Wrestling With Matter: Origins of Intersubjectivity

Gentile, J. (2007). Wrestling With Matter: Origins of Intersubjectivity. Psychoanal Q., 76:547-582. (2007). Psychoanalytic Quarterly, 76:547-582 Wrestling With Matter: Origins of Intersubjectivity Jill Gentile Recent theories of intersubjectivity attach primacy to the creation of meaning between subjects, obscuring the role of the material world to which both Freud and Winnicott attached significance. Yet, as this article argues, intersubjectivity itself is predicated upon a transitional space between subjective creation and material life. After considering Winnicott's conceptions of psychesoma and transitionality, the author examines the developmental literature for precursors in the encounter with matter that set the stage for the emergence both of symbolic life and of an embodied “transitional subject” to come into being. Clinical illustrations are provided. Introduction Few concepts have been as endearing to psychoanalysts as Winnicott's transitional object. Whatever our theoretical biases, we are drawn by the poignant amalgam of power and vulnerability of the infant in this early creative act—a triumph of personal agency over a brute, inanimate reality, a triumph of the infant in becoming an author of, rather than a mere reactor to, his experience. In his paradoxical creation and discovery of the transitional object, the infant ————————————— Excerpts of an earlier draft of this article were presented at the 24th Annual International Conference on the Psychology of the Self, San Francisco, California, in November 2001. WARNING! This text is printed for the personal use of the PEPWeb subscriber and is copyright to the Journal in which it originally appeared. It is illegal to copy, distribute or circulate it in any form. - 547 - begins to render the world meaningful. By putting his personal stamp on the blanket or teddy bear, the infant makes the world in some sense his own, even as in some sense his subjectivity is now also constructed by matter itself. Though often obscured even in Winnicott's (1951) original writings, the infant, in creating (and discovering) the transitional object, not only imbues his world with meaning, but also begins to constitute himself as a personal agent—someone on the way toward taking ownership of his desires and experiencing himself as having an impact on his world. Likewise, even as Winnicott recognizes the actuality of the transitional object's materiality (“It must seem to the infant to give warmth, or to move, or to have texture, or to do something that seems to show it has vitality or reality of its own,” p. 5), he seldom draws our attention to the implications of his thinking—that is, that the material world is critical to our constitution of subjectivity and that we simultaneously impose our weight upon it and surrender to its unyielding aspects. In these aspects, this article departs from the direction in which Winnicott took his formulations by building upon implicit but unelaborated aspects of his thought and bringing into bolder relief both of the “ingredients” of the transitional object: the emergent subject and the realm of matter. In exploring the juncture at which the emergent subject expands his realm of meaning-creation by using, and so transforming, materiality while conceding to it, we encounter a subject who comes into being between desire and limit. He is newly empowered by his imagination, and yet the constraints of materiality ensure that he is not completely free to imagine reality as he wishes it to be. In this encounter, the infant (and emergent subject) not only creates symbolic or transitional objects, but also—to extend Winnicott's thinking—the infant actually begins a process of creating himself and others (in part) as symbols. By emphasizing the role of materiality in the evolution of subjectivity, this article represents a counterpoint to some of the current trends in psychoanalytic thought on intersubjectivity. In that realm of discourse, despite important differences of definition, WARNING! This text is printed for the personal use of the PEPWeb subscriber and is copyright to the Journal in which it originally appeared. It is illegal to copy, distribute or circulate it in any form. - 548 - intersubjectivity refers “in the most basic sense to the interaction between two subjects” (Frie and Reis 2005, p. 3; see also Renik 2004). As such, intersubjectivity is often depicted in dyadic terms, leaving the material world relegated to peripheral status. This tendency in part reflects the quite valid usage of the term that is consistent with the usage advocated by Stolorow and colleagues (Orange, Atwood, and Stolorow 1997; Stolorow and Atwood 1992), who refer to an intersubjective systems theory; and, in part, it reflects a widespread generic use of the term in which meaningful distinctions among definitions are bypassed. Of course, some articulated conceptions of relational construction do recognize the physical world (beyond the dyad) as a component of what analyst and analysand make meaning of (for example, Hoffman 1998). Further, central to the views of two prominent theorists of intersubjectivity—Benjamin (1995, 1998, 2004) and Ogden (1994, 2004)—the achievement of intersubjectivity proper1 is predicated upon a symbolic space between mother and infant. Symbolic space, or the symbolic use of the material world, stands as a third to the dyad. Notwithstanding these and other insightful and penetrating contributions to the idea of intersubjectivity as a relationship of thirdness (see Aron 2006), the explicit “third” of matter is often obscured in favor of a depiction of meaning creation at the intersection of subjectivities. Clinically, we see this flattening of symbolic space, or a space of thirdness, as emblematic of what Ogden (1986, 1994) refers to as the paranoid-schizoid mode of organizing experience, and of what Benjamin (2004) refers to as the doerdone to relationship. Although these authors delineate some of the complex clinical challenges encountered in opening up a space for thirdness, the pervasiveness, depth, and subtlety of these challenges remain underappreciated as dyadic and triadic conceptions of ————————————— 1 Frie and Reis (2005) introduce the term intersubjectivity proper to denote the developmental conception central to Benjamin's