Criminal-causation

ye|skaùu ldrK;ajh ms<sn| ixl,amh wmrdO kS;sh ;=< b;d jeo.;a ixl,amhla jYfhka fmkajdosh yelsh' ta wkqj hï wmrdOhlg pQos;fhl= jrolre ùug kï lrkq ,enQ idmrdë l%shdj yd we;sù we;s m%;sM,h w;r iïnkaO;djhla ;sìh hq;h = ' ta wkqj idmrdë l%shdj yd m%;sM,h w;r mj;akd jQ fya;=M, iïnkaO;dj wmrdO kS;sh ;=< ldrK;ajh jYfhka i,lhs' WodyrKhla jYfhka Aúiska Bg fjä ;nkq ,nhs'B tu ia:dkfhaoSu ñhhhs' túg B ñh.sfha Af.a l%shdfõ m%;sM,hla f,ih' ta wkqj Af.a l%shdj yd Bf.a ñhhdu w;r iïnkaO;djh ldrK;aj isoaOdka;h f,i oelaúh yelsh' uydpd¾h cS' we,a mSrsia uy;dg wkqj ldrK;ajh ms<sn|j i,ldn,kq ,nkafka ixlS¾K wjia:dj,oSh1' fuu ixl,amh u.ska wmrdOhla jgd frdlaj we;s idOl rdYshla flf,i úYaf,aIKh l< hq;=o hkak olajk w;r idmrdë j.lSu wod< lsrSfïoS jeo.;a ld¾hNdrhla bgq lrhs' fulS ldrK;aj odufha m¨ÿùula isÿj we;s njg idlaIs jeänr u; Tmamq lsrSu Tiafia wmrdO j.lSfuka uqla;ùug pQos;hdg yelsh' ta wkqj ldrK;ajoduh ì|jeàu ;=<ska wmrdO j.lSfuka ksfodiaùug fyda o~qju wju lr.eksug pQos;hdg yelshdj ,efí' ta Tiafia wmrdO kS;sh ;=< idOdrK;ajh yd kS;sh hï;dla ÿrlg iumd; l< yelsh' ta wkqj fuu jd¾;dj ;=< ,xld kS;h s ;=< yd ì%;dkH kS;sh ;=< ldrK;aj ixl,amh fhfok wdldrh ixikaokd;aulj olajd we;s w;r ta wkqj fuu ixikaokd;aul wOHhkh ;=<ska ,xld kS;shg ldrK;ajh iïnkaOfhka tlaúh hq;= kjdx. ms<sn|j fhdackd bosrsm;a lsrSu fuu.ska wfmalaId lrhs' 1 cS'we,a mSrsia" Y%S ,xldfõ wmrdO kS;sh ^fojk uqøKh"weia f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda"fld<U 10& ms 75 ldrK;ajh iïnkaO Y%S ,xldfõ kS;s ;;a;ajh wmrdO kS;sh ;=< ldrK;aj isoaOdka;h by; ye|skaùfï mrsosfõ' ldrK;ajh iïnkaOfhka ,xld kS;s ;;a;ajh fï hgf;a idlÉPd flf¾' ldrK;ajh iïnkaOfhka ,xld kS;sh ;=< jHjia:dms; m%;smdok meyeos,sj oelsh fkdyels w;r kvq;Skaÿ kS;h s yryd ldrK;ajh iïnkaOfhka woyila ,nd.; yelsh' ye|skaùfïoS oelajQ mrsos ,xldj ;=<o wmrdO j.lSu mejrSfïoS ldrK;ajh iïnkaOfhka úfYaI wjOdkhla fhduqlrhs' flfiafj;;a ,xldj ;=< ldrK;ajh jeä jYfhka i,ld n,kqfha ukqIH YrSrhg tfrys wmrdO iïnkaOfhks' ,xld kS;sh ;=< wmrdOj,oS ú;a;sjdpl f.k tau ;=<ska ldrK;ajjdoh ì|fy<sh yelsh' kuq;a ldrK;ajoduh ì|fkdjefgk ú;a;sjdplo mj;S' Wu;=nj" ffk;sl fkdyelshdj yd <ore nj tjeks ú;a;sjdpl fõ'2 tfukau ,xld wmrdO kS;sh ;=< ldrK;ajoduh ì|Shdu wmrdO