr mUur chgu lgh rjhds ls ifjogu dj Ikznku djukA z vkidh laLFkk }kjk crk;h x;h mUur fof/k dh tkudkjh nsukA z lelkef;d Vsªfuax dh O;oLFkkA z lacaf/kr foHkkxh; deZpkfj;ksa dks izf'k{k.k nsukA Hkkjrh; izkd`frd jky ,oa xksan laLFkku }kjk oSKkfud fof/k ls yk[k dh [ksrh ls lacfU/kr izkIr tkudkjh dk lgh&lgh Rkjhds ls fgrxzkfg;ksa dks le;&le; ij izf'k{k.k nsus dk jgrk gS vkSj ;g dksf'k'k dh Tkkrh gS fd yksxksa dks lgh le; ij lgh tkudkjh feysA 40 Hkk-izk-jk-xksa-la- IINRG gujarat : Current Status of Lac Production, Issues, Remedial Measures and Support System for Development S. K. Dwivedi ACF, Rajpipla, Gujarat Introduction Gujarat is having 19,080 sq. km of forest area, which contributes 9.61 % of the total geographical area of the state. The state per capita forest area is 0.04 ha as against the national average of 0.11 ha. Keeping this figure in view, lac hosts need to be utilized in a sustainable manner for livelihood support to the forest dwellers. In the past, lac production was an important activity of the tribes inhabiting in the districts like Chhota Udepur, Vadodra, Dahod, Godhara, Banaskanta, Sabarkanta. Tribes utilized palas and kusum scattered in the forests. Presently, the areas of the lac production is now limited to Chhotaudepur of Vadodara and Panchmahal area only where the lac growers are utilizing kusum and palas. In the local markets/haats, tribes often found selling lac coated earthen pots for cooking of vegetables and other food stuffs. Although a number of lac host species are available in forest and personal holdings of farmers in Gujarat, lac hosts viz., kusum, palas and ber are abundantly available and can be utilized for promotion of lac production in the state. As per the available records, kusum is confined to Dang, Balsad, Chhota Udepur (Kewdi, Jhojh, Mithiborpur) and Narmda districts/forest range of the state. The total population of kusum trees is roughly estimated to be about 1 lakh. Palas is extensively present in different areas of the districts viz., Chhota Udepur (Jhojh, Alsipur, Shivrajpur etc.), Banaskantha, Sabarkanatha, Mehsana, Patan and Godhara. This is the most utilized lac host in the state at present as well as in the past. The ber plantation is extensively present across the state at different locations out side forest areas. The estimate available for ber trees outside forest area is more than six million plants and mostly utilized for the fruit purposes. The present scenario Once abandoned in this state due to low price realization, the cultivation of lac has recently initiated by some farmers owing to its increased value and demands. As per our survey reports the state of Gujarat is endowed with palas and ber in abundance and restricted occurrence of kusum and khair. Traditional methods adopted by farmers in the area are not only less paying but also injurious to the host-plant-resource to a greater extent. Important constraints in revival of lac cultivation in the area were i) lack of awareness about advanced lac production technologies ii) lack of location specific host plants and productive breeds of lac insects iii) lack of linkage between GOs, NGOs farmers and IINRG, Ranchi. In this connection, skill development 41 through established training and demonstration units, transfer of advanced technologies and need based support to lac growers was felt by the Gujarat Forest Department and a collaborative project was undertaken with Forest department and IINRG for skill development and capacity building to revive the lac prospect in the state. Based on the trials conducted in the region so far as well as the climatic conditions and host plant availability in Gujarat, kusmi lac production is recommended for promotion in the State. Besides, kusmi crop yields the best quality lac combined with high productivity and returns. Identification of Prosopis juliflora as a very good kusmi lac host, under the potentiality trials conducted in different areas, is a very significant finding. Natural plantations of this host are available in very large numbers in the state, which can be exploited for lac production during winter season. The outcomes of the project prompted to take up the kusmi summer lac production with farmers’ participation in Dang area of Gujarat, where kusum is abundance in number. Results from the trial conducted during the first year showed encouraging results with an output: input ratio of 3.5:1. Suggestions zz Cultivation of Kusmi lac on P. juliflora (ganda bawel) and ber during winter crop season and on kusum during summer season may be taken. zz In absence of kusum, summer broodlac may be produced on Flemingia semialata (24,000 plants/ha) under irrigated condition up to 30% insect stress. zz Two nucleus broodlac farms with 2,000 kusum trees in each farm may be started for supplementing summer broodlac to be started preferably one at Kevdi and the other at Dang. zz Major issue is high temperature during summer, which goes up-to 42 to 45 0C results in failure or lac production. zz Introduction of Flemingia semialata in North Gujarat to get for jethwi (summer) crop. 3 42 Hkk-izk-jk-xksa-la- IINRG