theorizing, in which mutual recognition of “equivalent centers of being” is achieved. Ogden refers to such mutual recognition as a developmentally later form of intersubjectivity. I will use the term, following Frie and Reis, to designate this form of intersubjectivity. WARNING! This text is printed for the personal use of the PEPWeb subscriber and is copyright to the Journal in which it originally appeared. It is illegal to copy, distribute or circulate it in any form. - 549 - analytic intersubjectivity have become blurred. In turn, the realm of the patient's initial encounters with matter itself—my focus here— remains virtually unrecognized. Here, I will argue that the infant's evolution of subjectivity does not take place in a vacuum, but also does not solely take place in interaction with another's subjectivity, however critical and fundamental the latter may be. Using the world beyond oneself includes the use of a separate subject but, for Winnicott, it is not confined to the intersubjective realm: use of the nonself also extends to use of the material world (Searles 1960). Playing, says Winnicott (1971a), “is immensely exciting”: It is exciting not primarily because the instincts are involved, be it understood! The thing about playing is always the precariousness of the interplay of personal psychic reality and the experience of control of actual objects. This is the precariousness of magic itself. [p. 47, italics in original] Many analysands enter treatment unable to play in and with this world of materiality, regarding it as untouchable and immutable —and may for a long time experience their analysts as part of that untouchable, immutable world, rather than as transitional objects with whom they can interact and play, let alone as subjects whom they are capable of knowing and influencing (Pizer 1992; Slavin and Kriegman 1998). In that sense, it may be said that our patients must attach meaning to our material presence, and so create us as transitional objects that they can use, before they can bring themselves and us to life as transitional subjects. Of course, we contribute, too, to their creation of us by revealing and even insisting upon our own subjectivity (e.g., Aron 1991). In light of this perspective, I wish to draw our attention back from much of its current focus on subject-subject relations and direct it toward its developmental foundations. That is, prior to and accompanying the capacity to play with and discover another mind's separate subjectivity, the infant must be able to create a space between the “thingness” of the world and his own subjectivity. He must begin to play in his own mind with the material world, WARNING! This text is printed for the personal use of the PEPWeb subscriber and is copyright to the Journal in which it originally appeared. It is illegal to copy, distribute or circulate it in any form. - 550 - with his own material body, and, initially, with mother (and analyst) as (primarily) a material other. This lays the foundation for subsequently beginning to play with conceptions of identity that may otherwise take on a reified or “thing-like” status, as is so often the case of the patient who enters treatment with a history of trauma. It also lays the groundwork for what psychoanalysis ultimately and ideally can become—an encounter between two embodied subjects, each with his own capacity for interiority and imagination. In that sense, this article seeks to resuscitate the status of materiality in contemporary psychoanalytic thought. Matter is not only not immaterial to the clinical tasks at hand, as some intersubjectivist renderings may suggest, but is vital to that process wherein dialogue about our bodily life in a physical and subjective world can emerge. Starting at the beginning, Winnicott (1949) said, “‘Mind does not really exist as an entity’… Here is a body. The psyche and soma are not to be distinguished” (pp. 243-244). He then boldly defined psyche as “the imaginative elaboration … of physical aliveness” (p. 244, italics added). The Status of Materiality Within Psychoanalytic Thought: A Brief Consideration Winnicott's conception of the psychesoma echoes the prominent status of materiality in Freud's (1923) early clinical appreciation of the ego as “first and foremost a body ego” (p. 26). Indeed, Freud's commitment to the realm of materiality was reflected in his broad and controversial theoretical quest to position psychoanalysis as a science and in his ultimately relinquished (and arguably misguided) 2 goal of validating an independent objective reality (Freud 1933).2 But in at least one hugely important sense, Freud may be seen as having succeeded in his mission: his (1900) conception of the ————————————— 2 According to Moore (1999): “By mid-career, he [Freud] seems to have largely put his theoretical dependence on an external validation of material reality behind him” (p. 38). WARNING! This text is printed for the personal use of the PEPWeb subscriber and is copyright to the Journal in which it originally appeared. It is illegal to copy, distribute or circulate it in any form. - 551 - unconscious, located at the crossroads of the subjective and materiality, firmly situated psychoanalysis in the material world. That which was most cherished and personal (our dreams and fantasies) was paradoxically and simultaneously rooted in a transcendent materiality. From that point of view, we cannot sustain (or resurrect) the unconscious without simultaneously sustaining (or resurrecting) our engagement with matter. And, similar to the situation of Winnicott's transitional object (though Freud never quite articulated it this way), the question of to whom the unconscious belongs—to internality or to cultural life, to individual psychic life or to a universal and transcendent materiality—was not to be asked. In Lacan's (1953, 1954-1955) thinking, the role of materiality also featured prominently. Lacan's conception of intersubjectivity is grounded in the structure of the unconscious “which finds its roots in the discourse of the first Other of our existence: the mother” (Gurewich 1999, p. 9). Thus, the rules of the unconscious lie outside the individual: in language and its material structure. We do not ask who created the transitional object or the unconscious, nor do we ask who created the signifier, which, too, in a fundamental sense, was