La tradición histórica del español de California

Rebeca Acevedo La tradición histórica del español de California RESUMEN : El estado de California siempre se ha caracterizado por su riqueza lin- güística, aun antes de la llegada de los grupos colonizadores de origen europeo. En pleno siglo XXI, California se distingue por su plurilingüismo; sin embargo, después del inglés, el español es la lengua más empleada. En este ensayo se describe la realidad lingüística de la California decimonónica, con el fin de identificar cuándo el español y el inglés entran en contacto y cuáles elementos influyeron en la pérdida de las lenguas indígenas ante la expansión de otras lenguas. Tomo en consideración también los elementos que influyeron en la decisión de aprender la lengua invasora. Para evaluar el peso que esos rasgos tienen en la selección de la lengua comunitaria se analizan las diferencias demográficas, culturales y de aislamiento o marginalización en la sociedad de la época. PALABRAS CLAVE ABSTRACT : desplazamiento lingüístico, lenguas en contacto, bilingüismo. : California has always had a rich linguistic tradition, even before the arrival of European settlers to the territory. In the twenty-first century, California is still defined by its linguistic diversity. In this article, I am describing the linguistic reality of nineteenth- century California in order to highlight the first time the English and Spanish languages came together. It also traces the most important elements that motivated the loss of Indigenous languages while other languages flourished. I am assessing the role that demographic and cultural differences play in the selection of the common language. Rebeca Acevedo Loyola Marymount University VERBUM ET LINGUA NÚM . 1 2013 KEYWORDS : language shift, language contact, bilingualism. 