j.lSfuka uqla; lsrSug fyda oKavkh wju lsrSug fya;=fõ'3my; kvq ;SrK Tiafia ,xldfõ wmrdO kS;sh ;=< ldrK;ajh iïnkaOfhka mj;sk kS;suh ;;a;ajh ;jÿrg;a meyeos,slr.; yelsh' f,dl=fkdakd we;=,q ;j;a fofofkl= tosrsj rc 4kvqfõoS pQos;hd úiska fmd,a,lska ysig t,a, lrk ,o myrla fya;=fjka urKlre isyske;sj weojefghs' Tyq ñh.sh nj is;+ pQos;hd urKlrej uqyoq g úislrk ,os' tA jk úg;a ñhfkdf.dia isá urKlre .,amrj, ysi jeoSu fya;=fldgf.k urKhg m;aúh' fuysoS pQos;hdg ñkSuerSfï jrog fpdaokd t,a,úh' fuysoS ldrK;ajoduh m¨qÿ ùug m%udKj;a lreKq wvx.= fkdjQ nj;a pQos;hd fuysoS jrolre nj;a wêlrKh m%ldY lrk ,os' fuysoS pQos;hdf.a uQ,sl l%shdj u.ska urKh we;s fkdjQ nj;a w;rueos l%shdjlska urKh isÿ jQ nj;a meyeos,s f,iu fmfkkakg jQ kuqÿ fuysoS ldrK;ajoduh ì|fkdjefgkafka w;rueos l%shdjo isÿlrk ,oafoa ñkSuerSfï fÉ;kdfjka hq;=ùu ksidh' fï nj kvqj fufyh jQ yÑkaika úksiqrejrhdf.a m%ldYfhkao meyeos,s fõ5' pQos;hdf.a kS;súsfrdaë l%shdj u.ska wdrïN lrk ,o l%shdud,dj iy w;rueos l%shdj w;r iEfyk ;rfï wd.ka;l = iajNdjhla mej;Su ldrK;ajh ì|jeàug fya;=jla jYfhka ms<s.kS'6 tA wkqj fya/iaydñ kvqfõoS7 by; kS;s ;;a;ajh ms<s.;a w;r ldrK;ajoduh ì|jeàu fya;=fjka 2 cS'we,a mSrsia" Y%S ,xldfõ wmrdO kS;sh ^fojk uqøKh"weia f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda"fld<U 10& ms 84 Ibid 79 4 (1907) 11 N.L.R 4 5 —ñkSuerSfï fÉ;kdfjka Tyqg fjäs;nk A" Bf.a YrSrh j<ouhs' tfy;a miqj oek.;yelsjk mrsos j<ouk wjia:dfjysoS B ñhf.dia fkdisáh w;r jf<ysoS yqiau ysrùu ksid B urKhg m;afõ' tysoS A úsiska B urd oeóShhs uu ;SrKh lrñ'˜ 6 cS'we,a mSrsia" Y%S ,xldfõ wmrdO kS;sh ^fojk uqøKh"weia f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda"fld<U 10& ms 89 7 (1946) 47 N.L.R 83 3 ñkSuerSug ;e;alsrSfï jro fjkqjg nrm;< ;=jd, lsrSfï jrog pQos;hd jeroslre lrk,os' ;jo iqrìfh,a isxf[da kvqfõoS8 yd wfíiqkaor kvqfõ9oSo pQos;hdf.a l%shdj iy w;rueos l%shdj w;r ÿria:Ndjhla mej;s neúka wjYH m%udKfha ldrK;ajoduhla fkd;sîu ksid pQos;hdf.a o~qju ,sys,alrk ,os' kuq;a fukaäia tosrsj /csK10kvqfõoS pQos;hdf.a l%shdud,dj yd w;rueos l%shdj w;r iEfyk ;rfï wd.ka;=l iajNdjhla fkd;sîu ksid ldrK;ajh ì|fkdjegqKs' ;jo ,xld kS;s ;;a;ajhg wkqj úkaos;hd ldhsl wYlakq;djlska fyda fn,ySk;djhlska fm<Su ldrK;ajoduh m¨qÿ lsrSfuys,d wiu;afõ'11fuysoS