As controvérsias em torno da guarda compartilhada

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Princípio da afetividade no Direito de Família. Rio de Janeiro: Renovar, 2013. p. 27. 2 VENOSA, Sílvio de Salvo. Direito civil: direito de família. 15. ed. São Paulo: Atlas, 2015. p. 247. \R. EMERJ, Rio de Janeiro, v. 20, n. 79, p. 68-94, Maio/Agosto 2017 \ 69 (VVDPXGDQoDGHSDUDGLJPDUHIOHWHVHWDQWRQRkPELWRGDVUHODo}HV FRQMXJDLVVHQGRHVWDEHOHFLGDDLJXDOGDGHHQWUHKRPHQVHPXOKHUHVQDRUGHP MXUtGLFD H FRQVHTXHQWHPHQWH HQWUH PDULGR H PXOKHU QD RUGHP IDPLOLDU TXDQWRQDVUHODo}HVSDUHQWDLVVHQGRUHFRQKHFLGDDLJXDOGDGHHQWUHRVILOKRV FRPDVXSHUDomRGDGLVWLQomRHQWUHILOKRVOHJtWLPRVHLOHJtWLPRV &RQIHULQGR jV HQWLGDGHV IDPLOLDUHV HVSHFLDO SURWHomR GR (VWDGR R &RQVWLWXLQWHQRDUWGD&DUWD0DJQDFRQWHPSODWDOLJXDOGDGHSURLELQ GRTXDLVTXHUGHVLJQDo}HVGLVFULPLQDWyULDVUHODWLYDVjILOLDomRHVWDEHOHFHQGR RH[HUFtFLRLJXDOLWiULRGRVGLUHLWRVHGHYHUHVUHIHUHQWHVjVRFLHGDGHFRQMXJDO HSUHYHQGRRSODQHMDPHQWRIDPLOLDUFRPROLYUHGHFLVmRGRFDVDO 1DQRYDRUGHPFRQVWLWXFLRQDODIDPtOLDSDVVDDH[LVWLUHPIXQomR GRVVHXVPHPEURVHQmRRFRQWUiULRSDVVDQGRDWHUDIXQomRGHSHUPLWLU ³HPXPDYLVmRILORVyILFRHXGHPRQLVWDDFDGDXPGRVVHXVPHPEURVDUHD OL]DomRGHVHXVSURMHWRVSHVVRDLVGHYLGD´ /XL] (GVRQ )DFKLQ QD PHVPD OLQKD FDSLWDQHDGD SRU 3LHWUR 3HUOLQJLHUL UHVVDOWD TXH FRP D SDVVDJHP GD SUHGRPLQkQFLD GD UDFLRQD OLGDGHGR(VWDGRSDUDDSULRUL]DomRGDVUD]}HVGDVRFLHGDGHRFRUUHXPD UHOHLWXUDGRVWUrVSULQFLSDLVLQVWLWXWRVGR'LUHLWRSULYDGRDSURSULHGDGH DIDPtOLDHRFRQWUDWRTXHSDVVDPDVHU UH LQWHUSUHWDGRVDSDUWLUGDFHQ WUDOLGDGHGD&RQVWLWXLomR+iXPUHGLUHFLRQDPHQWRGHVVHVFRQFHLWRV³GH XPDSHUVSHFWLYDIXOFUDGDQRSDWULP{QLRHQDDEVWUDomRSDUDRXWUDUDFLR QDOLGDGHTXHVHEDVHLDQRYDORUGDGLJQLGDGHGDSHVVRD´FRPRHIHLWRGD FRQVWLWXFLRQDOL]DomRGR'LUHLWRSULYDGR 1HVVHFRQWH[WRR³&yGLJR&LYLOSHUGHXSDUDD&RQVWLWXLomRDSR VLomRGHFHQWUDOLGDGHGDRUGHPMXUtGLFDSULYDGD´GHPRGRTXHKRMHp DSDUWLUGRVYDORUHVHSULQFtSLRVFRQVWLWXFLRQDLVTXHVHFRQVWUyLDXQLGD ´$QWHVGDHQXQFLDomRFRQVWLWXFLRQDOGHLJXDOGDGHRVÀOKRVFRVWXPDYDPVHUFODVVLÀFDGRVGHDFRUGRFRPDVLWXDomRGH seus pais. Poderiam ser denominados de naturais quando nascidos de pessoas não casadas, mas que não tinham qualquer impedimento para a realização de tal ato. Poderiam ainda ser adulterinos ou incestuosos, os primeiros oriundos de relaFLRQDPHQWRVH[WUDFRQMXJDLVSRUWDQWRÀOKRVGHSHVVRDVLPSHGLGDVGHFDVDUHLVTXHSHORPHQRVXPGRVJHQLWRUHVMiVHULD FDVDGRHRVVHJXQGRVÀOKRVGHSDUHQWHVSUy[LPRVWDPEpPLPSHGLGRVSDUDRDWRGRPDWULP{QLRµ 7(3(',12*XVtavo; BARBOZA, Heloisa Helena; MORAES, Maria Celina Bodin de. Código Civil interpretado conforme a Constituição da República. Vol. IV. Rio de Janeiro: Renovar, 2014. p. 189). 4 GAGLIANO, Pablo Stolze; PAMPLONA FILHO, Rodolfo. Novo Curso de Direito Civil: Direito de Família – As famílias em perspectiva constitucional. 2. ed. São Paulo: Saraiva, 2012. p. 62/63. 5 “No plano das relações civilísticas, a matriz personalista e solidarista do projeto constitucional impõe a revisitação dos tradicionais institutos (propriedade, autonomia privada, família, formações sociais) em função do pleno desenvolvimento e da dignidade da pessoa”. (PERLINGIERI, Pietro. O direito civil na legalidade constitucional. Tradução Maria Cristina de Cicco. Rio de Janeiro: Renovar, 2008. p. 162). 6 FACHIN, Luiz Edson. 'LUHLWRFLYLOVHQWLGRVWUDQVIRUPDo}HVHÀP. Rio de Janeiro: Renovar, 2015. p. 51. 7 Ibidem, p. 62/64. 70 \R. 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Na medida da pessoa humana: estudos de direito civil. Rio de Janeiro: Renovar, 2010. p. 72. 9 MORAES, Maria Celina Bodin de. A família democrática. Disponível em: <http://www.ibdfam.org.br/_img/ congressos/anais/31.pdf>. Acesso em: 13 jun. 2016. 10 Ibidem. \R. 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(ARIÈS, Philippe; DUBY, Georges. História da vida privada. Vol. I: Do Império Romano ao ano mil. São Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 2009. p. 38). 12 FARIAS, Cristiano Chaves de; ROSENVALD, Nelson. Curso de Direito Civil. V. 6: Famílias. 5. ed. Salvador: JusPodivm, 2013. p. 71. 13 PEREIRA, Tânia da Silva. Direito da Criança e do Adolescente: uma proposta interdisciplinar. 2. ed. Rio de Janeiro: Renovar, 2008. p. 393. 14 Ibidem, p. 393. /HLQ$UW´1DVHSDUDomRMXGLFLDOIXQGDGDQR´FDSXWµGRDUWRVÀOKRVPHQRUHVÀFDUmRFRPRF{QMXJH que a e não houver dado causa. 