Conditioning for American Football

Conditioning for American Football Adriano Vretaros Strength and Conditioning Coach São Paulo – BRAZIL [email protected] Conditioning for American Football Characteristics - I ● Team Sport: a) Invasion Game b) Evasion Game Conditioning for American Football Characteristics - II ● Contact Sport ● Collision Sport Conditioning for American Football Characteristics - III ● Intermittent ● High Intensity Demands ● Short Duration of Games Activity ● High Force Collisions Conditioning for American Football Positions Tactics - I ● Defense ● Attack ● Specialists Functions Conditioning for American Football Positions Tactics - II ● DEFENSE: a) Defensive End (DE) b) Defensive Tackle (DT) c) Linebackers (LB) d) Cornerback (CB) e) Strong Safety (SS) f) Free Safety (FS) Conditioning for American Football Positions Tactics - III ● ATTACK: a) Quarterback (QB) b) Running Back (RB) c) Fullback (FB) d) Center (C) e) Offensive Guard (OG – RG and LG) f) Offensive Tackle (OT – RT and LT) g) Wide Receivers h) Tight End (TE) Conditioning for American Football Positions Tactics - IV ● SPECIALISTS FUNCTIONS: a) Kicker (K) b) Long Snapper (LS) c) Holder (H) d) Punter (P) e) Kick Returner (KR) Conditioning for American Football The Game - I ● 11 versus 11 ● 4 quarters 12-15 minutes - separated by 1220 minutes intervals (depending on the league and level) ● 2-minute intervals between 1 and 2 quarters, 3 and 4 quarters Conditioning for American Football The Game - II ● The playing field: ● 100 yards longitude ● 53 yards wide ● White Lines: 10 for 10 yards ● Smaller Lines: 1 in 1 yard ● End Zone: 10 yards per side Conditioning for American Football The Game - III Conditioning for American Football The Game - IV ● 4 attempts (4 downs) to reach 10 yards ● Tackle ● Score: Touchdown (TD) - 6 points ● Extra point: 1 or 2 points ● Field Goal: 3 points ● Safety: 2 points Conditioning for American Football The Game - V Conditioning for American Football The Game - VI Conditioning for American Football The Game - VII Conditioning for American Football The Game - VIII ● Differences between: a) NFL (National Football League) Vs b) CFL (Canadian Football League) ● Click in VIDEO Conditioning for American Football Motor Skills ● Pass ● Run (F, D and B) ● Blockage ● Push ● Pull ● Contact ● Jump (V and H) ● Dribble (COD) Conditioning for American Football Metabolic Domain ● 70% - ● 25% - ● 5% - ATP-PC Lactic Acid Aerobic (Kraemer et al, 2015) Conditioning for American Football Relationship Effort-pause ● ~ 5 seconds per 30 seconds ● ~ 1:6 (Lockie et al 2012) Conditioning for American Football Anthropometric Profile in Players from 1942 to 2011 - part 1 BODY HEIGHT (Group) Average change for every year (cm) Mixed Offensive Backs -0,048 to 0,502 Mixed Lineman 0,034 to 0,188 Mixed Skilled -0,073 to 0,119 All Positions Combined -0,011 to 0,112 * 95% CI (Adapted from Anzell et al, 2013) Conditioning for American Football Anthropometric Profile in Players from 1942 to 2011 – part 2 BODY WEIGHT (Group) Average change for every year (Kg) Mixed