The space of address between deixis and metaphor
Margherita Donati2010, in Marotta, G., Lenci, A., Meini, L. and Rovai, F. (eds.), Space in Language 2009. Proceedings of the Pisa International Conference, ETS, Pisa, pp. 299-315.
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Extended Conceptual Metaphor Theory
Metaphor and Symbol, 2020
In the book Extended Conceptual Metaphor Theory, Zoltán Kövecses presents a holistic view of how conceptual and contextual factors influence metaphor production and comprehension, with a comprehensive review and evaluation of contemporary metaphor theories. It is mainly based on Kövecses's previous studies of "main meaning focus" (Kövecses, 2000, p. 82), of the tripartite division between the supraindividual, individual, and subindividual levels of conceptualization (Kövecses, 2002/2010), of the metonymic basis of correlation metaphors (Kövecses, 2013), of global and localcontexts (Kövecses, 2015), and of hierarchical levels of metaphor (Kövecses, 2017). In the preface, Kövecses makes the following five central claims: "It may be that there is no literal language at all. It may be that metonymies are, in a sense, 'more primary' than primary metaphors. It may be that conceptual metaphors are hierarchically linked conceptual structures on different levels of schematicity. It may be that conceptual metaphors are not only conceptual but also necessarily contextual. It may be that conceptual metaphor is simultaneously an offline and online phenomenon (i.e., it is not only offline)" (p. xii). In Chapter 1, Kövecses addresses key issues regarding Lakoff and Johnson (1980) Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT). He reformulates conceptual metaphor as "a systematic set of correspondences between two domains of experience" (p. 2). He distinguishes between three views about restrictions on metaphorical mapping: Lakoff's (1990) "invariance hypothesis" relying on the properties of the target concept; Grady's (1997) "primary metaphor"on the relationship between the source and target domains; and Kövecses's (2000) "main meaning focus" on features of the source concept. Furthermore, Kövecses differentiates between five kinds of hierarchical metaphor systems, in which generic-level concepts are elaborated by specific-level concepts in different ways. Finally, Kövecses introduces the core topics for discussion in the following chapters: (a) the demarcation between the literal and figurative meanings, (b) the metonymic basis of primary metaphors, (c) the organization of conceptual structures, (d) the contextual factors for metaphorical conceptualization, and (e) the online and offline nature of metaphor. Can concrete concepts be conceptualized figuratively? The answer is yes. In Chapter two, Kövecses argues that even many basic categories, such as basic level objects and spatial relations, are conceptualized figuratively rather than literally, with etymological evidence of their metaphorical or metonymic origins. He holds that "ideal" source domains for metaphorical conceptualization (such as SMELL), due to their experiential basicness, may be used as target domains. The view that both abstract and concrete concepts may be conceptualized metaphorically or metonymically is different from the view of unidirectional metaphorical mapping from the concrete to the abstract domain in CMT. In order to save the CMT view of unidirectionality, Kövecses divides a concept into an ontological part and a cognitive part. He explains that concrete concepts are more frequently conceptualized literally because "the ontological content predominates over the cognitive construal part," whereas abstract concepts are more frequently conceptualized metaphorically or metonymically because "the construal part predominates over the ontological part" (p. 32). Do correlation metaphors emerge directly from our basic physical experience or indirectly from metonymies? In Chapter 3, Kövecses claims that correlation metaphors arise from "frame-like mental structure" (p. 46) indirectly through a metonymic stage. In this view, a correlation metaphor emerges through a two-stage process. First, the correlation between two elements within the same frame (e.g., downward bodily orientation and sadness within the SADNESS frame) gives rise to the metonymic relationship between them (e.g., DOWNWARD BODILY ORIENTATION FOR SADNESS). Second,
The Contemporary Theory of Metaphor
1993