1V\ZWL]KKQ~V 0Q[\~ZQKIUMV\MTIZMITQLILTQVO†y[\QKILM +ITQNWZVQI PI [QLW ZQKI a KWUXTMRI I]V IV\M[LMTITTMOILILMTI[TMVO]I[LMWZQOMVM]ZWXMW-V!ITM[\IJTMKMZ[MITTy TW[ XZQUMZW[ KWTWVW[ PQ[XIVWPIJTIV\M[ M`Q[\yIV aI MV MT \MZZQ\WZQW ITZMLMLWZ LM  NIUQTQI[ TQVO†y[\QKI[ KWV Un[ LM  TMVO]I[ IUMZQVLQI[ LQNMZMV\M[# LM M[I[ TMVO]I[U]KPI[PIVLM[IXIZMKQLWaW\ZI[ M[\nV MV XMTQOZW LM M`\QVKQ~V El pasado  LM UIZbW U]ZQ~ )ZKPQM <PWUX[WV !! ]V PWUJZM a]ZWS KWV[QLMZILW MT ƒT\QUW PIJTIV\M IK\Q^W LM M[I TMVO]I# UQ[UW Y]M L]ZIV\M LW[ LuKILI[ XIZ\QKQX~MV]VXZWaMK\WLMZM^Q\ITQbIKQ~V XZWUW^QLW XWZ TI =VQ^MZ[QLIL LM +ITQNWZVQI*MZSMTMaKWV MTÅV LM ZM[KI\IZ MT a]ZWS LMT XMTQOZW LM M`\QVKQ~V :WUVMa  -VTIIK\]ITQLILITW[a]ZWS[MTM[ KWV[QLMZITI\ZQJ]QVLyOMVIUn[OZIVLMLM +ITQNWZVQIKWVITZMLMLWZLMUQMUJZW[# LM[INWZ\]VILIUMV\M VW K]MV\I aI KWV PIJTIV\M[ VI\Q^W[ -V ZMITQLIL U]a XWKI[ TMVO]I[ IUMZQVLQI[ KITQNWZVQIVI[ XW[MMV Un[ LM  PIJTIV\M[ VI\Q^W[# XWZ MTTW ZMKQMV\MUMV\M [M PI MUXMbILW a enseñar estas lenguas en algunas escueTI[XƒJTQKI[LMTM[\ILWKWVMTQV\MV\WLM ZM^Q\ITQbIZ [] ][W -[ ]VI \ZIOMLQI Y]M TI UIaWZyI LM TI[ TMVO]I[ IUMZQVLQI[ MV +ITQNWZVQI PIaIV []K]UJQLW a [WV MVKWUQIJTM[ TW[ M[N]MZbW[ LM ZM^Q\ITQbIKQ~V Y]M [M M[\nV PIKQMVLW XIZI ZMK]XMZIZ MT \M[WZWK]T\]ZITPQ[\~ZQKWaTQVO†y[\QKWY]M [M XQMZLM IT UWZQZ ]VI TMVO]I# XMZW UM pregunto ¿por qué tenemos que esperar ILMKTIZIZTI[TMVO]I[MVXMTQOZWLMM`\QVKQ~VXIZIZM[KI\IZTI[' )XM[IZLMTIXuZLQLILMU]KPI[TMVO]I[QVLyOMVI[KITQNWZVQIVI[ TIQVNWZUI- núm. 1 2013 KQ~VKMV[ITUn[ZMKQMV\MVW[PIJTILMTI M`Q[\MVKQILMUn[LM]VKMV\MVIZLMTMVO]I[ LQNMZMV\M[ MV KILI]VILM TI[nZMI[ UM\ZWXWTQ\IVI[ LMJQLW I Y]M +ITQNWZVQI M[]VWLMTW[LM[\QVW[XZQVKQXITM[LMQVUQOZIV\M[ LMT U]VLW MV\MZW +ITQNWZVQI M[ \IUJQuVMTM[\ILWLMUIaWZXWJTIKQ~VLMT XIy[MVLWVLMTI[»UQVWZyI[[WVTIUIaWZyI¼+WVJI[MMVMTZMXWZ\MLMTKMV[WLMT  LMTW[KITQNWZVQIVW[UIaWZM[ LMKQVKWI}W[PIJTIVMVKI[I]VITMVO]I LQNMZMV\MITQVOTu[;Q[MKWUXIZIM[\MXWZKMV\IRM KWV MT !  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La tradción histórica del español de California ^MZ[QLIL TQVO†y[\QKI LM TI[ KWU]VQLILM[ QVLyOMVI[LQÅK]T\IJI[QVL]LIMTXZWKM[W LM KI[\MTTIVQbIKQ~V# XMZW XWZ W\ZW TILW \IUJQuV XZWUW^yI MT MUXTMW LMT M[XI}WT KWUW TMVO]I NZIVKI 4I I[QUQTIKQ~V LI QVQKQW XZQVKQXITUMV\M MV\ZM TW[ VQ}W[ ML]KILW[ MV TI[ UQ[QWVM[ -`Q[\MV \M[\QUWVQW[ LM Y]M ^IZQW[ R~^MVM[ QVLyOMVI[ N]MZWV [MTMKKQWVILW[ KWUW I[Q[\MV\M[ LM UQ[Q~VXWZ\MVMZPIJQTQLILM[JQTQVO†M[;M KWVWKM XWZ VWUJZMXZWXQW[WTW\ZM[ Y]M [WJZM[ITQMZWV a N]MZWV