wod< l%shdj urKh isÿ lsrSug wdikak;u fyda tlu fya;=j fkdúhyelsh' flda,kao kvqfõoS12 pQos;hd idjoH ukqIH >d;khg jrolrejQfha úkaos;hdf.a wNHka;r wdndOh ms<snoj pQos;hd oekisánj idOkh l< fkdyelsjQ ksidh13' fukaäia yd flda,kao hk kvqj,oS ;=jd,h yd urKh w;r mj;akd ldrK;aj in|;dj ñkSuerSfï fpdaokdj ia:dmkh lsrSu i|yd m%udKj;a fkdjQnj fmkShhs' tfukau ,xldfõ ldrK;ajh hgf;a iuia;hla jYfhka .;al, ffjoH m%;sldr fkdue;sùu fyda ksis m%;sldr fkd,eîu hkak ldrK;ajh ì|jeàu flfrys n,fkdmdhs' kuqÿ isoaêuh idOl hgf;a ydksfha n,mEu u; ldrK;ajoduh ì|jegqKq wjia:do oelsh yelsh' ta nj u;=jg idlÉPd flf¾' 8 (1946) 48 N.L.R 69 (1970) 74 N.L.R 119 10 (1952) 54 N.L.R 177 11 cS'we,a mSrsia" Y%S ,xldfõ wmrdO kS;sh ^fojk uqøKh"weia f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda"fld<U 10& ms 93 12 (1901) 5 N.L.R 236 13 ,xld oKav kS;s ix.%yfha 293j.ka;sfha meyeos,s lsrSï 1hgf;a —wdndOhlska fyda frda.hlska fyda ldhsl ÿ¾j,;djhlska fyda fmf<k ;eke;af;l=g YdrSrsl ydkshla lsrSfuka tlS ;eke;a;df.a urKh blauka lrk wfhl= Tyqf.a urKh isÿl< f,i ie,lsh hq;=h ˜flda,kaod kvqfõoS pQos;hdf.a fuu l%shdj idudkH fi!LHh ;;a;ajhlska hq;= wfhl= urKhg ,lalsrSug ;rï m%udKj;a fkdjQ kuq;a úskaos;hd ;=< mej;s wNHka;r wdndOh ksid úkaos;hdf.a urKh blauka jQ w;r tu ksid pQos;hd idjoH ukqIH >d;khg jrolre úh' fï i|yd by; oKav kS;s ix.%y m%;smdokh mokïj we;' 9 ldrK;ajh ms<sn| ì%;dkH kS;s ;;a;ajh  ixikaokh i|yd ì%;dkHh f;dard.ekSug fya;= ldrK;ajh ms<snoj ,xldfõ ;;a;ajh idlÉPd lsrSfïoS wksjd¾hfhkau fjk;a rgla iu. iei|Su isÿ l< hq;=h' thg fya;=j jkafka hïlsis rgl hïlsis lreKla ms<sn|j m%.ukhka" wjm%udKhka yd iudk;d y÷kd.; yelafla fjk;a rgla iu. iei|Su iu.h'ta wkqj ,xld wmrdO kS;sh ;=< ldrK;ajh iei|sfïoS fhdod.; yels fhda.H;u kS;s moaO;sh jkafka ì%;dkH kS;s moaO;shhs' thg m%Odk fya;=j jkafka ,xldjg jvd ldrK;ajh iïnkaOfhka ì%;dkH kS;s moaO;sfha we;s mq¿,a oelauhs' ì%;dkH kS;sh fndfydaúg w,sÅ; w;r th r|dmj;skqfha wêlrK ;SrK u;h' ta wkqj ldrK;ajh ms<sn|j ksYaÑ; jHjia:duh kS;suh ;;a;ajhla fkdue;s neúka ldrK;ajh ì|jefÜo fkdjefÜo hkak ;SrKh lsrSu isÿlrkq ,nkafka ta ta kvqfõ isoaêuh idOl u;h'ta wkqj ì%;dkH kS;s moaO;sh ;=< ldrK;ajh iïnkaOfhka nyq;r kvq ixLHdjla wvx.