Offensive Backs 0,089 to 0,208 Mixed Lineman 0,338 to 0,900 Mixed Skilled 0,078 to 0,334 All Positions Combined 0,160 to 0,57 * 95% CI (Adapted from Anzell et al, 2013) Conditioning for American Football Anthropometric Profile in Players from 1942 to 2011 – part 3 BODY COMPOSITION (Group) Average change for every year (% fat) Mixed Offensive Backs -0,133 to 0,127 Mixed Lineman 0,046 to 0,275 Mixed Skilled -0,053 to 0,164 All Positions Combined 0,030 to 0,278 * 95% CI (Adapted from Anzell et al, 2013) Conditioning for American Football Physical Demands of NCAA Division I College GROUPS Non-linemen (Cornerback, Free Safety, Strong Safety, Outside Linebacker, Middle Linebacker, Wide Receiver, Quarterback, Full Back and Running Back ) Linemen (Offensive Tackle, Offensive Guard, Center, Defensive Tackle, Defensive End and Tight End) Position Drills (min) Team Drills (min) Total Practice Time (min) 66+\-7 53+\-13 145+\-14 65+\-9 59+\-10 143+\-12 (Adapted from DeMartini et al, 2011) Conditioning for American Football Physical Demands - Distance Covered – NCAA Division I College GROUPS Total Distance Covered (Km) Non-linemen (Cornerback, Free Safety, Strong Safety, Outside Linebacker, Middle Linebacker, Wide Receiver, Quarterback, Full Back and Running Back ) 3,5 +\-0,9 Linemen (Offensive Tackle, Offensive Guard, Center, Defensive Tackle, Defensive End and Tight End) 2,6+\-0,5 (Adapted from DeMartini et al, 2011) Conditioning for American Football Physical Demands – Velocity Zones – NCAA Division I College - % Distance Velocity Zones TOTAL PRACTICE LINEMEN (% Distance) TOTAL PRACTICE NON-LINEMEN (% Distance) 0-1,0 Km\h 7,0+\1,3 5,7+\-2,0 1,1-6,0 Km\h 51,6+\-7,3 43,9+\-6,1 6,1-12,0 Km\h 31,2+\-5,1 30,0+\-4,0 12,1-16,0 Km\h 5.7+\-2,4 8,7+\-2,3 * > 16,0 Km\h 3,1+\-2,4 10,7+\-3,1 * (Adapted from DeMartini et al, 2011) Conditioning for American Football Physical Demands – Velocity Zones – NCAA Division I College - % Time Velocity Zones TOTAL PRACTICE LINEMEN (% Time) TOTAL PRACTICE NON-LINEMEN (% Time) 0-1,0 Km\h 77,6+\-3,4 * 74,2+\-6,7 1,1-6,0 Km\h 16,8+\-2,8 18,3+\-4,8 6,1-12,0 Km\h 4,1+\-1,0 5,1+\-1,8 * 12,1-16,0 Km\h 0,4+\-0,5 0,9+\-0,0 * >16,0 Km\h 0,1+\-0,3 0,8+\-0,4 * (Adapted from DeMartini et al, 2011) Conditioning for American Football Physical Demands - NCAA Division I College – Heart Rate Max HRmax (bpm) Nonlinemen Position Drills Linemen Position Drills p=0,025 201+\-9 194+\-11 HRmax (bpm) Nonlinemen Team Drills Linemen Team Drills p=0,343 192+\-12 189+\-12 HRmax (bpm) Nonlinemen Total Practice Time Linemen Total Practice Time p=0,013 203+\-8 197+\-9 (Adapted from DeMartini et al, 2011) Conditioning for American Football Physical Demands - NCAA Division I College – Heart Rate Avg Heart Rate Avg (bpm) Linemen Position Drills Nonlinemen Position Drills p=0,715 143+\-8 142+\-11 Heart Rate Avg (bpm) Linemen Team Drills Nonlinemen Team Drills p=0,698 134+\-11 135+\-12 Heart Rate Avg (bpm) Linemen Total Practice Time Nonlinemen Total Practice Time p=0,580 136+\-7 135+\-11 (Adapted from DeMartini et al, 2011) Conditioning for American