GLOBAL LANDMARKS VOL 1 PART B

ISBN 978-976-96220-0-5 Christopher Columbus Monument in Santa Margherita Rapallo Christopher Columbus Monument in Santa MargheritaRapallo, Digital,Devgro Media Arts Services May18 2017 ISBN 978-976-96220-0-5 Chiosco della Musica Rapallo Landmarks in Rapallo, Digital, Devgro Media Arts Services May18 2017 Landmarks in Rapallo, Digital, Devgro Media Arts Services May18 2017 ISBN 978-976-96220-0-5 Rapallo’s Port The largest Italian Riviera seaside resort town, Rapallo in the Tigullio Gulf between Genoa and Cinque Terre offers a 16th-century castle, Castello sul Mare in the middle of the small harbour, a seaside promenade, pedestrian shopping streets in the historical centre, and good seafood restaurants. A lively, friendly place, Rapallo is busiest on Thursdays when colourful market stalls fill central Piazza Cile.Take the cable car up the hill to the Santuario Basilica di Montallegro, where the Virgin Mary was reportedly sighted on July 2 1557. Walkers and mountain bikers can follow an old mule track 5km up to the sanctuary where the views are spectacular. The sixth-century Basilica of Santi Gervasio e Protasio is also worth a visit.http:// www.navigatorsyachtclub.com/ports-of-Rapallo/services Portus Delphini in Rapallo,Digital,Devgro Media Arts Services May18 2017 ISBN 978-976-96220-0-5 Santa Margherita Statue of Mary Rapallo Santa Margherita Ligure, Italy, is a perfect town to stay in for a few days while visiting nearby Portofino and Cinque Terre. Santa Margherita is a beautiful seaside town with many hotels in all price ranges, and excellent restaurants, in a beautiful setting with a seashore promenade and colorful marina. The Old Town of Santa Margherita is a pedestrian zone that will charm you with historic buildings, baroque church, piazzas and pizzas. Excellent transportation connections by bus, rail and ferry will connect you with those nearby attractions of Portofino and Cinque Terre. .http://tourvideos.com/ Santa Margherita Statue of Mary Digital, William Anderson Gittens of Devgro Media Arts Services May18 2017 Santa Margherita Statue of Mary,Digital,William Anderson Gittens of Devgro Media Arts Services May18 2017 ISBN 978-976-96220-0-5 Palace of the Grand Master of the Knights of Rhodes Rhodes, Digital,Devgro Media Arts Services June 11 2018 UNESCO World Heritage Site” Review of Medieval City. Owner description: Surrounded by medieval walls, this old part of Rhodes is the location of many interesting attractions of historical significance. The Medieval City of Rhodes was named a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1988. The Order of St John of Jerusalem occupied Rhodes from 1309 to 1523 and set about transforming the city into a stronghold. It subsequently came under Turkish and Italian rule. With the https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q3byop_zSrg Palace of the Grand Masters, the Great Hospital and the Street of the Knights, the Upper Town is one of the most beautiful urban ensembles of the Gothic period. In the Lower Town, Gothic architecture coexists with mosques, public baths and other buildings dating from the Ottoman period. https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/493 ISBN 978-976-96220-0-5 Greece, renowned for it’s crystal clear blue waters, iconic historical sites and relaxed lifestyle is a gem for any UNESCO World Heritage fan with 18 World Heritage Sites, 16 cultural and 2 mixed cultural and natural sites, located across the country. From the beautiful Old Town on the island of Rhodes to the incredible natural wonder of Meteora, we managed to visit 15 of the 18 stunning UNESCO World Heritage Sites during a 2017 road trip in Greece. The UNESCO sites located on the islands of Delos, Chora and Samos alluded us on this visit! https://www.thewholeworldisaplayground.com/unesco-world-heritage-sites-greece/ Rhodes,Digital,Devgro Media Arts Services June 11 2018 Rhodes Global Landmarks Vol.1 by William Anderson Gittens ISBN 978-976-96220-0-5 Rhodes RhodesPalace of the Grand Master of the Knights of Rhodes, Digital, Devgro Media Arts Services June 11 2018 According to recent study, in the exact spot in which the palace exists today, there was the foundations of the ancient temple of the Sun-god 'Helios' and probably that was the spot where Colossus of Rhodes stood in the Antiquity. The palace was originally built in the late 7th century as a Byzantine citadel. After the Knights Hospitaller occupied Rhodes and some other Greek islands (such as Kalymnos and Kastellorizo) in 1309, they converted the fortress into their administrative centre and the palace of their Grand Master. I In the first quarter of the 14th century, they repaired the palace and made a number of major modifications. The palace was damaged in the earthquake of 1481, and it was repaired soon afterwards. After the 1522 capture of the island by the Ottoman Empire, the palace was used as a command centre and fortress. The lower part of the palace was severely damaged by an ammunition explosion in 1856. As a result, many rooms in the first floor were destroyed. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_of_the_Grand_Master_of_the_Knights_of_Rhodes ISBN 978-976-96220-0-5 Rhodes Palace of the Grand Master of the Knights of Rhodes, Digital,Devgro Media Arts Services June 11 2018 The UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Greece and the year they were inscribed are: Acropolis, Athens (1987) Meteora (1988) Archaeological Site of Mystras (1989) Old Town of Corfu (2007) Mount Athos (1988) Medieval City of Rhodes (1988) Archaeological Site of Philippi (2016) Paleochristian and Byzantine Monuments of Thessalonika (1988) Archaeological Site of Olympia (1989) Archaeological Site of Delphi (1987) Temple of Apollo Epicurius at Bassae (1986) Sanctuary of Asklepios at Epidaurus (1988) https://www.thewholeworldisaplayground.com/unescoworld-heritage-sites-greece/ ISBN 978-976-96220-0-5 Rhodes Monasteries of Daphni, Hosios Loukas and Nea Moni of Chios (1990) Archaeological Site of Aigai (modern name Vergina) (1996) Archaeological Sites of Mycenae and Tiryns (199) Devgro Media Arts Services June 11 2018 Delos (1990) The Historic Centre (Chorá) with the Monastery of Saint-John the Theologian and the Cave of the Apocalypse on the Island of Pátmos (1999) Pythagoreion and Heraion of Samos (1992) whc.unesco.org/en/list/91 Rhodes Palace of the Grand Master of the Knights of Rhodes Digital, http:// ISBN 978-976-96220-0-5 Rhodes Kameiros City, Digital, William Anderson Gittens of Devgro Media Arts Services June 11, 2018 Kameiros (/kəˈmaɪərəs/; Greek: Κάµειρος) is an ancient city on the island of Rhodes, in the Dodecanese, Greece. It lies on the northwest coast of the island, three km west of the village of Kalavarda. The ancient city was built on three levels. At the top of the hill was the acropolis, with the temple complex of Athena Kameiras and the stoa. A covered reservoir having a capacity of 600 cubic meters of water—enough for up to 400 families—was constructed about the sixth century BC. Later, the stoa was built over the reservoir. The stoa consisted of two rows of Doric columns with rooms for shops or lodgings in the rear. The main settlement was on the middle terrace, consisting of a grid of parallel streets and residential blocks. On the lower terrace are found a Doric temple, probably to Apollo; the Fountain House, with the Agora in front of it; and Peribolos of the Altars, which contained dedications to various deities. During the prehistoric period the area was inhabited by Mycenaean Greeks. The city itself was founded by the Dorians. The temple foundations were begun at least as early as the eighth century BC. The earthquake of 226 BC destroyed the city and the temple. The earthquake of 142 AD destroyed the city for the second time.P.H.Davies, Rhodes (Globetrotter Travel Guide, 2006), pages 57-58.1 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kameiros ISBN 978-976-96220-0-5 Rhodes Kameiros City,Digital, William Anderson Gittens of Devgro Media Arts Services June 11,2018 Historians divide ancient Greek civilization into two eras, the Hellenic period (from around 900 BC to the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC), and the Hellenistic period (323 BC to 30 AD).Banister Fletcher pp. 93-97 During the earlier Hellenic period, substantial works of architecture began to appear around 600 BC. During the later (Hellenistic) period, Greek culture spread widely, initially as a result of Alexander's conquest of other lands, and later as a result of the rise of the Roman Empire, which adopted much of Greek culture. Boardman, Dorig, Fuchs and Hirmer1Helen Gardner, pp. 110-1148 Kameiros City, Digital,William Anderson Gittens of Devgro Media Arts Services June 112018 ISBN 978-976-96220-0-5 Rhodes The principal materials of Greek architecture were wood, used for supports and roof beams; unbaked brick, used for walls, especially of private houses; limestone and marble, used for columns, walls, and upper portions of temples and other public buildings; terracotta (baked clay), used for roof tiles and architectural ...The architecture of ancient Greece is the architecture produced by the Greek-speaking people (Hellenic people) whose culture flourished on the Greek mainland, the Peloponnese, the Aegean Islands, and in colonies in Anatolia and Italy for a period from about 900 BC until the 1st century AD, with the earliest remaining architectural works dating from around 600 BC. Ancient Greek architecture is best known from its temples, many of which are found throughout the region, mostly as ruins but many substantially intact. The second important type of building that survives all over the Hellenic world is the open-air theatre, with the earliest dating from around 525-480 BC. Other architectural forms that are still in evidence are the processional gateway (propylon), the public square (agora) surrounded by storied colonnade (stoa), the town council building (bouleuterion), the public monument, the monumental tomb (mausoleum) and the stadium. RhodesPalace of the Grand Master of the Knights of Rhodes, Digital,Devgro Media Arts Services June 11 2018 ISBN 978-976-96220-0-5 Rhodes Kameiros City, Digital,William Anderson Gittens of Devgro Media Arts Services June 11,2018 Ancient Greek architecture is distinguished by its highly formalised characteristics, both of structure and decoration. This is particularly so in the case of temples where each building appears to have been conceived as a sculptural entity within the landscape, most often raised on high ground so that the elegance of its proportions and the effects of light on its surfaces might be viewed from all angles.Helen Gardner, pp. 126-132 Nikolaus Pevsner refers to "the plastic shape of the [Greek] temple ... placed before us with a physical presence more intense, more alive than that of any later building".Nikolaus Pevsner, An Outline of European Architecture, p. 19Nikolaus Pevsner, An Outline of European Architecture, p. 19 Kameiros City, Digital,William Anderson Gittens of Devgro Media Arts Services June 11,2018 ISBN 978-976-96220-0-5 Rhodes The formal vocabulary of ancient Greek architecture, in particular the division of architectural style into three defined orders: the Doric Order, the Ionic Order and the Corinthian Order, was to have profound effect on Western architecture of later periods. The architecture of ancient Rome grew out of that of Greece and maintained its influence in Italy unbroken until the present day. From the Renaissance, revivals of Classicism have kept alive not only the precise forms and ordered details of Greek architecture, but also its concept of architectural beauty based on balance and proportion. The successive styles of Neoclassical architecture and Greek Revival architecture followed and adapted Ancient Greek styles closely. Greek architecture Kameiros City, Digital,William Anderson Gittens of Devgro Media Arts Services June 11 2018 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_architecture Kameiros City, Digital,William Anderson Gittens of Devgro Media Arts Services June 11 2018 ISBN 978-976-96220-0-5 Rome The Colosseum https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vYzCoKB61F0&t=489s .The Colosseum or Coliseum (/kɒləˈsiːəm/ kol-ə-SEE-əm), also known as the Flavian Amphitheatre (Latin: Amphitheatrum Flavium; Italian: Anfiteatro Flavio [aŋfite ˈaːtro ˈflaːvjo] or Colosseo [kolosˈsɛːo]), is an oval amphitheatre in the centre of the city of Rome, Italy. Built of travertine, tuff, and brick-faced concrete, it is the largest amphitheatre