= jk ksid ì%;dkH kS;s moaO;sh iu. iei|Su fhda.H fõ' tfukau ,xldfõ yd ì%;dkHfha ldrK;ajh iïnkaOfhka hï hï lreKqj, iudk;d olakg ,efí' tu ksid iei|Su b;d m%;sM,odhl fõ' ;jo ì%;dkHfha wmrdO kS;sh ;=< ldrK;ajfha mj;skakd jQ oshqKq iajNdjhka ixikaokh ;=<ska wm kS;sh ;=<g ldrK;ajh i|yd fhdackd we;=<;a lr.ekSfï yelshdj by< uÜgul mj;S' wm rfÜ ldrK;ajh iïnkaOfhka kS;suh ;;a;ajh oshqKq lsrSug kï wm wfma kS;s moaO;sh iei|sh hq;af;a wmg jvd m%.ukhlska hq;a kS;s moaO;shla iu.h' tneúka ldrK;ajh i|yd ,xldj iu. ixikaokh ioyd fhda.H;u kS;s moaO;sh f,i ì%;dkHh fhdod.ekSu jvd;a M,odhS fõ'  ì%;dkH wmrdO kS;sh ;=< ldrK;ajh ms<sno isoaOdka;h by; lS mrsos ì%s;dkH ;=< ldrK;ajh isoaOdka;h kvq ;Skaÿq u; f.dvke.S we;' flfia fj;;a ì%;dkH wmrdO kS;sh ;=< ldrK;aj isoaOdka;h mq¿,a w¾:hlska fhfoa' tA wkqj kvq ;Skaÿq yryd my; mrsos ldrK;ajfha fhoSu fmkajdosh yelsh' ta wkqj ì%;dkH ldrK;aj isoaOdka;h ms<sn| ie,lSfïoS pQos;hd wod< wmrdOuh l%shdj fkdl<o isÿqj we;s idmrdë m%;sM,h we;sùo hkak i,ld n,hs'14 fuysoS pQos;hdf.a l%shdfjka f;drj wod< m%;sM,h we;sùug bv;snqfKa kï tysoS ldrK;ajh ì|jegqKq fia i,lhs' “Causation in Criminal Liability” (Assault) <http://e-lawresources.co.uk/Causation-in-criminal-liability.php> accessed July 4, 2018 14 WodyrKhla jYfhka R v White15kvqj fmkajdosh yelsh' ;jo ì%;dkH ldrK;ajh ;=< wod< m%;sM,h idmrdë l%shdfõ m%;sM,hla f,iu isÿqjQjdo hkak i,ld n,hs' WodyrKhla f,i R v Dalloway16kvqfõoS pQos;hdf.a l%shdj yd m%;sM,h w;r ldrK;ajoduh m¨ÿ jQ f,i ;SsrKh lsrSu fmkajdosh yelsh' tfukau ì%;dkH kS;s ;;a;ajh ;=< ;=kajk md¾Yjfha l%shdj ldrK;ajodufha m¨ÿqùug fya;=úyels nj novus actus interveniens hk isoaOdka;h yryd fmkajdoS we;' fï wkqj f;jk md¾Yjfha l%shdfõ m%n,;ajh u; ldrK;ajoduh ì|jefÜo keoao hkak wêlrKh ;SrKh lrhs' WodyrKhla jYfhka R v Pagett17fmkajdosh yelsh' bx.%Sis wmrdO kS;sh ;=< ffjoH ueosy;aùu ldrK;ajh iïnkaOfhka jeo.;a wjia:djlafõ' kuq;a fï iïnkaOfhka ì%;dkH wêlrKfha u;h ;rula wmyeos,sh' ;=jd,h fyda wod< wdndOh urKh jk wjia:dj f;la il%Sh uÜgulska mj;Skï ffjoH ueosy;aùu ldrK;ajh ì|jeàug fya;=jla fia fkdi,lhs' tfia fkdjk wjia:dj,oS ldrK;ajh ì|jefÜ' ta wkqj fï wdldrhg ì%;dkH wmrdO kS;sh ;=< ldrK;ajh ms<sn| ffk;sl ;;a;ajh fmkajdosh yelsh'  ì%;dkH yd ,xld wmrdO kS;sh ;=< ldrK;ajh ms<sn|j ixikaokd;aul wOHhkh  bx.