SCOPE HOMEOPATHIC TREATMENT IN AUTISM

Acta Neuropathologica, 2010

of neurogenesis, neuronal migration and maturation in autism, which may contribute to the heterogeneity of the clinical phenotype.

Molecular Psychiatry, 2002

Medical Hypotheses, 2014

Please cite this article as: M.F. Casanova, Autism as a sequence: from heterochronic germinal cell divisions to abnormalities of cell migration and cortical dysplasias, Medical Hypotheses (2014), doi: http://dx.Grant support: NIH R01 MH-86784 2 ABSTRACT The considerable heterogeneity in the number and severity of symptoms observed in autism spectrum disorders (ASD) has been regarded as an obstacle to any future research. Some authors believe that clinical heterogeneity results from the complex interplay of the many genetic and environmental factors that themselves define a condition as multifactorial. However, it is important to note that neuropathological findings in both idiopathic and syndromic autism suggests a single pathophysiological mechanism acting during brain development: the heterochronic division of germinal cells and subsequent migrational abnormalities of daughter cells to their target fields. Multiple exogenous (e.g., viruses, drugs) and endogenous (e.g., genetic mutations) factors are known to disrupt the division of germinal cells and provide for an autism phenotype. The variety of endogenous and exogenous factors, their timing of action during brain development, and the genetic susceptibility of affected individuals (a Triple Hit hypothesis) may all account for the clinical heterogeneity of ASD.

Journal of neurochemistry, 2016

Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) encompass a group of neurodevelopmental diseases that demonstrate strong heritability, however, the inheritance is not simple and many genes have been associated with these disorders. ASD is regarded as a neurodevelopmental disorder, and abnormalities at different developmental stages are part of the disease etiology. This review provides a general background on neuronal migration during brain development and discusses recent advancements in the field connecting ASD and aberrant neuronal migration. We propose that neuronal migration impairment may be an important common pathophysiology in autism spectrum disorders (ASD). This review provides a general background on neuronal migration during brain development and discusses recent advancements in the field connecting ASD and aberrant neuronal migration.

Autism Research, 2018

This retrospective study aimed to specify the critical period for atypical brain development in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) using prenatal and postnatal head growth parameters. The sample consisted of 80 Caucasian, unrelated, idiopathic patients with ASD born after 1995. Fetal ultrasound parameters (head circumference [HC], abdominal circumference, and femur length) were obtained during the second and third trimesters of gestation. HC at birth and postnatal parameters at 12 and 24 months of age were also collected. Head overgrowth, assessed by HC, was highlighted during the second (20-26 weeks of amenorrhea) and third (28-36 weeks of amenorrhea) trimesters. Normal growth of body fetal parameters indicated that head overgrowth was not because of overall body overgrowth. Moreover, postnatal results replicated previously and reported head overgrowth. A critical time window for atypical brain development in autism is hypothesized to begin from the 22nd week of amenorrhea. This period is critical for cortical lamination and glial activation. A pathophysiological cascade is suggested with interactions between candidate genes and environmental factors. Autism Research 2018.

Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 1996

defines Pervasive Developmental Disorders (PDD) as those syndromes which are characterized by severe and pervasive impairment of reciprocal social skills, communication, or the presence of stereotyped interests and activities. Included under PDD are Autism, Rett's disorder, childhood disintegrative disorder, Asperger's Disorder, and Pervasive Developmental Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (PDD-NOS). To date, detailed neuroanatomic studies have been initiated in only two of these disorders, Autism and Rett syndrome (RS) and some very preliminary data are available for Asperger syndrome (AS). AUTISM Morphologic observations of the brain in nine well-documented cases of autism have shown no abnormalities of gyral configuration, myelination, or obvious gliosis. Brain weight in most of the autistic subjects less than 12 years of age has been found to be heavier than expected for age and sex by 100-200 grams (Bauman & Kemper, 1995a), whereas the brain weight in the majority of the adult subjects is less than expected by 100-200 grams. Detailed histoanatomic analysis (Bauman & Kemper, 1994) shows reduced neuronal cell size and increased cell packing density (increased numbers of neurons per unit volume) in the hippocampal complex, subiculum, entorhinal cortex, amygdala, mammillary body, medial septal nucleus,