72 \R. EMERJ, Rio de Janeiro, v. 20, n. 79, p. 68-94, Maio/Agosto 2017 \ &RPRDGYHQWRGD&RQVWLWXLomR)HGHUDOGHHDFRQVDJUDomRGR SULQFtSLRGDLJXDOGDGHHQWUHRVF{QMXJHVHGDSURWHomRLQWHJUDOGDFULDQoD VRERPDQWRGDGLJQLGDGHGDSHVVRDKXPDQDDJXDUGDSDVVDDHVWDUYLQFXOD GDPXLWRPDLVDRVYtQFXORVGHDIHWRHQWUHRLQIDQWHHRJXDUGLmR 1R&yGLJR&LYLOGHDJXDUGDIRLWUDWDGDQR&DStWXOR;,LQWLWX ODGR³'D3URWHomRGD3HVVRDGRV)LOKRV´WHQGRVLGRWDPEpPSUHYLVWDSHOD /HLQ (VWDWXWRGD&ULDQoDHGR$GROHVFHQWH(&$  1DYLVmRGH-RVp)HUQDQGR6LPmRDJXDUGDUHSUHVHQWDULDXPFRQFHL WRXQLWiULRQmRKDYHQGRTXHVHIDODUHPHVSpFLHVGHJXDUGD1RHQWDQWRR SUySULRDXWRUUHFRQKHFHTXHDJXDUGDSUHYLVWDSHOR&yGLJR&LYLOHDTXHOD UHJXODGD SHOR (&$ SRVVXHP FDXVDV GLVWLQWDV H HIHLWRV SUySULRV $OpP GLVVR D PDLRU SDUWH GD GRXWULQD YHP DSUHVHQWDQGR GXDV IRUPDV SHODV TXDLV D JXDUGD SRGH VHU FRPSUHHQGLGD QR RUGHQDPHQWR MXUtGLFR FRPR PRGDOLGDGHGHFRORFDomRHPIDPtOLDVXEVWLWXWDHFRPRGHYHUGHFRUUHQWH GRH[HUFtFLRGRSRGHUIDPLOLDU &RQVLGHUDGDFRPRIRUPDGHFRORFDomRHPIDPtOLDVXEVWLWXWDD JXDUGDVHGHVWLQDDUHJXODUL]DUDSRVVHGHIDWRGDFULDQoDRXGRDGROHV FHQWH VHQGR PHGLGD SURYLVyULD TXH VHUi GHWHUPLQDGD VH IRU GHVFXP SULGRRGHYHUGHJXDUGDGHFRUUHQWHGRH[HUFtFLRGRSRGHUIDPLOLDUGRV SDLVeSUHYLVWDSHOR&yGLJR&LYLOHPVHXDUW†HSHOR(&$ HPVHXVDUWVD 5HVVDOWDVH TXH R &yGLJR 0HOOR 0DWWRV GH  Mi SUHYLD HP VHX DUWDHQWUHJDGHPHQRUHVDSHVVRDVSDUWLFXODUHVTXHQmRIRVVHPSDLV RXWXWRUHVFRPRXPDHVSpFLHGHDQWHFLSDomRGRH[HUFtFLRGRHQWmRSiWULR SRGHUWHQGRR&yGLJRGH0HQRUHVGHWDPEpPSUHYLVWRDJXDUGDFRPR †ž6HSHODVHSDUDomRMXGLFLDOIRUHPUHVSRQViYHLVDPERVRVF{QMXJHVRVÀOKRVPHQRUHVÀFDUmRHPSRGHUGDPmHVDOYR VHRMXL]YHULÀFDUTXHGHWDOVROXomRSRVVDDGYLUSUHMXt]RGHRUGHPPRUDOSDUDHOHV †ž9HULÀFDGRTXHQmRGHYHPRVÀOKRVSHUPDQHFHUHPSRGHUGDPmHQHPGRSDLGHIHULUiRMXL]DVXDJXDUGDDSHVVRD notoriamente idônea da família de qualquer dos cônjuges”. 2&yGLJR&LYLOGHSUHYLDHPVHXDUWTXH´6HQGRRGHVTXLWHMXGLFLDOÀFDUmRRVÀOKRVPHQRUHVFRPRFRQMXJXH inocente”. ´2IDWRGHDJXDUGDGR&yGLJR&LYLOWHUSRUFDXVDRSRGHUIDPLOLDUHDGRHVWDWXWRDSURWHomRGDFULDQoDVLJQLÀFDTXH existem duas guardas? A resposta é negativa, pois o conteúdo da guarda é único: ter o menor em sua companhia, cuidado, convivência”. (SIMÃO, José Fernando. Guarda de menores: um conceito unitário no Direito brasileiro. Disponível em: <http://www.conjur.com.br/2016-ago-28/processo-familiar-guarda-menores-conceito-unitario-direito-brasileiro>. Acesso em: 08 set. 2016). 17 Neste sentido: PEREIRA, op. cit. e FARIAS; ROSENVALD, op. cit. 18 Decreto n. 17.943-A/27, Art. 49: “Quando o menor for entregue por ordem da autoridade judicial a um particular, para TXHÀTXHVREDVXDJXDUGDRXiVROGDGDQmRKDQHFHVVLGDGHGHQRPHDomRGHWXWRUVDOYRSDUDRVDFWRVGDYLGDFLYLOHP que é indispensavel o consentimento do pae ou mãe, e no caso do menor possuir bens: podendo, então, a tutela ser dada iPHVPDSHVVRDDTXHIRLFRQÀDGRRPHQRURXDRXWUDµ \R. EMERJ, Rio de Janeiro, v. 20, n. 79, p. 68-94, Maio/Agosto 2017 \ 73 IRUPDGHFRORFDomRHPODUVXEVWLWXWRREULJDQGRRVHXGHWHQWRUDSUHVWDU DVVLVWrQFLDPDWHULDOPRUDOHHGXFDFLRQDODRLQIDQWH 7kQLD GD 6LOYD 3HUHLUD DSRQWD IRUPDV SHODV TXDLV D JXDUGD SUHYLVWD SHOR(&$SRGHVHDSUHVHQWDU L SDUDUHJXODUL]DUDSRVVHGHIDWR DUW† (&$  LL FRPRPHGLGDOLPLQDURXLQFLGHQWDOQRVSURFHVVRVGHWXWHODH DGRomR DUW†(&$  LLL FRPRPHGLGDH[FHSFLRQDOIRUDGRVFDVRVGH WXWHODHDGRomRSDUDDWHQGHUDVLWXDo}HVSHFXOLDUHVRXVXSULUDIDOWDHYHQWXDO GRVSDLVRXUHVSRQViYHLV DUW†(&$  -iDJXDUGDFRPRGHYHUGHFRUUHQWHGRH[HUFtFLRGRSRGHUIDPLOLDUp SUHYLVWDSHOR&yGLJR&LYLOQRVDUWV,9H,,HSHOR (&$HPVHXDUW 5ROI0DGDOHQRGHILQHDJXDUGDHQTXDQWRDWULEXWRGRSRGHUIDPLOLDU FRPRD³FRQYLYrQFLDSURSULDPHQWHGLWDFRQVWLWXtGRGHGLUHLWRGHYLYHUFRP RILOKRPHQRURXLQFDSD]QDPHVPDKDELWDomRFRPRFRUUHODWRGHYHUGH DVVXPLUDUHVSRQVDELOLGDGHGLUHWDGHYHODUSHORVLQWHUHVVHVGRILOKR´ 'LIHUHVHDJXDUGDGRSRGHUIDPLOLDUQDPHGLGDHPTXHHQTXDQWRD JXDUGDFRQVLVWH³QRGLUHLWRGHYHUGHWHUFRQVLJRFXLGDUDFRPSDQKDUYLJLDU HRULHQWDUQRGLDDGLDRILOKRPHQRU´RSRGHUIDPLOLDUWUDGX]³RFRQMXQWR GHDWULEXWRVVREUHDSHVVRDHEHQVGRILOKRDVHUHPH[HUFLGRVH[FOXVLYDPHQWH QRLQWHUHVVHGHVWH´LQFOXLQGR³RVXVWHQWRDHGXFDomRHDFULDomRPHVPR TXDQGRQmRVHWHPDJXDUGD´2XVHMDSRGHKDYHUSRGHUIDPLOLDUVHPJXDU GDRXYLFHYHUVD QRVFDVRVGHFRORFDomRHPIDPtOLDVXEVWLWXWD  $&RQVWLWXLomR)HGHUDOGHGHWHUPLQDHPVHXDUWTXH³RV SDLVWrPRGHYHUGHDVVLVWLUFULDUHHGXFDURVILOKRVPHQRUHV´2DUW ,9GR&yGLJR&LYLOGHSUHYrDJXDUGDFRPRXPGHYHUGHDPERVRV F{QMXJHVHVWDEHOHFHQGRRDUW,,TXHFRPSHWHDDPERVRVSDLVTXDO TXHUTXHVHMDDVXDVLWXDomRFRQMXJDORSOHQRH[HUFtFLRGRSRGHUIDPLOLDU TXHHQYROYHRH[HUFtFLRGRGHYHUGHJXDUGD$RSUHYHUTXHRGHYHUGHJXDU 19 Lei n. 6.697/79, art. 24: “A guarda obriga à prestação de assistência material, moral e educacional ao menor, conferindo a seu detentor o direito de opor-se a terceiros, inclusive pais. †ž'DUVHiJXDUGDSURYLVyULDGHRItFLRRXDUHTXHULPHQWRGRLQWHUHVVDGRFRPRPHGLGDFDXWHODUSUHSDUDWyULDRXLQFLdente, para regularizar a detenção de fato ou atender a casos urgentes. †ž$JXDUGDFRQIHUHDRPHQRUDFRQGLomRGHGHSHQGHQWHSDUDÀQVSUHYLGHQFLiULRVµ 20 PEREIRA, Tânia da Silva, op. cit., p. 403. 21 Ibidem, p. 405. 22 MADALENO, Rolf. Curso de Direito de Família. 