History of kasuwar barci kaduna

CHAPTER ONE BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY 1.1 INTRODUCTION Market is a place of exchange of good and services that simultaneously developed to meet the needs of the society. A market is a place where two or more parties are involved in buying and selling. The two that are involved in the transaction are called buyer and seller for market to be completive. Https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_(economics): Accessed on 17th June, 2018 Kasuwar Barci is one of the largest and most popular markets in Kaduna metropolis. Kasuwar Barci is well known within and outside Kaduna state as a wholesale in bales (bundle) or retail- it is always full to capacity with buyers on Mondays, Wednesdays and Saturdays because this are the days when the stalls are always opened. However, this research as particularly based on the origin or history of the market (Kasuwar Barci) the research also tries to unveil both the negative and positive impact of the market and its contributions toward the development of the area particularly Tudun Wada. The research would nevertheless, draw the attention of researchers, government and stakeholders, thereby makes some suggestions on how to further transform the market. 1.2 STATEMENT OF THE RESEARCH PROBLEM Every historical research must have a problem. For an explicit understanding and proper appreciation of the discourse. Therefore, statement of the problem tends to lay open the problematic issues which the researcher seek to explore either to himself or to the general public and by so doing initiating an attempt to solving those problems. This research however faced with the problem attached to it. This is because up till now there is little research on Kasuawar Barci market. The following questions are therefore are to be addressed in this research. Despite the existence and the growth of Kasuwar Barci market, there are still problem limiting its rapid development. Thus, these problems ranged from lack of social amenities such as electricity, no pipe water supply, lack of good road and water drainage, no stores for storage of unclear commodities in the market and some other market in Kaduna metropolis as well. This makes people always dumped their goods carelessly and hopelessly. This makes the market retrogressing by discouraging people from patronizing the market especially during the raining season. The market also lacks enough packing space for vehicles, finally the condition of the market site is very poor and unhealthy especially during the rainy season where the market became muddy , thereby making it impossible for some other people come for transaction. 1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY The aim of the research is to examine the origin and growth of the Kasuwar Barci market, Tudun Wada Kaduna from 1973-2015. And the specific objectives of the study include the following: To identify the reasons for the establishment and development of the market. - To examine the historical development of the market. To expose the trading activities and organization of the market as well as the features. To examine the impact of t he market on Tudun Wada community. 1.4 JUSTIFICATION AND SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY Kasuwar Barci is a market of great significance not only in Tudun Wada but also in Kaduna state at large. This is because the market attracts people from different part of Nigeria, who come to partake in their business opportunity which the market provides. Though the market people don`t only earn a living but also exchange ideas which serves as a point of integration. Therefore, undertaking a research works on the origin and impact of the Kasuwar Barci is justifiable as a correction for the nation alleged by some Nigerians that development is not measured with local assets. The significance of the market and commercial activities in Kasuwar Barci cannot be overemphasized. The reason of engaging in this work could be link to tremendous importance. This work stands to achieve and fill a vacuum created in scholarship. A research work on the market evaluates the quality of local development in Kaduna south. The research also serves as an additional contribution on area neglected by other researches and uncovered by previous research efforts. The market has both positive and negative impact of the people of Tudun Wada. In essence, no knowledge is a waste: therefore, the knowledge that would be acquired at the end will also justify the study. In this regards it is hoped that the work would serve as a piece for not only students and researchers but also the general public. 1.5 SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY This work is concerned with the historical origin of Kasuwar Barci, Tudun Wada Kaduna South Local Government, the work covers the period from 1973-2015. What motivated the choice of the period of 1973 to 2015 was that the year 1973 was a period that “Kasuwar Barci” was established. While the terminated period 2015 marked the period of massive development in the market. Such development as: modern building stalls, plazas, banks near the market and filling stations among others. It should be noted that the study had some limitations which include the scarcity of available materials because there are few literature about the market. The researcher therefore utilizes mostly the oral interviews, such as the consultation of local government officials as well as the management of the market. The period available to researcher to make this work was short, limited to Tudun Wada District of Kaduna South Local Government area. Hence, visitation to the market and other observation strategy of data collection is relegated to the background so much so that the scarce information from relevant people was heavily depended upon. It’s important to note that the limitation the course of the research is lack of much written sources, particularly on the market, except those found on the settlements. Others problem encountered include time and finance. 1.6 METHODOLOGY In conducting a research in any academic discipline that researcher is required to choose a method from various alternatives. Therefore, the methodology used for this study is based on primary and secondary sources. The primary sources are oral information (i.e interviews) library research and archival materials. While the secondary sources are basically written materials which include: government published and unpublished materials such as text books, magazines, commission report as well as internet materials. However, the combination of these sources provided the researcher with a lot of information in reconstructing the history and the establishment of Kasuwar Barci market located at Tudun Wada Kaduna. However, this research depends heavily on the primary sources which have to do with oral interviews; it should be stressed here that all the sources used were subjected to critical security and corroborated with one another before they were used in order to ascertain their nature, validity distortion, misinterpretations and plagiarism of one’s intellectual property. 