already there waiting to be created. Located at the crossroads of the materiality of language and personal subjectivity, the signifier grants us a location in cultural life, while doing so requires us to abandon a strict commitment to the register of the “Real.” We surrender to the structure of language, thereby conceding to the limits of personal subjectivity, but as we do so, we paradoxically gain in our status as subjects. Despite these significant precedents in psychoanalytic thought for sustaining a dialectic between materiality and subjectivity in theory and practice, the status of materiality has suffered somewhat in the turn toward a relational perspectives. In part, a postmodernist sensibility—which some have taken as correspondent with relational approaches—and which eschews ideas of objective reality, universal truths, metanarratives, and scientific positivism, has contributed to this “loss” of materiality in our thinking. But, in its own right, relational theory, too, has contributed to this loss. WARNING! This text is printed for the personal use of the PEPWeb subscriber and is copyright to the Journal in which it originally appeared. It is illegal to copy, distribute or circulate it in any form. - 552 - In its revitalizing interest in dismantling analytic authority and in elevating the status of the subjectivities of both patient and analyst, it left relatively unarticulated the evolution of symbolization (Aron 2005; see also Jacobson 2003)—which, by definition, relies on the realm of matter. In part, this reflects the primacy attached to subjectivity, and so an inadvertent tendency to keep the realm of matter implicit. But it also reflects explicit philosophical commitments. For example, prominent theorists of a radically intersubjectivist perspective, Stolorow, Orange, and Atwood (2001), have directly challenged the material world's relevance to the psychoanalytic process (see also Orange 2001; Orange, Atwood, and Stolorow 1997). As materiality has become obscured, so, too, has attention to the unconscious, which, as I noted above, is situated at the nexus of the personal and the material. Thus, the dialectic between subjectivity and materiality central to Freud's thinking (and that of Lacan and Winnicott), in its lack of explicit articulation, risks tending toward collapse. As I will return to later in this article, conceptions of thirdness—which have received considerable recent attention within intersubjectivist writings—have made substantial inroads in correcting this trend. First, however, I will explore the relationship between matter and the origins of intersubjectivity by considering both Winnicott's thinking (and its interpretations, especially by Benjamin and Ogden) and the developmental empirical literature. What I hope to then describe are very early phenomenological markers in which an evolving subjectivity wrestles with matter. These signify an entry into the realm of transitionality and provide the foundation upon which the further evolution of symbol creation and intersubjectivity proper can come into being. Here, the patient first begins to generate meaning at the crossroads of subjectivity and materiality, beginning that process whereby he constitutes himself as a personal agent. In so doing, he more fully owns his own subjectivity, even as he paradoxically becomes less preciously engaged with it (and his omnipotence) and more engaged with the world beyond himself. WARNING! This text is printed for the personal use of the PEPWeb subscriber and is copyright to the Journal in which it originally appeared. It is illegal to copy, distribute or circulate it in any form. - 553 - Winnicott and the Infant's Encounter With Matter Winnicott's thinking has been mined extensively in psychoanalytic thought and writing, and the literature on intersubjectivity indicates that this area of analysis is no exception. It is the subtle interplay between mother and infant, subjectivity and intersubjectivity, fantasy and reality, that culminate in the constitution of personal subjectivity—so beautifully explored in Winnicott's work—that provide the basis for the penetrating exegeses of his thinking by Benjamin (1995, 1998, 2004) and by Ogden (1994, 2004), and for their own respective seminal investigations into the evolution of intersubjectivity. Significantly, both Benjamin and Ogden credit Winnicott's (1968) conception of the infant's destruction of environmental mother and creative discovery of mother as an “external” subject as the sine qua non that signals entry into the realm of mutual recognition and intersubjectivity proper. It is at this developmental juncture that the infant comes to experience mother as possessing an internal life of her own, beyond his omnipotent control. But of interest here is that both theorists explicitly draw attention to the earlier foundations upon which this intersubjectivity comes into being: the symbolic or potential space between mother and infant. For example, both refer to Winnicott's interpretation of the mirroring relationship between mother and infant as not simply a “relationship of identity; it is a relationship of relative sameness and therefore of relative difference …. In other words, the mother, in her role as mirror, provides thirdness” (Green 1975, cited in Ogden 1994, pp. 52-53). This relationship paves the way for the mutual recognition characterizing intersubjectivity proper. Ogden (1994) traces the developmental roots of an early intersubjective dialectic. He draws our attention to Winnicott's conception of primary maternal preoccupation in which “the mother is an invisible presence (invisible and yet a felt presence)” (p. 50). Similarly, in Bion's conception of projective identification (and of WARNING! This text is printed for the personal use of the PEPWeb subscriber and is copyright to the Journal in which it originally appeared. It is illegal to copy, distribute or circulate it in any form. - 554 - the mother's use of reverie), mother “allows herself to be inhabited by the infant and in this sense is created by the infant at the same time as she is creating (giving shape to) him” (Ogden 1994, p. 46). In unlocking Winnicott's bold statement, “There is no such thing as an infant [apart from the maternal provision]” (Winnicott 1960, p. 39n, cited in Ogden 1994, p. 51), Ogden characterizes Winnicott's