6. ed. Rio de Janeiro: Forense, 2015. p. 454. 23 TEPEDINO; BARBOZA; MORAES, op. cit., p. 172. 24 Estabelece o art. 1.632 do Código Civil que “a separação judicial, o divórcio e a dissolução da união estável não alteram DVUHODo}HVHQWUHSDLVHÀOKRVVHQmRTXDQWRDRGLUHLWRTXHDRVSULPHLURVFDEHGHWHUHPHPVXDFRPSDQKLDRVVHJXQGRVµ 2DUWGHWHUPLQDWDPEpPTXH´RGLYyUFLRQmRPRGLÀFDUiRVGLUHLWRVHGHYHUHVGRVSDLVHPUHODomRDRVÀOKRVµ 74 \R. EMERJ, Rio de Janeiro, v. 20, n. 79, p. 68-94, Maio/Agosto 2017 \ GDFRPSHWHDDPERVRVSDLVR&yGLJRFRQWHPSODRSULQFtSLRFRQVWLWXFLRQDO GDLJXDOGDGHUHIOHWLQGRDQRYDyWLFDGRH[HUFtFLRGRVGHYHUHVSDUHQWDLV ,PSRUWD QRWDU TXH D JXDUGD VRIUHX PXGDQoDV VLJQLILFDWLYDV QRV ~O WLPRVDQRVGHPRGRTXHRVGLVSRVLWLYRVGR&yGLJR&LYLODWLQHQWHVjGLV FLSOLQD GR LQVWLWXWR WDPEpP EXVFDQGR DGDSWDU D VLVWHPiWLFD GD JXDUGD j QRYDUHDOLGDGHGDIDPtOLDVRIUHUDPDOWHUDo}HVVXEVWDQFLDLVHP /HLQ  HHP /HLQ  1DUHGDomRRULJLQDOGR&yGLJR&LYLOGHHVWDEHOHFLDRDUW TXHQRFDVRGHGLVVROXomRGDVRFLHGDGHFRQMXJDOVHULDREVHUYDGRRTXHRV F{QMXJHVDFRUGDVVHPVREUHDJXDUGDGRVILOKRV +LVWRULFDPHQWHDJXDUGDXQLODWHUDOHDJXDUGDDOWHUQDGDHUDPRV PRGHORVPDLVXWLOL]DGRV$JXDUGDJHUDOPHQWHFDELDDXPVyGRVJHQL WRUHV SUHWHQGHQGRVH GLPLQXLU RV ULVFRV GH DPELYDOrQFLD GR ILOKR $ JXDUGD DOWHUQDGD HUD R PRGHOR FDUDFWHUL]DGR SRU SHUtRGRV LVRODGRV H H[FOXVLYRVGHJXDUGDTXHVHVXFHGLDPHQWUHRVSDLV2XVHMDHQTXDQWR XP GRV SDLV HVWLYHVVH H[HUFHQGR R GHYHU GH JXDUGD FDEHULD DR RXWUR R GLUHLWRGHYLVLWDomR 1R HQWDQWR RV HVWXGRV LQWHUGLVFLSOLQDUHV FRPHoDUDP D DYDOLDU RV SUHMXt]RVGDDOWHUQDomRGDJXDUGDUHVVDOWDQGRDLPSRUWkQFLDGHDFULDQoD FRQYLYHUFRPDPERVRVSDLV2SVLFyORJR(YDQGUR/XL]6LOYDGHVWDFDTXH TXDQGR QmR Ki HVVD FRQYLYrQFLD FRP RV GRLV JHQLWRUHV RX TXDQGR HVVH FRQYtYLRRFRUUHHPLQWHUYDORVLUUHJXODUHVHHVSDoDGRVGHWHPSRJHUDOPHQ WHDLPDJHPGDTXHOHTXHQmRGHWpPDJXDUGDpIRUPDGDFRPDLQWHUIHUrQ FLDGHTXHPDGHWpPSRGHQGRVHULQIOXHQFLDGDSRUVHQWLPHQWRVGHUDQFRU H SHODV GHVDYHQoDV H[LVWHQWHV $OpP GLVVR D DXVrQFLD GH XP GRV SDLV  D IDOWDSVtTXLFDDIHWLYDSURYRFDGDSRUHODSRGHWUD]HUFRQVHTXrQFLDVSVLFR OyJLFDVJUDYHVjFULDQoD :DOG\U*ULVDUG)LOKRDSRQWDTXHKLVWRULFDPHQWHIRLR(VWDGRGD &DUROLQDGR1RUWHQRV(VWDGRV8QLGRVHPTXHSHODSULPHLUDYH] 25 GRISARD FILHO, Waldyr. Guarda compartilhada: um novo modelo de responsabilidade parental. São Paulo: Revista dos Tribunais, 2000. p. 106. $SHVDUGHSRXFRXWLOL]DGDKiDLQGDDFKDPDGDJXDUGDGHQLGDomRRXDQLQKDPHQWRPRGHORQRTXDORÀOKRSHUPDQHFH em uma única casa, e são os pais que se mudam alternadamente a esta casa. É prevista em alguns países europeus. (GAGLIANO; PAMPLONA FILHO, op. cit., p. 609) 27 SILVA, Evandro Luiz. *XDUGDGHÀOKRVDVSHFWRVSVLFROyJLFRV. In: APASE (org.). Guarda compartilhada: aspectos psicológicos e jurídicos. Porto Alegre: Equilíbrio, 2005. p. 20/21. O mesmo autor destaca que “é preciso sublinhar que a percepção psicológica que tem a criança da passagem de tempo é notavelmente diferente da percepção que tem um adulto. (...) A guarda exclusiva, com visitas quinzenais, pode trazer diversos problemas para a criança. Se esta tiver até por volta de FLQFRDQRVGHLGDGHTXLQ]HGLDVSRGHPVLJQLÀFDUDVHQVDomRGHSDVVDJHPGHWHPSRGHGRLVPHVHV7HPSRHVWHVXÀFLHQWH para manifestar o medo de abandono e o desapego com quem não tem a guarda”. (Ibidem, p. 27). \R. EMERJ, Rio de Janeiro, v. 20, n. 79, p. 68-94, Maio/Agosto 2017 \ 75 OHJLVORXVREUHDJXDUGDFRQMXQWD1RGLUHLWRIUDQFrVDUHIRUPDSURPRYLGD SHOD/HLGHGHILQLXTXHDDXWRULGDGHSDUHQWDOGHYHULD³UHSRXVDU HP XPD FRSDUHQWDOLGDGH FRQVDJUDQGR QR &yGLJR &LYLO XP GLUHLWR FR PXPFHQWUDGRQRSULQFtSLRGHOH[HUFLFHFRQMRLQWGHODXWRULWpSDUHQWDOH TXDOTXHUTXHVHMDRHVWDGRGRVSDLV´LQVHULQGRVHQRPHVPRFRQWH[WRD OHJLVODomRLWDOLDQD 1R%UDVLOMiHPDGRXWULQDDSRQWDYDDLPSRUWkQFLDGHVHEXVFDU DLPSOHPHQWDomRGDJXDUGDFRPSDUWLOKDGD1D,9-RUQDGDGH'LUHLWR&LYLO GR&-)IRLDSURYDGRR(QXQFLDGRFRPDVHJXLQWHUHGDomR³$JXDUGD FRPSDUWLOKDGD GHYH VHU HVWLPXODGD XWLOL]DQGRVH VHPSUH TXH SRVVtYHO GD PHGLDomRHGDRULHQWDomRGHHTXLSHLQWHUGLVFLSOLQDU´ (PD/HLQDOWHURXRVDUWVHSDVVDQGRD WUD]HUH[SUHVVDPHQWHDJXDUGDFRPSDUWLOKDGDDRODGRGDJXDUGDXQLODWHUDO FRPRPRGHORGHDWULEXLomRGDJXDUGD &RQIRUPHGHILQLGRSHODOHLDJXDUGDXQLODWHUDOpDTXHODH[HUFLGDSRU DSHQDVXPGRVJHQLWRUHVRXDDOJXpPTXHRVXEVWLWXDHQTXDQWRDJXDUGD FRPSDUWLOKDGD p D UHVSRQVDELOL]DomR FRQMXQWD H R H[HUFtFLR GH GLUHLWRV H GHYHUHVGRSDLHGDPmHTXHQmRYLYDPVRERPHVPRWHWRFRQFHUQHQWHVDR SRGHUIDPLOLDUGRVILOKRVFRPXQV DUW†  $/HLQHVWDEHOHFHXTXHDDWULEXLomRGDJXDUGDXQLOD WHUDOGHYHULDVHUIHLWDDRJHQLWRUTXHUHYHODVVHPHOKRUHVFRQGLo}HVSDUD H[HUFrODOHYDQGRVHHPFRQWDRDIHWRDVD~GHVHJXUDQoDHDHGXFDomR REULJDQGRRSDLRXDPmHTXHQmRDGHWLYHVVHDVXSHUYLVLRQDURVLQWHUHV VHVGRVILOKRV DUW††H  2OHJLVODGRUGHSRUVXDYH]WURX[HDQHFHVVLGDGHGHRWHPSR GHFRQYtYLRFRPRVILOKRVVHUGLYLGLGRGHIRUPDHTXLOLEUDGDFRPDPmHH FRPRSDLQDJXDUGDFRPSDUWLOKDGDFRQVLGHUDQGRVHFRPRFLGDGHEDVHGH PRUDGLDGRVILOKRVDTXHODTXHPHOKRUDWHQGHUDRVVHXVLQWHUHVVHV 2DUWRULJLQDOPHQWHSUHYLDDDWULEXLomRGDJXDUGDDRJHQLWRU TXHWLYHVVHPHOKRUHVFRQGLo}HVSDUDVHXH[HUFtFLRSDVVDQGRDGHWHUPLQDU DSyVDDOWHUDomRUHDOL]DGDSHOD/HLQTXHDJXDUGDXQLODWHUDORX 28 GRISARD FILHO, Waldyr. Guarda compartilhada: uma nova dimensão na convivência familiar. O discurso do Judiciário. In: APASE (org.). Guarda compartilhada: aspectos psicológicos e jurídicos. Porto Alegre: Equilíbrio, 2005. p. 78/80. 