MV^QILW[ MV   IT KMV\ZW LM 5u`QKW a :WUI XIZI KWV\QV]IZ[]ML]KIKQ~V"8MLZWLMTIUQ[Q~V LM;IV4]Q[7JQ[XW8IJTW<IKa)OIXQ\W )UIUQ` LM TI UQ[Q~V LM ;IV 4]Q[ :Ma 5K,WVVMTT "-[OZIKQI[I]VW LMMTTW[8IJTW<IKY]MM`Q[\M]VTQJZW[WJZMTW[T]Q[M}W[a[]TMVO]I-[]VWLMTW[ XWKW[\M[\QUWVQW[ QV\MZVW[ KWVMT Y]M [M K]MV\I[WJZMTIWZOIVQbIKQ~Va^QLILMTW[ QVLyOMVI[TWKITM[L]ZIV\MM[MXMZQWLW -TM[XI}WT[MQUX][WMV\WLW[TW[IUJQMV\M[MVTW[Y]MQVÆ]a~MTV]M^WOWJQMZVW [QV ZM[XM\IZ TW[ LMZMKPW[ TQVO†y[\QKW[ LM TW[ QVLyOMVI[ -V M[XI}WT [M VWUJZ~ I [][ KWU]VQLILM[ [][ M[XIKQW[ OMWOZnÅKW[ a I MTTW[ UQ[UW[ IT [MZ JI]\QbILW[ >ITLu[6WKIJML]LIY]ML]ZIV\M M[M XMZQWLW MT M[XI}WT MZI TI ƒVQKI TMVO]ITMOy\QUIaTITMVO]ILMXZM[\QOQWY]M IJZyI LQ^MZ[I[ XW[QJQTQLILM[ IT QVLyOMVI Y]MTIILY]QZQMZI)[yTWM^QLMVKQITIKQ\I Y]MWNZMKM0QT\WV!!LMTXILZM)UWZ~[ Y]QMV MV   QVNWZUIJI Y]M ¹KWV \ITY]MPIJTMVUMLQIVIUMV\MTI+I[\QTTI [WV\MVQLW[XWZPuZWM[LMM[\I[V]M^I[\QMZZI[º  !! 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La tradción histórica del español de California )T[MK]TIZQbIZTI[UQ[QWVM[TIUIaWZyI LMTW[QVLQW[LMUQ[Q~VW»VM~Å\W[¼[MKWV^QZ\QMZWVMVXZWTM\IZQILWZ]ZIT-[\MN]MMT XMZQWLW LM Un[ ZnXQLI KI[\MTTIVQbIKQ~V K]IVLWTIXWJTIKQ~VQVLyOMVIMUXQMbII U]LIZ[MITW[X]MJTW[PQ[XIVW[XIZIPIKMZ TIJWZM[ LM [MZ^QKQW 5]KPW[ LM M[\W[ QVLyOMVI[[MU]LIZWVI^Q^QZMVTI[ZIVKPMZyI[aKI[I[LMTW[UM`QKIVW[a[MLM[KWVMK\IZWV LM [][ KWU]VQLILM[ LM WZQOMV8IZI 4W[ÎVOMTM[MZIMTX]MJTW KWV UIaWZ XWJTIKQ~V MV +ITQNWZVQI KWV   PIJQ\IV\M[ LM TW[ K]ITM[  MZIV QVLyOMVI[I[QUQTILW[5IaMZ! -[MV M[\W[ M[XIKQW[ [MK]TIZM[ MV Y]M TI I[QUQTIKQ~VK]T\]ZIT[MIKMTMZI7\ZWMNMK\WLM TI[MK]TIZQbIKQ~VLMTI[UQ[QWVM[[MWJ[MZ^~MVMT[Q[\MUILMXZWL]KKQ~V)TO]VW[ LM TW[ \MZZMVW[ LM UQ[Q~V [M ZMXIZ\QMZWV MV\ZM TI[ KWU]VQLILM[ QVLyOMVI[ a IT TQJMZIZTW[LMT\ZIJIRWNWZbW[WLMTIUQ[Q~V TIIOZQK]T\]ZIaIVWMZI\IVZMV\IJTMXIZI MT PQ[XIVW X]M[ M`QOyI U]KPI UIVW LM WJZIaXIOWLM\ZIJIRILWZM[)LMUn[MT KWUMZKQWM`\ZIVRMZWWNZMKyI]VILMUIVLI N]MZ\MXWZTIKWUXZILMK]MZW[aUIV\MKI ,MJQLW I MTTW U]KPI LM TI XZWL]KKQ~V KITQNWZVQIVIL]ZIV\MMTXMZQWLWUM`QKIVW [MMVNWK~MVTIOIVILMZyI-[\MKIUJQWMV TI JI[M MKWV~UQKI XZWUW^Q~ ]VI UIaWZ UIZOQVITQbIKQ~VLMTQVLyOMVI 5 Aunque fueron pocos los casos en que se respetó el