ever built. The Colosseum is situated just east of the Roman Forum. Construction began under the emperor Vespasian in AD 72, and was completed in AD 80 under his successor and heir Titus. Further modifications were made during the reign of Domitian (81–96). These three emperors are known as the Flavian dynasty, and the amphitheatre was named in Latin for its association with their family name (Flavius).https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colosseum Colosseum Rome , Digital, William Anderson Gittens of Devgro Media Arts Services June 6 2018 ISBN 978-976-96220-0-5 Rome Italy has the most number of UNESCO World Heritage Sites in the world. There are 51 sites in total recognized by UNESCO within Italy. One of these sites is the Historic Centre of Rome and the Holy See. This property comprises the Vatican and the Basilica of St. Paul Outside the Walls.Aug 5, 2009 The history of Rome has existed since the 4th or 5th century BC. To this day, you will remains and ruins of monuments from the period of the Classical Roman Empire. Some of these monuments include the famed Colosseum and the Forum Romanum.The property was added to the UNESCO list in 1980; however, it was extended in 1990 to include the properties of the Holy See such as the Basilica of San Paolo fuori le Mura.http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/91 Colosseum Rome,Digital,William Anderson Gittens of Rome Devgro Media Arts Services June 62018 Colosseum Rome,Digital,William Anderson Gittens of Devgro Media Arts Services June 62018 ISBN 978-976-96220-0-5 Rome The World Heritage property encompasses the whole historic centre of Rome within the city walls at their widest extent in the 17th century, as well as the Basilica of St. Paul’s Outside the Walls. The property, complex and stratified, includes outstanding archaeological areas integrated in the urban fabric, which result in a highly distinguished ensemble. Founded on the banks of the Tiber river in 753 B.C., according to legend, by Romulus and Remus, Rome was first the centre of the Roman Republic, then of the Roman Empire, and in the fourth century, became the capital of the Christian world. Ancient Rome was followed, from the 4th century on, by Christian Rome. The Christian city was built on top of the ancient city, reusing spaces, buildings and materials. From the 15th century on, the Popes promoted a profound renewal of the city and its image, reflecting the spirit of the Renaissance classicism and, later, of the Baroque. From its foundation, Rome has continually been linked with the history of humanity. As the capital of an empire which dominated the Mediterranean world for many centuries, Rome became thereafter the spiritual capital of the Christian world. http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/91 Colosseum Colosseum Rome, Digital,William Anderson Gittens of Devgro Media Arts Services June 62018 ISBN 978-976-96220-0-5 Rome Colosseum Rome, Digital, William Anderson Gittens of Devgro Media Arts Services June 6,2018 Colosseum The Colosseum could hold, it is estimated, between 50,000 and 80,000 spectators,BBC's History of the Colosseum p. 1". Bbc.co.uk. 22 March 2011. Retrieved 16 April 2012.Baldwin, Eleonora (2012). Rome day by day. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons Inc. p. 26. ISBN 9781118166291.5 having an average audience of some 65,000;[Baldwin, Eleonora (2012). Rome day by day. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons Inc. p. 26. ISBN 9781118166291.Dark Tourism - Italy's Creepiest Attractions, The Local it was used for gladiatorial contests and public spectacles such as mock sea battles (for only a short time as the hypogeum was soon filled in with mechanisms to support the other activities), animal hunts, executions, re-enactments of famous battles, and dramas based on Classical mythology. The building ceased to be used for entertainment in the early medieval era. It was later reused for such purposes as housing, workshops, quarters for a religious order, a fortress, a quarry, and a Christian shrine.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colosseumhttps:// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colosseum ISBN 978-976-96220-0-5 Rome The Vatican City The Vatican City Rome, Digital, William Anderson Gittens of Devgro Media Arts Services May20 2017 ISBN 978-976-96220-0-5 Rome Roman architecture was unlike anything that had come before. The Persians, Egyptians, Greeks and Etruscans all had monumental architecture. The grandeur of their buildings, though, was largely external. Buildings were designed to be impressive when viewed from outside because their architects all had to rely on building in a post-and-lintel system, which means that they used two upright posts, like columns, with a horizontal block, known as a lintel, laid flat across the top. A good example is this ancient Greek Temple in Paestum, Italy.Since lintels are heavy, the interior spaces of buildings could only be limited in size. Much of the interior space had to be devoted to supporting heavy loads.Roman architecture differed fundamentally from this tradition because of the discovery, experimentation and exploitation of concrete, arches and vaulting (a good example of this is the Pantheon, c. 125 C.E.). Although tufa never went out of use, travertine began to be utilized in the late 2nd century B.C.E. because it was more durable. Also, its off-white color made it an acceptable substitute for marble.Marble was slow to catch on in Rome during the Republican period since it was seen as an extravagance, but after the reign of Augustus (31 B.C.E. - 14 C.E.), marble became quite fashionable. Augustus had famously claimed in his funerary inscription, known as the Res Gestae, that he “found Rome a city of brick and left it a city of marble” referring to his ambitious building campaigns.Roman concrete (opus caementicium), was developed early in the 2nd c. BCE. The use of mortar as a bonding agent in ashlar masonry wasn’t new in the ancient world; mortar was a combination of sand, lime and water in proper proportions.https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/ancient-artcivilizations/roman/beginners-guide-rome/a/roman-architecture The Vatican City Rome, Digital, William Anderson Gittens of Devgro Media