2EVHUYDVHSRUÀPTXHQmRDSHQDVDJXDUGDFRPRGHYHUGHFRUUHQWHGRSRGHUIDPLOLDUPDVWDPEpPDJXDUGDFRPR forma de colocação em família substituta pode ser compartilhada. Em 2010, a 4ª Turma do STJ, no julgamento do REsp 1147138/SP, concedeu a guarda compartilhada de uma criança ao tio e aos avós paternos, considerando o melhor interesse da criança e a existência de uma situação fática já existente. (STJ, 4ª Turma, REsp 1147138/SP, Min. Aldir Passarinho Júnior, Julg.: 11/05/2010, DJe 27/05/2010). 76 \R. EMERJ, Rio de Janeiro, v. 20, n. 79, p. 68-94, Maio/Agosto 2017 \ FRPSDUWLOKDGDSRGHULDVHUUHTXHULGDSRUFRQVHQVRSHORSDLHSHODPmHRX SRUTXDOTXHUGHOHVRXGHFUHWDGDSHORMXL]HPDWHQomRDQHFHVVLGDGHVHVSHFt ILFDVGRILOKRRXHPUD]mRGDGLVWULEXLomRGHWHPSRQHFHVViULRDRFRQYtYLR GHVWHFRPRSDLHFRPDPmH 7URX[HDOHLDLQGDRGHYHUGRPDJLVWUDGRGHLQIRUPDUQDDXGLrQ FLDDRVSDLVRVLJQLILFDGRGDJXDUGDFRPSDUWLOKDGDDVXDLPSRUWkQFLDD VLPLOLWXGH GH GHYHUHV H GLUHLWRV DWULEXtGRV DRV JHQLWRUHV H DV VDQo}HV SHOR GHVFXPSULPHQWRGHVXDVFOiXVXODVFRQWDQGRFRPRDX[tOLRGDHTXLSHLQWHU GLVFLSOLQDUSDUDHVWDEHOHFHUDVDWULEXLo}HVGRSDLHGDPmHHRVSHUtRGRVGH FRQYLYrQFLDVREJXDUGDFRPSDUWLOKDGD 2XWUD DOWHUDomR VXEVWDQFLDO GL] UHVSHLWR DR †  GR DUW  TXH SUHYLDVREDpJLGHGD/HLQTXH³DDOWHUDomRQmRDXWRUL]DGDRX RGHVFXPSULPHQWRLPRWLYDGRGHFOiXVXODGHJXDUGDXQLODWHUDORXFRPSDUWL OKDGDSRGHUiLPSOLFDUDUHGXomRGHSUHUURJDWLYDVDWULEXtGDVDRVHXGHWHQWRU LQFOXVLYHTXDQWRDRQ~PHURGHKRUDVGHFRQYLYrQFLDFRPRILOKR´ $/HLQUHWLURXHVVDSRVVLELOLGDGHGHUHGXomRGRQ~PHUR GH KRUDV GH FRQYLYrQFLD MXVWDPHQWH SRUTXH R PDLRU SUHMXGLFDGR VHULD R ILOKRQmRVHQGRFRPSDWtYHOFRPRPHOKRULQWHUHVVHGDFULDQoDTXHRFRQ YtYLRFRPRSDLRXDPmHIRVVHUHGX]LGRHPUD]mRGRGHVFXPSULPHQWRGH FOiXVXODGHJXDUGD $OpPGLVVRUHIRUoRXDQHFHVVLGDGHGDRLWLYDGHDPEDVDVSDUWHVSHUDQ WHRMXL]QRVFDVRVHPTXHVHSUHWHQGDXPDGHFLVmRVREUHJXDUGDGHILOKRV PHVPRTXHSURYLVyULD5HVVDOWDVHTXHDRLWLYDVHUiDIDVWDGDQRVFDVRVHP TXHDSURWHomRDRVLQWHUHVVHVGRVILOKRVH[LJLUDFRQFHVVmRGHOLPLQDUVHPD RLWLYDGDRXWUDSDUWH 1RWDVHTXHRRUGHQDPHQWRMXUtGLFRIRLPRGLILFDGRSDUDVHDGDSWDU jQRYDUHDOLGDGHGDILOLDomRTXHVHDSUHVHQWDKRMHFRPRXPUHIOH[RGD LJXDOGDGHHQWUHRVSDLVHFRPRXPPHLRSDUDDLPSOHPHQWDomRGRPH OKRU LQWHUHVVH GD FULDQoD VHQGR D IXQomR SDUHQWDO H[HUFLGD HP UD]mR GR LQWHUHVVHGRVILOKRV 1RHQWDQWRDOJXQVGHVDILRVDLQGDVmRREVHUYDGRVQDSUiWLFD1HVWH VHQWLGRRSUHVHQWHHVWXGREXVFDDERUGDUDOJXPDVFRQWURYpUVLDVTXHDLQGD SHUVLVWHPQDLPSOHPHQWDomRGRLQVWLWXWRGDJXDUGDFRPSDUWLOKDGD 30 Grifos nossos. \R. EMERJ, Rio de Janeiro, v. 20, n. 79, p. 68-94, Maio/Agosto 2017 \ 77 $6&217529e56,$6(072512'$*8$5'$&203$57, /+$'$ $SHVDUGDVPXGDQoDVOHJLVODWLYDVPXLWDVFRQWURYpUVLDVDLQGDH[LVWHP HPWRUQRGDJXDUGDFRPSDUWLOKDGD$GHILQLomRGHVHXFRQWH~GRHDIRUPD GHVHXH[HUFtFLRDLQGDFRQVWLWXHPYHUGDGHLURVGHVDILRVSDUDRVMXULVWDVVR EUHWXGRFRQVLGHUDQGRTXHDUHDOLGDGHIiWLFDSRGHPXLWDVYH]HVHVFDSDUGDV SUHYLV}HVIHLWDVSHOROHJLVODGRU $OpPGLVVRQmRVHSRGHHVTXHFHUTXHDIDPtOLDVHHQFRQWUDHPFRQV WDQWHSURFHVVRGHPXWDomRH[LJLQGRXPDDQiOLVHTXHFRQVLGHUHDVSHFXOLD ULGDGHV GH FDGD FDVR FRQFUHWR EXVFDQGRVH VHPSUH R PHOKRU LQWHUHVVH GD FULDQoD 1mR REVWDQWH HVVD LQGLYLGXDOL]DomR QHFHVViULD FHUWR p TXH DOJXQV EDOL]DGRUHVVmRQHFHVViULRVSDUDTXHVHFKHJXHjVROXomRTXHPHOKRUFRQ WHPSOHDSUHVHUYDomRGRVODoRVIDPLOLDUHVVHQGRFHUWRTXH³DFRQYLYrQFLD IDPLOLDUVHMDTXDOIRUDVXDIRUPDpXPUHIHUHQFLDOVLJQLILFDWLYRQDYLGDGH TXDOTXHUSHVVRD´  *XDUGD FRPSDUWLOKDGD H D GLVWULEXLomR GR WHPSR GH FRQYtYLR HQWUHRVSDLVGHVDILRVSUiWLFRV 8PDGDVFRQWURYpUVLDVTXHVHGHVWDFDPHPUHODomRjGHWHUPLQDomRGD JXDUGDFRPSDUWLOKDGDpDGLVWULEXLomRGRWHPSRGHFRQYtYLRHQWUHRVSDLV ,QLFLDOPHQWHpSUHFLVRREVHUYDUTXHDJXDUGDFRPSDUWLOKDGDQmRVLJ QLILFD OLYUH YLVLWDomR 'HVVD IRUPD D JXDUGD FRPSDUWLOKDGD QmR H[FOXL D IL[DomRGRUHJLPHGHFRQYLYrQFLDTXHVHUiRPHLREDOL]DGRUSDUDGHOLQHDU RFRQYtYLRGRILOKRFRPRVSDLV (PUHODomRDHVVHDVSHFWRSDVVRXR†GRDUWDGHWHUPLQDU FRPDVDOWHUDo}HVGD/HLQTXH³SDUDHVWDEHOHFHUDVDWULEXLo}HV GRSDLHGDPmHHRVSHUtRGRVGHFRQYLYrQFLDVREJXDUGDFRPSDUWLOKDGDR MXL]GHRItFLRRXDUHTXHULPHQWRGR0LQLVWpULR3~EOLFRSRGHUiEDVHDUVH HPRULHQWDomRWpFQLFRSURILVVLRQDORXGHHTXLSHLQWHUGLVFLSOLQDU´EXVFDQGR DGLYLVmRHTXLOLEUDGDGRWHPSRFRPRSDLHFRPDPmH 3UHYrR(QXQFLDGRGD9,,-RUQDGDGH'LUHLWR&LYLOTXHDGLVWUL EXLomRGRWHPSRGHFRQYtYLRQDJXDUGDFRPSDUWLOKDGDQmRGHYH³UHSUHVHQ WDUFRQYLYrQFLDOLYUHRXDRFRQWUiULRUHSDUWLomRGHWHPSRPDWHPDWLFDPHQWH LJXDOLWiULDHQWUHRVSDLV´ 31 PEREIRA, Tânia da Silva, op. cit., p. 410. 