paradoxical conception as representing “a quiet revolution in analytic thinking …. The analytic conception of the subject has increasingly become a theory of the interdependence of subjectivity and intersubjectivity. The subject cannot create itself” (Ogden 1994, pp. 59-60). The infant as subject is present from the beginning, but that subjectivity exists largely within the psychological space between mother and infant. But what does all of this have to do with the infant's encounter with matter in the evolution of his subjectivity? Here, I consider another—relatively unexplored and obscured, but perhaps no less revolutionary—level of subtlety and paradox embedded in Winnicott's conception. Remember that Winnicott (1956) refers to the mother of primary maternal preoccupation as so highly sensitized to the needs of her infant that she disregards her own subjectivity, to the point of having “almost an illness” (p. 302). Paradoxically, just as Winnicott proposes his (already paradoxical) intersubjective thesis, he grounds the earliest intersubjective dialectic in the infant's encounter with maternal provision—not in the encounter with mother as subject, nor even with mother's subjectivity. She is reduced to the status of provision, an it—a part of the material world providing material things, neither a subject nor the inhabitant of her own subjectivity. Thus, in keeping with Winnicott's line of thinking, we are, first, very much body selves in a world of bodily presences and physical things, and our first interactions are with the material mother. Indeed, Winnicott (1956) emphasizes that: “Primary maternal preoccupation” provides a setting for the infant's constitution to begin to make itself evident, for the developmental tendencies to start to unfold, and WARNING! This text is printed for the personal use of the PEPWeb subscriber and is copyright to the Journal in which it originally appeared. It is illegal to copy, distribute or circulate it in any form. - 555 - for the infant to experience spontaneous movement and become the owner of the sensations that are appropriate to this early phase of life. [p. 303, italics added] Far from intersubjective construction as we commonly conceive of it, the emphasis here is actually upon the mother's negation of her mind—her unimpinging subjectivity—so that the infant comes to have “a body-scheme” (Winnicott 1960, p. 45) and becomes (psychologically) its owner and agent.3 In an examination of the philosophical and psychoanalytic premises of intersubjectivity, Frie and Reis (2005), drawing on Stern's (1985) research, observe that: Months before the infant is aware of other minds, she can already differentiate her own body from those of others. This bodily based understanding of difference in the context of similarity—“we are both embodied”—occurs well before what Benjamin considers to be intersubjectivity proper …. Indeed, we believe the very notion of recognition can be reconceptualized as a bodily based interaction between what Merleau-Ponty (1968) refers to as “incarnated minds.” [p. 16] If we interpret Winnicott as locating the origins of the infant's bodily based (or, more accurately, psychosomatic) agency in the period of primary maternal preoccupation, we may also see him as locating the further evolution of this agency with the infant's paradoxical discovery and creation of the transitional object. Here, again, the primary constituent of the infant's evolving sense of agency and subjectivity lies far more in his encounter with materiality than with mother's subjectivity. While mother's subjectivity is no longer as completely negated as in the phase of primary maternal preoccupation, Winnicott nonetheless continues to ask her to suspend her subjectivity, acknowledging at the same time the enormous strain this places upon her. ————————————— 3 Bion (1962) helped us make sense of what allows this process to be successful: although mother's personal subjectivity is held in abeyance, her disciplined use of her interpretive capacity (in the form of reverie) grants meaning to the infant's communications. WARNING! This text is printed for the personal use of the PEPWeb subscriber and is copyright to the Journal in which it originally appeared. It is illegal to copy, distribute or circulate it in any form. - 556 - What is relevant here is that mother's subjectivity protects the infant's experience of personal ownership of his newly expanded “me/not-me” territory, but she is not an active, interpretive participant in its creation. In that sense, despite the intermingling of inner and outer that is so central to Winnicott's thought, there is no intersubjective construction or sharing at the level of transitional object usage in the sense of two minds creating meaning together. The transitional object belongs both to externality and to the private life of the infant, but is not yet available for discussion, teasing, or mutual play. In summary, implicit in Winnicott's paradoxical conception is that, in its earliest forms, intersubjectivity is predicated upon an original engagement of mind with matter, made possible not by mother's separate subjectivity, but by its very negation (her nonimpinging presence) and complete dedication through her capacity for reverie (Bion 1962) to the interpretation of the infant's communications. Her facilitating presence (which involves her disciplined “absence” of personal subjectivity) emboldens the infant in his first grapplings with the material world, including his and her bodies, and, later, in his creation and discovery of the transitional object. It is in this encounter between omnipotence and material reality—in which the physical world that is seen, touched, and grasped is also found meaningful—that further seeds are planted for the evolution of an embodied subject and for first experiences of personal ownership and agency. If we accept this interpretation, Winnicott's paradoxical conception not only bequeaths to psychoanalysis a conception of the human subject as constituted between mother and infant, but also one in which the human subject is constituted between subjectivity and materiality. That is, his “intersubjective” conception is paradoxically also a “transitional” conception: in its earliest genesis, mother-infant is almost coincident with material-subjective. The foundation upon which an