Arts Services May20 2017 ISBN 978-976-96220-0-5 Artifacts at The Vatican City Rome Digitalby William Anderson Gittens of DigitalDevgro Media Arts Services The Vatican, Rome The Vatican City Rome, Digital, William Anderson Gittens of DigitalDevgro Media Arts Services May20 2017 Thanks to these innovations, from the first century C.E. Romans were able to create interior spaces that had previously been unheard of. Romans became increasingly concerned with shaping interior space rather than filling it with structural supports. As a result, the inside of Roman buildings were as impressive as their exteriors.Materials, Methods and InnovationsLong before concrete made its appearance on the building scene in Rome, the Romans utilized a volcanic stone native to Italy called tufa to construct their buildings. marble became quite fashionable. ISBN 978-976-96220-0-5 The major contribution the Romans made to the mortar recipe was the introduction of volcanic Italian sand (also known as “pozzolana”). The Roman builders who used pozzolana rather than ordinary sand noticed that their mortar was incredibly strong and durable. It also had the ability to set underwater. Brick and tile were commonly plastered over the concrete since it was not considered very pretty on its own, but concrete’s structural possibilities were far more important. The invention of opus caementicium initiated the Roman architectural revolution, allowing for builders to be much more creative with their designs. Since concrete takes the shape of the mold or frame it is poured into, buildings began to take on ever more fluid and creative shapes.The Romans also exploited the opportunities afforded to architects by the innovation of the true arch (as opposed to a corbeled arch where stones are laid so that they move slightly in toward the center as they move higher). A true arch is composed of wedge-shaped blocks (typically of a durable stone), called voussoirs, with a key stone in the center holding them into place. In a true arch, weight is transferred from one voussoir down to the next, from the top of the arch to ground level, creating a sturdy building tool. True arches can span greater distances than a simple post-and-lintel. The use of concrete, combined with the employment of true arches allowed for vaults and domes to be built, creating expansive and breathtaking interior spaces.https://www.khanacademy.org/ humanities/ancient-art-civilizations/roman/beginners-guide-rome/a/roman-architecture Rome Rome, Digital, William Anderson Gittens of Devgro Media Arts Services May 20, 2017 ISBN 978-976-96220-0-5 Rome The Vatican City Rome Digitalby William Anderson Gittens of DigitalDevgro Media Arts Services May20 2017 The Vatican City Rome Digitalby William Anderson Gittens of DigitalDevgro Media Arts Services May20 2017 The Vatican City Rome, Digital, William Anderson Gittens of Digital, Devgro Media Arts Services May20 2017 Roman Architects We don’t know much about Roman architects. Few individual architects are known to us because the dedicatory inscriptions, which appear on finished buildings, usually commemorated the person who commissioned and paid for the structure. We do know that architects came from all walks of life, from freedmen all the way up to the Emperor Hadrian, and they were responsible for all aspects of building on a project. The architect would design the building and act as engineer; he would serve as contractor and supervisor and would attempt to keep the project within budget.Roman cities were typically focused on the forum (a large open plaza, surrounded by important buildings), which was the civic, religious and economic heart of the city. It was in the city’s forum that major temples (such as a Capitoline temple, dedicated to Jupiter, Juno and Minerva) were located, as well as other important shrines. Also useful in the forum plan were the basilica (a law court), and other official meeting places for the town council, such as a curia building. Quite often the city’s meat, fish and vegetable markets sprang up around the bustling forum. Surrounding the forum, lining the city’s streets, framing gateways, and marking crossings stood the connective architecture of the city: the porticoes, colonnades, arches and fountains that beautified a Roman city and welcomed weary travelers to town. Pompeii, Italy is an excellent example of a city with a well preserved forum.https://www.khanacademy.org/ humanities/ancient-art-civilizations/roman/beginners-guide-rome/a/roman-architecture ISBN 978-976-96220-0-5 Rome Rome, Digital,William Anderson Gittens of Devgro Media Arts Services May20 2017 Romans had a wide range of housing. The wealthy could own a house (domus) in the city as well as a country farmhouse (villa), while the less fortunate lived in multi-story apartment buildings called insulae. The House of Diana in Ostia, Rome’s port city, from the late 2nd c. C.E. is a great example of an insula. Even in death, the Romans found the need to construct grand buildings to commemorate and house their remains, like Eurysaces the Baker, whose elaborate tomb still stands near the Porta Maggiore in Rome.The Romans built aqueducts throughout their domain and introduced water into the cities they built and occupied, increasing sanitary conditions. A ready supply of water also allowed bath houses to become standard features of Roman cities, from Timgad, Algeria to Bath, England. A healthy Roman lifestyle also included trips to the gymnasium. Quite often, in the Imperial period, grand gymnasium-bath complexes were built and funded by the state, such as the Baths of Caracalla which included running tracks, gardens and libraries.Entertainment varied greatly to suit all tastes in Rome, necessitating the erection of many types of structures. There were Greek style theaters for plays as well as smaller, more intimate odeon buildings, like the one in Pompeii, which were specifically designed for musical performances. The Romans also built amphitheaters—elliptical, enclosed spaces such as the Colloseum—which were used for gladiatorial combats or battles between men and animals. The Romans also built a circus in many of their cities. The circuses, such as the one in Lepcis Magna, Libya, were venues for residents to watch chariot racing.The Romans continued to perfect