orissa : Current Status of Lac Production, Issues, Remedial Measures and Support System for Development Prafulla Kumar Panda Regional Manager, TRIFED, Bhubaneswar According to the Census 2001, Scheduled Tribes make up 22% of the population of Orissa compared with 8% of the total population of India. Among the tribals, lac cultivation is a traditional occupation, and has proved to be an important source of income for thousands of poor families. However, the full potential of lac cultivation is yet to be tapped; the activity can generate higher incomes for the poor tribals of Orissa. Production of lac in Orissa constitutes 2.11% of total production of whole India. Lac cultivation is increasing in Orissa as more and more tribal farmers are adopting it as an additional source of income due to all out supports from TRIFED under road map scheme of Ministry of Tribal Affairs, Govt. of India. TRIFED has started lac cultivation projects in various states out of which Orissa is one of them, commenced from 2007-08 among tribal Self Help Group (SHGs). The Project profile details of Orissa are as below: Lac project statistics of TRIFED at a glance-2010 Name of the District and Blocks No of SHGs (members) involved in the project Kusmi broodlac distributed by TRIFED to SHGs (in q) 129 (152) 103.90 108.17 Kalahandi District Koksara and Dharamgarh Blocks 24 (330) 21.00 0.90 Nil Bolangir District Khaprakhol and Dharamgarh Blocks 13 (151) 6.47 0.47 Nil Sundargarh District: Kusmi broodlac harvested by SHGs so far (in q) Value of broodlac purchased by TRIFED from tribal SHGs (Rs.) 6,21,105 Kutra, Baragaon, Balishankara, Lahunipara, Gurundia and Koira Blocks The support provided by TRIFED to tribal lac growers who take parts in its project are: zz Free distribution of broodlac, 10 kg per farmer. 43 zz Free distribution of required tool, kits, sprayers and pesticides. zz On-farm training for 6 days in three phases during cultivation. zz Training of trainers at IINRG, Namkum for the members, which is about 28 % of each SHG at the cost of TRIFED for a week period. Issues zz The price of lac depends upon a variety of factors. Un-scientific method of storage leads to deterioration of quality. Prolonged storage of sticklac (short shelf life) leads to formation of lump, reduced flow and filtration properties and decreased life. The short life span of crude product coupled with the lack of processing facilities forces the cultivators to sell the product at a throwaway price or move outside the state like Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, West Bengal for processing and better marketing. zz In the absence of adequate processing facilities, lac cultivators are unable to realize full value of their product as crude lac has very less market value in comparison to final processed products such as shellac, which commands a premium in the market. zz Despite its importance, lac cultivation also involves numerous risks and uncertainties. For one, technological advances have not filtered down to the growers, and they are unable to access adequate working capital to buy broodlac. zz Furthermore, the availability of quality broodlac is highly uncertain. The lac insect itself is highly vulnerable to predators, diseases and natural elements, and no insurance mechanism exists to mitigate such risks. Remedial measures A scheme for sustainable cultivation of lac by the tribal farmers and establishment of processing plant in the state will leverage the following advantages of Orissa: zz Steady and uninterrupted supply of raw lac. zz Availability of large economic manpower to support lac industry as it is a labour intensive sector. zz Ample availability of economic land for cultivation and for establishing a processing plant. zz Proximity of the plant with the raw material base would facilitate in reducing logistics overheads. zz There is ample potential in the state for the cultivation of kusmi lac, which gives higher productivity, and commands higher value in the market. 44 Hkk-izk-jk-xksa-la- IINRG zz Neighboring lac producing state such as Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh would further facilitate the supply of cost effective raw material. zz Regular training and up gradation of technical knowledge on scientific cultivation of lac for the farmers. Support from central and state government zz The lac cultivation programme should be managed by involving community-based organizations, tribal development cooperative federations, programme management unit, district programme implementation units, non-governmental organizations and relevant line agencies belonging to the Central & State governments. zz At the village level, the gram sabha should the basic unit for planning, co-ordinating and monitoring programme activities. zz The programme should finance the establishment of a comprehensive M&E framework comprising a computerised programme management system (CPMS) and a MIS. zz A participatory process monitoring system based on annual beneficiary workshops, periodic planning and budgetary process, a mid-term review and impact assessment systems. zz articipatory M&E mechanisms may be designed to enable the communities to monitor and evaluate their own performance zz Since the programme’s activities are demand driven, an environmental screening system (ESS) should set up a screening procedure of all requests for financing emanating from Gram Sabhas/user groups. 