Legal Aid & Awareness in India : Issues and Challenges
Dr. Kalpeshkumar L Guptavisibility
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Book is the outcome of 2nd Dr. A P J Abdul Kalam National Legal Essay Competition - 2018 organised by ProBono India (www.probono-india.in)
Related papers
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Legal aid in India has evolved over the last few decades since 42nd Amendment to the Indian Constitution. This paper attempts to provide philosophical underpinnings suggesting how legal aid model has evolved over the years and excogitate a newer trajectory for its future evolution. It delves into weighing Kant’s imperfect duty justifying a charity based regime and marks a transition to utilitarian model suggesting requirement of institutional need to address issues of basic liberty of ‘access to justice.’ It also spells out Rawls’ principles of justice and attempts to explore their applicability in the Indian context, to chart out a road map for future. While contrasting different models on legal aids, it makes a finding that, India doesn’t accord priority to liberty of access to justice. The Indian Supreme Court has emerged as a bastion of liberty but the finer details of the enactment has been messed up by the Indian lawmakers. The lower compensation to lawyers and lack of alterna...
The Provision of Free Legal Aid in India
Revista Gênero e Interdisciplinaridade
One of the basic human rights of an individual irrespective of their age, caste, colour, nationality or any other status, is to have access to justice. All other rights lose their purpose without access to justice. An individual may have all other rights, though, if they don’t have an authority that looks after those rights and they cannot get those rights enforced at the time of need, all the rights would be useless making arbitrary violation of rights prevalent. Though said like a simple statement, the word ‘justice’ in itself is a multi-faceted term and needs to be understood from various angles. One of the basic requirements of having access to justice and getting justice in times of need is that the citizens of the State must be legally aware. Also, ‘access to justice’ means that a person must have access to the means to plead justice. First of all, individuals need to completely know and understand their rights and duties. Furthermore, they must be able to present themselves i...
AN ASSESSMENT OF THE FUNCTIONING OF LEGAL SERVICES AUTHORITIES IN INDIA: A THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVE
'Access to Justice' is a basic human right, yet it is a distant dream for the poor and deprived section of the country. Free legal aid is an initiative to provide protection of law to the weak, poor and illiterate and ensure them equal justice. Legal aid is meant for those people who cannot bear the expenses of lawyers' fees and expenses (Singh R. , 2017). The concept of legal aid coincides with the Preamble of the constitution of India that secures to all its citizens Social, Economic and political Justice (Constituent Assembly, n.d.). The importance of this concept can be gauged from the fact that 30% of Indian population is living below the poverty line. As per international poverty line, India has the largest number of people living under poverty line (PTI, 2016). Due to the poor implementation of the welfare schemes, more than 90% workforce in India falls under unorganised sector (Express News Service, 2015). There is a need to revamp the socioeconomic structure for the people, in need of justice, to be empowered. Establishment and development of effective legal aid system is required to eradicate the inequality between the poor and the rich in serving justice (Pathak). The concept of legal aid cannot be undermined when we see the holistic picture of the Indian population deprived of even the basic needs of their lives. Setting up of legal services authorities and committees at national, state and district levels with the objective to improve the quality of legal services and make justice approachable to the deprived section of the society (Multiple Action Research Group, 2012). But the lack of legal awareness among people is one of the major reasons to get people deprived of the justice. For this, not only legal fraternity, but society also needs to come forward and take the responsibility to take care of its vulnerable population (Vardhan, 2015). This paper focuses on the purpose and functioning of legal services authorities. The aim of the paper is to study the extent to which the legal services authorities are working towards providing free legal aid to the poor and promote justice on a basis of equal opportunity.