their bridge building and road laying skills as well, allowing them to cross rivers and gullies and traverse great distances in order to expand their empire and better supervise it. From the bridge in Alcántara, Spain to the paved roads in Petra, Jordan, the Romans moved messages, money and troops efficiently.https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/ancient-artcivilizations/roman/beginners-guide-rome/a/roman-architecture ISBN 978-976-96220-0-5 Artisan in Rome, Digital,William Anderson Gittens of Devgro Media Arts Services May20 2017 Artisan in Rome Digital, William Anderson Gittens of Devgro Media Arts Services May20 2017 Rome, Digital, William Anderson Gittens of Devgro Media Arts Services May20 2017 ISBN 978-976-96220-0-5 The Tiber Digital, William Anderson Gittens of The Tiber Devgro Media Arts Services June 62018 The Tiber Digital by William Anderson Gittens of Devgro Media Arts Services June 6, 2018 The Tiber (/ˈtaɪbər/, Latin Tiberis,[1] Italian Tevere, Italian pronunciation: [ˈteːvere])is the third-longest river in Italy, rising in the Apennine Mountains in Emilia-Romagna and flowing 406 kilometres (252 mi) through Tuscany, Umbria and Lazio, where it is joined by the river Aniene, to the Tyrrhenian Sea, between Ostia and Fiumicino.[3] It drains a basin estimated at 17,375 square kilometres (6,709 sq mi). The river has achieved lasting fame as the main watercourse of the city of Rome, founded on its eastern banks. .https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiber ISBN 978-976-96220-0-5 The Tiber The Tiber, Digital, William Anderson Gittens of Devgro Media Arts Services June 6,2018 The river rises at Mount Fumaiolo in central Italy and flows in a generally southerly direction past Perugia and Rome to meet the sea at Ostia. Popularly called flavus ("the blond"), in reference to the yellowish colour of its water, the Tiber has heavily advanced at the mouth by about 3 kilometres (2 miles) since Roman times, leaving the ancient port of Ostia Antica 6 kilometres (4 miles) inland. However, it does not form a proportional delta, owing to a strong north-flowing sea current close to the shore, to the steep shelving of the coast, and to slow tectonic subsidence.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiber ISBN 978-976-96220-0-5 The Spanish Steps The Spanish Steps (Italian: Scalinata di Trinità dei Monti) are a set of steps in Rome, Italy, climbing a steep slope between the Piazza di Spagna at the base and Piazza Trinità dei Monti, dominated by the Trinità dei Monti church at the top. The Spanish Steps Digital,William Anderson Gittens of Devgro Media Arts Services June 6,2018 The monumental stairway of 135 steps (the slightly elevated drainage system is often mistaken for the first step) was built with French diplomat Étienne Gueffier’s bequeathed funds of 20,000 scudi, in 1723–1725 linking the Bourbon Spanish Embassy, and the Trinità dei Monti church that was under the patronage of the Bourbon kings of France, both located above — to the Holy See in Palazzo Monaldeschi located below. The stairway was designed by architects Francesco de Sanctis and Alessandro Specchi.The 1953 film Roman Holiday, starring Audrey Hepburn and Gregory Peck, made the Spanish Steps famous to an American audience. The apartment that was the setting for The Roman Spring of Mrs. Stone (1961) is halfway up on the right. Bernardo Bertolucci's Besieged (1998) is also set in a house next to the Steps. The Steps were featured prominently in the film version of The Talented Mr. Ripley starring Matt Damon in the title role.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Spanish_Steps The Spanish Steps Digital, William Anderson Gittens of Devgro Media Arts Services June 6, 2018 The Spanish Steps Digital, William Anderson Gittens of Devgro Media Arts Services June 6, 2018 ISBN 978-976-96220-0-5 Thera Santorini Thera is the ancient name for both the island of Santorini in the Greek Cyclades and the name of the volcano which famously erupted on the island in the middle Bronze Age and covered Akrotiri, the most important settlement, in pumice and volcanic ash, thereby perfectly preserving the Bronze Age town.https://www.ancient.eu/thera/by Mark Cartwright published on 07 July 2012 Thera, Digital,William Anderson Gittens of Devgro Media Arts Services June 11 2018 Thera, Digital,William Anderson Gittens of Devgro Media Arts Services June 11 2018 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HxT-JuYbSTE&t=4s ISBN 978-976-96220-0-5 Thera Santorini Thera,Digital, William Anderson Gittens of Devgro Media Arts Services June 11 2018 Transported by a coach bus along the Santorini’s highway ISBN 978-976-96220-0-5 Thera Thera, Digital, William Anderson Gittens of Devgro Media Arts Services June 11 2018 So, after some decades, the blue and white combination, along with the preexisting colors of the Greek flag and the preexisting colors in other islands too, became the strongest "trademark" of the Greek Cycladic islands, Santorini included. Since 1974,all new houses have had to be painted white.Whitewash, or calcimine, kalsomine, calsomine, or lime paint is a low-cost type of paint made from slaked lime (calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH)2) and chalk (calcium carbonate, (CaCO3), sometimes known as "whiting". Various other additives are also used.Importantly, most Greek houses were small, with a walled garden or yard in the middle. The house was made of sun-dried mud brick. Mud houses crumbled away in a few years, and had to rebuild. So archaeologists do not dig up the ruins of Ancient Greek homes. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitewash Thera, Digital,William Anderson Gittens of Devgro Media Arts Services June 11 2018 ISBN 978-976-96220-0-5 Thera, Digital,William Anderson Gittens of Devgro Media Arts Services June 11 2018 Thera, Digital,William Anderson Gittens of Devgro Media Arts Services June 11 2018 Pottery Santorini Thera, Digital,William Anderson Gittens of Devgro Media Arts Services June 11 2018 In addition to Fresco subject matter, other finds such as Cretan and Mycenaean pottery, seal impressions using Minoan iconography, Minoan clay loom weights, Canaanite jars, the use of the Minoan Linear A script and items of Egyptian origin (e.g.: ivory and ostrich eggshells) attest to Akrotiri’s continued importance as an important trading centre with contacts throughout the Aegean.https://www.ancient.eu/thera/by Mark Cartwright ISBN 978-976-96220-0-5 Nios Thira Santorini is a Greek wine region located on the archipelago of Santorini in the southern Cyclades islands of Greece. Wine has been produced there since ancient times, but it was during the Middle Ages that the wine of Santorini became famous worldwide under the influence of the Republic of Venice. The Italian influence is still present in modern Santorini winemaking: the most famous Tuscan sweet wine is called Vin Santo. Santorini's Vin Santo (labeled "Vinsanto" to differentiate it from the Tuscan wine) is made in a passito style from grapes dried in the sun after harvest. Santorini also produces blended and rosé wine made from white grapes such as Athiri, Aidini and Assyrtiko, and red grapes such as Mandelaria. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santorini_(wine) Nios Thira, Greece , Digital,William Anderson Gittens of Devgro Media Arts Services June 11 2018 Nios Thira Greece June 11 2018 Nios Thira Greece June 11 2018 Nios Thira Greece, Digital, William Anderson Gittens of Devgro Media Arts Services June 11 2018 ISBN 978-976-96220-0-5 Nios Thira, Santorini Greece Nios Thira Greece, Digital,William Anderson Gittens of Devgro Media Arts Services June 11 2018 Author William Anderson Gittens and his Magnola, taking a selfie in Nios Thira, Greece , Santorini ISBN 978-976-96220-0-5 Santorini Every day, the donkeys of Santorini will make four or five return journeys up 520 wide, cobbled steps on the switchback path that leads to the town of Fira and its iconic whitewashed buildings and blue-domed roofs. The practice has been going on for decades. .http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-5691669/Donkeys-pictured-hauling-tourists-cobbled-steps.html Nios Thira Greece, Digital, William Anderson Gittens of Devgro Media Arts Services June 11 2018 the donkeys of Santorini Nios Thira Greece DigitalWilliam Anderson Gittens of Devgro Media Arts Services June 11 2018 ISBN 978-976-96220-0-5 The Cable Car , Digital,William Anderson Gittens of Devgro Media Arts Services June 11 2018 The Cable Car Santorini “ Loula & Evangelos Nomikos Foundation ” established in 1979 by the ship owner Evangelos Nomikos who gave all the expenses for the Cable Car purchase and installation. In addition to all the other offers, E. Nomikos has contributed much to the island. He mediated the transportation problem of the locals and mainly the thousands of tourists who visit it every year and decided to offer one of the most developed works of the Cyclades province. Its purpose is - according to the foundation's constitution, is to help the communities in developmental works. The Cable Car now belongs to the 14 communities of Santorini and this way the Greek regional administration is given a successful example of self management.This is achieved without ignoring the traditional mule drivers who have offered so much, giving a unique beautiful sight to the island. The foundation approaches them with sympathy and compensation, paying them a percentage of the ticket price in order to help this tradition to survive.https://scc.gr/cablecar.htm Cable Car Santorini, Digital,William Anderson Gittens of Devgro Media Cable Car Santorini, Digital,William Anderson Gittens of Devgro Media Arts Services June 11 2018 ISBN 978-976-96220-0-5 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZAgsM-IqYmo Sicily The history of Sicily has been influenced by numerous ethnic groups. It has seen Sicily sometimes controlled by external powers — Roman, Vandal and Ostrogoth, Byzantine and Islamic — but also experiencing important periods of independence, as under the Siceliotes of Greek origin and later as the autonomous Emirate then Kingdom of Sicily. The Kingdom was founded in 1130 by Roger II, belonging to the SiculoNorman family of Hauteville. During this period, Sicily was prosperous and politically powerful, becoming one of the wealthiest states in all of Europe. As a result of the dynastic succession, then, the Kingdom passed into the hands of the Hohenstaufen. At the end of the 13th century, with the War of the Sicilian Vespers between the crowns of Anjou and Aragon, the island passed to the latter. In the following centuries the Kingdom entered into the personal union with the Spaniard and Bourbon crowns, preserving however its substantial independence until 1816. Although today an Autonomous Region of the Republic of Italy, it has its own distinct culture. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Sicily Sicily Greece, Digital,William Anderson Gittens of Devgro Media Arts Services June 9 2018 Sicily Greece, Digital,William Anderson Gittens of Devgro Media Arts Services June 9 2018 ISBN 978-976-96220-0-5 The Lion at The Cathedral in Messina Sicily Greece ,Digital,William Anderson Gittens of Devgro Media Arts Services June 9 2018 The Unesco compiled its first list in 1978: in year 2013, the listed sites are 964. They are divided into cultural, natural and mixed properties. Actually, the main part of the sites is in Italy, which boasts 48 sites, followed by Spain and China, both with 44. Sicily, with its treasures of historical, cultural and natural importance, boasts 6 sites listed in the World Heritage List. https://www.charmingsicily.com/en/unesco-world-heritage-sites-sicily ISBN 978-976-96220-0-5 The Cathedral in Messina Every day at noon the bell tower of the Cathedral in Messina might both dlin and dlon, but it also puts on a show!When the clock hits midday, church bells are struck by two ten foot bronze statues representing the heroines who saved Messina during the Sicilian Vespers war (a 20 year 13th cent. conflict between the French, Anjoin, and Pope on one side, vs. the Sicilians, Aragonese, and HRE on the other). Immediately following the chimes, a lion, that represents the strength of the city, waves his flag, wags his tail, turns his head to face the piazza and roars three times. As if awakened by the mighty lion, a rooster (photo 1 again), who ironically represents awakening, flaps his wings, raises his head, and crows three times. As Ave Maria blares throughout the piazza, an angel appears bearing a letter for the