32 Cf. Enunciado 605 da VII Jornada de Direito Civil - CJF. 78 \R. EMERJ, Rio de Janeiro, v. 20, n. 79, p. 68-94, Maio/Agosto 2017 \ 1RHQWDQWRRTXHVLJQLILFDQDSUiWLFDXPDGLYLVmRHTXLOLEUDGDGR WHPSRGHFRQYtYLR"7UDWDVHGHXPDSHUJXQWDSDUDDTXDOQmRKiUHVSRVWDV GHILQLWLYDVGHSHQGHQGRGDDQiOLVHGDVLWXDomRIiWLFDDSUHVHQWDGDTXHGHYH EXVFDUHIHWLYDURPHOKRULQWHUHVVHGDFULDQoDHGRDGROHVFHQWH 2TXHVHSUHWHQGHHP~OWLPDDQiOLVHpTXHHVVDGLYLVmRGRWHPSRQmR LPSRUWHXPDJXDUGDDOWHUQDGDQDSUiWLFD'HYHVHDVVLPDYDOLDUDSRVVLEL OLGDGHGHFDGDJHQLWRUHPVHRFXSDUGRVFXLGDGRVSHUWLQHQWHVDRILOKRHP UD]mRGDVSHFXOLDULGDGHVGHVXDYLGDSULYDGD 3DUD5ROI0DGDOHQR³RH[HUFtFLRGRSRGHUIDPLOLDUQmRSDVVDSHODQHFHV VLGDGHGHUHSDUWLomRHTXLOLEUDGDGRWHPSRGRVILOKRVHQWUHVHXVSDLVPDVSUHV VXS}HVLPQtYHLVGHLJXDOGDGHQDUHSDUWLomRGDVUHVSRQVDELOLGDGHVSDUHQWDLV´ 'HYHVHEXVFDUDVVLPQmRXPDUHSDUWLomRPDWHPiWLFDGRWHPSRH VLPXPDGLYLVmRTXHFRQVLGHUHDVLQGLYLGXDOLGDGHVGRVVXMHLWRVHQYROYLGRV GH PRGR D WRUQDU D FRQYLYrQFLD VDXGiYHO SDUD WRGRV VREUHWXGR SDUD D FULDQoDRXRDGROHVFHQWH *XDUGDFRPSDUWLOKDGDHRGHYHUGHSDJDUDOLPHQWRV 2XWURSRQWRDVHUGHVWDFDGRpTXHDJXDUGDFRPSDUWLOKDGDQmRLPSOLFD DXVrQFLDGHSDJDPHQWRGHSHQVmRDOLPHQWtFLD(XFOLGHVGH2OLYHLUDUHVVDOWD TXHRVDOLPHQWRVFRQVLVWHPQR³HQFDUJRGDTXHOHTXHQmRGHWHQKDDJXDUGD ItVLFDSDUDFRQWULEXLomRQDVGHVSHVDVGRPpVWLFDVHVWXGRVD~GHHRXWUDVHVVHQ FLDLVjFULDomRGRILOKR´1RHQWDQWRDGHWHUPLQDomRGDJXDUGDFRPSDUWLOKDGD SRGHJHUDUXPDDOWHUDomRQRYDORUHQDIRUPDGHSDJDPHQWRGDSHQVmR +DYLDXPGHEDWHQDGRXWULQDHQDMXULVSUXGrQFLDDUHVSHLWRGDSRVVL ELOLGDGHGHRDOLPHQWDQWHH[LJLUSUHVWDomRGHFRQWDVGRDOLPHQWDQGRUHIX WDQGRRV7ULEXQDLVHVVDSUiWLFDIRVVHSHODLOHJLWLPLGDGHDWLYDGRDOLPHQWDQWH RXSHODIDOWDGHLQWHUHVVHSURFHVVXDO 33 Cf. Enunciado 604 da VII Jornada de Direito Civil - CJF: “A divisão, de forma equilibrada, do tempo de convívio GRVÀOKRVFRPDPmHHFRPRSDLLPSRVWDQDJXDUGDFRPSDUWLOKDGDSHOR†ƒGRDUWGR&yGLJR&LYLOQmRGHYH ser confundida com a imposição do tempo previsto pelo instituto da guarda alternada, pois esta não implica apenas a GLYLVmRGRWHPSRGHSHUPDQrQFLDGRVÀOKRVFRPRVSDLVPDVWDPEpPRH[HUFtFLRH[FOXVLYRGDJXDUGDSHORJHQLWRUTXH VHHQFRQWUDQDFRPSDQKLDGRÀOKRµ (QXQFLDGRGD9,,-RUQDGDGH'LUHLWR&LYLO²&-)´2WHPSRGHFRQYtYLRFRPRVÀOKRV´GHIRUPDHTXLOLEUDGDFRP a mãe e com o pai” deve ser entendido como divisão proporcional de tempo, da forma que cada genitor possa se ocupar GRVFXLGDGRVSHUWLQHQWHVDRÀOKRHPUD]mRGDVSHFXOLDULGDGHVGDYLGDSULYDGDGHFDGDXPµ 35 MADALENO, op. cit., p. 470. 36 Cf. Enunciado 607 da VII Jornada de Direito Civil – CJF. 37 OLIVEIRA, Euclides. Alienação parental e as nuances da parentalidade - Guarda e convivência familiar. In: Tratado de Direito das Famílias. Belo Horizonte: IBDFAM, 2015. p. 332. 38 AGRAVO REGIMENTAL EM RECURSO ESPECIAL. AÇÃO DE FISCALIZAÇÃO DE DESPESAS ALIMEN- \R. EMERJ, Rio de Janeiro, v. 20, n. 79, p. 68-94, Maio/Agosto 2017 \ 79 $/HLQLQFOXLXR†DRDUWSDVVDQGRDSUHYHUTXH SDUD VXSHUYLVLRQDU RV LQWHUHVVHV GR ILOKR ³TXDOTXHU GRV JHQLWRUHV VHPSUH VHUiSDUWHOHJtWLPDSDUDVROLFLWDULQIRUPDo}HVHRXSUHVWDomRGHFRQWDVRE MHWLYDVRXVXEMHWLYDVHPDVVXQWRVRXVLWXDo}HVTXHGLUHWDRXLQGLUHWDPHQWH DIHWHPDVD~GHItVLFDHSVLFROyJLFDHDHGXFDomRGHVHXVILOKRV´ 'HVVD IRUPD R OHJLVODGRU WURX[H H[SUHVVDPHQWH D SRVVLELOLGDGH GD DomRGHSUHVWDomRGHFRQWDVHPVHGHGHDOLPHQWRVGLULPLQGRDRTXHSDUHFH DFRQWURYpUVLDH[LVWHQWH &ULVWLDQR&KDYHVGH)DULDVH1HOVRQ5RVHQYDOGDSRQWDPTXH³DSUHV WDomRGHFRQWDVHVWiYRFDFLRQDGDSDUDFRPSRUFRQIOLWRVHPTXHDSUHWHQVmR HVWHMD FHQWUDGD HP HVFODUHFHU VLWXDo}HV GHFRUUHQWHV QR JHUDO GD DGPLQLV WUDomRGHEHQVDOKHLRV´RTXHVHPROGDjVLWXDomRGHJHVWmRSHORJHQLWRU JXDUGLmRGDYHUEDDOLPHQWDUSDJDDRILOKRSHORRXWUR $OpPGLVVRDQmRFRPSURYDomRGHGHVSHVDVHDPiDGPLQLVWUDomRGRV UHFXUVRVILQDQFHLURVGRILOKRSRGHPRFDVLRQDUDPRGLILFDomRGDJXDUGDD VXVSHQVmRRXDWpPHVPRDH[WLQomRGRSRGHUIDPLOLDUVHQGRDSUHVWDomRGH FRQWDVPHFDQLVPRTXHPHOKRUFRQWHPSODRPHOKRULQWHUHVVHGDFULDQoD *XDUGDFRPSDUWLOKDGDGLDQWHGRGLVVHQVRHQWUHRVSDLV 0HVPRDQWHVGDDOWHUDomRGHR67-MiYLQKDGHFLGLQGRSHODGH WHUPLQDomRGDJXDUGDFRPSDUWLOKDGDPHVPRQRVFDVRVHPTXHQmRKRXYHVVH FRQVHQVRHQWUHRVSDLV7UDWDVHGHTXHVWmRTXHDSUHVHQWDFRQWURYpUVLDVDWp TÍCIAS. DEMANDA QUE OBJETIVA A FISCALIZAÇÃO DA APLICAÇÃO DA VERBA ALIMENTAR. AÇÃO INADEQUADA AO FIM COLIMADO. 1.- Segundo a jurisprudência desta Corte, o alimentante não detém interesse de DJLUTXDQWRDSHGLGRGHSUHVWDomRGHFRQWDVIRUPXODGRHPIDFHGDPmHGRDOLPHQWDQGRÀOKRGHDPERVVHQGRLUUHOHYDQWH DHVVHÀPTXHDDomRWHQKDVLGRSURSRVWDFRPEDVHQRDUWGR&yGLJR&LYLOXPDYH]TXHHVVHGLVSRVLWLYRDXWRUL]D D SRVVLELOLGDGH GH R JHQLWRU TXH QmR GHWpP D JXDUGD GR ÀOKR ÀVFDOL]DU D VXD PDQXWHQomR H HGXFDomR VHP FRQWXGR permitir a sua ingerência na forma como os alimentos prestados são administrados pela genitora. 