concepts like time, states, change, causation, and pur pose also turn out to be metaphorical. The result is that metaphor (that is, cross-domain mapping) is absolutely central to ordinary natural language semantics, and that the study of literary metaphor is an extension of the study of everyday metaphor. Everyday metaphor is characterized by a huge system of thousands of cross-domain mappings, and this system is made use of in novel metaphor. Because of these empirical results, the word metaphor has come to be used differently in contemporary metaphor research. The word metaphor has come to mean a cross-domain mapping in the conceptual system. The term metaphorical expression refers to a linguistic expression (a word, phrase, or sentence) that is the surface realization of such a cross-domain mapping (this is what the word metaphor referred to in the old theory). I will adopt the contemporary usage throughout this chapter. Experimental results demonstrating the cognitive reali ty of the extensive system of metaphorical mappings are discussed by Gibbs (this volume). Mark Turner's 1987 book, Death is the mother of beauty, whose title comes from Stevens' great line, demonstrates in detail how that line uses the ordinary system of everyday mappings. For further examples of how literary metaphor makes use of the ordinary metaphor system, see More Than Cool Reason: A Field Guide to Poetic Metaphor, by Lakoff and Turner (1989) and Reading Minds: The Study of English in the Age of Cognitive Science, by Turner (1991). Since the everyday metaphor system is central to the understanding of poetic metaphor, we will begin with the everyday system and then turn to poetic examples.
Are Cross-Domain Mappings Psychologically Deep, but Conceptually Shallow? What is Still Left to Test for Conceptual Metaphor Theory
Cognitive Semiotics, 2009
This article assesses two objections directed at Conceptual Metaphor Theory: (1) it is circular in that it only provides linguistic evidence for the psychological reality of cross-domain mappings, intended to explain the empirical reality of metaphorical expressions in language; (2) it does not support the conclusion that the massive existence of metaphorical expressions in language reflects the metaphorical structuring of abstract concepts. It is my aim to disentangle these objections. Evidence abounds that makes the first objection obsolete, proving the psychological reality of cross-domain mappings. However, this does not imply that abstract concepts are metaphorically structured: experiments that prove objection (1) wrong cannot be invoked to reject objection (2). Some even tend to justify it.
From Linguistic to Conceptual Metaphor In Five Steps
Metaphor in cognitive linguistics: selected papers from …, 1999
Metaphor Making and Processing
Journal of Literary Semantics, 1999
For a long time, metaphor has been considered "äs a sort of happy extra trick with words" (Richards, 1936: 90)-a device of the poetic Imagination in which the poet coats his feelings to bestow on the language in which they are wrapped a touch of beauty or unfamiliarity. Accordingly, it has been relegated within this tradition to an ancillary function of mere embellishment. It is only in the early 1970s that its Status started to be rethought, thanks to the progress made in the fields of the philosophy of language, psychology, linguistics, stylistics, discourse analysis, and pragmatics. This period has actually witnessed a proliferation of symposia and publications such äs Black's Models and Metaphors (1962), Shibles's Metaphor. Annotated BMography and History (1971), Sacks's On Metaphor (1979), Ortony's Metaphor and Thought (1979), and Lakoff & Johnson's Metaphors We Live Bj (1980), to name only a few. The outcome of this research has been the questioning of the view of metaphor äs an achievement of the unordinary mind. Hence, it has been claimed that "to be able to produce and understand metaphorical Statements is nothing to boast about" (Black, 1979: 181), and that "children do not learn to speak metaphorically äs a kind of crowning achievement in the apprenticeship of language learning" (Cohen & Margalit, 1972: 723). It has also been claimed that metaphor is not only not a mark of excellence, but also "an incurable infirmity of the human mind" 2 to perceive reality äs it is (Bally: 1951:188). The paper is divided into sections, each studying a pair of dualities. The justification for dealing with metaphor in these terms could be found in the nature of metaphor itself which has been claimed to be "no different from any other kind of duality of meaning" (Morgan, 1979: 139), such äs ambiguity, irony, and indirect Speech acts. The first section will be devoted to dealing with the review of the massive literature about metaphor and the framework. The second section includes the pair imagnation-rationaKty, which is at the heart of metaphor making and processing. The third pair, assertion-speech act, investigates the logical Status of metaphor, and argues that metaphor cannot be approached in terms of truth claims. The fourth couple, convention-intention, seeks to draw a line between what is conventional and what is intentional in metaphor. The fifth, Speaker meaning-sentence meaning exploits the traditional distinction between literal and figurative meaning to show the continuum between the two.