%Sis wmrdO kS;sh ;=< ldrK;aj isoaOdka;h ,xldjg idfmalaIj jvd;a mq¿,a w¾:fhka idlÉPd lrkq ,nhs'18Bg idfmalaIj ,xld kS;s ;;a;ajh ldrK;ajh iïnkaOfhka hï;dla ÿrg mgq wdl,amhla orhs'  bx.%Sis kS;sh ;=< ldrK;ajh i,ldne,SfïoS m%Odk jYfhka —But for˜ mrSlaIKh fhdod.kS' tu.ska pQos;hd lrk,o l%shdj fkdlf<a kï wjidk m%;sM,h we;sfõo hkak i,ld n,hs' WodyrKhla jYfhka R v White19kvqj fmkajdosh yelsh' kuq;a fujeks mrSlaIKhla ldrK;ajh iïnkaOfhka ,xld kS;h s ;=< oelsh fkdyelsh'  —wod< wjidk m%;sM,h pQos;hdf.a l%shdj ksid fkdjkakg ìysfkdjk kuq;a wod< m%;sM,hg 15 wdikak;u fya;=j pQos;hdf.a yeisrSu fkdfõkï idmrdë j.lSu (1910) 2 K.B 124 kvqfõoS pQos;hd úiska ish ujf.a lsrs ùÿqrejla ji ñY%fldg mdkh ioyd ,ndfoa' lsrsùÿqrej mdkfhka wk;=rej kskaog hk urKlre miqosk ñhhk ,os' urK mrslaIKfhaoS fy<sjQfha urKhg fya;=j kskafoaoS we;sjQ yDohdndOhla njhs' fï wkqj pQos;hdf.a l%shdj yd m%;sM,h wkqj ldrK;ajoduh m¨ÿùulg ,laù we;s nj wêlrKh ;SrKh lrk ,os' 16 (1847) 2 Cox 27 17 (1983) 76 Cr App R 279 18 “Causation in Criminal Liability” (Assault) <http://e-lawresources.co.uk/Causation-in-criminal-liability.php> accessed July 4, 2018 19 (1910) 2 K.B 124 case fkdmejf¾˜20hk ffk;sl ixl,amh ì%;dkH wmrdO kS;sfhaoS fhoSug jvd ,xld wmrdO kS;sh ;=< ldrK;ajh iïnkaOfhka mq¿,a w¾:hlska fhfoa' ta wkqj ì%;dkH kvqjla jQ ¨úia kvqj21 ;=< wjidk m%;sM,h yd pQos;hdf.a l%shdj w;r mj;sk ÿria:Ndjh ksid fuysoS ldrK;ajoduh ì|jegqKq f,i i,lk ,o kuqÿq ,xld kvqjla jQ jeka lshq,kan¾.a22 kvqfõoS pQos;hdf.a l%shdj ksid úkaos; ;eke;a;d ú|s w,dNh mjd ldrK;ajoduh flfrys i,ld n,d wmrdO j.lSu mjrk ,os' fï wkqj ldrK;ajh ms<snoj by; ffk;sl ;;a;ajh iïnkaOfhka ,xld wmrdO kS;sh bosrsfhka isà'  ì%;dkH ;=<oS ldrK;ajh iïnkaOfhka i,ldne,SfïoS wjia:dkql+,j úkaos;hd olajk m%;sl%shdj fkd.e<fmao" .e<fmao ke;fyd;a tlS m%;sl%shdj idOdrKo hkak i,ld n,d ldrK;ajodufhys m¨ÿùu fyda fkdùu ;SrKh lrhs' WodyrKhla jYfhka R v Williams and Davis23kvqj fmkajdosh yelsh' kuq;a ,xld wmrdO kS;sh ;=< úkaos;hdf.a m%;sl%shdfõ idOdrK;ajh ì%;dkHfha ;rï mq¿,aaj i,ld fkdn,hs'  ffjoH m%;sldr fkdue;sùu fyda ksis m%;sldr fkd,eîu iïnkaOfhka ldrK;ajh i,ldne,SfïoS ì%;dkH kS;s ;;a;ajh ,xld kS;s ;;a;ajhg jvd bosrsfhka isà' fï wkqj ì%;dkH wmrdO kS;sh ;=< wksis m%;sldr lsrSu w;rueos l%shdjla f,i i,ld ldrK;ajh ì|fy<Sug fya;= jQ nj fcda¾âka kvqfjka24 meyeos,s fõ' kuq;a we;eï wjia:dj,oS ffjoH m%;sldr fkdue;sùu yd ksis m%;sldr fkd,eîu ldrK;ajh ì|Shdug fya;=jla f,i fkdi,lkq ,nhs' WodyrKhla f,i fyd,kaâ kvqj25 yd iañ;a kvqj26 fmkajdosh yelsh' kuq;a ,xldfõ wmrdO kS;h s ;=< oKav kS;s ix.