1.7 LITERATURE REVIEW Literature review is an important guideline and a step to be taken before conduct any form of research work. It constitutes a review on various existing works or literature on a particular topic of research. However, there exist of several literature on markets but none of them specifically focus on kasuwar Barci market of Kaduna metropolis. Therefore, the researcher here attempts to reviews the related literature on the meaning or definition, origin, structured and importance of market among others, the researcher could not find any book written in Kasuwar Barci Kaduna in order to support the topic of this project. With regard to relevance of the market to the people of Kaduna in general and Tudun Wada in particular, the researcher only relied on oral interviews, and some little other literature reviewed on Kaduna and its settlements which the study area is part of, and which was constitutes of published and unpublished works. A.G Hopkins, “An Economic History of West Africa”. It is important for the review. In chapter one of the books the author discussed the natural and human resources on West Africa productivity and distributive system. He also examines the origin of market and trade then finally he concluded with the main obstacle to the local economic growth. A.G Hopkins, An Economic History of West Africa, London Longman 1973 p. 45 K.U Nnadi "New Approach Economic” discusses about the meaning of market and how the market is supposed to be this include the geography or locations as well as the commodities of sales in the market. K.U Nnadi, A.B foladun, New approach economics, African publishers plc Onitsha Nigeria. 1983, p.359. Yusuf Nadabo Abdullahi "Tarihin Garin Kaduna" give a little and un-substantiated information about the history of Kaduna. Y. Nadabo, Tarihin Garin Kaduna: hedkwatar Arewa, Abu print press, Zaria, 2010. p. 359. Salisu Ahmad in his work titled "A History of Makera Kakuri Market, in Kaduna south local government of Kaduna metropolis, 1962-2013". The author examines the historical establishment of Makera-Kakuri, socio economic and political development of the study area. S. Ahmad, History of Makera Kakuri Market in Kaduna South Local Government of Kaduna Metropolis, 1962-2013, Idris Mustapha in his work titled. “The History and Growth of Sheikh Abubakar Gumi market kaduna, 1975-1997". The author examined the origin of the market, he also discuss the structure the administration and management if the market. M. Idris, History of the Growth and Development of Sheikh Abubakar Gumi Market, 1970-2010, Kaduna State University, 2010. Felix A.B,” “The History of Zonkwa Market in Southern Kaduna, 1960 to 2000”. In the work the author examines the geographical location of the area and also examines the establishment of Zonkwa market. The author got further to discuss the impact of the market in Southern Kaduna on socio-economic and political development of the area. Felix A.B,. The History of Zonkwa Market in Southern Kaduna, 1960 to 2000.Kaduna State University,2010. 1.8 CONCLUSION This chapter tried to examined the introduction, origin of the market (Kasuwan Barci) and also try to fine the solutions of the problem's facing the subject matter which are; did market start at their present location, did Market start as Kasuwar Barci or had a name before change to Kasuwar Barci? These are some of the problem's this research tends to look into among other. And also the chapter examine the significant of the market on Tudun Wada, and also thus work covers the period from 1973-2011. In the case of this research we combined both the two major primary and secondary sources. In terms of review, it comprises series of books which are the published and unpublished work. CHAPTER TWO A HISTORY OF KADUNA 2.1 INTRODUCTION This chapter briefly examines the historical geography, and people of Kaduna. It also discuss the establishment of Tudun Wada and migration into area, and some significance of Kasuwar Barci on Tudun Wada Kaduna, before 2015. 2.2 GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION OF THE STUDY AREA Kaduna state is situated on latitude 10° 36 and 07° 28’ East. It is on the southern margin of the Northern plateau and occupies a margin of northern plateau and a fairly central position in the Northern region. Hence it was well placed to serve as a capital of Northern Nigeria. It is also lies close to River Kaduna, and it is widely believed that Kaduna derived its name from River Kaduna. However, Kaduna lies close to the centre of Northern Nigeria. Kaduna is bordered by the Federal Capital territory to the south, Katsina, Kano, and Sokoto to the North, Plateau State to the East and Niger State to the West. It has a land area of about 45,567 square meters made up undulating plateau hills. The Gongola, Kaduna, Kogom, Gurara and wonderful rivers are some major rivers or hydrology in the state. O. Enoch, “Colonial Urbanization in Northern Nigeria Kaduna” 1913-1960. Ph.D Thesis, ABU Zaria. 2.2.1 Climate The climate factor is significant not only on relation to its effect on the character of the vegetation but also because climate has played a vital role in the people’s ways of life, including pattern of economic activities of people of Kaduna metropolis. Therefore, Kaduna is located on the plateau at a height of about 2,200 feet above sea level possess a tropical continental climate. The sentimentality of its climate is more pronounced during the dry season, especially in December and January. The mean daily maximum temperature rise gradually from January and attains its highest value in April. It also drops rapidly to its secondary peak in October. The mean maximum temperature rises from its highest value in December-January to its lowest in July-August. In addition, the climate factor played a vital role in Agricultural and other economics activities of Kaduna metropolis and for the entire people of Kaduna state. Ashafa, A.M. “Kaduna; A Historiographical Reconsideration of the Hausa Nomenclature” KADA: Journal of Liberal Arts, Vol. 1 No. 1, june, 2007 p.28 2.2.2Vegetation The vegetation covered found in the area is composed of those found in both southern guinea and Sudan savanna which were of immense economic importance to the inhabitant of Kaduna state. Therefore, the vegetation consists of areas of economic values which people use as a source of food, medicine and construction. The trees included baobab, parking [kadanya] and istamarindindica [tsamiya] and dorberlinusdoka among others. The trees and forestry were important to the socio-economic development of the people of Kaduna. Chinedu N.Ubah, ‘Military Factor in Urbanization in Nigeria: The Example of Kaduna” in A.M Ashafa [ed], Urbanization and Infrastructure in Nigeria since the 20th century, Kaduna Hammerhead print House p. 62-66 2.2.3Temperature Temperature fluctuation, a nature phenomenon occurs in the study area. There are extreme variations in the April when highest temperature readings in about 90°and 105° are recorded in January, very hot and very cold temperatures are due to change in humidity that fluctuates, where they occur in a single day strain on habitats resulting into lips and skin cracks. In August when the rain is heavy, relatively cooler temperature is recorded because of the high humidity that can be as 70% to 95% at mid-day. Chinedu N. Ubah op. cit. p. 62-66 2.2.4Soil The soil in Kaduna covering materials dominantly laterite formed from drift deposit which mantles soil sedimentary and Precambrian basement [granite rocks] up to 4 meter. It is of fine texture that is difficult to work because it tends to be water logged with heavy raid and dried out leaving cracks during the dry season. Abbdullahi, S. “The Nature of Commercial Land uses Invasion and its Impact on Kasuwar Barci” HND project Kaduna state polytechnic. 