A Cognitive Semantics Study of Metaphor (1
This article deals with metaphor from a linguistic perspective. A question arises here as to whether to which field of language study metaphor belongs. How to answer the question is subject to our understanding of metaphorical expressions. When one encounters a situation in which a metaphorical expression is used, they have a kind of construal to conceptualize the expression. Thus, the field of linguistics which is concerned with studying metaphors is cognitive linguistics since people use their cognitive abilities to conceptualize and understand the metaphorical expressions. With respect to this, George Lakoff adopted a theory under the title Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT). Here I try to shed light on some aspects of this theory. What is taken into consideration in the paper is a detailed account of metaphor as a cognitive device, the three basic types of conceptual metaphor proposed by Lakoff and Johnson (1980), namely orientational, ontological, and structural. Also, the characteristic features of conceptual metaphors like asymmetry, systematicity, and conventionality. Additionally, the relationship between conceptual metaphor and image schemas is shown in the last section. One of the conclusions of the article is that conceptual metaphor is an integral part of our everyday lives; we cannot interact normally without using conceptual metaphors.
Book Review. A New Insight into Theory of Conceptual Metaphor
East European Journal of Psycholinguistics, 2021
The author of the reviewed book is Zoltán Kövecses, a renowned cognitive linguist from Central and Central-Eastern Europe, but lesser-known from the Ukrainian academic literature. He is Emeritus Professor at Eötvös Loránd University (Budapest, Hungary). He is one of the four editors of the international scholarly journal, Metaphor and Symbol, and he also serves on the advisory board of Cognitive Linguistics and several other international professional journals. He carried out research and taught as visiting lecturer at several world-famous American and European universities (e.g. the University of Nevada at Las Vegas, Rutgers University, University of Massachusetts at Amherst, the University of California at Berkeley, Hamburg University, and Odense University). Cognitive linguistic bases of the conceptual metaphor theory (CMT) were laid down by Lakoff and Johnson (1980) in their book Metaphors We Live By. This was the basic work on which cognitive linguists based their further resea...
What empirical work can tell us about Primary Metaphors
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Metaphor: The Journey from Bidirectionality to Unidirectionality
Poetics Today, 2017
It is widely held that the direction of mapping from the source to the target domain in metaphors derives directly from the conceptual relations between its members (e.g., from concrete to abstract, from salient to less salient). In contrast, the authors propose the following: (1) The relation between the same two concepts/domains can, in principle, be either bidirectional or unidirectional. Hence, even if there is a conceptual asymmetry between the metaphor concepts/domains (so that one of them is a better candidate for being assigned the source function than the other), this conceptual asymmetry in itself might not be sufficient to trigger a unidirectional mapping process. (2) Among those two potential relations, the bidirectional one is more basic than the unidirectional, in that it can be triggered by the mere presence of the two stimuli; in contrast, the unidirectional process requires an additional mechanism for it to be fully realized. The authors survey and analyze several e...
SPACE IN LANGUAGE
Proceedings of the Pisa International Conference
Giovanna Marotta, Alessandro Lenci,
Linda Meini, Francesco Rovai
(editors)
www.edizioniets.com
Volume published with the financial support of the Department of Linguistics “T. Bolelli”
University of Pisa
© Copyright 2010
Giovanna Marotta
Distribuzione
PDE, Via Tevere 54, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino [Firenze]
ISBN 978-884672902-6
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