Football Wingate Anaerobic Power Test - NCAA Division III Variables T1 T2 T3 T4 Body Mass (Kg) 101,3+\-19,7 100,6+\-20,0 99,9+\-20,02 98,3+\-19,1 Peak Power (W) 1,892+\-274 1,837+\-181 1,934+\-101 1,936+\-151 Mean Power (W) 1,289+\-76 1,301+\-24 1,296+\-50 1,294+\-49 Fatigue Rate (W.s-1) 39,1+\-14,0 31,5+\-13,4 36,2+\-12,5 37,3+\-9,2 Total Work (J) 38,520+\-2,136 38,956+\-644 38,880+\-1,488 38,612+\-1,061 (Adapted from Hoffman et al, 2005) Conditioning for American Football Endocrine and Biochemical Changes during a Competitive Football Game VARIABLES GROUP Glucose (mmol.L-1) ST 5,80+\-1,39 4,90+\-0,50 RS 4,64+\-0,51 4,79+\-0,28 ST 6,35+\-1,00 6,31+\-1,77 RS 5,39+\-1,14 5,36+\-1,38 ST 0,31+\-0,08 0,33+\-0,11 RS 0,31+\-0,06 0,28+\-0,07 ST 19,3+\-3,4 27,2+\-4,6 ** RS 22,9+\-4,0 24,7+\-3,9 ST 19,0+\-4,4 20,5+\-4,7 RS 18,4+\-7,1 19,6+\-6,1 Blood Urea Nitrogen Uric Acid (mmol.L-1) AST (U.L-1) ALT (U.L-1) Pre2 IP (Adapted from Hoffman et al, 2002) ** p<0,05 Conditioning for American Football Capacities Conditioning ● Strength (Power, Maximum, Elastic-reactive, Elastic-explosive) ● Endurance (ATP-PC, Lactic Acid) ● Speed (Reaction, Motion, Displacement, Endurance) ● Agility ● Flexibility (Mobility) Conditioning for American Football Coordinative Capacities ● Orientation spatiotemporal ● Hand-eye coordination ● Eye-foot coordination ● Precision ● Balance (static, dynamic and recovered) ● Laterality ● Anticipatory Timing ● Spins, falls, etc Conditioning for American Football Physical Assessment 1) FIELD TESTING ● Strength (1RM Bench press, Squat, Deadlift, VJ, HJ, SJ, CMJ, DJ, SBJ, PBT, etc) ● Agility (20-yard shuttle, Three-cone drill, 60-yard shuttle, etc) ● Speed (9,1m, 18,3m, 36,6m, etc) ● Position-specific drills ● FMS and Y-Balance Test 2) LABORATORY TESTING ● Wingate test, Isokinetic evaluation, Biochemical and Endocrine tests, Medical Injury Evaluation, Dental and Orthodontic Evaluation, etc Conditioning for American Football Training Types ● Technical training ● Physical training ● Technical-tactical training ● Technical-physical training ● Technical-tactical-physical training Conditioning for American Football Types of Physical Conditioning ● General Physical Preparation ● Physical Preparation Specific a) Individualized by Tactical Position b) Team Style of Play Conditioning for American Football Special Technical Training - I ● Olympic Lifting Techniques ● Strongman Training ● Fighting Training (boxing, grappling and sumo) Conditioning for American Football Special Technical Training - II ● Pilates ● Yoga Conditioning for American Football Longitudinal Changes in the Strength and Power: 5 years – NCAA Division III All Players Year 01 Year 02 Year 03 1 RM BP 117,4+\-20,9 126,7+\-20,4* 134,5+\-21,7 138,2+\-21,9* 153,8+\-21,2* 1RM Squat 152,5+\-27,3 166,4+\-28,4* 179,8+\-30,4 184,8+\-33,7* 207,4+\-35,1* VJ (cm) 64,9+\-9,5 66,5+\-9,2 66,4+\-9,0 Year 04 69,7+\-9,8* Year 05 66,6+\-9,8 Backs 1RM BP 112,3+\-19,1 121,8+\-19,8 * 125,7+\-19,3 126,3+\-19,4* 141,7+\-16,0* 1RM Squat 147,3+\-25,0 164,4+\-28,3 * 170,0+\-29,2 170,6+\-29,4* 