2.3 LAND AND PEOPLE OF KADUNA Kaduna city is a colonial creation. It is however, not in the context of colonialist assertion that it was established in a virgin land or man’s land but the current location, settlement pattern and purpose was a colonial decision. It was established as the capital city of Northern Nigeria in 1913, after a protracted search by colonial authorities for a suitable administrative capital. Earlier searchers had taken them to three other locations. First in Lokoja 1899-1901,Jeba 1901-1907,then Zungeru 1907-1913. Nadabo, Y. “Tarihin Garin Kaduna: Hedkwatar Arewa”, ABU print press, Zaria,2010, Kaduna was a first developed in a dual capacity as a garrison town and capital city of Northern Nigeria. In 1957, an additional function was added; Kaduna then was developed as an industrial center in Northern Nigeria, which makes her second to Kano in commercial activities. As a result of that the city witness wide range of emigration from different part of the country and beyond. The city was developed along the British colonial residency segregation policy of Northern Nigeria, Which has impacted on contemporary social and ethnic relations in Kaduna. Nadabo, Y. op. cit. p359 Kaduna since independence grown from a population of over 100,000 to almost a million, It also became the most important city in Northern Nigeria, because of her political strategic and status, it became the militating and political headquarters of Northern Nigeria, Where top brass of armed forces were resident. It has the highest concentration of military institutions in Nigeria; in fact, it is only next to Lagos. These institutions are spread around the city such as Nigerian Air Force Base, Nigerian Army 1 Division Headquarters (Dalet barrack), Nigerian Defense Academy (NDA), Artillery Kalapanzi Barracks, Defence Industrial Corporation (DIC), among others. Ibid 2.4 ESTABLISHMENT OF TUDUN WADA It was as a result of population influx within the European established areas (GRAs) which aggravated the colonial states to control the migrants politically, economically and medically through establishment of segregated settlements under different terminologies. Based on cantonment proclamation, the settlements were conceived exclusively for housing Africans and non-Africans working for the government and for commercial firms. Olisa. D.I., “Railway Construction and the Development of Kaduna in Northern Provinces of Colonial Nigeria” in Journal of Central Nigeria studies, Mangyeng, 2011.pp 48-56 In practice, the policy led to establishment of separate settlements for migrants, most notably for Southerners, non-Africans and Asians, as well as for northerners that were not indigenous to the communities in areas known as Tasha (from the word for station or railway settlement), Sabon Gari (new towns or stranger quarter) and Tudun Wada (exclusively for northerners that were not indigenous to the communities. Which were all established in order to prevent Nigerians from forming a common front against colonialism through the policy of “divide and rule". It was through these bases that the Tudun Wada Kaduna was established. Nadabo, Y. op. cit. p359 In the case of Tudun Wada Kaduna, it was as a result of population influx within the Sabon Garin Doka due to massive migration of people from every angle of the country to the area in search for shelter, even though the labourers quarters was established, it does not stop people from searching for land within the Sabon Gari. It was because of this population influx that the colonial government insisted in establishing another settlement far from the Sabon Gari by the year 1927. Ibid In an attempt to prevent people from establishing new settlements outside the control of the British colonial government and in preventing "Nigerians" from dominating European established statements, the idea of establishing Tudun Wada arose urgently. The colonial government called upon town planning committee in order to discuss this issue and find a solution to the problem. The committee seated on 25 November 1924, under the leadership of Mr. G. S Browne. The aim of the meeting was to divert people attention from the desire to live in Sabon Gari Doka. Ibid It was during this meeting by the town planning committee that the declaration of the establishment of a new settlement far from the Sabon Garin Doka was made under the authority of Iyan Garin Kangiwa. It was also declared that taxation will be removed for some period and forced labour be halt in this new settlement, which will divert the population influx in Sabon Garin Doka to the new settlement, this declaration was made at the end of the meeting . Nadabo, Y. op. cit. p359 In the choice of land for the establishment of this new settlement, Mr. E. H Laing gave the advice that, the new settlement pattern should be as that of Tudun Wada Zaria under the Kangiwa settlement, and the places suitable for the establishment of this settlement are; southwestern Fidaburdi, northeastern Unguwar Leburori and southern Buzaye. The senior sanitary officer Mr. W. Allan checked these places and chooses the Southern Buzaye (Musketry Range) where he said there is availability of farming land within the area and accepted the establishment of Tudun Wada within this place. Ibid The colonial governor during this time in person of Mr. H. Clifford organized a meeting with the rulers of small settlements within the state, it was during this meeting that the government informed those rulers about the idea of creating another new settlement in the southern Buzaye and ordered the vacation of the people of Unguwar Leburori and Kangiwa to settle in this new area. Plots were allocated to people in this area and there was also the building of a court and a house for the Judge (Alkali). Ibid This new settlement was to become the Tudun Wada Kaduna, which was a composition of the people from Unguwar Leburori and Kangiwa. Within a short period of time, this new settlement witnessed a rapid population growth. Since its inception, it was named as Tudun Wada but, people continued to called it Unguwar Leburori and the ruler of the Unguwar Leburori in person of Kwasau became the first head of Tudun Wada. The residing of the Emir of Zazzau Mallam Ibrahim his resident in Tudun Wada which was built at the present Asibitin Yara made the area popular within the metropolis. The area witnessed great developments both in population size and growth. The popularity of this area also increases within the people, thus, people stop calling this area with Unguwar Leburori mainly because of presence of the house of emir of Zazzau in the area. Nadabo, Y. op. cit. p359 Tudun Wada district gave birth to various districts within the metropolis such districts like Sabon Garin Tudun Wada, Unguwar Mu'azu, Kurmin Mashi and Yantukwane among others. And most importantly, the phenomenon of migration has been responsible for the rapid growth of Tudun Wada which continued even after 2011. G, Isyaku, Aged 53 Village Head, Interviewed at Yangwari, Tudun Wada Kaduna on 10th April, 2018 2.5  MIGRATION INTO TUDUN WADA Migration is the movement of people from one place to another with the intention of settling temporarily or permanently in the new location. This movement can be from one country to another, inter or intra state migration (internal migration). Migration can also be individual, family units or in large group. The history of human race is that of migration. Man by nature is designed to be mobile, he moves as the need arises, from one location to another in search of variety of things. Migration has contributed in shaping the history of people in various communities. D. I Olisa, “Railway Construction and the Development of Kaduna in Northern Provinces of Colonial Nigeria” in Journal of Central Nigeria Studies, Mangyeng, 2011. p.51 Migration into Tudun Wada like other neighbouring settlements within the Kaduna metropolis has been in constant practice over years. And has great impact on the Area and was also influenced by various factors. This was so because Tudun Wada was and is still an open environment for the accommodation of any visitor in respect of his ethnicity or religion especially before the year 2000, when relation between groups begins to change in nature and qualities. Nadabo, Y. op. cit. p359 The history of migration into Tudun Wada Kaduna can be traced back to the colonial period, after the establishment of the area in 1924. This was influenced by the nature and purpose of the establishment of the area by the colonial government and also the settlement pattern policies favorable for the migrant communities within the area, which the most significant policy was that no taxation and no forced labour for some period of time by