THE PROVISION OF FREE LEGAL AID IN INDIA: INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS ASPECT AS WELL AS THE CONSTITUTIONAL PURVIEW
Revista Gênero e Interdisciplinaridade, 2022
One of the basic human rights of an individual irrespective of their age, caste,
Legal Education in India : Issues Challenges
Outcome of 1st Dr. A P J Abdul Kalam National Legal Essay Competition - 2016. Best 10 Essays have been published in form of a book published by LAP, Germany Edited by DrKalpesh Lalitkumar Gupta, Founder, ProBono India
Case Study on Pro Bono Legal Aid Programme of Gujarat National Law University, Gandhinagar
Legal Aid & Awareness is crucial for sound judicial system of any country. Article 39A of Constitution of India deals with equal justice and free legal aid. Free legal aid helps the underprivileged to seek justice in timely and efficient manner. Various institutions, organizations, people are involved in legal aid and awareness initiatives touching different legal issues. Law students play crucial role in legal aid and awareness initiatives, being engaged with legal service committee/legal aid cell set up in law colleges/universities. Students volunteer for activities to be carried out under these committees/cells. There are handful colleges/universities in India which are having compulsory requirement of Pro Bono legal aid work as a part of academic curriculum. Gujarat National Law University (GNLU) situated at Gandhinagar, Gujarat is one of those institutions which requires 20 hours of Pro Bono legal aid work in an academic year which comes to a total of 100 hours in a five years course. GNLU through its Legal Services Committee (LSC) & Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) cell administer the Pro Bono Legal Aid Programme. GNLU initiated this policy in the year 2015 as an essential curricular requirement of the University. The major objective of introducing this programme is to encourage and motivate the students of the University to work for the society, offer their services under the legal provisions, which will help them bring closer to the society, besides helping them in their future career. Researcher will highlight the GNLU Pro Bono Legal Aid Programme as a part of case study supported by small survey on compulsory Pro Bono legal aid activities in law colleges as a part of academic requirement.
Challenges to Access to Justice and Free Legal Aid to the Marginalized: A study of Constitutional Obligation in India
Good Governance and Human Rights in Developing Nations, 2017
Access of justice is one of the basic principles and part of the fundamental right of the Indian Constitution. As it can be fairly estimated, for a country like India with such a large number of people below poverty line and marginalized who are still waiting to realize their basic rights, it is necessary to provide free legal aid services to these people to prevent them from exploitation and to realise the constitutional obligation. As on May 2016 as per World Bank data, 22 percent of India's population which equalled to 270 million people lived below the poverty line due to various socio-economic reasons. These individuals are not having proper access to basic facilities and services such as basic human needs. Insensitivities on the part law enforcement agencies further victimises these people. It is moreover perceived that denial of proper justice due to lack of free legal aid and related services to such a large number of people is simply an unacceptable reality which must be addressed in an urgent basis. In light of this existing scenario, the current study seeks to examine the challenges involved in getting access to justice to the marginalised and the poor in India. Moreover it focuses on to study the Constitutional guarantees which are available to realise the right to access to justice to the poor and marginalised in India. Finally the study highlights some of the lacunas which are involved in effective implementation of constitutional guarantees in order to suggest find some solutions and recommendation to address the issues at hand.
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Legal Education in India: Problems and Challenges
IIUM Law Journal, 2012
This article makes some observations about legal education in India by locating it within a wider context of legal education reform that is taking place in Law Schools across the world in the wake of globalizationled and globalization-induced changes in the nature and needs of legal profession. For being both intellectually challenging and professionally relevant, legal education should be more responsible than ever before to the legal needs of the community national as well as international , and the learning needs of