173,4+\-19,1* VJ (cm) 68,4+\-7,5 69,8+\-8,5 69,6+\-7,7 73,4+\-8,9* 67,3+\-9,6 Linemen 1RM BP 122,7+\-21,6 132,2+\-19,7 * 143,1+\-20,5 150,6+\-20,0* 157,7+\-21,5* 1RM Squat 157,7+\-28,5 168,6+\-28,5 * 188,4+\-29,1 198,0+\-32,3* 222,3+\-29,7* VJ (cm) 61,0+\-10,1 62,6+\-8,4 63,6+\-9,2 (Adapted from Hoffman et al, 2011) 66,3+\-9,5 * 66,3+\-10,2* Conditioning for American Football Longitudinal Changes in the Speed, Agility, and Anaerobic Conditioning: NCAA Division III All Players Year 01 Year 02 Year 03 Year 04 Year 05 40-yd sprint 5,05+\-0,34 5,01+\-0,37 4,97+\-0,37 4,95+\-0,35 4,97+\-0,34 T drill 9,25+\-0,78 9,22+\-0,65 9,03+\-0,61* 9,06+\-0,59 9,07+\-0,78 Proagility 4,66+\-0,32 4,62+\-0,35 4,70+\-0,40 4,55+\-0,39 4,60+\-0,40 Line drill 37,3+\-3,6 37,2+\-3,1 37,0+\-2,9 37,1+\-3,2 37,9+\-2,6 40-yd sprint 4,86+\-0,20 4,81+\-0,21 4,77+\-0,23* 4,77+\-0,20* 4,81+\-0,29 T drill 8,90+\-0,73 8,90+\-0,42 8,78+\-0,46 8,82+\-0,45 8,71+\-0,31 Proagility 4,49+\-0,13 4,45+\-0,17 4,35+\-0,2* 4,33+\-0,19* 4,51+\-0,18 Line drill 35,3+\-1,5 35,9+\-2,1 35,4+\-1,8 35,6+\-2,5 36,1+\-1,4 40-yd sprint 5,24+\-0,35 5,23+\-0,38 5,18+\-0,37 5,13+\-0,37 5,04+\-0,35* T drill 9,60+\-0,66 9,60+\-0,68 9,32+\-0,64* 9,28+\-0,62* 9,21+\-0,86* Proagility 4,86+\-0,35 4,85+\-0,39 4,91+\-0,33 4,79+\-0,41 4,68+\-0,53 Line drill 39,3+\-3,9 38,8+\-3,3 38,6+\-2,9 38,5+\-3,2 38,8+\-2,5 Backs Linemen (Adapted from Hoffman et al, 2011) Conditioning for American Football Strength and Power ● Impact Power ● Output Power ● Directed Power ● Sustainable Power (Dintiman et al, 1999) Conditioning for American Football Collision and Tackle ● Sport Science = Video ● 2200 Lbs of Force ● Click in VIDEO Conditioning for American Football Game Based Conditioning Drills ● Change game rules and duration: a) 6 vs. 6 b) 7 vs. 7 c) 8 vs. 8 d) 9 vs. 9 e) 10 vs 10 Conditioning for American Football Macrostructural Variables of Functional Training ● Movement Learning ● Proprioception ● Core ● Biomotor Capabilities (Vretaros, 2016) Conditioning for American Football FT - Movement Learning ● Neural Drives Motors ● Basic Motor Skills ● Movement Patterns ● Combinations of Fundamental Movements ● Reprogramming of Automatism (Cook, 2010 ; Zanella & Aguiar, 2015 ; Vretaros, 2016) Conditioning for American Football FT – Proprioception - I ● THE JOINTS: a) Neck b) Shoulder c) Elbow d) Wrist e) Hip f) Knee g) Ankle Conditioning for American Football FT – Proprioception - II a) Sensory Receptors b) Joint Receptors c) Muscle Receptors d) Tendon Receptors e) Vestibular Receptors (Magill, 2011) Conditioning for American Football FT – Proprioception - III ● THE JOINT RECEPTORS: a) Type I: Ruffini Receptors b) Type II: Corpuscle Paccini c) Type III: Corpuscle Golgi-Mazzoni d) Type IV: Free Nerve Endings (Gaspar & Chiappa, 2001) Conditioning for American Football FT – Proprioception - IV ● General Sensitivity Exteroceptive ● General Sensitivity Proprioceptive ● Special General Sensitivity (Gaspar & Chiappa, 2001) Conditioning for American Football FT - Core ● Body Aware and Control ● Static Positions ● Dynamic