people living within the area. This policy facilitates the migration of people into this area. Ibid It should be recalled back that labour migration especially in the course of force labour in railway construction had played an important role in the rapid growth which Kaduna has experienced during the colonial and Post-colonial period. The transfer of the Zaria Garrison of the West African Frontier Force (W.A.F.F) to Kaduna in 1913 also encouraged migration into this area. These migrants were from different zones of the Nigerian areas mainly Yoruba land and Northern Emirates. These phases of migrations were responsible for the establishment of Unguwar Leburori which later became Tudun Wada and the people were to partake in the railway trade and to work on earn wages. B. Abdulllahi, Aged 60, Civil Servant, Interviewed at Shettima Road, Tudun Wada Kaduna, on 23th April, 2018 The Hausa immigrants were said to have been mainly interested in trade and were the first to take advantage of the prosperous trade between the Europeans and people in the interior. Later Yoruba immigrants began to troop to Kaduna in large numbers because of the trade boom in Kaduna, and came to partake in it up till the mid 1920's. By this time, Tudun Wada was witnessing rapid growth within the metropolis mainly because of its favourable living conditions which include absence of taxation, forced labour and presence of social amenities. By 1927, the eastern railway port-Harcourt to Kaduna was opened, this development transformed Kaduna into a railway junction and Nigeria's biggest passenger exchange point for western, northern and eastern railway lines. ibid These developments brought about rise in the volume of immigrants into Tudun Wada and Kaduna in general. The coming of Igbo’s into Tudun Wada was facilitated by the opening of Eastern-Northern railway line. Thus, the Igbo traders, civil servants and job seekers flocked into this area through the railway because of some factors which are: the closeness of Tudun Wada with the railway station, the availability of land for immigrants within this area and also favorable government conditions in the area which are meant to prevent people from over populating the Sabon Garin Doka. Nadabo, Y. op. cit. p361 By 1928-1950, the colonial government ensured the provision of several social infrastructural services like electricity and pipe borne water, hospitals and schools in Tudun Wada and Kaduna in general. This period was a period of great significance in the history of migration in Tudun Wada. There was the influx of large number of migrant groups from every side of the country into Tudun Wada. Nevertheless, Tudun Wada from about 1950 to 1960 also witnessed one of the highest rates of residential growth in Kaduna. This was so because of the population influx in the region through migration due to availability of urban infrastructure such as water, electricity etc. which became attraction for the settlement in the area. There was also lack of plot within the Sabon Garin Doka by this period and the existing plots were very expensive. Thus, Tudun Wada became an alternative settlement for which migrant groups always refers to within the area. G, Isyaku,op. cit. The dominant feature of post-colonial migration in Tudun Wada was in the form of rural – urban migration. The impacts of migration in Tudun Wada are numerous but few can be pointed out. Migrant groups into Tudun Wada helped in the diffusion of occupational skills such as tailoring, barbing, photography and mechanic among others and also in cultural diffusion of staple food such as palm oil and fruits. Migrant groups were also instrumental in the establishment of Churches in this area, so also the western education schools I.e. Christian missionaries which are known as the Makarantun Boko. There was also the establishment of association by the migrants I.e. (NASFAT) by the Yoruba communities. A. A Sa’adatu, Aged 59, civil servant, Interviewed at Kaje Road, Tudun Wada Kaduna, on 4th June 2018 Another impact of migration into Tudun Wada was integration of communities into the area. Various communities within diverse Nigerian areas were integrated into Tudun Wada at various point of time. This was what made Tudun Wada multicultural and multi religious community over time migration into Tudun Wada also brought about the issue of intergroup marriage between diverse socio-cultural settings within this area. Migration has facilitated the rapid development witnessed in this area both in aspect of political social economic activities which were mainly as the result of high influx of migrant groups from various parts of the country into this area. People from various parts of country continued to migrate into Tudun Wada for various purposes which include seeking job opportunities, availability of social infrastructure within the area, availability of land, scholarship purpose and other forms of socio-cultural, economic and political activities. Mal. H. Muhammad, Aged 70 Islamic Scholar, Interviewed at Kaje Road Tudun Wada Kaduna, on 4th June, 2018 2.6 Conclusion The chapter examined the geography of Kaduna which included its location, climate, vegetation and soil. It also discussed in brief, the history of Kaduna from the establishment in 1913 by the colonial government. The chapter concluded by discussing of the people which includes their ethnic and religious compositions.  CHAPTER THREE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF KASUWAR BARCHI 3.1 INTRODUCTION This chapter dwells on the historical background and the development of the market that is how the market was established and developed. It also seek to examine how it is being managed since from 1973 up to the termination period of our study, i.e. 1990. Source of commodity with the market structure as well as commercial specialization in the market will be dealt with, in addition to the security formation in the market. 3.2 THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE MARKET According to the Sarki Bello Ridwan, former head of Kasuwar Barchi and present village head of Marina Kasuwar Barchi to U/Sunusi police custody, Kasuwar Barchi market formally known as Tudun Wada market was established when the need arose for then Kaduna central market to be rebuilt, as a result of the relocation of traders from Kaduna central market to present Sheikh Abubakar Gumi market due to the reconstruction of Sheikh Abubakar Gumi market on 8th May, 1973. This was before the division of local government which Kaduna state is currently having 23. It was then divided to reconstruct the central market by the military administration of the North-Central state under the leadership of former military governor, Brigadier Abba Kyari (rtd). The traders were evacuated to other locations for the time required to rebuild the market to give room for the builders to carry out their work effectively and with ease. Alh, B. Ridwan, Aged 68, Former Village Head of the Market, Interviewed at Kasuwar Barci, on 10th July, 2018 Thus, it was decided by the government to resettle the traders temporarily in two locations namely, the current police Barracks in Tudun Wada, polytechnic road by Chawai road and the then Tudun Wada market which is now Kasuwar Barchi. The traders who migrated from central market were divided. Two weeks later i.e. on 22nd May, 1873, precisely. “The first half of the traders was the first to inhabit at Kasuwar Barchi which is presently located in Kaduna South local government, while the contractors handling the remaining part of the market came to complain to the market officials that the remaining traders and their market activities were obstructing their building activities and work. Alh. B. Ridwan , op cit. The traders went to the present day Magajin Gari which now Kaduna North, thereafter, the local government borrowed the police Barracks along Polytechnic road from the Nigerian police and