2.- Agravo Regimental improvido. (STJ, 3ª Turma, AgRg no REsp 1378928/PR, Rel. Min. Sidnei Beneti, Julg.: 13/08/2013, DJe 06/09/2013). 39 FARIAS; Rosenvald, op. cit., p. 917. 40 Ibidem, p. 919. 41 CIVIL E PROCESSUAL CIVIL. RECURSO ESPECIAL. DIREITO CIVIL E PROCESSUAL CIVIL. FAMÍLIA. GUARDA COMPARTILHADA. CONSENSO. NECESSIDADE. ALTERNÂNCIA DE RESIDÊNCIA DO MENOR. POSSIBILIDADE. 1. Ausente qualquer um dos vícios assinalados no art. 535 do CPC, inviável a alegada violação GHGLVSRVLWLYRGHOHL$JXDUGDFRPSDUWLOKDGDEXVFDDSOHQDSURWHomRGRPHOKRULQWHUHVVHGRVÀOKRVSRLVUHÁHWHFRP PXLWRPDLVDFXLGDGHDUHDOLGDGHGDRUJDQL]DomRVRFLDODWXDOTXHFDPLQKDSDUDRÀPGDVUtJLGDVGLYLV}HVGHSDSpLVVRFLDLV GHÀQLGDVSHORJrQHURGRVSDLV$JXDUGDFRPSDUWLOKDGDpRLGHDODVHUEXVFDGRQRH[HUFtFLRGR3RGHU)DPLOLDUHQWUHSDLV VHSDUDGRVPHVPRTXHGHPDQGHPGHOHVUHHVWUXWXUDo}HVFRQFHVV}HVHDGHTXDo}HVGLYHUVDVSDUDTXHVHXVÀOKRVSRVVDP usufruir, durante sua formação, do ideal psicológico de duplo referencial. 4. Apesar de a separação ou do divórcio usualmente coincidirem com o ápice do distanciamento do antigo casal e com a maior evidenciação das diferenças existentes, o melhor interesse do menor, ainda assim, dita a aplicação da guarda compartilhada como regra, mesmo na hipótese de ausência de consenso. 5. A inviabilidade da guarda compartilhada, por ausência de consenso, faria prevalecer o exercício de uma potestade inexistente por um dos pais. E diz-se inexistente, porque contrária ao escopo do Poder Familiar que existe para a proteção da prole. 6. A imposição judicial das atribuições de cada um dos pais, e o período de convivência da criança 80 \R. EMERJ, Rio de Janeiro, v. 20, n. 79, p. 68-94, Maio/Agosto 2017 \ KRMHHPYLUWXGHGDVSHFXOLDULGDGHVIiWLFDVTXHPXLWDVYH]HVLQYLDELOL]DPR FRPSDUWLOKDPHQWRGDJXDUGDSHORVSDLV 2†GRDUWGR&yGLJR&LYLOGHSDVVRXDGHWHUPLQDU FRPRDGYHQWRGD/HLQTXHTXDQGRQmRKRXYHVVHDFRUGRHQWUH DPmHHRSDLTXDQWRjJXDUGDGRILOKRVHULDDSOLFDGDVHPSUHTXHSRVVtYHO DJXDUGDFRPSDUWLOKDGD $H[SUHVVmRVHPSUHTXHSRVVtYHOSDUHFLDLQGLFDUTXHHVWDULDPDIDVWD GRVRVFDVRVHPTXHQmRKRXYHVVHDFRUGRHQWUHRVSDLVQDPHGLGDHPTXH DJXDUGDFRPSDUWLOKDGDGHSHQGHGDSDUWLFLSDomRHFRODERUDomRGHDPERVRV SDLVHPUHODomRDRVFXLGDGRVFRPRILOKR $/HLQDOWHURXRUHIHULGRGLVSRVLWLYRSDVVDQGRDHVWDEH OHFHUTXH³TXDQGRQmRKRXYHUDFRUGRHQWUHDPmHHRSDLTXDQWRjJXDU GD GR ILOKR HQFRQWUDQGRVH DPERV RV JHQLWRUHV DSWRV D H[HUFHU R SRGHU IDPLOLDUVHUiDSOLFDGDDJXDUGDFRPSDUWLOKDGDVDOYRVHXPGRVJHQLWRUHV GHFODUDUDRPDJLVWUDGRTXHQmRGHVHMDDJXDUGDGRPHQRU´2XVHMDDOHL HVWDEHOHFHXXPGHYHUGHDSOLFDomRGDJXDUGDFRPSDUWLOKDGDTXHVyVHUi DIDVWDGD QD KLSyWHVH GH GHFODUDomR H[SUHVVD GH XP GRV JHQLWRUHV GH TXH QmRGHVHMDDJXDUGD $VVLPDSULQFtSLRGHYHKDYHUDGHWHUPLQDomRGDJXDUGDFRPSDUWLOKD GDFRPRUHJUDPHVPRQRVFDVRVHPTXHKDMDGLVVHQVRHQWUHRVSDLV sob guarda compartilhada, quando não houver consenso, é medida extrema, porém necessária à implementação dessa QRYDYLVmRSDUDTXHQmRVHIDoDGRWH[WROHJDOOHWUDPRUWD$FXVWyGLDItVLFDFRQMXQWDpRLGHDODVHUEXVFDGRQDÀ[DomR GDJXDUGDFRPSDUWLOKDGDSRUTXHVXDLPSOHPHQWDomRTXHEUDDPRQRSDUHQWDOLGDGHQDFULDomRGRVÀOKRVIDWRFRUULTXHLUR na guarda unilateral, que é substituída pela implementação de condições propícias à continuidade da existência de fontes ELIURQWDLVGHH[HUFtFLRGR3RGHU)DPLOLDU$À[DomRGHXPODSVRWHPSRUDOTXDOTXHUHPTXHDFXVWyGLDItVLFDÀFDUiFRP XPGRVSDLVSHUPLWHTXHDPHVPDURWLQDGRÀOKRVHMDYLYHQFLDGDjOX]GRFRQWDWRPDWHUQRHSDWHUQRDOpPGHKDELOLWDUD criança a ter uma visão tridimensional da realidade, apurada a partir da síntese dessas isoladas experiências interativas. 9. O estabelecimento da custódia física conjunta, sujeita-se, contudo, à possibilidade prática de sua implementação, devendo VHUREVHUYDGDDVSHFXOLDULGDGHVIiWLFDVTXHHQYROYHPSDLVHÀOKRFRPRDORFDOL]DomRGDVUHVLGrQFLDVFDSDFLGDGHÀQDQFHLUD das partes, disponibilidade de tempo e rotinas do menor, além de outras circunstâncias que devem ser observadas. 10. A guarda compartilhada deve ser tida como regra, e a custódia física conjunta - sempre que possível - como sua efetiva expressão. 11. Recurso especial não provido. (STJ, 3ª Turma, REsp n. 1.251.000 / MG, Rel. Min. Nancy Andrighi, Julg.: 18/08/2011, DJe: 31/08/2011). 42 Grifos nossos. 43 RECURSO ESPECIAL. DIREITO DE FAMÍLIA. GUARDA COMPARTILHADA. PRIMAZIA SOBRE A GUARDA UNILATERAL. DESAVENÇAS ENTRE OS CÔNJUGES SEPARADOS. FATO QUE NÃO IMPEDE O COM3$57,/+$0(172'$*8$5'$(;(*(6('2$57†ž'2&Ð',*2&,9,/'2875,1$62%5( O TEMA. ANÁLISE DAS DEMAIS QUESTÕES DEVOLVIDAS. RETORNO DOS AUTOS AO TRIBUNAL DE ORIGEM. 