%y m%;smdok hgf;a27 ksis ffjoH m%;sldr fkdlsrSu yd ldrK;ajoduh m¨ÿ lrk fya;=jla f,i fkdi,lhs' kuq;a uydpd¾h cS'we,a mSrsia uy;d olajk wdldrhg oKav kS;s ix.%yfha 293jk j.ka;sfha fojk meyeos,s lsrSu by; lS fcda¾âka kvqfõ uQ,O¾uh m%;l s afIam fkdlfr;ehs yqjdoelaúh hq;=h'28tysoS ,xld kS;sfhaos urKSh ;=jd,j,oS wm%udK fyda wfhda.H m%;sldr w;rueos l%shdjla f,i fkdie,flk kuq;a uQ,sl ;=jd, urKSh fkdjk wjia:djl wfhda.H m%;sldrh ldrK;ajoduh m¨ÿ lsrSfï iu;ahehs ks.ukh jkq we;af;a iajdëk fya;=jla f,i ydkshla <Õdl<fyd;a muKs'29tfukau bx.%Sis kS;h s ;=< uQ,sl ;=jd,h lsrSfuka jirl=;a ojilg miq urKh isÿjkafka kï pQos;hd ñkSuerSu ms<sno idmrdë 20 cS'we,a mSrsia" Y%S ,xldfõ wmrdO kS;sh ^fojk uqøKh"weia f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda"fld<U 10& ms 92 Somerset A.S. 1922 ck 22 (1908) 11N.L.R 240 23 (1992) Crim LR 198 24 (1956)40 Cr.App.R.153 25 (1841) E.R 313 26 (1959) 2Q.B 35 27 1995 wxl 22 orK oKav kS;s ix.%y ^ixfYdês;& mk; 293 j.ka;sh meyeos,s lsrSu 2 28 cS'we,a mSrsia" Y%S ,xldfõ wmrdO kS;sh ^fojk uqøKh"weia f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda"fld<U 10& ms 97 29 Ibid 98 21 j.lSug hg;a fkdfõ' kuq;a ,xld kS;sh ;=< uQ,sl ;=jd,h yd urKh w;r ld,mrsÉfþoh jirl=;a ojilg jvd jeäjk wjia:djloS jqjo ldrK;ajh ms<sn| idudkH uQ,O¾uh fhdod.ekSu ;j;a fjkialuls'30  bx.%Sis kS;sh ;=< wmrdOhg fmd<Ujk wh yd idudkH jYfhka iyhfok wh w;r meyeos,s fjkila bx.%Sis kS;sh ;=< i,ldn,hs' wjidk m%;sM,hg odhljk wdldrh u; fuh ;SrKh fõ' tA wkqj fm<Uùug yd iyhoSug ì%;dkHh ;=< ysñjk o~qjfuys m%udKh fjkiafõ' ,xld wmrdO kS;sh ;=< fï ;;a;ajh fjkiafõ' ta wkqj wkqn,oSu ,xldj ;=< úfYaI jrola f,i ie,fla' fm<Uùu" l=uka;%Kh yd ´kElñkau iyhùSu hk ;=ka wdldrhu úl,am jYfhka wkqn,oSfï jro hg;g .efka'ì%;dkH ;=< we;s oaúúOlrKh ,xld kS;s ;;a;ajh ;=< oelsh fkdyelsh'31  wlrKh iïnkaOfhka .;aúg ,xld yd tx.,ka; wmrdO kS;s foflysu iudklï olakg ,efí' ffk;sl hq;=lï ms<sn|j muKla fuysoS i,ld n,k w;r iodpdrd;aul hq;=lï ms<sn|j i,ld fkdn,hs' bx.