Positions ● Stable and Unstable Platforms a) Core Endurance b) Core Stability c) Core Strength (Saeterbakken et al, 2015 ; Nesser et al, 2016) Conditioning for American Football FT – Biomotor Capabilities ● Coordinative Capacities ● Capacities Conditioning Conditioning for American Football FT – Periodization in Team Sports Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday Recovery FT (BC) FT (P) Recovery FT (ML) + FT (BC) FT (BC) FT (C) FT (ML) + T+T T+T Prematch FT (P) + FT (BC) T+T FT (P) + T+T Prematch **FT (ML)= Movement Learning, FT(P)= Proprioception, FT(C)= Core, FT(BC)= Biomotor Capabilities, T+T= Technical +Tactic (Adapted from Vretaros, 2016) Conditioning for American Football Injuries - I ● In Training (58,26%) ● In Game (41,74%) (Bielecki et al, 2016) Conditioning for American Football Injuries - II ● Head Injuries ● Shoulders ● Knee ● Leg Injuries Conditioning for American Football Head Injuries - I ● Head (Brains) ● Concussions Conditioning for American Football Head Injuries - II ● Coup Concussion ● Contrecoup Concussion ● Mild Traumatic Brain Injury ● Post Concussive Syndrome ● Second Impact Syndrome ● Sub-concussive (Cornwell Jr, 2013) Conditioning for American Football Head Injuries - III ● Force ● Rotational Force ● ImPACT (Immediate Post-Concussion Assessment and Cognitive Testing) ● Return to Play (RTP) (Cornwell Jr, 2013) Conditioning for American Football Head Injuries - IV ● n= 1631 football players – 15 NCAA Division I, II and III ● Seasons: 1999, 2000 and 2001 ● 94 players sustained concussion (3,90% of player-seasons) ● Loss of Consciousness (6.4%; median duration, 30 seconds) ● Posttraumatic Amnesia (19.1%; median duration, 90 minutes) ● Retrograde Amnesia (7.4%; median duration, 120 minutes) a) Cognitive Functioning b) Postural Stability (McCrea et al, 2003) Conditioning for American Football Head Injuries - V POINTS SYMPTOMS Cognitive Function Postural Stability Time of Concussion 20,93 (15,65 -26,21) -2,94 (-4,38 to -1,50) 5,81 (-0,67 to 12,30) Postgame 16,97 (12,61-21,33) -2,15 (-3,26 to -1,04) 5,66 (1,27 to 10,06) 1 11,53 (8,37 to 14,69) -1,59 (-2,43 to -0,78) 2,72 (-0,14 to 5,57) 2 6,88 (4,17 to 9,59) -0,72 (-1,51 to 0,08) 2,33 (-0,30 to 4,95) 3 5,08 (2,27 to 7,88) -0,46 (-1,25 to 0,32) 1,46 (-1,22 to 4,14) 5 2,02 (-0,03 to 4,06) -0,52 (-1,28 to 0,25) -0,31 (-3,02 to 2,40) 7 0,33 (-1,41 to 2,06) -0,03 (-1,33 to 1,26) -0,55 (-3,19 to 2,09) 90 0,62 (-0,90 to 2,14) -0,51 (-1,41 to 0,39) -2,45 (-5,09 to 0,18) **Mean Difference= 95% CI POSTINJURY DAY (Adapted from McCrea et al, 2003) Conditioning for American Football Head Injuries - VI YEAR CHARACTERISTICS 1939 ● First Plastic Football Helmet 1957 ● First Tubular Bar Facemask 1973 ● 1993 2002 2003 2011 ● First Air-cushioned Football Helmet RIDDELL VSR-4 Helmet Features the First Air-fitted Liner System First Football Helmet Incorporating Extended Jawline Protection, Energy Managing Material on the Sides of the Face. ● ● Sideline Response System (HITS/SRS). First Helmet System to Monitor and Report Impacts Official NFL Helmet ' RIDDELL 