1. Primazia da guarda compartilhada no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro, conforme de depreende do disposto no art. 1.584 do Código Civil, em face da redação estabelecida pelas Leis 11.698/08 e 13.058/14. 2. Impossibilidade de se suprimir a guarda de um dos genitores com base apenas na existência de desavenças entre os cônjuges separados. Precedentes e doutrina sobre o tema. 3. Necessidade de devolução dos autos à origem para que prossiga a análise do pedido de guarda compartilhada, tendo em vista as limitações da cognição desta Corte Superior em matéria probatória. 4. RECURSO ESPECIAL PARCIALMENTE PROVIDO. (STJ, 3ª Turma, REsp 1.560.594/RS, Rel. Min. Paulo de Tarso Sanseverino, Julg.: 23/02/2016, DJe: 01/03/2016). \R. EMERJ, Rio de Janeiro, v. 20, n. 79, p. 68-94, Maio/Agosto 2017 \ 81 1HVWH VHQWLGR D 5HFRPHQGDomR GR &1- Q  GH  GH DJRVWR GH RULHQWDRV-Xt]HVGDV9DUDVGH)DPtOLDTXHDRGHFLGLUHPVREUHDJXDUGD GRVILOKRVTXDQGRQmRKRXYHUDFRUGRHQWUHRVSDLVFRQVLGHUHPDJXDUGD FRPSDUWLOKDGD FRPR UHJUD $OpP GLVVR DR GHFUHWDU D JXDUGD XQLODWHUDO R MXL]GHYHUiMXVWLILFDUDLPSRVVLELOLGDGHGHDSOLFDomRGDJXDUGDFRPSDUWLOKD GDQRFDVRFRQFUHWROHYDQGRHPFRQVLGHUDomRRVFULWpULRVHVWDEHOHFLGRVQR †GRDUWGD&yGLJR&LYLO &RQWXGRHVVHHQWHQGLPHQWRQmRSDVVDLQFyOXPHDFUtWLFDV5ROI0D GDOHQRDSUHVHQWDXPDSRVLomRFRQWUiULDjGHWHUPLQDomRGDJXDUGDFRPSDU WLOKDGDHPFDVRGHGLVVHQVRHQWUHRVSDLV3DUDRDXWRU³H[LVWLQGRVHQVtYHLV HLQFRQFLOLiYHLVGHVDYHQoDVHQWUHRVGLYRUFLDQGRVQmRKiFRPRHQFRQWUDU OXJDUSDUDXPDSUHWHQVmRMXGLFLDOGDJXDUGDFRPSDUWLOKDGDSHODDXWRULGDGH GRMXOJDGRUHQmRSHODYRQWDGHFRQVFLHQWHGRVSDLV´ 6HPG~YLGDDSHVDUGDDOWHUDomROHJLVODWLYDDLQGDKiPXLWRVREV WiFXORVjLPSOHPHQWDomRGDJXDUGDFRPSDUWLOKDGDQDIDOWDGHFRQVHQVR HQWUHRVSDLV1mRVHSRGHQHJDUTXHKiFDVRVHPTXHRVFRQIOLWRVHQWUH RVJHQLWRUHVVmRWmRLQWHQVRVTXHRFRPSDUWLOKDPHQWRGDJXDUGDVHPXP DFRPSDQKDPHQWR DGHTXDGR SRGH UHSUHVHQWDU XPD YLRODomR PDLRU DR PHOKRULQWHUHVVHGDFULDQoD $XWLOL]DomRGDPHGLDomRFRPRIRUPDGHFRQVFLHQWL]DURVJHQLWRUHV VREUHDLPSRUWkQFLDGRFRQYtYLRGRVILOKRVFRPDPERVRVSDLVEXVFDQGR VHLQFHQWLYDURGLiORJRHDFRPSRVLomRSDFtILFDGRVFRQIOLWRVSRGHVHUXP FDPLQKRSDUDSURSRUFLRQDUHIHWLYLGDGHDRPRGHOR$UHDOL]DomRGHRILFLQDV GHSDLVHRXWURVSURJUDPDVTXHGLDORJXHPFRPDVRFLHGDGHFLYLODUHVSHLWR GD UHOHYkQFLD GR H[HUFtFLR VDXGiYHO GDV IXQo}HV SDUHQWDLV WDPEpP SDUHFH VHUXPDDOWHUQDWLYDSDUDTXHRPRGHORFRPSDUWLOKDGRGDJXDUGDQmRILTXH DSHQDV QD LQWHQomR OHJLVODWLYD RX VH UHVWULQMD j VHQWHQoD MXGLFLDO VHP TXH UHSHUFXWDQDSUiWLFDGDVUHODo}HV &RQWXGRHPFDVRVQRVTXDLVRPRGHORFRPSDUWLOKDGRVHMDFRPSUR YDGDPHQWHSUHMXGLFLDOSDUDRILOKRGHYHVHSULYLOHJLDURVHXPHOKRULQWHUHVVH EXVFDQGRVHDOWHUQDWLYDVTXHOKHVVHMDPEHQpILFDVDLQGDTXHLVVRSRVVDVLJQL ILFDUDDGRomRGHXPPRGHORGHJXDUGDGLYHUVR 44 MADALENO, op. cit., p. 474. 1HVWHVHQWLGRLPSRUWDGHVWDFDUTXHR&RQVHOKR1DFLRQDOGH-XVWLoDMiYHPGHVHQYROYHQGR2ÀFLQDVGH3DLVH0mHV RQOLQHDÀPGHRULHQWDUHDX[LOLDURVPHPEURVGDIDPtOLDDSyVRGLYyUFLR'LVSRQtYHOHPKWWSZZZFQMMXVEUHDGFQM course/index.php?categoryid=65>. Acesso em: 15 jan. 2017. 82 \R. 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Legal and psychotherapeutic approaches to the three types of parental alienation syndrome families: When Psychiatry and the Law Join Forces. Court Review, Vol. 28, n. 1, 1991. p 14-21. Disponível em: <http://www.fact.on.ca/Info/pas/gardnr01.ht m>. Acesso em: 13 fev. 2016. \R. EMERJ, Rio de Janeiro, v. 20, n. 79, p. 68-94, Maio/Agosto 2017 \ 83 VLPTXHVXDVTXDOLGDGHVVmRVXSHULRUHV´RTXHDFDEDSRUJHUDUXPDFULVH GH OHDOGDGH QR ILOKR TXH DFDED VH YHQGR GLDQWH GD VLWXDomR GH WHU TXH HVFROKHUXPRXRXWUR *DUGQHU DSRQWD TXH QD SURJUDPDomR SHUSHWUDGD QD 6$3 Ki D LP SODQWDomRGHLQIRUPDo}HVTXHGHVWRDPGRTXHDFULDQoDGHIDWRYLYHXFRP R JHQLWRUDOLHQDGR$ 6$3HQYROYHULDHQWmRD SURJUDPDomR GRILOKR SRU XPGRVJHQLWRUHVSDUDTXHUHSXGLHRGHLHRRXWURJHQLWRUDOLDGDjSUySULD FRQWULEXLomRGHVWHILOKRTXHGiVXSRUWHjFDPSDQKDGHGHJUDGDomR1RV FDVRVHPTXHRFRUUHDUHIHULGDVtQGURPHRVDWDTXHVRFRUUHPVHPTXDOTXHU MXVWLILFDWLYDVHPTXHRJHQLWRUDOLHQDGRWHQKDTXDOTXHUFRPSRUWDPHQWRTXH OHYDVVHDWDOUHS~GLR $6$3FRQILJXUDVHXPDIRUPDGHDEXVRHPRFLRQDOQDPHGLGDHP TXHWDOSUiWLFDRFDVLRQDQmRDSHQDVXPDDOLHQDomRFRQWLQXDGDGHXPGRV SDLVPDVWDPEpPXPDSHUWXUEDomRSVLFROyJLFDGDFULDQoD$/HLQ GHGHDEULOGHHPVHXDUW,,EHOHQFDDDOLHQDomRSDUHQWDOFRPR XPDIRUPDGHYLROrQFLDSVLFROyJLFDFRQWUDDFULDQoDHRDGROHVFHQWH 1RRUGHQDPHQWRMXUtGLFREUDVLOHLURDGHVTXDOLILFDomRGDFRQGXWD GRRXWURJHQLWRUDRPLVVmRGHLQIRUPDo}HVLPSRUWDQWHVDFHUFDGDYLGD GRILOKRDPXGDQoDGHGRPLFtOLRSDUDORFDOGLVWDQWHVHPMXVWLILFDWLYDH DWpDDSUHVHQWDomRGHIDOVDGHQ~QFLDFRQWUDRJHQLWRUQmRJXDUGLmREXV FDQGRGLILFXOWDURH[HUFtFLRGDDXWRULGDGHSDUHQWDOHRFRQWDWRGRILOKR FRPDTXHOHTXHQmRGHWpPDJXDUGDVmRH[HPSORVFOiVVLFRVGHDWRVTXH SURPRYHPDDOLHQDomRSDUHQWDOVHQGRGHVWDFDGRVSHORDUWĈSDUiJUDIR ~QLFRGD/HLQ 5ROI0DGDOHQRH$QD&DUROLQD&DUSHV0DGDOHQRGHVWDFDPTXHDV YtWLPDVGHVVDSUiWLFDGHVHQYROYHPXPDOLQJXDJHPQmRYHUEDOEHPFODUD FRPR ³DXVrQFLD GH FRQWDWR YLVXDO PDQXWHQomR GH XPD GLVWkQFLD H[FHV VLYD GR SDL DOLHQDGR´ GH PRGR TXH VHTXHU WLUDP R FDVDFR QDV YLVLWDV QmR KDYHQGR HVSDoR SDUD R GLiORJR VHQGR FRQVWDQWH XPD FRQYHUVDomR FLUFXODUQDTXDORVILOKRV³UHVSRQGHPDVSHUJXQWDVFRPRXWUDVSHUJXQWDV LQWHUURPSHPRJHQLWRUFRPTXHL[DVDFHUFDGHVHXWRPGHYR]GRFDORU 47 MADALENO, Ana Carolina Carpes; MADALENO, Rolf. Síndrome da Alienação Parental: a importância de sua detecção com seus aspectos legais e processuais. 