repartimiento de tierras de misión entre los indígenas, existen algunos testimonios precisos sobe esa realidad. McDonnell, en su libro Juana Briones of NineteenthCentury California nos lo documenta al confirmar que +WV TI QVKMV\Q^IKQ~V PIKQI V]M^W[ XWJTILWZM[KZMKQMZWVTI[M`QOMVKQI[LMTI [WKQMLILKQ^QTKWUWMZITIML]KIKQ~VLM TW[ R~^MVM[ <IT \ZILQKQ~V ITNIJM\QbILWZI QVQKQI LM[LM ÅVM[ LMT ; xviii XMZW KWV UMVWZ KWV[Q[\MVKQI ,]ZIV\M MT XMZQWLW KWTWVQIT MV ! 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La tradción histórica del español de California MVTI+ITQNWZVQILMT[QOTW@@1aTIQVNWZUIKQ~VY]MM[\I\ZIaMK\WZQIPQ[\~ZQKIVW[ WNZMKM M[ QUXWZ\IV\M Y]M TI KWU]VQLIL PQ[XIVWPIJTIV\M ZMKWVWbKI TI \ZILQKQ~V PQ[\~ZQKI LM [] TMVO]I MV M[\M \MZZQ\WZQW ;MZyI ZMKWUMVLIJTM LMRIZ LM KWV[QLMZIZ IT M[XI}WT KWUW ]VI TMVO]I M`\ZIVRMZI aIY]MMVZMITQLILPIM[\ILWXZM[MV\MMV MT\MZZQ\WZQWM[\ILW]VQLMV[MIƒVIV\M[Y]M MTQLQWUIQVOTu[6 6 El español se estableció en este territorio a partir de 1548, desde que formaba parte de la frontera norte de la Nueva España, en toda el área que rodea los estados actuales de Nuevo México, Arizona, Colorado, Texas y *QJTQWOZINyI )TUIO]MZ < !! Racial Fault Lines. The Historical Origins of White Supremacy in California. *MZSMTMa" =VQ^MZ[Q\a WN  +ITQNWZVQI8ZM[[ )81)0. ! California Speaks: Language ,Q^MZ[Q\aIVL-VOTQ[P8ZWÅKMVKaJa4MOQ[TI\Q^M District. 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First Language Attrition. +IUJZQLOM" +IUJZQLOM =VQ^MZ[Q\a8ZM[[ ;MZ^QV 5 8 ! +ITQNWZVQI¼[ 0Q[XIVQK 0MZQ\IOMThe Journal of San Diego History ! ;QT^I+WZ^ITnV + !! -T M[XI}WT PIJTILW MV 4W[ )VOMTM[" )[XMK\W[ [WKQWTQVO†y[\QKW[ -V 5 a +WTWUJQ La enseñanza del español a hispanohablantes. *W[\WV" 0W]OP\WV5QNÆQV <QVSMZ ;ITI[ 5  A la sombra de las águilas. Sonora y la transformación de la fron\MZIL]ZIV\MMT8WZÅZQI\W5u`QKW".WVLWLM +]T\]ZI-KWV~UQKI >ITLu[ / 2  Developing Minority Language Resources: The Case of Spanish in California. <WVI_IVLI 6A" 5]T\QTQVO]IT 5I\\MZ[4\L ?IT\MZ[5:!The New Americans: a O]QLM \W QUUQOZI\QWV [QVKM ! +IUJZQLOM"0IZ^IZL=VQ^MZ[Q\a8ZM[[ Rebeca Acevedo. La tradción histórica del español de California