360 ' is the First Designed to Redirect Energy from Frontal Impacts away from the Head ● (Adapted from Venables, 2013) Conditioning for American Football Head Injuries - VII ● 1400 head impacts per season ● ~ 6,3 impacts per practice ● 14,3 impacts per game ● MATERIAL FATIGUE - HELMETS ● Capacity to Absorb Energy ● Ability to Manage Linear Acceleration ● Skull Fractures and Traumatic Brain Injuries ● 100 impacts*** (decrease in the capacity to attenuate linear acceleration) (Cournoyer et al, 2013) Conditioning for American Football Head Injuries - VIII Conditioning for American Football Head Injuries - IX ● Head Impact Telemetry (HIT) ● Six Accelerometers Mounted Inside a Football Helmet: a) on the time of impact b) location of impact c) linear acceleration resultant of the head centre of gravity (Manoogian, 2005 apud Gabbett, no date) Conditioning for American Football Head Injuries - X Movement Exercise Weight Increases (Lbs) Neck Extension +67,5 Neck Flexion +49,5 Lateral Flexion Right +67,5 Lateral Flexion Left +67,5 25 Degree Tilt +67,5 10 Degree Nod +49,5 Neutral Grip Row +180,0 Bilateral Shrug +180,0 Unilateral Shrug (left and right) +80,0 Levator Scapulae Shrug +261,0 Underhand Scapula Retraction Pull +170,0 Neck Circumference Increase Neck Circumference Decrease 4 inch Circumference Increase Upper Neck Zero Neck Circumference Decrease 3 3\4 inch Circumference Increase Lower Neck Zero Neck Circumference Decrease (Adapted from Cornwell, 2013) Conditioning for American Football Shoulders Injuries - I ● Impact ● Dislocation ● Tissue Damage ● Labral Tear Conditioning for American Football Shoulders Injuries - II ● n= 336 elite collegiate American football players were invited to the National Football League Combine ● 1.3 injuries per player: a) acromioclavicular separation (41%) b) anterior instability (20%) c) rotator cuff injury (12%) d) clavicle fracture (4%) e) posterior instability (4%) (Kaplan et al, 2005) Conditioning for American Football Shoulders Injuries - III ● Quarterbacks and Defensive Backs (more common) ● Linebackers or Linemen (surgery was more common) ● Defensive Players (anterior instability was more common) ● Linemen (rotator cuff injuries and posterior instability) (Kaplan et al, 2005) Conditioning for American Football Knee Injuries - I ● ACL (Anterior Cruciate Ligament) ● MCL (Medial Collateral Ligament) (Rovere et al, 1987 ; Salata et al, 2010) Conditioning for American Football Knee Injuries - II ● n= 332 elite collegiate football players at the 2005 National Football League Combine ● 1.3/player injured: ● Medial Collateral Ligament Injury (n = 79) ● Meniscal Injury (n = 51) ● Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury (n = 40) ● SURGERIES: ● Arthroscopic Meniscectomy (n = 39) ● ACL Reconstruction (n = 35) ● Arthroscopic Meniscal Repair (n = 13) (Bradley et al, 2008) Conditioning for American Football Leg Injuries ● Hip Bone ● Hamstring Strain or Pull ● Ankle Sprains Conditioning for American Football Foot and Ankle Injuries - I ● n= 320 intercollegiate football players at the National