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Art. 14, the Constitution of India, 1950
Art. 22(1), the Constitution of India, 1950
& Equity, The World Bank, http://povertydata.worldbank.org/poverty/country/IND (01/10/2017)
4 Free Legal Aid, LAWyersclubindia, http://www.lawyersclubindia.com/articles/Free-Legal-Aid-5166.asp (01/10/2017)
5
Dr. G. Mallikarjun, Legal Aid in India and the Judicial Contribution, NALSAR Law Review 234, 235 (2013),
http://www.commonlii.org/in/journals/NALSARLawRw/2013/13.pdf (01/10/2017)
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Jackson vs. Bishop, 404 F Supp 2d, 571 (1968, US Court of Appeals Eighth Circuit)
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Shashank Kumar Dey & Nupur Kumary, Role of Legal Aid in Contemporary India, International Journal of Law (2016),
http://www.lawjournals.org/download/57/2-5-43-469.pdf, (01/10/2017)
Ibid 2
9 Ministry of Law, Justice & Company Affairs Department of Legal Affairs, Government of India, Processual Justice to
the People
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Sarfaraz Ahmed Khan, Lok Adalat, 64 (2006)
Free Legal Aid, LAWyersclubindia, http://www.lawyersclubindia.com/articles/Free-Legal-Aid-5166.asp,
(01/10/2017)
14
Hussainara Khatoon vs. Home Secretary, State of Bihar, 1979 AIR 1369
15 Order XXXIII of Civil Procedure Code relates to Suits by Indigent Persons
16
State of Haryana v. Darshana Devi, 1979 AIR 855
13
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Khatri vs. State of Bihar, 1981 SCC (1) 627
Sheela Barse vs. Union of India, JT 1986 136
19
Suk Das vs. Union Territory of Arunachal Pradesh, 1986 AIR 991
20 S. 304, The Code of Criminal Procedure,1973
21 R.M. Wasawa vs. State of Gujarat, 1974 AIR 1143
22
Order XXXIII, Rule 9A, Civil Procedure Code,1908
23 Rama Sundari Ivaturi, Evaluation of Legal Aid and Legal Literacy-Tools of Social Justice, Shodhganga,
http://hdl.handle.net/10603/7785 (04/10/2017)
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25Introduction and History of NALSA, NALSA, http://nalsa.gov.in/about-us (02/10/2017)
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31
Efficacy of the Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987,
http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/12650/11/11_chapter%207.pdf (03/10/2017)
32 The Supreme Court of India, Indian Judiciary Annual Report 2015-2016, 89 (2015-16),
http://supremecourtofindia.nic.in/pdf/AnnualReports/annualreport2015-16.pdf (02/10/2017)
33 Ss. 8A,15,16 & 17, Legal Services Authority Act, 1987
34
Ss 19,20,21 & 22, Legal Services Authority Act, 1987
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35
Significance of Lok Adalats in Present Scenario, Legal Services India,
http://www.legalservicesindia.com/article/article/significance-of-lok-adalats-in-present-scenario-583-1.html
(03/10/2017)
36 Statement showing the number of persons benefitted through Legal Services and Advice held by State Legal Services
Authorities under Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987, since inception (as on 30.06.2017), NALSA
37
Statement by Shri P.P. Chaudhary, Minister of State for Law and Justice and Electronics and Information
Technology, Statement regarding Free Legal Services, Lok Sabha (28/07/2016),
http://164.100.47.190/loksabhaquestions/annex/9/AU2063.pdf (02/10/2017)
38 Hussainara Khatoon vs. Home Secretary, State of Bihar, 1979 AIR 1369, State of Haryana v. Darshana Devi, 1979
AIR 855, Khatri vs. State of Bihar, 1981 SCC (1) 627, Sheela Barse vs. Union of India, JT 1986 136, Suk Das vs. Union
Territory of Arunachal Pradesh, 1986 AIR 991
39 The Supreme Court of India, Annual Report 2014, 120 (2014),
http://supremecourtofindia.nic.in/pdf/AnnualReports/annualreport2014-15.pdf (02/10/2017)
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http://upslsa.up.nic.in/Minutes%20of%2014th%20All%20India%20Meet.docx (04/10/2017)
41 Ibid
42
Statistical Information in respect of Para-Legal Volunteers, NALSA
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43 Minutes of the 14th All India Meet of the State Legal Services Authorities, UPSLSA,
http://upslsa.up.nic.in/Minutes%20of%2014th%20All%20India%20Meet.docx (04/10/2017)
44
Section 357A says- Every State Government in co-ordination with the Central Government shall prepare a scheme for