Madonna, who is greeted by Saint Paul and a retinue of Messinesi ambassadors, each bowing in reverence as they pass. http:// www.italiannotebook.com/places/messina-bell-tower/ Sicily Greece, Digital,William Anderson Gittens of Devgro Media Arts Services June 9 2018 Sicily Greece, Digital,William Anderson Gittens of Devgro Media Arts Services June 9 2018 ISBN 978-976-96220-0-5 The Cathedral in Messina Sicily Sicily 1950-2000 Monument of Al Lavoro in Messina, Digital,William Anderson Gittens June 9 2018 SicilyThe Cathedral in Messina, Digital, William Anderson Gittens Devgro Media Arts Services June 9 2018 ISBN 978-976-96220-0-5 Spain Barcelona (/ˌbɑːrsəˈloʊnə/ BAR-sə-LOH-nə, Catalan: [bəɾsəˈlonə], Spanish: [baɾθeˈlona]) is a city in Spain. It is the capital and largest city of Catalonia, as well as the second most populous municipality of Spain. With a population of 1.6 million within city limits,Barcelona: Población por municipios y sexo - Instituto Nacional de Estadística. (National Statistics Institute)] its urban area extends to numerous neighbouring municipalities within the Province of Barcelona and is home to around 4.8 million people,Demographia:World Urban Areas – Demographia, April 2018] It is the largest metropolis on the Mediterranean Sea, located on the coast between the mouths of the rivers Llobregat and Besòs, and bounded to the west by the Serra de Collserola mountain range, the tallest peak of which is 512 metres (1,680 feet) high.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcelona Barcelona Spain, Digital,William Anderson GittensDevgro Media Arts Services May 12 2017 Barcelona Spain, Digital,William Anderson GittensDevgro Media Arts Services May 12 2017 ISBN 978-976-96220-0-5 Spain The National Museum of Art of Catalonia stands out for its collection of Romanesque painting, considered one of the most complete in Europe….Barcelona has a great number of museums, which cover different areas and eras. The National Museum of Art of Catalonia possesses a well-known collection of Romanesque art, while the Barcelona Museum of Contemporary Art focuses on post-1945 Catalan and Spanish art. The Fundació Joan Miró, Picasso Museum, and Fundació Antoni Tàpies hold important collections of these worldrenowned artists, as well as the Can Framis Museum, focused on post-1960 Catalan Art owned by Fundació Vila Casas. Several museums cover the fields of history and archaeology, like the Barcelona City History Museum (MUHBA), the Museum of the History of Catalonia, the Archeology Museum of Catalonia, the Barcelona Maritime Museum, and the privately owned Egyptian Museum. The Erotic museum of Barcelona is among the most peculiar ones, while CosmoCaixa is a science museum that received the European Museum of the Year Award in 2006. The FC Barcelona Museum has been the most visited museum in the city of Barcelona, with 1,506,022 visitors in 2013.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcelona The National Museum of Art of Catalonia Spain, Digital,William Anderson GittensDevgro Media Arts Services May 12 2017 ISBN 978-976-96220-0-5 Spain The Basílica i Temple Expiatori de la Sagrada Família (Catalan pronunciation: [səˈɣɾaðə fəˈmiɫiə]; Spanish: Templo Expiatorio de la Sagrada Familia; English: Basilica and Expiatory Church of the Holy Family) is a large unfinished Roman Catholic church in Barcelona, designed by Catalan architect Antoni Gaudí (1852– 1926). Gaudí's work on the building is part of a UNESCO World Heritage Site,[4Works of Antoni Gaudí, UNESCO World Heritage Centre, Retrieved 14 November 2010] and in November 2010 Pope Benedict XVI consecrated and proclaimed it a minor basilica,[Drummer, Alexander (23 July 2010). "Pontiff to Proclaim Gaudí's Church a Basilica". ZENIT. Archived from the original on 25 September 2010. Retrieved 7 November 2010. "The Pope Consecrates The Church of the Sagrada Familia". Vatican City: Vatican Information Service. 7 November 2010. Archived from the original on 11 November 2010. Retrieved 11 November 2010.Delaney, Sarah (4 March 2010). "Pope to visit Santiago de Compostela, Barcelona in November". Catholic News Service. Archived from the original on 7 April 2010. Retrieved 7 July 2010.5as distinct from a cathedral, which must be the seat of a bishop.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ The Basílica i Temple Expiatori de la Sagrada FamíliaSpain, Digital,William Anderson GittensDevgro Media Arts Services May 12 2017 ISBN 978-976-96220-0-5 The Nativity façade The Nativity façade and the crypt of the Expiatory Temple of the Sagrada Família were inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List in 2005. Palau Güell, Casa Milà (La Pedrera) and Park Güell, also in Barcelona, were added to the World Heritage List in 1984. The heritage site was expanded in 2005 to include Casa Vicens and Casa Batlló in Barcelona, and the crypt at Colònia Güell in Santa Coloma de Cervelló, as well as the Nativity façade and the crypt of the Expiatory Temple of the Sagrada Família. All of these elements together make up the “Works of Antoni Gaudí”. The criteria that govern the joint UNESCO World Heritage listing of these “Works of Antoni Gaudí”, including the crypt and the Nativity façade of the Expiatory Temple of the Sagrada Família, are as follows: Criterion (i): The work of Antoni Gaudí represents an exceptional and outstanding creative contribution to the development of architecture and building technology in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Criterion (ii): Gaudí’s work exhibits an important interchange of values closely associated with the cultural and artistic currents of his time, as represented in Modernisme of Catalonia. It anticipated and influenced many of the forms and techniques that were relevant to the development of modern construction in the 20th century. Criterion (iv): Gaudí’s work represents a series of outstanding examples of the building typology in the architecture of the early 20th century, residential as well as public, to the development of which he made a significant and creative contribution. What does this recognition entail? UNESCO’s World Heritage list aims to ensure cultural sites around the world, chosen for their outstanding and universal value, are identified and protected from damage or total or partial destruction. Being