%Sis kS;h s hgf;a bkaiagka kvqj32yd msÜjqâ kvqj33 oelaúh yelsh' ,xld kS;sfhaoS ne,a;id¾ tosrsj .=Kj¾Ok kvqj yd nqp¾ tosrsj mqiqUd hk kvq ksoiqka fõ'  fndre idlaIs oSu ms<sn|j ,xld kS;sfhys idmrdë j.lSu ;SrKh lsrsfuys fhdod.kq ,nk ldrK;ajh ms<snoj ñkqïoKav iu. uelaveksfh,ays34 ydksmeñKùfï l%uh iu. tlÕjQj;a ,xldfõoS 191 j.ka;sh u.ska fndre idlaIs oSu idmrdë jrola f,i olajd we;'35 by; ixikaokh ;=<ska ,xld wmrdO kS;sh ;=< ldrK;ajfha fhoSu iïnkaOfhka mj;akd ÿ¾j,;djhka wjfndaO lr.;yels w;r tu ÿ¾j,;d my; ioyka ks¾foAY l%shd;aul lsrSu Tiafia u.yrjd.; yelsh' flfia fj;;a by; ;=,kd;aul wOHhkh ;=<ska fmkShk ;j;a lreKla kï ,xld wmrdO kS;sh ;=< ldrK;ajh ms<sn| isoaOdka;h ie,lsh hq;= uÜgulska id¾:lj l%shd;aul jk njhs' flfiafj;;a tys mj;skakd jQ ysia;eka my; ks¾foaY Tiafia mqrjd.; yelsh' 30 cS'we,a mSrsia" Y%S ,xldfõ wmrdO kS;sh ^fojk uqøKh"weia f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda"fld<U 10& ms 99-100 Ibid 106 32 (1893) 1Q.B 450 33 (1902) 19T.L.R 37 34 (1755) Foster 121 35 oKav kS;s ix.%yh" 191 j.ka;sh hgf;a fndre idlaIs fok fyda idok ;eke;af;l=g wjqreoq 10 olajd ld,hl nrm;< jev we;sj nkaOkd.dr.; lsrSulska o~qjï l< hq;=h' tlS fndre idlaIsj, m%;sM,hla jYfhka ks¾fodaIS ;eke;af;l= jrolre ù urKhg m;ajQfha kï fndre idlaIs ÿka ;eke;a;dgo urK o~qjñka o~qjï l< hq;=h' 31 ldrK;ajh iïnkaOfhka ;=,kd;aul wOHhkh ;=<ska furg wmrdO kS;shg bosrsm;a l< yels ks¾foaY  bx.%Sis wmrdO kS;sfha ldrK;ajoduh ms<sn| i,ldne,Su ioyd fhdod.kq ,nk “But for” mrSlaIKh jeks mrSlaIKhla ,xld wmrdO kS;sfha ldrK;ajh i,ld ne,Su iïnkaOfhka f.dvkexùu ;=<ska ldrK;ajh ms<snoj ,xld ffk;sl ;;a;ajh mq¿,a l< yelsh' ta wkqj ì%;dkHh ;=< pQos;hdf.a wod< idmrdë l%shdj fkd;snqfKa kï wod< m%;sM,h we;sjkjdo hkak by; lS “But for”mrSlaIKfhka i,ld n,hs' ,xld kS;shg fujeks mrSlaIKhla y÷kajdoSfuka ldrK;ajh jvd;a mq¿,a f,i fhdod.; yelsh'  ksis ffjoH m%;sldr fkd,eîSu yd ffjoH fkdie,ls,a, hk lreKq ,xld wmrdO kS;sh ;=< ldrK;ajh iïnkaOfhka jvd;a mq¿,a w¾:hlska fhdod.ekSu' fï wkqj ,xld oKav kS;s ix.