providing funds for the purpose of compensation to the victim or his dependents who have suffered loss or injury as a
result of the crime and who require rehabilitation
45 Tekan Alias Tekram vs. State of Madhya Pradesh (Chhattisgarh), ILC-2016-SC-CRL-Feb-8
46
Minutes of the 14th All India Meet of the State Legal Services Authorities, UPSLSA,
http://upslsa.up.nic.in/Minutes%20of%2014th%20All%20India%20Meet.docx (04/10/2017)
47
Free Legal Aid, LAWyersclubindia, http://www.lawyersclubindia.com/articles/Free-Legal-Aid-5166.asp (01/10/2017)
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http://upslsa.up.nic.in/Minutes%20of%2014th%20All%20India%20Meet.docx (04/10/2017)
49
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50 Ibid
51
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Legal Practitioners (Regulation and Maintenance of Standards in Profession, Protecting the Interest of Clients and
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AIR 1978 SC 1548 : (1979) 1 SCR 192 : (1978) 3 SCC 544 : 1978 UJ 847 : 1978 Cr LJ 1678 : 1978 CrLR 362 : 1978
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75
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76 Freire, Paulo, and Donaldo Macedo. Literacy: Reading the Word & the World. London: Routledge (1987)
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79
National Legal Services Authority (NALSA), http://cyberadvocate.in/mod/page/view.php?id=1046 (21/01/2018)
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80
81
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Government of India, Law Commission of India Report, 266th Report on the Advocates Act, 1961 (March, 2017)
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87 NALSA, Legal Awareness/Literacy, http://nalsa.gov.in/content/legal-awarenessliteracy, (12/11/2017)
88
(2012) 2 SCC 51
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98 Shilpi Varshney, Legal Literacy for Access to Justice An innovative approach towards achieving the Millennium
Development Goal (2012), 22(1), http://www.iimahd.ernet.in/egov/ifip/feb2012/shilpi-varshney.htm (11/11/2017)
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Delhi state Legal Services Authority, Opening Of Legal Literacy Clubs In Schools, http://dslsa.org/wings/legalliteracy-wing/opening-and-functioning-of-legal-literacy-clubs-in-schools (05/11/2017)
101 A Scheme For Students Legal Literacy Clubs, Chandigarh,
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102 Andhra Pradesh State Legal Services Authority, legal literacy clubs, http://apslsa.ap.nic.in/legal_literacy.html (06/11/
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105 S.S.Patil and Lavanya. C, A Study on Legal Literacy among Secondary School Students, Indian Streams Research
Journal, 2(7) (2012)
106 The Himachal Pradesh Legal Literacy Scheme, Legal Literacy Camp, http://hpslsa.nic.in/LegalLiteracyCamps.html
(05/11/2017)
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Tamil Nadu State Legal Services Authority, Legal Literacy and Legal Awareness,
http://www.tnlegalservices.tn.gov.in/prog_legal_lit.htm (06/11/2017)
108
Ibid
109 Ibid
110 Statutory Provisions Governing Legal Aid,
http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/7785/12/12_chapter%205.pdf (10/11/2017)
111 Statistical Information In Respect Of Legal Literacy/Legal Awareness Camps/Programmes (including Seminars,
Workshops, debates etc.), http://dslsa.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/Legal-Awareness-Programmes.pdf (05/11/2017)
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113Statement
Showing Legal Awareness/Literacy, available at: http://www.rlsa.gov.in/legal-awareness.html
Punjab Legal Services Authority, Student Legal Literacy Club, http://pulsa.gov.in/PageContent.aspx?sts=21 (12/11/
2017)
115 Supra note 81
116
In Gujarat High Court on October 16, 1998
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1981 AIR 1462, 1981 SCR (3) 542
United Nations, General Assembly, Legal Empowerment of the poor and eradication of poverty (2009),
http://www.un.org/esa/socdev/documents/reports/Legal%20empowerment%20of%20the% 20poor.pdf (10/10/2017)
119 Jananeethi, Legal Literacy: Cornerstone For A True Democracy, http://www.grin.com/en/e-book/264802/legalliteracy-cornerstone-for-a-true-democracy (12/11/2017)
120 Press Trust of India, Ex-Chief Justice of India, P. Sathasivam, Right to legal literacy guaranteed under Constitution:
CJI, Business Standard (2013)
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128 Shodhganga, Chapter IV, Scenario of Legal Education in India,