3 45 Uttar Pradesh : Current Status of Lac Production, Issues, Remedial Measures and Support System for Development B. K. Dwivedi Bioved Research Institute of Agriculture & Technology, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh Bioved research institute of agriculture and technology, Allahabad reintroduced lac culture technology in Uttar Pradesh with technical collaboration of IINRG, Ranchi with financial assistance of ICAR and DBT Govt. of India. Frontline demonstrations of scientific method of lac cultivation have been done in four districts viz., Allahabad, Chitrakoot, Mirzapur and Sonbhadra which have created self-confidence about the lac farming among the lac growing farmers of Uttar Pradesh. 38 villages and 154 SHG’s are engaged in lac farming in four districts of Uttar Pradesh. These villages were selected on the basis of availability of lac host plants.16 quintal broodlac were distributed free of cost among selected lac farmers for primary inoculation and broodlac production for the next crop to the farmers of districts. 56 training programmes was organised in different selected villages for providing training to the selected Self help groups with the help of subject experts and scientists of IINRG Namkum, Ranchi. 5 Lac Kissan Mela was organized at Bioved Krishi Prodyogiki Gram, Mohrab, Allahabad and on the occasion of Rastriya Ramayan Mela Sringverpur Dham and at 4 Mandal levels (16 districts) for wide adoption of lac culture technology by the new farmers. During Front-line demonstration, 1240 farmers of the four selected districts were trained on lac production technology. Two villages of Allahabad district viz., Latifpur and Mohinnudinpur were selected for field observation of incidence of insect pests and for assessment of damage of lac crop by enemies. Current status of lac cultivation and production in Uttar Pradesh zz Lac cultivation started in 38 villages of Allahabad, Chitrakoot, Mirzapur and Sonbhadra. 54 SHG’s are engaged in lac farming. zz 1540 families of total population 13900 are involved in lac cultivation. zz 56 training programme, 5 lac kisan mela at district level organized during 2009-10. zz 1054 q scraped lac has been processed by Bioved lac processing & ware unit situated at Bioved krishi prodyogiki gram, Sringverpur in own purchased 50 acre land. zz 547.3 q seed lac and 442.1 q button lac production have been done by Bioved lac processing & ware unit, Allahabad. zz Average income per farmers/season was evaluated in the month of July 2010 in Allahabad district- Rs. 24072; Chitrakoot- Rs. 23,925; Mirzapur- Rs. 20,220 and Sonbhadra-Rs. 15,225. 46 Hkk-izk-jk-xksa-la- IINRG Waste and barren lands are being developed through lac host plantations. 26 villages are being involved for lac host plantation. Total population of 9473 (SC/ST-5683) is being benefited from lac host plantation programme. 473,800 lac host plants have been raised in nurseries developed by 26 SHG’s and the income of these SHG’s was Rs. 29,67,000 by sale of 3,06,700 host plants. 46 training camps were organized for nursery farming at their villages. Rs.1, 93,685 was saving of 26 SHG’s from nursery farming. Average income Rs.24, 725 per member per annum has been assessed from nursery farming. Lac value added products preparation technology zz Bioved has developed some innovative ideas for preparation of 350 lac value added products through the utilization of agro waste and bio-resources waste materials, Cow dung, urine, dead animal waste materials i,e., horn and bone etc. In the period of 200910, 150 q button lac has been utilized for the preparation of value added products for the domestic use. zz 48 SHG’s are involved in lac value added products preparation technology. 1552 beneficiaries (M- 418, F-1134) are earning Rs. 21,200 to 48,000 per member per annum. zz 7921 beneficiaries are being participated in capacity building programme which includes M-2380, F-2466 and adult children-3075. zz 150 q button lac has been utilized for preparation of lac value added products. zz Jharcraft, Jharkhand, State Institute for development of arts & crafts, Orissa Govt. and Tajana Shellac Pvt. Ltd., NABARD, Jharakhand, UNDP, SGP, GEF have extended their cooperation for promotion and marketing of lac value added products prepared by SHG’s Issues and remedial measure zz Proven technology of scientific method of lac cultivation under farmer’s field should be promoted for wide adoption and to provide feed back regularly. Production of quality broodlac is the urgent need of state in appropriate quantity. zz Hi-tech nursery of lac host plants and quick bushy lac host plant Flemingia semialata should be promoted. zz Minimum supporting price of the lac should be decided by IINRG. zz Joint forest management programme should be interacted with lac growers like other state of the country. zz Lac marketing system should be established on co- operative manner. 