3. ed. Rio de Janeiro: Forense, 2015. p. 39. 48 GARDNER, Richard A. Parental Alienation Syndrome vs. Parental Alienation: Which Diagnosis Should Evaluators Use in Child-Custody Disputes?. The American Journal of Family Therapy, 30(2):93-115, (2002). Disponível em: <http://www.fact.on.ca/Info/pas/gard0 2b.htm>. Acesso em: 13 fev. 2016. 49 Ibidem. 50 BRASIL. Lei n. 13.431, de 4 de abril de 2017. Disponível em: <http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_ ato20152018/2017/lei/L13431.htm>. Acesso em: 15 mai. 2017. 84 \R. 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Lei n. 13.105, de 16 de março de 2015. Disponível em: <http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_Ato 20152018/2015/Lei/L13105.htm>. Acesso em: 30 dez. 2015. 58 YAZBEK, Vania Curi. 0HGLDomRGHFRQÁLWRVIDPLOLDUHVHRYtQFXORFRQMXJDO. Revista do Advogado, AASP, ano XXXIV, n. 123, ago. 2014. p. 138. 59 WAQUIM, Bruna Barbieri. Alienação familiar induzida: aprofundando o estudo da alienação parental. Rio de Janeiro: Lumen Juris, 2015. p. 232/233. \R. EMERJ, Rio de Janeiro, v. 20, n. 79, p. 68-94, Maio/Agosto 2017 \ 87 YLYHQFLDGR p GHVSHMDGR QR 3RGHU -XGLFLiULR DWUDYpV GH SURFHVVRV MXGLFLDLV LQWHUPLQiYHLV FRP SRXFDV DEHUWXUDV SDUD R GLiORJR QRV TXDLV D VROXomR HIHWLYDGDVLWXDomRpD~OWLPDRSomRSRVVtYHO $LQFOXVmRFDGDYH]PDLRUGDPHGLDomRQRkPELWRGRVWULEXQDLVYLVD MXVWDPHQWHDGHVHVWLPXODUHVVHWLSRGHSHUSHWXDomRGRFRQIOLWRTXHDFDED VHQGRHQFDPSDGRDLQGDTXHGHIRUPDLQFRQVFLHQWHWDPEpPSHORVSURILV VLRQDLVHQYROYLGRV%XVFDVHXPDFRQVFLHQWL]DomRGHWRGRVRVSHUVRQDJHQVD ILPGHTXHVHMDVXSHUDGDDFOiVVLFDYLVmRGHJDQKDGRUSHUGHGRUGRSURFHVVR VHQGRLPSOHPHQWDGDXPDYHUGDGHLUDFXOWXUDGHSD] e LPSRUWDQWH UHVVDOWDU TXH D PHGLDomR QmR VXEVWLWXL D YLD MXGLFLDO PDVVLPDFRPSOHPHQWDEXVFDQGRFRQIHULUHILFiFLDjVUHVSRVWDVGR3RGHU -XGLFLiULRSDUDDVTXHVW}HVTXHFKHJDPDWpRVWULEXQDLV 'HDFRUGRFRPRDUWGRQRYR&3&³QDVDo}HVGHIDPtOLDWRGRV RVHVIRUoRVVHUmRHPSUHHQGLGRVSDUDDVROXomRFRQVHQVXDOGDFRQWURYpUVLD GHYHQGRRMXL]GLVSRUGRDX[tOLRGHSURILVVLRQDLVGHRXWUDViUHDVGHFRQKH FLPHQWRSDUDDPHGLDomRHFRQFLOLDomR´+iDLQGDDSRVVLELOLGDGHGHRMXL] GHWHUPLQDUDVXVSHQVmRGRSURFHVVRHQTXDQWRRVOLWLJDQWHVVHVXEPHWHPD PHGLDomRH[WUDMXGLFLDORXDDWHQGLPHQWRPXOWLGLVFLSOLQDU1DDXVrQFLDGH DFRUGRSDVVDPDLQFLGLUDVQRUPDVGRSURFHGLPHQWRFRPXPTXHpDSOLFD GRGHIRUPDVXEVLGLiULD $ DXGLrQFLD GH PHGLDomR SRGH VH GHVGREUDU HP WDQWDV TXDQWDV VH MDPQHFHVViULDVEXVFDQGRVHDHIHWLYDVROXomRGRSUREOHPDVHPSUHMXt]RGD FRQFHVVmRGHSURYLGrQFLDVGHXUJrQFLD8PDVSHFWRLPSRUWDQWHpTXHRUpX UHFHEHUiRPDQGDGRGHFLWDomRGHVDFRPSDQKDGRGDFySLDGDSHWLomRLQLFLDO QRVWHUPRVGR†GRDUWGRQRYR&3&HYLWDQGRVHTXHDPHGLDomR ILTXHGHDOJXPPRGRSUHMXGLFDGD $PHGLDomRpGHILQLGDSHOD/HLQGHGHMXQKRGH FRPR³DDWLYLGDGHWpFQLFDH[HUFLGDSRUWHUFHLURLPSDUFLDOVHPSRGHUGHFL VyULRTXHHVFROKLGRRXDFHLWRSHODVSDUWHVDVDX[LOLDHHVWLPXODDLGHQWLIL FDURXGHVHQYROYHUVROXo}HVFRQVHQVXDLVSDUDDFRQWURYpUVLD´WHQGRFRPR SULQFtSLRVDLPSDUFLDOLGDGHGRPHGLDGRULVRQRPLDHQWUHDVSDUWHVRUDOL GDGHLQIRUPDOLGDGHDXWRQRPLDGDYRQWDGHGDVSDUWHVEXVFDGRFRQVHQVR FRQILGHQFLDOLGDGHHERDIp $LQGD TXH KDMD SURFHVVR MXGLFLDO HP FXUVR DV SDUWHV SRGHP VXE PHWHUVHjPHGLDomR1DPHGLDomRMXGLFLDOKDYHQGRDFRUGRRVDXWRVVmR 60 BRASIL. Lei n. 13.140, de 26 de junho de 2015. Disponível em: <http://www.planalto.gov.br/c civil_03/_Ato20152018/2015/Lei/L13140.htm>. Acesso em: 22 abr. 2016. 88 \R. 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Art. 28, Lei n. 13.140, de 26 de junho de 2015. 62 BARBOSA, Águida Arruda. Mediação familiar interdisciplinar. São Paulo: Atlas, 2015. p. 36/37. 63 Ibidem, p. 69. 64 PEREIRA, Rodrigo da Cunha. Dicionário de Direito de Família e Sucessões. São Paulo: Saraiva, 2015. p. 457. \R. 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A judicialização das relações familiares e a psicanalização do Direito. Disponível em: <http://www.conjur.com.br/2016-jun-05/judicializacao-relacoes-familiares-psicanalizacao-direito>. Acesso em: 25 set. 2016. 90 \R. 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