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Bar Council of India Trust, http://www.barcouncilofindia.org/about/bar-council-of-india-trust (09/10/2017)
136 Directorate of Legal Education, http://www.barcouncilofindia.org/about/about-the-bar-council-of-india/directorateof-legal-education (09/10/2017)
137
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The University Grants Act of 1956, https://www.ugc.ac.in/page/UGC-ACT-1956.aspx (20/10/2017)
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139
Deepak Sibal vs Punjab University AIR 1989 SC 493
Bar Council of India vs Aparna Basu Mallick 1994 AIR 1334, 1994 SCC (2) 102
State of Maharashtra vs Manubhai Pragaji Vashi 1996 AIR 1, 1995 SCC (5) 730
142
Bar Council looks to shut down "mushrooming" law schools (LegallyIndia, 23 June 2009),
https://www.legallyindia.com/lawschools/bar-council-looking-to-shut-down-qmushroomingq-law-schools-20090623067 (01/11/2017)
140
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143
In two years, number of law schools increased from 800 to 1,200: Now BCI hopes to put brake on mushrooming
epidemic (LegallyIndia 9 Dec. 2014), https://www.legallyindia.com/lawschools/in-two-years-number-of-law-schoolsincreased-from-800-to-1-200-now-bci-hopes-to-put-brake-on-mushrooming-epidemic-20141209-5408 (01/11/2017)
144 History of Legal Profession in India, https://www.lawctopus.com/academike/history-legal-profession-india
(01/11/2017)
145
Bar Council, 2013, http://highcourt.cg.gov.in/artical/barcouncil2013.pdf (01/11/2017)
146 Palak, Legal Profession in India (13 Sep. 2016), http://www.legalservicesindia.com/article/article/legal-profession-inindia-2192-1.html (02/11/2017)
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Ibid
Yashu Bansal, Legal Aid and Legal Schools (Academike, 4 April, 2015),
https://www.lawctopus.com/academike/legal-aid-and-legal-schools (02/11/2017)
149
Madhav Hayawadanrao Hoskot vs State of Maharashtra, AIR 1978 SC 1548
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181
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Anoop Kumar, Social science research network National Legal Literacy Mission - An Evaluative Analysis,
S.S.R.N., doi:10.2139/ssrn.2240008
183
Srikrishna Deva Rao, Paralegal Education in India: Problems and Prospects, J. Nat'l L. U. Delhi 94, 95 (2013)
184
Archie Zariski, What is legal literacy? Examining the concept and objectives of legal literacy 5 (2011)
185 Ashok Swain & Ramses Amer Globalization and Challenges to Building Peace 3 (2007)
186 32 Led. 2d. 530 (535)
187
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, art. 8 (1966)
188
Constitution of India, art. 21 (1950)
189
Equal Justice And Free Legal Aid - The State shall secure that the operation of the legal system promotes justice, on
a basis of equal opportunity, and shall, in particular, provide free legal aid, by suitable legislation or schemes or in any
other way, to ensure that opportunities for securing justice are not denied to any citizen by reason of economic or other
disabilities
190 Constitution of India, art. 12 (1950)
191
Constitution of India, art. 22 (1950)
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Lalit Bhasin, Legal Aid in the Eighties ± What Priorities - The Indian Scene, 9 Int'l Legal Prac. 102, 102 (1984)
Lalit Bhastin, Legal Aid in the Eighties ± What Priorities - The Indian Scene, 6 Int'l Legal Prac. 47, 47 (1981)
Ibid
195 Civil Procedure Code, Order 33 (1908)
196
Criminal Procedure Code, Section 304 (1973)
197 Justice T.Mathivanan, Legal Aid Issues, Challenges And Solutions- An Empirical Study 31
198
Ibid
193
194
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AIR 1978 SC 1675
See Law Commission Of India, Fourteenth Report Of The Law Commission Of India: Reforms Of The Judicial
Administration (1958)
201
Expert Committee on Legal Aid, Ministry of Law & Justice, Govt. of India, Processual Justice to the People (1973)
202
Committee on National Judicare, Ministry of Law & Justice, Govt. of India, Equal Justice; Social Justice (1977)
203 Upendra Baxi, Taking Suffering Seriously: Social action Litigation In India in Law And Poverty: Critical Essays
(1992)
204
Ibid
205 Ibid
206
Ibid
200
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Ibid
Khatri II v. State of Bihar, (1981) 1 (SCC)
Y. Srinivasa Rao, Right To Free Legal Aid, Legal Services India,
http://www.legalservicesindia.com/article/article/right-to-free-legal-aid-1176-1.html (10/11/2017)
210
Ibid
208
209