intersubjective dialectic evolves is of one piece with the foundation upon which an emergent dialectic between subjectivity and materiality evolves. The birth of the human subject takes place in the holding environment created by WARNING! This text is printed for the personal use of the PEPWeb subscriber and is copyright to the Journal in which it originally appeared. It is illegal to copy, distribute or circulate it in any form. - 557 - the simultaneity of these dialectics. As these dialectics evolve and interpenetrate, so, too, do subjectivity and intersubjectivity. If the realm of matter is neglected, transitionality—constructed at the border of subjectivity and the unyielding reality of matter— recedes into the background. Yet, the realm of transitionality (which itself evolves from and contributes to a sense of psychesoma and later to the transitional object) is of critical significance for the evolution of intersubjectivity and for an intersubjective psychoanalysis. Because of its very location at the crossroads of the subjectively created and the material, it speaks of our need for the world beyond us (and beyond our omnipotence), and simultaneously of the ways in which the world is not wholly independent of us and our meaningmaking capacities. This sets the stage for that process by which we also discover subjects (who have a psychological life of their own, but who also need us in order to come alive as subjects), and so leads onto the further evolution of intersubjective meaning creation. Developmental Origins of Transitionality and Precursors of Intersubjectivity For Lacan, like Winnicott (and notwithstanding significant differences), intersubjectivity is paradoxically rooted not only in the infant-mother relationship, but also in the material (beyond subjective) world. Accordingly, “the symbolic relation is constituted as early as possible … introducing the dimension of the subject into the world, a dimension capable of creating a reality other than that experienced as brute reality” (Lacan 1954-1955, p. 257, quoted in Muller 1996, p. 71, italics added). Muller (1996), who draws from Lacan and has interpreted empirical investigations into the earliest stages of mother and infant communication, describes a developmental “semiotic” trajectory in which meaning begins to be granted to an otherwise “brute reality” (p. 30). In so doing, he paves the way for grounding a conversation about the evolution of subjectivity in and with the realm of matter. WARNING! This text is printed for the personal use of the PEPWeb subscriber and is copyright to the Journal in which it originally appeared. It is illegal to copy, distribute or circulate it in any form. - 558 - In this section, I draw from Muller's analysis as well as from empirical findings by developmental theorists of infant intersubjectivity, such as Meltzoff and Moore (1998), Trevarthen (1993, 1998), and Stern (1985), in order to examine the interplay between matter and mind in the constitution of subjective life. For the most part, empirical investigators of infant intersubjectivity share a dyadic conception of mind (Beebe, Rustin, Sorter, and Knoblauch 2003; Beebe, Sorter, Rustin, and Knoblauch 2003), and do not explicitly consider the “third” of matter. However, investigations of infant intersubjectivity can be seen, to a significant degree, as explorations of the emergence of symbolic capacity. As such, they provide meaningful insights into the infant's early encounter with the material world as a critical step in the evolution of his embodied subjectivity. Interestingly, Muller (1996) notes a predominance of what developmentalists describe as “facial mirroring” or “affect contagion” (p. 24) during the first six months of life, which then appears to decrease sharply. During this early period of development, the infant's facial responses strongly mirror the mother's emotional presentation, and in that sense may be regarded as obligatory and characterized by what Muller calls a coerced empathy, insofar as the infant's response is reflexive—an iconic identification with the stimulus provided by mother. In this context, it is interesting to recall Winnicott's conception of primary maternal preoccupation, which suggests that mother at this stage is dedicated to mirroring what she interprets the infant's experience to be. But the infant has no choice here, except to experience himself according to the stimulus that mother presents, just as mother's “choice” is restricted to identifying with what she interprets infant's experience to be. Taken together with the infant empirical literature, we can see the earliest period of infancy as one in which neither mother nor infant experiences semiotic freedom, and, instead, each produces responses more or less as a material replica of the expressions of the other. But this initial period quickly gives way. For example, WARNING! This text is printed for the personal use of the PEPWeb subscriber and is copyright to the Journal in which it originally appeared. It is illegal to copy, distribute or circulate it in any form. - 559 - Trevarthen (1989) describes the sixto twelve-week-old infant's progression from an intensely circumscribed type of matching behavior to a “kind of open communication” (p. 698), characterizing such “protoconversations [as] … intensely and directly interpersonal, and exclusive of other kinds of interest” (p. 701, cited in Muller 1996, pp. 48-49). Further, as Muller (1996, p. 24) elaborates, empirical evidence suggests this nascent capacity for semiotic autonomy is followed by a continued, rapid expansion. For example, Wolff (1987, p. 239) suggests that “the four-month-old infant seems to be making ‘choices’ of whether or not to smile, and in which way to acknowledge the encounter”—reflecting what Wolff describes as the infant's apparent release from ‘stimulus-boundedness’” (1987, p. 124). Supporting the idea of increased semiotic autonomy (and capacity for meaning making), Cohn and Tronick (1987) found that, at the ages of from “three to nine months there was a steady decrease in the strength of association, or sequential constraint, among dyadic states” (p. 73, quoted in Muller 1996, p. 24). Reflecting on similar phenomena, Stern (1985) suggests the term affect attunement to capture the ways in which internal feeling states are shared, beyond mere imitating of