47 zz There is no any action plan of lac cultivation with agriculture and forest department in the state/state agriculture universities, KVK and research institution. zz Scientific method of lac cultivation is the best tool for sustainable community based livelihood security in rainfed and irrigated areas. zz Mechanized harvesting system should be developed. zz Propagation of awareness for adoption of scientific method of lac cultivation among lac growers, it will be one of the important approach for boosting lac production in the state. zz Lac commodity has not been included in the activities of line department of state govt. and govt. of India. zz Vocational training programme for lac value added products preparation for self employment of rural youth is the urgent need of state. zz Lac value added products preparation technology and agro-waste and bio-resources waste, dead animal waste materials management should be promoted with the joint use of lac. Supporting system for lac development zz A pilot project should be prepared by IINRG with state Govt. for frontline demonstration of scientific method of lac cultivation. zz Primary processing and lac value added products for domestic use should be promoted for wider use from bottom to top level. zz Lac commodity should be included with major commodities by state Govt. and Govt. of India programme. zz Need based, resourceful technology of lac cultivation should be identified by IINRG for each state of the country. zz National lac culture mission / National lac culture technology development board should be established. 3 48 Hkk-izk-jk-xksa-la- IINRG Jammu: Current Status of Lac Production Issues, Remedial Measures and Support System for Development R. K. Gupta† and Md. Monobrullah* † Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology-Jammu, J & K *Lac Production Division, Indian Institute of Natural Resins and Gums, Ranchi Introduction Lac insect occurs in most parts of India and about nineteen species of lac insects have been identified from India although only two species (Kerria lacca and Kerria chinensis) were found suitable for lac production. Not long ago, cultivation of lac was carried out practically throughout the country. Shrinking economic returns from lac cultivation due to varied reasons and changing socio-economic conditions have, however, eroded the area under lac cultivation. As such its cultivation is now restricted only to certain pockets of Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, West Bengal, Orissa, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat. Punjab, Jammu & Kashmir, Rajasthan, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu earlier contributed significantly to national lac production, but now their share is almost negligible. As a result, many species of lac insects reported from these places have either become extinct or are in the ‘waiting list’ of extinction. There are vast untapped areas, which are ecologically favourable for lac production in the country. These areas possess the potential lac host plants which if exploited properly in scientific and systematic manner will enhance the lac production. Enhancing the exploitation of the idle or unexploited lac host plants in favourable lac growing areas can also increase the lac production. In order to address these issues as well as to give impetus to increased production Indian Institute of Natural Resins and Gums (IINRG), a nodal Institute at national level for research and development on all aspects of lac and other natural gums & resins has started a programme on diversification of lac cultivation in new areas. The state of Gujarat has already set an example in this direction. Natural occurrences of lac insect, locally called as korh in J&K is well established particularly on ber plants. It is pertinent to mention that lac was found abundantly before 1947 and people used to collect and sell it commercially. Interestingly, this State is bestowed with ample of lac host plants, therefore its cultivation can be revived for the benefit of farming community of the region by scientific cultivation through systematic intervention. IINRG is actively engaged in addressing the objective of enhancing lac productivity and production through transfer and adoption of proven technologies by interfacing research, development and extension. Small scale multi locational field trials in collaboration with IINRG at Jammu region has indicated that J&K could act as a vital centre for revival of lac cultivation with highest yield of brood lac. Moreover, in view of fast shrinking area of lac cultivation elsewhere in the country, the region has been earmarked as a “green area” for conservation of biodiversity of the lac insect ecosystem. Since, the existing 49 flora and fauna associated with lac are inextricably linked to the fate of lac cultivation, economic importance of host plants which could be exploited for commercial production of lac needs to be realized. Based on ground