Football League Combine ● 72% injured (1,24 injuries\player): a) lateral ankle sprain (n=115) b) syndesmotic sprain (n=50) c) metatarsophalangeal dislocation/turf toe (n=36) d) fibular fracture (n=25) (Kaplan et al, 2011) Conditioning for American Football Foot and Ankle Injuries - II ● Kickers/Punters (100%) ● Special Teams (100%) ● Running Backs (83%) ● Wide Receivers (83%) ● Offensive Linemen (80%) (Kaplan et al, 2011) Conditioning for American Football Longitudinal Study of Injuries in the Weight Room - I Type \Location NUMBER Type\ Location NUMBER Low back muscle 08 Shoulder muscle 01 Low back ligament 04 Shoulder separation 01 Neck muscle 03 Shoulder tendonitis 01 Heat exhaustion 03 Pectoralis muscle 01 Upper back muscle 02 Spine ligament 01 Low back disc 02 Hernia 01 Patella subluxation 02 Knee tendonitis 01 Low back spasm 01 Knee cartilage 01 Cerebral concussion 01 Leg fracture 01 Shoulder ligament 01 Ankle sprain 01 (Adapted from Zemper, 1990) Conditioning for American Football Longitudinal Study of Injuries in the Weight Room - II Player Position Number of Injuries Player Position Number of Injuries Defensive down lineman 10 Offensive tackle 03 Running back 06 Offensive tight end 02 Flanker \ Wide receiver 04 Center 01 Linebacker 03 Quarterback 01 Defensive halfback \ cornerback 03 Slotback \ wingback 01 Offensive guard 03 Defensive safety 01 (Adapted from Zemper, 1990) Conditioning for American Football Control of Training Loads - I ● External Load ● Internal Load Conditioning for American Football Control of Training Loads - II ● EXTERNAL LOAD: a) Volume b) Intensity c) Density d) Complexity (Bompa & Haff, 2012) Conditioning for American Football Control of Training Loads - III ● INTERNAL LOAD: a) Subjective Perception Effort *** b) Heart Rate * c) Lactate * d) Monotony Index ** e) Strain Index ** (Foster, 1998 ; Foster et al, 2001 ; Miloski et al, 2012) Conditioning for American Football Control of Training Loads - IV ● Scale Muscle Pain ● Indicator Locality Muscular Pain Conditioning for American Football Relationship Loads versus Injuries ● Non-contact, Soft-tissue Injurie: ● Critical Element: dose-response relationship ● High Change in Training Load (> 10%) - week-to-week change ● Weekly Load Range Training in Arbitrary Units (RPE x Minutes) ● Acute Training Load ● Chronic Training Load ● Peak loads ● Adapt the demands of the game (Gabbett, 2015) Conditioning for American Football Recovery and Regeneration - I ● Active Recovery ● Passive Recovery Conditioning for American Football Recovery and Regeneration - II Hydration Hyperoxia Therapy Nutrition Electrostimulation Chiropractic Slowdown Active Cryotherapy Acupuncture Magnetotherapy Sleep Thermotherapy Cupping Therapy Compression Garment And others (Gill et al, 2006 ; Bompa & Haff, 2012 ; Vretaros, 2015) Conditioning for American Football Neuropsychological Recovery ● Level of Stress ● Mental Toughness ● Verbal Memory ● Visual Memory ● Reaction Time ● Information Processing Speed ● Concentration (Iverson et al, 2009 ; Sheard, 2009 ; Weinberg & Gould, 2014 )