external behaviors or the essentially automatic induction of affects associated with the more restrictive concepts of affect contagion or matching. We can infer from the developmental literature that the infant's increased expansiveness occurs in tandem with an increase in mother's space for her own subjectivity, even as—again paralleling Winnicott's line of thought—her subjectivity remains dedicated to the infant's increased expansiveness, very much in the service of helping the infant own his own subjectivity. Although mother's subjectivity introduces not only sameness, but also difference (and so opens a space for curiosity about otherness), it is not yet available as a means for introducing herself as a personal subject. For example, Fonagy and Target (1998), in describing the development of the child's capacity for mentalization (the capacity to make use of an awareness of their own and others' thoughts and feelings), distinguished mothers who soothed their distressed infants WARNING! This text is printed for the personal use of the PEPWeb subscriber and is copyright to the Journal in which it originally appeared. It is illegal to copy, distribute or circulate it in any form. - 560 - most effectively after the child received an injection. These mothers mirrored their infants' affects, but “contaminated” their mirroring with displays of humor, irony, and the like, ensuring that “the infant recognizes their [mothers'] emotion as analogous, but not equivalent, to their experience, and thus the process of symbol formation can begin” (p. 94). In Winnicott's language, the mother gives back infant and not-infant, introducing a rudimentary symbolic space (a space of thirdness) to their relationship. And, paradoxically, as mother claims increased ownership for her own subjectivity, her infant, too, experiences increased semiotic freedom. In the encounter with (and against) matter, subjectivity begins to hold its own. Fonagy et al. (2002) propose that “mothers are instinctually drawn to saliently mark their affect-mirroring displays to make them perceptually differentiable from their realistic emotion expressions” (p. 177). By thus creating “space,” as it were, for their own meaning-making initiatives (and not merely obligatory responses), these mothers encourage their infants' capacity to experience a rudimentary sense of choice. At the same time, they facilitate their infants' capacity to take ownership of their own state-expressive behaviors and not mistakenly attribute them to mother. The tyranny of stimulus boundedness is disrupted and weakened, opening the door to the entrance of a nascent capacity to make meaning of matter and, significantly for a theory of intersubjectivity, a nascent capacity to make meaning with an other. Beyond mother's contributions to this ever so nuanced process by which the infant begins to experience himself as a semiotic and embodied agent, what are the mechanisms that the infant himself brings to bear on his own opportunity for such development? One answer may be found in the mechanism of cross-modality.4 For example, in a review of theories of infant intersubjectivity, Beebe, Sorter, Rustin, and Knoblauch (2003) call attention ————————————— 4 The material contribution of mirror neurons (which allow the infant to grasp the mind of the mother, and vice versa, through direct stimulation) to the evolution of infant intersubjectivity may be relevant here, as is suggested by Beebe, Sorter, Rustin, and Knoblauch (2003) and by Wolf et al. 2001, among others. WARNING! This text is printed for the personal use of the PEPWeb subscriber and is copyright to the Journal in which it originally appeared. It is illegal to copy, distribute or circulate it in any form. - 561 - to a converging recognition of “the infant's perception of correspondence as the central mechanism in the creation of intersubjectivity,” and note that this capacity to detect correspondences is based on the infant's “capacity for cross-modal perception” (p. 795) —that is, for translating from one modality to another. Meltzoff (1985, cited in Beebe, Sorter, Rustin, and Knoblauch 2003; see also Meltzoff and Moore 1998) has shown that infants as young as forty-two minutes old can imitate the facial expression on a model and invoke cross-modal translation (by which the infant maps what he sees on the face of the other onto what he senses proprioceptively on his own face) as a means of explanation. And Stern (1985), similarly marveling at the infant's ability to detect correspondences by taking information received in one sensory modality and translating it into another, notes that “the amount of cross-modal fluency in terms of predesign is extraordinary” (p. 51). The mechanism of cross-modality is particularly interesting with respect to this discussion insofar as it reflects the paradoxical seeds of transitionality and intersubjectivity. That is, the very mechanism underlying matching behavior or correspondence is founded upon difference, preserving a space for the infant's independent gesture by locating that gesture in a different modality than the modality of the gesture that he receives. This is an experience in which subjectivity and materiality (insofar as the other's subjectivity is here an aspect of the material world) are so linked that the choice to not link does not exist—but subject and matter, infant and mother, are experienced differently. This combination of inescapable linkage and difference in mode of experience creates an ambiguity in which it is not clear what stems from within and what from without (Britton 2004). As with Winnicott's transitional object, the question cannot be posed or resolved. “You/not-you and me/not-me” dialogue lies neither strictly in the correspondences nor strictly in the differences between you and me. It is this paradox that contributes to the infant's early psychesoma (Winnicott 1949), in which an initial sense of inner and outer bodily experience (and so an experience of psyche) comes into being. WARNING! This text is printed for the personal use of the PEPWeb subscriber and is copyright to the Journal in which it originally appeared. It is illegal to copy, distribute or circulate it in any form. - 562 - Again and again, the developmental empirical literature suggests that there are biological underpinnings to the emergence of incipient