listed entails inventorying elements and a commitment to conservation and dissemination of the works, as their loss would impoverish the heritage of all of humanity.http://www.sagradafamilia.org/en/world-heritage/ ISBN 978-976-96220-0-5 The Basílica i Temple The Basílica i Temple Expiatori de la Sagrada Família (Catalan pronunciation: [səˈɣɾaðə fəˈmiɫiə]; Spanish: Templo Expiatorio de la Sagrada Familia; English: Basilica and Expiatory Church of the Holy Family) is a large unfinished Roman Catholic church in Barcelona, designed by Catalan architect Antoni Gaudí (1852– 1926). Gaudí's work on the building is part of a UNESCO World Heritage Site,[4Works of Antoni Gaudí, UNESCO World Heritage Centre, Retrieved 14 November 2010] and in November 2010 Pope Benedict XVI consecrated and proclaimed it a minor basilica,[Drummer, Alexander (23 July 2010). "Pontiff to Proclaim Gaudí's Church a Basilica". ZENIT. Archived from the original on 25 September 2010. Retrieved 7 November 2010. "The Pope Consecrates The Church of the Sagrada Familia". Vatican City: Vatican Information Service. 7 November 2010. Archived from the original on 11 November 2010. Retrieved 11 November 2010.Delaney, Sarah (4 March 2010). "Pope to visit Santiago de Compostela, Barcelona in November". Catholic News Service. Archived from the original on 7 April 2010. Retrieved 7 July 2010.5as distinct from a cathedral, which must be the seat of a bishop.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Sagrada_Fam%C3%ADlia The Basílica i Temple Expiatori de la Sagrada FamíliaSpain, Digital,William Anderson GittensDevgro Media Arts Services May 12 2017 The Basílica i Temple Expiatori de la Sagrada FamíliaSpain, Digital,William Anderson GittensDevgro Media Arts Services May 12 2017 ISBN 978-976-96220-0-5 The Basílica i Temple Spanish/Catalan architect Antoni Gaudi is the genius behind the Sagrada Famila design The interior of La Sagrada Familia church is finished except some details. It was consecrated by Pope Benedict in November 2010. Gaudí’s conception of the Sagrada Familia was based on the traditions of Gothic and Byzantine cathedrals. His intention was to express Christian belief through the architecture and the beauty of the building and communicate the message of the Evangelists. He achieved a symbiosis between form and Christian iconography, with a personal architecture generated via new but thoroughly logical structures, forms and geometries inspired by nature, with light and colour also playing a central role. The Basílica i Temple Expiatori de la Sagrada FamíliaSpain, Digital,William Anderson GittensDevgro Media Arts Services May 12 2017 The Basílica i Temple Expiatori de la Sagrada FamíliaSpain, Digital,William Anderson GittensDevgro Media Arts Services May 12 2017 ISBN 978-976-96220-0-5 The Basílica i Temple The Basílica i Temple Expiatori de la Sagrada FamíliaSpain, Digital,William Anderson GittensDevgro Media Arts Services May 12 2017 The model natural bans de'serof e'seer emmotilat to turn on eta'tua io e um mirror before sunset's four Monday which is to focus the camera lens which includes four aspects of his position rehearsing aixit if the attitude is adaptable to where the statue is intended future The Basílica i Temple Expiatori de la Sagrada FamíliaSpain, Digital,William Anderson GittensDevgro Media Arts Services May 12 2017 ISBN 978-976-96220-0-5 Basílica i Temple Expiatori de la Sagrada íliaSpain, Digital,William Anderson GittensDevgro ia Arts Services May 12 2017 The Basílica i Temple Spanish/Catalan architect Antoni Gaudi is the genius behind the Sagrada Famila design The interior of La Sagrada Familia church is finished except some details. It was consecrated by Pope Benedict in November 2010. Gaudí’s conception of the Sagrada Familia was based on the traditions of Gothic and Byzantine cathedrals. His intention was to express Christian belief through the architecture and the beauty of the building and communicate the message of the Evangelists. He achieved a symbiosis between form and Christian iconography, with a personal architecture generated via new but thoroughly logical structures, forms and geometries inspired by nature, with light and colour also playing a central role. ISBN 978-976-96220-0-5 The Basílica i Temple Spanish/Catalan architect Antoni Gaudi is the genius behind the Sagrada Famila design The interior of La Sagrada Familia church is finished except some details. It was consecrated by Pope Benedict in November 2010. Gaudí’s conception of the Sagrada Familia was based on the traditions of Gothic and Byzantine cathedrals. His intention was to express Christian belief through the architecture and the beauty of the building and communicate the message of the Evangelists. He achieved a symbiosis between form and Christian iconography, with a personal architecture generated via new but thoroughly logical structures, forms and geometries inspired by nature, with light and colour also playing a central role. The Basílica i Temple Expiatori de la Sagrada FamíliaSpain, Digital,William Anderson GittensDevgro Media Arts Services May 12 2017 The Basílica i Temple Expiatori de la Sagrada FamíliaSpain, Digital,William Anderson GittensDevgro Media Arts Services May 12 2017 ISBN 978-976-96220-0-5 The Basílica i Gaudí planned for the light inside the Sagrada Familia to be harmonious and to accentuate the plasticity of the nave, but above all to be conducive to introspection. The Basílica i Temple Expiatori de la Sagrada FamíliaSpain, Digital,William Anderson GittensDevgro Media Arts Services May 12 2017 The branching columns, as well as having a structural function, reflect Gaudí’s idea that the inside of the temple should be like a wood that invites prayer and is fitting for celebrating the Eucharist. To lessen the load of the roofing and bring light into the building he designed lucarnes or skylights in between the columns, based on hyperboloids, built using pieces of golden and green glass and tiles to reflect daylight inside. All the stained glass in the apse follows a plan of graduated tones to create an atmosphere suitable for introspection. http://www.sagradafamilia.org/en/architecture/ The Basílica i Temple Expiatori de la Sagrada FamíliaSpain, Digital,William Anderson GittensDevgro Media Arts Services May 12 2017