built Kasuwar Dutse for traders to sell their goods before the work was completed, i.e the reconstruction of the central market. Even before the creation of police Barracks, Kasuwar Dutse was established and was going better than the Tudun Wada market. Ibid At the time, Kasuwar Dutse enjoyed better patronage than the Kasuwar Tudun Wada for whatever reason, therefore, the traders were mostly idle due to lack of patronage; as such, sleeping in Kasuwar Tudun Wada became a daily routine. They would sleep the day away and go back to their various homes at the end of the day. So one day, one of traders, Abdullahi Jayawa from Kano, who sells blouses lamented on every stall he enters, he would fine traders sleeping as if that was what they were for. So, he said, “May be we should name this market “Kasuwar Barchi” as people only come here to sleep”. This is how Kasuwar Tudun Wada was renamed. The market was built of temporary shops, thought the site was permanent. On the occasion of 4th December, 1991 tragedy; when fire broke out in the market and resulted to the construction and reconstruction of the market with permanent building materials, this was in 1991 when Tanko Ayuba was Governor of the region. Mal. M. Saidu, Aged 55, Shoes seller, interviewed at Kasuwar Barci, on 12th July, 2018. When Kasuwar Dutse was making brisk business while traders in Kasuwar Barchi had nothing to do other than sleep, we believe it was God`s will because we really could not say why the situation was so. But now, there is no market in Kaduna state that enjoys business patronage better than Kasuwar Barchi not even Sheikh Abubakar Mahmoud Gumi central market”. Sarkin Marina noted that the market is divided into sections with every section having its sectional heads of traders and overall chairman of all the traders. “Before the advent of Kasuwar Barchi, Tudun Wada market was open space where traders sold their goods in an open space. Today, there are shops from which customers can buy whatever they need. Alh. B. Ridwan , op cit. 3.3 GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE MARKET Oral tradition has it that the growth of the market came as a result of the relocation of some traders into the Kasuwar Tudun Wada. It happened also as a result of the fire outbreak in the Kaduna central Market (Sheikh Abubakar Gumi market). This made people to troop into Kasuwar Barchi despite the fact that it was not been patronized. With that therefore, the market had been patronized and with various and multiple articles of trade. Alh. B. Ridwan , op cit. The market also became developed and expanded for the fact that it contains different sections, rendering different services, such as tailoring, fairly-used clothes, grains, among others. 3.3.1 SOURCES OF COMMODITY The table below indicates where commodities in the market are sourced: S/N COMMODITIES OF TRADE where the Commodities Sourced to the Market Fairly-used cloths (under wears, shirts, trousers, shoes, etc). Benin Republic Guinea corn, Maize, Rice, Soya beans. Central market Kaduna, Kawo market, Farukwai market. Yam Niger state, Jos, Kafanchan, Kawo. Cassava Kubacha and village around Abuja Gari South-Eastern Nigeria Tomatoes, Onions, pepper and vegetables Central market, villages of Zaria, Barnawa and Rido. Cow meat Goat meat These are gotten from abattoir located in Zango road, then transported to the market for sales. Chickens For Agric, they are gotten from farms and residential houses where they are trained, and for ordinary, from KasuwarKujama, KasuwarMagani, GadarGayan, Kawo and Udawa. Clothes and clothing materials and textiles Aba (Abia state), Kano, Lagos and Abubakar Gumi market Kaduna. Cutlass, hoes, shovels, etc Panteka House hold items, utensils and building material Central market Kaduna and Unitsha. Provision Veterinary market, Kaduna. Make up items Central market, Kawo, Lagos. Source: Different respondents interviewed during field work; Date, 20/07/2018. 3.4 STRUCTURE OF THE MARKET According to E.W Bovid market structure is the many in which goods and services flow from producers to find consumer”. He observed that commodities pass various stages before they reach final consumer. These stages are: firstly, producer, who produces commodities for circulation, second is the retailer, who buys the goods in large quantities for sale to the retailer. The third is the retailers on the one hand buy in small quality from the wholesales and sells in bits to the consumer is the final stage in the chain. Whenever commodities get to the hands of final consumers, it is then consumed, thereby finalizing the circulation of such commodities. E.W. Bovill, The Golden Trade of the Moors, second edition London oxford university press, 1972, p.226-300 However, there are different types of market which include daily markets. The daily, which Kasuwar Barchi market falls into, are common types of market in Nigeria commodities. There are more organized, planned and distributed than the other types. They serve as very useful purpose in distributing agricultural and non-agricultural commodities to the actual consumers. The daily market with few exceptions, cater for retail trade. A wide assortment of goods such as prepared food, provisions, house hold, utensils, plastic wares, textiles and herbs are also found in this market. Any market is characterized by intense commercial activity high density of day time population, congestion, noise and preponderance of women over men in selling buying. Alh, K. Muhammad, Aged 45 Market secretary, interviewed at Kasuwar Barci, on 10th July, 2018. Daily market is a characteristic of major market centers; they are often usually large and take place every day for the duration of a day. Kasuwar Barchi market is under this category but it should be noted that from the initial inception, the market was very small, thought capable of serving the local need. Daily transactions, was between morning and afternoon the initial three stalls were arranged in raw and people selling similar articles were placed in separate section of the market. This was one of the common structures of the local market in Hausa land, whose arranged is very important as it facilitate easier location of goods as well as of goods as comparison by buyers. It also generates healthy competition among the producers and sellers as well as easier guild control in the market. Alh, K. Muhammad. Op. cit. However, with so many full daily business transactions from 7am to 7pm on varieties of Raw, processed and manufactured goods and services take place in the outside shops of the market and along the four major rounds that surround the market. Only on Sunday that some Christian traders don’t open their shops for the whole day, but even on Fridays, full daily transactions take place, except if it is time for prayer when the Muslims will lock up for mosque. Many community and traders are now found in the market. Even those items that are categorized, we still find some pocket of them in other uncategorized place in market. The market is composed of a mixed arrangement both wholesale and retail traders are predominantly found in the market, sellers and consumers of the market are people of different ethnic background (Hausa, Fulani, Gbagyi, Yoruba, Igbo, Ebira, Igala, etc), who come from various neighboring settlement like Trikania, Rigasa, Nasarawa, Kabala West, Kudandan, Unguwar Rimi, Gonin Gora, Television, among others. The goods consumed by petty traders and local people as well as other people from various neighboring settlements. Large trading transaction take place on person-to-person exchange with buyers and sellers dealing directly and having the goods at hand. The sole medium of exchange in the market is money. Alh, H. Dabai. Aged 50 Market chairman, Interviewed at Kasuwar Barci, on 10th July, 2018 3.5 COMMERCIAL SPECIALIZATIONS IN THE MARKET For a market to run perfectly, there are said to be a number a commodities in which the market specialized in transacting. Kasuwar Barci is not exception because the commercial specialization in the market are said to include things like tailoring, fairly-used cloths (Garment), grains sellers, among others, as can be seen in the subsequent sub-headings. 