symbolic space that stands as a third to the stimulus-bound dyad, and that this space—between given and created, between me and not-me, between me and you—is central to healthy communication. For example, studies of vocal rhythm matching between mother and infant suggest that low to mid-range tracking, as opposed to very high tracking, is optimal in predicting attachment (Jaffe et al. 2001). Similar patterns are revealed by studies of facial mirroring (Tronick and Cohn 1989). Reflecting on such findings, Beebe, Rustin, Sorter, and Knoblauch (2003) have posited a “balance model” in which “interactive coupling is present but not obligatory, and self-regulation is preserved but not excessive” (p. 834). What is it that these seemingly simple biological processes set the stage for? The subtle dance or “balance” between matching and mismatching, between correspondence and difference, between rupture and repair (Beebe and Lachmann 1994)—as with crossmodal translation between environmental stimulus and inner state—functions to create a space between materiality and inner experience. This space initially permits preverbal imitative or iconic behavior, but ultimately allows for much more. It not only allows for the infant's creation of personal meaning in his encounter with materiality; it also allows for, ever so gradually, the encounter with another's subjectivity to occur, and for the entrance of two emergent, desiring subjects who each share and transform communications of the other. In creating a pause, as it were, between receiving and giving, such biologically based mechanisms allow for the possibility that experience can be organized beyond reflecting the impress of matter in which one's thoughts, feelings, and perceptions simply happen, like “a clap of thunder or a hit” (Winnicott 1960, p. 141). And by providing a space for a not-us (as opposed to a stimulus-bound us), such mechanisms allow for the creation of a special frame whereby the processes of recognition and intersubjectivity (Benjamin 1995), as well as attendant experiences of personal agency (Slavin and Pollock 1997), can evolve. WARNING! This text is printed for the personal use of the PEPWeb subscriber and is copyright to the Journal in which it originally appeared. It is illegal to copy, distribute or circulate it in any form. - 563 - The Derailment of Transitionality In healthy development, as described above, the seeds for the constitution of an embodied subject located between subject and matter (mother and infant) are virtually coextensive. But, even in healthy development, we have reason to infer, as described above, that in the infant's earliest encounter with matter, matter prevails, if only for a very short period. Quite quickly, subjectivity begins to hold its own, claim its space, assert its own weight upon matter, render it meaningful, grant it subjectivity, and discover other (embodied) subjects in what will become an ongoing and perhaps always delicate balance of sustained meaning making. But what of the case of trauma? Lacan introduced to psychoanalysis the conception of a brute reality in his articulation of the register of “the Real.” Here he located the unnameable—that which bypasses or defies the cultural code of meaning creation. Here experience remains unformulated (Stern 1997), and the impress of matter eclipses the space for play and the humanizing impress of personal agency. This is the realm in which humanity is most inhumane. The caretaker's mirroring of the infant's cue—ideally, a means of promoting the infant's experience of agency and spontaneous gesture—is quite vulnerable to violations of the infant's intentionality and gesture. In the extreme, the brutish imposition of the caretaker's agenda and signifiers makes them become one and the same with “brute” reality (Atwood 2006)—crushing any incipient symbolic space and annihilating the infant's fledgling capacity to interpret or initiate his own meaningful gesture. Fonagy and Target (1998) warn of the infant's vulnerability to the extremes of mother's excessive matching or mismatching of the infant's cue. If mother's “mirroring is too accurate, the perception itself can become a source of fear, and it loses its symbolic potential” (p. 94). Mother gives only the infant back (and not also herself) and her too-accurate mirroring cannot be escaped. The infant remains more or less stimulus bound (what Meares [1997] calls stimulus entrapment), such as is the case when a child's affective experience is utterly tied to what is revealed by mother's face. The infant is reduced to a concretized existence, bound by who or what WARNING! This text is printed for the personal use of the PEPWeb subscriber and is copyright to the Journal in which it originally appeared. It is illegal to copy, distribute or circulate it in any form. - 564 - he already gives and is. Choices of state do not emerge, and there is nothing to make meaning of or to interpret. Likewise, while minor mismatching is seen as healthy and as providing the dyad an opportunity for interactive repair (Tronick 1989), excessive mismatching can violate the infant's agency. Mother bypasses the infant's cue and imposes her own agenda on the infant's nascent experience, such that mother gives only herself to the infant (and does not also give back the infant). Here the encounter between matter and the meaning-making mind has gone awry. The infant remains isolated, deprived of the warm and complex textures of transitionality, and may even withdraw from the project of actively wrestling with matter itself. Ogden's (1986, 1994) articulation of the sensory-dominated, autisticcontiguous mode of organizing experience captures such a deep withdrawal. Subjectivity here, interestingly, is dominated by sensory impressions of the material world. Or, put differently, materiality prevails, and an embattled and withdrawn subjectivity retreats, absorbs, and remains subject to the impress of matter (though subjectivity may find protective consolation in matter's sensuous textures). However, a meaningful grasp of psychesoma —let alone an intersubjective connection—does not simply evolve. Even in what we may consider moderate forms of psychopathology (in which, for example, the infant or patient experiences some degree of semiotic agency), primarily, the subject remains stuck in a state of imposed reality and