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214 Institutions created under the Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987, for speedy disposal of compoundable cases
215
Report on the Study of Notional Legal Services Authorities Act in the State of Gujarat
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217
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Supra Note 40
U. Sarathchandran, Bringing legal aid a step closer home, The Hindu, http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tpopinion/bringing-legal-aid-a-step-closer-home/article2610220.ece. (09/11/2017)
221
State NCT of Delhi v. Navjot Sandhu (2005) 11 SCC 600
222 State of Haryana v. Darshana 1979 AIR 855
223 Sheela v. State of Maharashtra, AIR 1983 SC 378
224
Jainendra kumar v. State of Maharashtra (1990) Supp SCC 777
225 Defending the Right to Legal Aid, India Together, http://www.indiatogether.org/2008/apr/hrt-legalaid.htm
(09/11/2017)
219
220
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See Venkatesan, Dimensions of Legal Aid, The Hindu,
http://www.hindu.com/fline/fl2218/stories/20050909000907500.htm (09/11/2017)
227
Multiple Action Research Group (MARG), Needs Assessment Study of Legal Services Authorities, 2012,
http://www.undp.org/content/dam/india/docs/DG/needs-assessment-study-of-selected-legal-services-authorities.pdf
(06/11/2017)
228 Supra Note 180
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M.P. Jain, Indian Constitutional Law, Lexis Nexis 1616 (2014)
AIR 1986 SC 2195
Arvind P Datar, Datar Commentary on Constitution of India, Lexis Nexis 585 (2010)
245
D.D. Basu, supra note 3, at 4099
246 D.D. Basu, supra note 3, at 1157
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61st Report on the Demand for Grants, Department of the Ministry of Law, Justice & Company Affairs (2000-2001)
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248
S. Murlidhar, International Conference on ADR, Conciliation, Mediation and Case Management Organized By the
Law Commission of India (2003)
249 $MD\9HUPD,QGLD¶V/HJDO$LG6\VWHP ,VVXHVDQG Challenges, India Law News,
https://indialawnews.org/2010/03/01/indias-legal-aid-system-issues-and-challenges-2 (10/11/2017)
250
Legal Service India, http://www.legalserviceindia.com/article/l240-Legal-Aid.html (10/11/2017)
251
F. Francioni, The Development of Access to Justice in Customary Law, in: F. Francioni (ed.), Access to Justice as
Human Right I (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2007)
252
G. Knaul, Report of the Special Rapporteur on the Independence of Judges and Lawyers, A/HRC/23/43 (Nov. 6, 2017),
para. 27 and 35
253 General Assembly Resolution, A/RES/67/187, http://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view-doc.asp?symbol=A/RES/67/187
(09/11/2017)
254
Supra, note 77 at para. 26. The Principles and Guidelines construes the term 'legal aid' to include "legal advice,
assistance and representation for victims and for arrested, prosecuted and detained persons in the criminal justice process,
provided free of charge for those without means or when the interests of justice so require". Furthermore, "legal aid is
intended to include the concepts of legal education, access to legal information and other services provided for persons
through alternative dispute resolution mechanisms and restorative justice processes". United Nations Principles and
Guidelines on Access to Legal Aid in Criminal Justice Systems, Annex, Introduction, para. 8 (2012)
255United Nations Principles and Guidelines on Access to Legal Aid in Criminal Justice Systems, Annex, Introduction,
paras. 9-10; Guideline 12 (2012)
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Sudhanshu Ranjan, Small can be beautiful, http://www.deccanchronicle.com/opinion/op-ed/290416/t-s-thakur.html
(04/02/2018)
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Vol. 7(1): 1978 p 41
268 Article 39A, The Indian Constitution: Equal Justice and Free Legal Aid- The State shall secure that the operation of
the legal system promotes justice, on a basis of equal opportunity, and shall, in particular, provide free legal aid, by
suitable legislation or schemes or in any other way, to ensure that opportunities for securing justice are not denied to any
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Sarswati v. Executive Member, Karnataka Industrial Area Development Board (AIR 2002 Kant.447)
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India ratified the treaty on 10 April 1979 and effectuated on 10 July 1979
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