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Energetic analysis of compounds with similar reactive groups and divergent alkyl chains yields minimal information; thus, analysis of structure is best achieved by partaking by reactions. This can occur with as an SN2 reaction a strong nucleophile such as the iodide ion, which in the case of the Sodium iodide in acetone test dehalogenates the alkyl halide with greater efficiency when the reaction is not disrupted by stearic hindrance, yielding an iodionated alkyl product with a sodium halide precipitate, insoluble in the acetone.
2012
Published in conjunction with the Documenta 13 exhibition in Kassel, Germany, the Documenta notebook series 100 Notes,100 Thoughts ranges from archival ephemera to conversations and commissioned essays. These notebooks express director Carolyn Christov-Bakargiev's curatorial vision for Documenta 13.
Bumi memiliki seluruh sifat yang diperlukan bagi kehidupan. Salah satunya adalah keberadaan atmosfer, yang berfungsi sebagai lapisan pelindung yang melindungi makhluk hidup. Atmosfer terdiri dari lapisan yang berbeda yang tersusun secara berlapis satu diatas yang lainnya.
Philosophy & Technology, 2021
In this paper, I will identify two problems of trust in an AI-relevant context: a theoretical problem and a practical one. I will identify and address a number of skeptical challenges to an AI-relevant theory of trust. In addition, I will identify what I shall term the ‘scope challenge’, which I take to hold for any AI-relevant theory (or collection of theories) of trust that purports to be representationally adequate to the multifarious forms of trust and AI. Thereafter, I will suggest how trust-engineering, a position that is intermediate between the modified pure rational-choice account and an account that gives rise to trustworthy AI, might allow us to address the practical problem of trust, before identifying and critically evaluating two candidate trust-engineering approaches.
A structure here is a non-empty universe together with a collection of functions and predicates. Such a structure is considered as a generalized Kripke frame whose set of possible worlds is endowed with a specific algebraic structure. Thus, a class of similar structures induces a certain multimodal logic. The authors axiomatize the basic modal logic of the class of algebras of arbitrary signature and give universal schemes for axiomatization of modal logic for universal and for Π 2 0 -classes of structures. They also discuss the connections of their approach with modal languages for complex algebras and promise to discuss a number of logical and algebraical consequences in a forthcoming full paper.
Results
Discussion:
The SN2 reaction of NaI with 2-bromobutane took 17.5 minutes, due to stearic hindrance due to the secondary nature of the halide group. The stabilization of carbocation formation favors the formation of silver halide precipitate, as can be seen by the negative correlation between substitution and elapsed time for precipitate formation; apparently more so with AgBr than AgCl in acetone, as seen by 2-bromobutane reacting with AgNO3 and forming precipitate within 3.75 minutes, as opposed to 2-chlorobutane, which formed precipitate after 18 minutes.
2-chlorobutane formed silver chloride, which was likely partially protonated by the protic polar solvent and thus soluble, causing the appearance of solute to only appear after 18 minutes.
Iodide proves to be a good nucleophile, with the lack of steric hinderance favoring reaction with NaI with 1-bromobutane, which formed precipitate after 7.25 minutes, than with benzyl chloride, which took 11.75 minutes. For the AgNO3, Benzyl chloride formed AgCl after 6.75 minutes, but SN1 reactions do not occur with a primary alkyl halide because SN1 and E1
reactions require formation of a carbocation, the primary form of which is not very stable at all, thus it took 22 minutes to form a precipitate with 2-bromobutane, which did not as eaily form sufficient resonance structure.
The iodide nucleophile attacked both the benzylic and aryl halides with similar ease, in both cases after about 6 minutes for bromobenzene and 6.75 minutes for benzyl chloride. It is possible that the product of the formation of a stable benzylic carbocation was precipitated in ethanol from benzyl chloride after almost 12 minutes, but it was impossible for the aryl halide.
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