3.5.1 TAILORING SERVICE Tailoring service formed part of the business enterprises in Kasuwar Barchi. The tailoring activities include the making of new and rebranding of old ones, Kasuwar Barchi as mentioned earlier involves in the transaction of tailoring materials and even the textiles itself. This make it possible for the sewing of clothes of different kind. Such clothes include that of male like Kaptan, gowns of any occasion, among others. Mal. J. Isah, Aged 45 Tailor, Interviewed at Kasuwar Barci, on 12th July, 2018. There are also female clothes tailoring, which include the wedding gowns, Abaya, Lace sewing, and even repairing of the old one. Kasuwar Barchi market also engages in the tailoring service of children’s clothes of both sexes. These are what make Kasuwar Barchi unique with it vast tailoring service. Tradition has it that clothing or tailoring service in the market formed about one-third of the services in the market. This is why people from the northern part of the country like the tailoring service of the market. Such areas are Kano, Katsina, Abuja, among others. Mal. H. Balarabe , Aged 48 Tailor, Interviewed at Kasuwar Barci, on 12th July, 2018. 3.5.2 FAIRLY-USED CLOTHS (Garments) There are various kind of fairly cloth mostly imported outside the country. These kinds of fairly used cloth include product like shoes, T-shirt, Trousers, Skirts, Blouse and among others. It is interesting to note that these fairly-used cloths (Gwanjo) were of great benefit in the market. This is because the fairly-used cloths constituted about, 40% of the commodities sold in the market. Mal. Y. Inusa, Gwnajo dealer interviewed at Kasuwar Barci, on 12th July, 2018. 3.5.3 GRAINS SELLER Hardly, a grains kind cultivated in northern Nigeria would not be formed in Kasuwar Barchi. Such grains are: Guinea corn, Millet, Maize, Rice, Beans, Sisal, to mention but a few. This constituted a very meager percentage in the trade goods in Kasuwar Barchi. Mal. B. Ayuba, Aged 49 Grains Seller interviewed at Kasuwar Barci, on 12th July, 2018. 3.5.4 CLOTH DEALERS The selling of cloth and there are the composition of Kasuwar Barchi. For examples, cloths and clothing materials such as textile materials are sold in the market. It is interesting to note that the good mentioned above also has leaders and who are importing the goods directly from outside the country or state and sell it to the retailers. For instance, clothing material such as material yards, buttons, etc were sold in retail style and this is what made Kasuwar Barci an open air market which is taking place every blessed day. Mal.Y. Inusa, op cit. 3.6 THE SECUURITY FORMATION IN THE MARKET The security in the market is organized by the traders themselves. Based on the interview with the Head of the local government or state government concerning the security assigned to the market, for every type of business, there is representative. They collaborated to source funds to pay the vigilantes in respect of their properties which they were hired for. Through the UnguwarSanusi police station is very close to the market, has no responsibility at guarding individual properties in the market. Alh .H. Dabai , op cit. 3.7 CONCLUSION This chapter examines the establishment and the nature of organization of Kasuwar Barci market, the management of trade and the commodities traded is the market. The chapter shows that the construction of sheikh Abubakar Gumi market led to the relocation of some traders to a place that later became the present Kasuwar Barci. CHAPTER FOUR IMPACT OF KASUWAR BARCI MARKET ON TUDUN-WADA KADUNA 4.1 INTRODUCTION This chapter examined the important of Kasuwar Barchi on Tudun Wada Kaduna South Local Government. It is focused on the issues of economic impact, political impact, and social impact and finally the chapter also examined the impact of the market in bring the solution to youth restiveness in Tudun-Wada and their neighboring community in Kaduna. 4.2 ECONOMIC IMPACT OF THE MARKET ON THE COMMUNITY Goods are generally brought to the Kasuwar-Barci market which attracts much people to invest in the market. However, there are various activities that attract people to the market such as the buying and selling of second hand clothes. Tailoring materials among others, this and other items attract people within and outside the state come to the market. The market also serves as sources of revenue to Kaduna south local government. Also most of the people in Tudun-Wada depend on the market as a source of livelihood. For example most of the youth in Tudun Wada engage in trading, handwork, or hard labour in the market. Alh ,B. Ridwan, Aged 68, Former Village head of the market, Interviewed at Kasuwar Barci, on 10th July, 2018 However, Revenue is being paid by shop owners and collected annually by the Market management and paid to the government through the management of the market, revenue that being generated in the market is what the government use to maintain the market day to day activities. For example to paid market cleaners, repair roads, build a new shop and other activities both in the market and local government. Also youth are employed in the market mostly to collect revenue from the shop owners, parking space, petty traders and others traders in the market. In the recent tear Kasuwar Barci market attracted so many other market in the state. For example goods that are sold in Kawo weekly market are mostly transpired to the market as it’s a daily market similarly Kasuwar Barci has grown to the extent that it has taken over her other neighboring market such as Yarkasuwa and Kasuwan Gwari, which are the initial market in the area. Mal. A. Isah, Aged 50 Bucher Interviewed at Kasuwar Barci, on 11th August, 2018 Also large business offer diversity of job where different skills are employed. Such as managers, accountants, storekeepers, salesmen and cashiers. On the other hand, the independent or smaller retails establishment employs at least one shop assistant. Also youths and other children that their parents cannot afford to pay their school fees engage themselves in some small businesses or hand work in the market than staying Idol. Although Tudun Wada was among the old settlement area in Kaduna state, with Kasuwar Barchi at the center of Tudun Wada it has attracted a lot of settlement around it. In about 1980s the settlement around the market was scattered around but at 2015 almost all the land around the market was occupied. Ibid Furthermore, Kasuwar Barchi market plays a vital role for the generation of revenue to the local government, a part from the monthly grant from the federal government and some few sources like felling stations and industries. The local government has no other important source of revenue than the market. Though, with fluctuations among other markets. Presently Kasuwar Barchi is one of the most important markets in Kaduna south local government in term of revenue generation. Alh. S. Auta , Aged 49. Second Hand Chair Seller Interviewed at Kasuwar Barci, on 11th August, 2018 4.3 SOCIAL IMPACT OF THE MARKET Origin of KasuwarBarchi traders Origin No of respondents Percentage U/Sunusi 80 14% Rigasa 40 11% Badiko 20 6% Kinkinau 25 7% U/Ma`azu 40 11% Kabala West 30 8% SabonGari 50 14% Tudun Wada 100 28% Total 385 100% Source filed work 2018 Tudun Wada prior to the establishment of Kasuwar Barchi it an area or place where there were no much houses, than the market was scattered earlier on it has been said that, the market was a combination of small markets around Tudun-Wada which comprises of “Yarkasuwa, Kasuwar Dutse, Kasuwar Gwari” and the major