%yfha36 ksis T!IO yd olaI m%;sldr lsrSfuka urKh je<elaùug yelshdj ;snQ kuq;a tfia urKh ùu je<elaùug wfmdfydi;a jk wjia:djloS tlS wfmdfydi;aùu ldrK;ajh ì|jeàug fya;=jla fia fkdi,lhs' ldrK;ajh iïnkaOfhka fï ;;a;ajh ;jÿrg;a bosrshg hd hq;= w;r wod< wmrdOfhys isoaêuh idOl u; mokïj by; lS ksis ffjoH m%;sldr fkd,eîu hk ldrKh fldf;l=;a ÿrg ldrK;ajh m¨ÿ lsrSug fya;=jkjdo hkak i,ldne,sh hq;=h'  ,xld wmrdO kS;h s ;=< fm<Uùu" l=uka;%Kh yd ´kElñkau iyhoSu hk jroj,a ;%s;ajhu tl yd iudk ;;a;ajfhka i,ld úl,am jYfhka wkqn, oSfï jro hgf;a olajd we;' fï iïnkaOfhka we;s kj ks¾foaYh kï fm<Uùu yd l=uka;%Kh hk wjia:d fol iyhoSfuka fjkiafldg ie,lsh hq;=h hkakhs' thg fya;=j fm<UùfïoS yd l=uka;%KfhaoS wod< l%shdj lrkakd iyhlhdf.a ld¾hNdrhg jvd jeä ld¾hNdrhla lrk ksidfjks' ,xldfõ wmrdO kS;h s ;=< j¾;udkfha ldrK;ajh iïnkaOfhka mj;sk ;;a;ajh ì%;dkHfha wmrdO kS;sh ;=< ldrK;ajh iïnkaOfhka mj;sk ffk;sl ;;a;ajh iu. ixikaokh ;=<ska by; ks¾foaY bosrsm;a lr we;s w;r tu ks¾foaY m%dfhda.slj l%shd;aul lsrSu Tiafia j¾;udkfha ,xld wmrdO kS;sh ;=< ldrK;ajh l%shd;aul lsrSfïoS we;sjk fodaI u.yrjd.; yelsh' 36 1995 wxl 22 orK oKav kS;s ix.%y ^ixfYdaê;& mk; 293 j.ka;sh wdY%s; .%ka: kdudj,sh kvq ;SrK  R v Dalloway (1847) 2 Cox 27  R v Williams and Davis (1992) Crim LR 198  R v White (1910) 2 K.B 124  R v Pagett (1983) 76 Cr App R 279  f,dl=fkdakd we;=,q ;j;a fofofkl= tosrsj rc (1907) 11 N.L.R 4  fya/iaydñ (1946) 47 N.L.R 83  iqrìfh,a isxf[da (1946) 48 N.L.R 69  wfíiqkaor (1970) 74 N.L.R 119  fukaäia tosrsj /csK (1952) 54 N.L.R 177  flda,kao (1901) 5 N.L.R 236  ¨úia Somerset A.S. 1922 ck  jeka lshq,kan¾.a (1908) 11N.L.R 240  fcda¾âka (1956)40 Cr.App.R.153  fyd,kaâ (1841) E.R 313  iañ;a (1959) 2Q.B 35  bkaiagka (1893) 1Q.B 450  msÜjqâ (1902) 19T.L.R 37  uelaveksfh,a (1755) Foster 121 jHjia:d  1995 wxl 22 orK oKav kS;s ix.%y ^ixfYdaê;& mk; .%ka:  Boyce R N, Cases and Materials on Criminal Law and Procedure(7th edn westbury,New York The Foundation place,1989)  Smith and Hogan, Criminal Law (9th edn,Butterworths,London,1999)  mSrsia cS'we,aa" Y%S ,xldfõ wmrdO kS;sh ^fojk uqøKh"weia f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda"fld<U 10&  ùrfldaka iS" wmrdO kS;h s ^m<uq uqøKh" weia f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda"fld<U 10& fjí wvú  1 “Causation in Criminal Liability” (Assault) http://e-lawresources.co.uk/Causation-in-criminal- liability.php accessed July 4, 2018