realities, it has been realized that the vast area of Jammu region (Jammu, Kathua and Samba districts) i.e., southern plains of Jammu region known as kandi belt (Rainfed areas) are bestowed with lac host plants viz., Ber, Palas and Ficus. Therefore, it warrants cultivation of lac on commercial scale through large scale demonstration and extensive training programmes for the rural people of the area as well as extension workers at frequent intervals. Mass awareness through on-farm trainings at Zonal or district levels will not only enable the potential growers to take up this venture on regular basis but also upgrade the skill of the existing work force for entrepreneurship development. Current status and Analysis of scenario Despite natural occurrence of lac coupled with good number of host plants viz., ber (9-10 lakh), palas (9.5 lakh), khair (21.5 lakh) and Ficus spp. (2 lakh) the possibility of its scientific cultivation in the kandi region of this State has not been yet explored. The kandi belt is 10 to 30 km wide stretches from Akhnoor in the west to Kathua in the east with an area of nearly 811km2. Most of the farmers living in this area hardly secure their livelihood from agriculture due to lack of fertile soil and irrigation. Considering this, cultivation of lac has recently been initiated by SKUASTJammu owing to its increased value and demand. Comparative field performance of rangeeni lac insect of Jammu origin with Purulia (West Bengal) stock were made at Jammu by inoculating ten (10) ber plants each with 0.5 kg broodlac during first week of July 2008 (katki) crop at Raya of district Samba of J&K could result in a produce of 107 kg broodlac which was harvested in late October with output-input ratio (21). Similar number of plants when inoculated with local brood (Akhnoor) of district Jammu (J&K) produced output-input ratio (18). Subsequently, both these stocks were re-inoculated on ber and palas for their evaluation during summer season (baisakhi 2008-09) crop. Both these lines survived on ber trees and crop progressed well till mid May, followed by heat mortality resulted to harvest the crop at this stage. Whereas, on palas sever mortality was observed in the month of March but few scattered survival up-to broodlac was noticed. Thereafter, both these stocks (Jhaldah and Jammu) were once again raised as rainy season (katki 2009) crop with output-input ratio (9.6) and (8.3) when raised on ber whereas, it was (4.2) and (5.7) on palas respectively, at Jammu. On the basis of the trials it has been concluded that cultivation of lac has high potential for generating employment for both men and women particularly in the off-agricultural season in this lac growing regions of the country. In the forests, sub forest area and in the farm lands having host trees, lac will be an important source of cash flow to the marginal, small and large farmers having very low investment. This venture provides high economic returns to the farmers and also foreign exchange to the country through its export. On the basis of existing host plant population, total production potential of 50 Hkk-izk-jk-xksa-la- IINRG rangeeni stick lac is about 15000 tonnes in J&K which could earn a revenue of 80-100 crores / annum at existing prices it amounts. However, if kusmi strain is used it would result in the double production (30000 tonnes) with a turnover of about 160-180 crores. To be more realistic, since only 25 % of host population is used at national level, the projected production at this level would be about 3500 tonnes and 7000 tonnes with a revenue generation of 20-25 and 40-50 crores for rangeeni and kusmi strain, respectively. Action Plan Growing lac hosts for timber and fuel yields revenue in cycles of long years, whereas cultivation of lac on these trees gives a return almost every year. Thus, lac growers give more importance to regular income from cultivation of lac over the years to one-time income from timber or fuel. The introduction of lac cultivation as a commercial venture can augment various socio-economic welfare programmes being implemented in the state for the benefit of the rural poor. By implementing and adopting the scientific method of cultivation, proper host plant management, integrated pest management, enhancing exploitation of unexploited host plants, and cultivation through ‘Joint Forest Management’ programme in this State, lac production can be enhanced in future. Problem Areas Lack of awareness among people about economic and environmental incentives of lac. Suggestions/Remedial Measures Jammu and Kashmir is known as fruit bowel of India. With increasing demand for natural products, e.g. in fruits and vegetable coating for increasing shelf life and as food colour, the time is ripe to introduce lac culture in Jammu and Kashmir on idle lac host trees in the forests. Further, it is also known for land of artisian with unique handicraft skills on Kashmir wood wherein lac could be of immense utility. Promotion of lac cultivation through large scale demonstrations and scientific interventions is therefore extremely important. 3 51 52