one which was Abubakar Gumi market due to the relocation of the market for reconstruction in 1973, at first the market was built of temporary stalls (Zinc) though the set was permanent. Alh. B. Ridwan, op cit. On the occasion of the 4th December 1991 tragedy! When the fire broke out in the market and resulted to the construction and reconstruction of the market with permanent building materials. This was in 1991 when Tanko Ayuba was the Governor. Before the advent of Kasuwar Barchi in Tudun-Wada. The market was an open space where traders sold their goods in an open space scattered but unlike today where customers can buy their need from various shops. Ibid Table: Sex Distribution. Respondents No Percentage Male 269 70 Female 116 30 Total 385 100 Source: field work 2018 However, survey shown that 70% of respondents are male while 30% is female. The larger percentage of respondents for traders being male is an attribute of market in Northern Nigeria. Table Age Distribution Respondent No Percentage 20-30 40 10 30-50 210 52 50 and above 135 38 Total 385 100 Source field work 2018 The age indicates that 10% of the respondents belong to the age range of 20-30 while 52 percent are belong 30-50 and 38 percent are of the age group of 50 and above. This showed that majority of the respondents are working class peoples. However after the fire outbreak that occurred in 1991 which led to the construction and reconstruction of the market. The market started with about 3,000 stalls which comprises of the permanent and temporary stalls. And presently the stalls in the market are about 5,000 with many plazas owned by private individual. There are differences between before and after the advent of the market for example there mosques, toilets, car parks, drainages, vigilantes, cleaners among others. Alh. K. Mohammed, Aged 45 market secretary, Interviewed at Kasuwar Barci, on 10th July, 2018. Commercial activities enhance social interactions among different groups of people it encourages friendship and exchange of ideas and also helps in the dissemination of information and innovation diffusion. Market place especially in developing countries are known to act as a centuries where important political and social matters are discussed. E.W. Bovill, The Golden Trade of the Moors, Second Edition London: Oxford University Press, 1972, p.226-300 Commercial activity areas occupy areas near at the point of maximum accessibility within the city or part of the benefits being. The market brought about the increase in population. Expansion and development of the settlement, this was by virtue of attracting many immigrant traders and craftsman to the settlement many immigrant traders and craftsmen to the settlement. These peoples migrated from different places of the country and reside in the settlement to carry out their business activities and commercial undertakings. It was on this basic that many ethnic groups such as Igbo, Yoruba, Ebira, Igala among others are now among the in habitants of the settlement. The presence of those people has led to the increase of the world, nature of the settlement as well as cultural and religious diversity: these settlers have in turn been contributing to the development of the various communities in which they live. Haj. A. Mulikat, Aged 42 food seller interviewed at Kasuwar Barci, on 10th August, 2018. Furthermore, the market serves as a unifying factor among the communities within and outside the local government through friendship and business relation, which have eventually stimulated a sense of belonging and co-operation among various communities in and around Kasuwar Barci. It also encouraged cultural exchange and diffusion as well as intermarriage among the various communities in the sense that individual from different background and culture come to meet for the sake of business this can also regarded as a meting point which has a positive impact on the social aspect. Alh. H. Dabai, Aged 50 Market chairman, interviewed at Kasuwar Barci ,on 10th July, 2018. In terms of business relationship people from other local government patronize the market in a regular basis thing come to the market in a regular basis they come to the market and buy a goods such as second hand clothes and sell in various markets in their place. Another example is the relationship between Kasuwar Barci and Abubakar Gumi market which was the central market in the town. There is a lot of buying and selling between the two market to the extent that many people have a shops in both markets. The market also contributed towards educational development in the sense that many young men within and outside the settlement gets the means to pay for their school studies in this market. This young men mostly came from poor families, who could not shoulder the responsibility of their children, such children are employed as a shop assistance while other engage themselves on hand work or hard working labor through this they get money and paid their school fees and other responsibilities. Alh. H. Dabai, op cit. On the other hand their and some men who are self-employee in the market this gave them the opportunity to sponsor their children to school, overcome poverty, raise social status, buy cars, and beautiful houses as well as to invest their money into other business. Lastly, the market serve as important place in the social development of the local government as whole in the sense that a lot of revenue used in the development of social infrastructure as a whole generated from the market for example: the amendment were done with money generated from the revenue which provides easier way to transportation but due to bad toads it makes work or transportation more difficult. Ibid 4.4 POLITICAL IMPACT OF THE MARKET Kasuwar Barchi was located in Tudun Wada which falls under one of the 23 local governments of Kaduna state. Which happen to be Kaduna south local government, comprises of 13 political wards which from the local government area include Sabon Gari South, Sabon Gari North, Kurmin Mashi, Badikko, Tudun Wada north, Tudun Wada south, Tudun Nupawa, U/Sunusi, Barnawa, Makera, Kakuri Hausa, Kakuri Gwari and television ward. Before the establishment of Kasuwar Barchi in 1973 Kaduna was not divided into political wards neither was it divided or separated into local governments. But now it is already divided into local governments and wards which is headed by the local government chairman meaning that the local government and wards are under him. Alh Kabiru. Op cit. 4.5 KASUWAR BARCHI MARKET AND SOLUTION TO YOUTH RESTIVENESS IN TUDUN WADA KADUNA Commercial activities has large personals needs, the economic characteristics are particularly attractive to individuals seeking their own enterprises especially of immigrants from ritual areas in search of which collar jobs in towns and on falling end un in commercial trade. However, one of the important of the market is the provision of employment to the youth in Tudun Wada. Because the market is one of the most important institution in the area that provided thousands of people (youth) that go to the market some as a middlemen, principle agent, laborers, wheel barrow pushers, assistants to business man, drivers among others. All of whom beautified from the market many people in Tudun Wada are their envious to engage in trading activities, starting with significant articles of trade but gradually they became important business men and counted among the riches people in the area. Therefore, the market help to ensure stable income in the society and distribution and output expansion of goods. Also youth and upbringing children that their parent cannot afford to pay their school fees engage their service in some small jobs or hand work in the market than staying idol. Ibid 4.6 CONCLUSION As seen from the above. This chapter attempted to discussing the impact of the Kasuwar Barchi not only on Tudun Wada