Journal of Neuroscience, 2006

The autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is among the most devastating disorders of childhood in terms of prevalence, morbidity, outcome, impact on the family, and cost to society. According to recent epidemiological data, ϳ1 child in 166 is affected with ASD, a considerable increase compared with estimates compiled 15-20 years ago (Fombonne, 2003a,b). Although at one time considered an emotional disturbance resulting from early attachment experiences , ASD is now recognized as a disorder of prenatal and postnatal brain development. Although ASD is primarily a genetic disorder involving multiple genes, insights into underlying mechanisms will require a multidisciplinary approach. Assessment of the earliest clinical signs and symptoms and the functional and structural networks by neuroimaging and neuropathology can be used to identify the underlying brain regions, neural networks, and cellular systems. In turn, the efforts of human and animal geneticists and neuroscientists are needed to define molecular and protein signaling pathways that mediate normal as well as abnormal development of language, social interaction, and cognitive and motor routines. In this review, we focus on several issues: the earliest manifestations of ASD, reported abnormalities of brain growth, functional neural networks, and neuropathology. We also consider the possible etiological factors and the challenges of creating animal models for this uniquely human behavioral disorder.

Neurosurgery, 2017

al 1,2 showed, in a manuscript published recently in Science, that human postnatal neurogenesis occurs in noncanonical niches in the frontal lobe and that immature interneurons migrate long distances even in the postmortem brain. These immature interneurons are likely to be postmitotic neurons born principally in the medial ganglionic eminence (MGE; Figure A). 1,3,4 The MGE is a fetal brain structure located anterosuperior to the hypothalamus that vanishes after birth. 5 An elusive connection with this process of postnatal neurogenesis involves neurons that potentially arise after birth from the structures without blood-brain barrier (ie, the circumventricular organs, located principally in the hypothalamus) and follow through the neural circuits sustained by basal membrane in the ependyma, pia mater, and blood vessels. 6 This connection

Revista medico-chirurgicală̆ a Societă̆ţ̜ii de Medici ş̧i Naturaliş̧ti din Iaş̧i

Autism is defined as a neurologic developmental disorder affecting brain and behavior, becoming usually apparent before 3 years of age, with stable evolution and no remission. No neurologic morphologic abnormality was associated with the disease. Several types of disease being described, autism is part of a larger spectrum known as autism spectrum disorders (ASD), or pervasive developmental disorders (PDD). The disease was first described long before it was defined and it has received its modern name. Main cause in the development of autism is considered to be genetic, up to 90 %. However, environmental factors could be incriminated, sometimes. The five types included in ASD are: Asperger syndrome, pervasive developmental disorder-not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS), typical autism, Rett syndrome and childhood disintegrative disorder (CDD). The classical triad of symptoms includes: social interaction impairments, communication impairments and repetitive, stereotype behavior. Diagnosis...

Academia Engineering, 2024

The valorisation of residual biomass has significant environmental, economic and social benefits, while it constitutes a key pillar of the transition towards a circular bioeconomy model. In this vein, this research focuses on assessing the viability of a plant which valorizes woody biomass for woodchips production. The aim of the paper is threefold: first, it highlights the differences between woodchips and other types (briquettes and pellets) of similar valorised biomass, and then second, it proposes a comprehensive framework which may guide the systematic and structured conduction of a feasibility study. Furthermore, it highlights the critical factors for the success of a woodchips venture, based on the implementation of the feasibility study in the context of central Greece (a region with strong potential in relation to bioeconomic development). Overall, based on primary and secondary research, the paper outlines detailed quantitative and qualitative data concerning technological, economic, and managerial dimensions (production process and equipment, logistics, financial assessment, etc.) of the initiative.