but the initially Kaduna South local government such as the economic impact, political impact and social impact and also the chapter tried to examine the important of the market as a solution to the youth restiveness in Tudun-Wada Kaduna. CHAPTER FIVE SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 5.1 SUMMARY Kasuwar Barchi market has witnessed many problems particularly, the problem of historical documentation. The aim and objectives of the work is to geared towards identifying those problems, this is very significance and justifiably as it reveals the numerous and vital knowledge and the scope of the work or area of discussion is the historical development of Kasuwar Barchi market and its impact on Tudun-Wada Kaduna south local government area from 1973-2015. The 1973 was the year which the market was established while the 2015 is the year which the market witnessed a massive development. And the methods used in conducting the research are oral (primary) sources and written (secondary) sources but oral sources predominant all other sources. Kaduna is situated and latitude 10o 360 north and 070 28 east. It is also and southern margin of the northern Plateau and occupies a margin of the northern Plateau and on a central position in the northern region. However, it was well placed to serve as a capital of northern Nigeria. You also lies close to River Kaduna and like Nigeria which derived ours name from River Niger. If is widely believed that Kaduna. More so, Kaduna lies close to the center of the northern Nigeria. Kaduna is bordered by the federal capital territory to the south, Katsina, Kano and Sokoto to the North, Plateau state to this east and Niger state to the west. It has a land area about 45,567 Sq meters made up undulating Plateau hills. The Crongola, Kaduna, Kogom, Gurama and wonderful rivers are some major rivers a hydrology in the state. Kasuwar Barchi is situated in the Southern part of Kaduna metropolis it is located in Tudun Wada district of Kaduna South local government area of Kaduna State an latitude U50 North and longitude 743`0` east, it is bounded by Ibrahim Taiwo road, by the west, chairman road to the east, Dutsinma street by the south and polytechnic road to the North. Kasuwar Barchi was said to established where the need those for the Kaduna central market to be rebuilt, as a result of the relocation of traders from Kaduna central market to present sheikh Abubakar Gumi market due to reconstruction of sheikh Abubakar Gumi market on 8-5-1973, this was before the division of local government which Kaduna state is currently haring 23. It was then decided to reconstruct the central market by the military administration of the north central states under the leadership of farmer military governor, Brigadier Abba Kyari (rtd). This traders were evacuated to other locations for the time required to rebuild the market to give room fan the builders to carry out their work offensively and with ease. Thus, it was decided by the government to resettle the traders temporarily in two locations namely; the current police barracks in Tudun Wada poly road by Chawai road and their Tudun Wada market which is now Kasuwar Barchi. According to the former creatory of the market Alhaji Bello Ridwan when he spoke to me the traders who migrated from central market to Kasuwar Barchi were divided into two the first to inhabit Kasuwar Barchi located in the present day Kaduna south local government. While the constructor handling the remaining part of the market came to complain to the market officials that the remaining traders and their building activities and work. The market operations on daily basis with different varieties of goods and services those include: such as food stuff, soup ingredient, local farm fish, chickens, cloths, clothing materials, local farm implements provisions, house hold, utencil among others. Since its establishment of market continued to develop with a mixture of block stalls temporary shops and thatched shed as well and by 1980s almost everywhere was full in the market, however, five on 4th December, 1991 which necessitated the structured change of the market to the entirely modern blocks stalls and shops which exit till date the administration of the market and revenue collection were initially under the district head represented by the Sarkin Kasuwa. After the establishment of the local government both the Hakimi and Sarkin Kasuwa were left with mostly symbolic functions. While the authority exercise the real functions of appointing the Sarkin Kasuwa and revenue collections officials. The market has numerous impacts that affect the socio economic life of the people. The local government and state of large those include population growth ethnic diversity inter marriage empowerment venue generation among others. The market is however faced with some challenges which threaten its smooth existence and development, such as lack of historical documentation, good infrastructures social amenities available space, problems of revenue collections, among others. 5.2 CONCLUSION Tudun Wada Market is a very important settlement with a rich History to be reckoned with. However, only little has been written about on it, but this work has attempted to reconstruct its History due to Lack of Patronage: therefore sleeping became daily activities in the market. They would sleep all the day and go back to their various homes at the end of the day. So one day one of the traders from Kasuwar Dutse visit the market known as Abdullahi Jayawa who sells blouses lamented that every stall he enters he would find traders sleeping as if that is what they are there for, so he said “maybe we should name this market Kasuwar Barci. As people only come here to sleep hat was how Tudun Wada market was renamed as Kasuwar Barci. The market was built of with temporary shoes through the site was permanent, on the occasion of 4-12-1991 tragedy when fire broke out in the market and resulted to the construction and reconstruction of the market with permanent building materials. This was in 1991 when Tanko Ayubu was the Governor of Kaduna state. PRIMARY SOURCES Oral Sources S/N NAMES AGE Occupation Place of Interview Date Garba Isyaku. 53 Village head of Tudun Wada Tudun Wada 10/05/2018 Balarabe Abdulllahi. 60 Civil servant Tudun Wada 23/05/2018 Ahamed A Sa’adatu. 59 Civil servant Tudun Wada 04/06/2018 Alh, Bello Ridwan. 68 Former Village head of the Market KasuwarBarchi 10/07/2018 Mal. Saidu Musa. 55 Shoes seller KasuwarBachi 12/07/2018 Alh.Kabiru Muhammad. 45 Market secretary KasuwarBachi 10/07/2018 Alh. Haruna. Dabai. 50 Market chairman KasuwarBarchi 10/07/2018 Mal. Jafaru Isah. 45 Tailor KasuwarBarchi 10/07/2018 Mal. Harun Balarabe. 48 Tailor KasuwarBarchi 10/07/2018 Mal. Yakubu Inusa. 45 Gwanjo dealer KasuwarBarchi 10/06/2018 Mal. Isah Amadu. 50 Burcher KasuwarBarchi 11/08/2018 Alh. Sulaiman Auta. 49 Second Hand Chair Seller KasuwarBarchi 11/08/2018 Haj. Mulikat Aliyu. 42 Food seller KasuwarBarchi 10/08/2018 Mal. Bala Ayuba. 49 Grains Seller KasuwarBarchi 12/08/2018 Mal.Haruna Muhammad. 70 Islamic Scholar Tudun Wada 04/06/2018 BIBLIOGRAPHY SECONDARY SOURCES Published Works Ashafa, A.M. Kaduna; A Historiographical Reconsideration of The Hausa Nomenclature, In: KADA: journal of Liberal Arts, Vol. 1 No. 1, June, 2007. Bovill, E.W. The golden Trade of the Moors, second edition London oxford university press: 1972. Chinedu N. Ubah. Military Factor in Urbanization in Nigeria: The example of Kaduna In: Ashafa, A.M. [ed], Urbanization and infrastructure in Nigeria since the 20th century, Kaduna: Hammerhead print House. Hopkins, A.G. An Economic History of West Africa, London: Longman 1973. Nadabo, Y. Tarihin Garin Kaduna: hedkwatar arewa ABU print Press, Zaria: 2010. Nnadi, K.U. foladun, A.B. New Approach Economics, African publishers plc Onitsha Nigeria: 1983. Olisa, D.I. 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