coerced subjectivity. In this collapsed relationship between matter and subjectivity, both take on fixed, reified qualities, and neither benefits from the enlivening mutual influence we see in transitionality, in which an emergent space essential to semiotic and phenomenological empowerment evolves. Clinical Sequelae of Derailed Transitionality Most of our clinical literature tells the story of the pathway by which patients begin the arduous process of reclaiming their capacity WARNING! This text is printed for the personal use of the PEPWeb subscriber and is copyright to the Journal in which it originally appeared. It is illegal to copy, distribute or circulate it in any form. - 565 - to create subjective meaning of their experience, history, and identity beyond the imposed meanings they have received and reifications of them. This process of subjective creation, I argue, is nonetheless grounded in a relationship with materiality and is fundamental to reengaging (or engaging for the first time) in meaning making with others. In so doing, our patients transform themselves as subjects, making personal imprints in the realm of matter as well as in (what we now consider to be more familiar) relational terrain. Accordingly, the patient's encounter with the analyst may for long periods of time be experienced by both participants as a struggle to create meaning against the sheer impress of matter. My experience in writing this article has paralleled this encounter, as I have tried again and again to overcome the dead weight of words and jargon in order to bring alive these ideas. You, the reader, too, must contend with the weight of imposed matter in finding your way through the terrain of my words. “Tough going,” my readers say, letting me know that we are not yet in the vicinity of personal and shared aliveness. Yet this is what we experience as patients and analysts as we try to find some traction in the encounter that is, for the time being, one in which our subjective powers of meaning creation contend (and may become overwhelmed) by and with the encounter with matter. Despite obstacles and sweat, we nonetheless do find traction. After initially (and perhaps persistently) rejecting this unfamiliar terrain in which the matter of mind becomes something that can be known, discovered, interpreted, and influenced (and no longer belongs to the realm of what is), the patient may gradually signify that he is making an overture to discover a meaningful connection between two minds. First glimpses of this may emerge in the analyst's experience of a dehumanizing denial of and contempt for her subjectivity—the presence of which, nonetheless, betrays at least a dim contemplation of the other as an independent subject. Meanwhile, the patient may experience early discoveries of the analyst's internal complexity as contradictions that provide irrefutable evidence of the analyst's inauthenticity and hypocrisy, rather than as WARNING! This text is printed for the personal use of the PEPWeb subscriber and is copyright to the Journal in which it originally appeared. It is illegal to copy, distribute or circulate it in any form. - 566 - something meaningful that can be interpreted (Gentile, 2001; Ogden 1986, 1994). The patient who has inhabited a split realm in which experience is confined to reifications of subjectivity and reality may retreat to insistent longings for access to the real, is-who-it-is (thinglike) analyst. For example, one patient who insisted that she and I were only literal patient and therapist to each other (in which she described experiencing us as concretely real but emotionally unreal), repeatedly asked, “Who gets the real you?” Accompanying her dismissal of my subjectivity (and of her interest in interpreting me) was a selfannihilating is-what-it-is (Ogden 1986) quality visited upon her own subjectivity—a refusal (and a felt inability) to initiate the process whereby she could create her own signs requiring interpretation, allowing us both to come into being in an alive way, between reality and subjectivity. Often in such a treatment, the same patient who protests the literalness of her status as a patient also protests the literalness of the analyst's life beyond the analysis, revealing an omnipotent fantasy of an exclusive relationship, in which the analyst does not possess an independent subjectivity. This supports the thesis that a coerced subjectivity and an often more hidden omnipotent fantasy develop in tandem, and are linked with (but dissociated from) the literal, contingent reality. Notably, omnipotent fantasy has none of the qualities we commonly associate with fantasy, such as creativity and authorship, insofar as the patient organizes it in the same fixed, is-what-it-is way that she organizes reality. And although protected from the burdens and failures of recognition imposed by others, fantasy here (and the seeds of agency found within it) remain stagnant, ritualistic, and disenfranchised—not only from intersubjective sharing, but also from transitionality, i.e., the symbolic use of the material world. Simple manifestations of this collapsed relationship between matter and meaning occur regularly. For example, patients often dismiss the therapist's compliments of the patient as something the therapist “has to give”—as an obligation of being a therapist, and not as a matter of choice or desire. Or, the patient describes herself WARNING! This text is printed for the personal use of the PEPWeb subscriber and is copyright to the Journal in which it originally appeared. It is illegal to copy, distribute or circulate it in any form. - 567 - as if there is no matter of interpretation—as a certain type of person (“nice,” “caretaking,” “depressed,” etc.), or as having had a certain, prepackaged-type of developmental history or family. Here both subjectivity and reality, disenfranchised from meaning that is constituted in dialogue, instead remain locked in a fixed, dissociated relationship with each other. To whatever degree there is a preoccupation with reality in this fixed state, it is a preoccupation with an is-what-it-is reality. And, in place of personal meaning and an authentic sense of agency, a simultaneously loyal and spiteful commitment to an is-what-it-is identity and relationship dominates here.5 One patient, whose marginalized and demeaned status had crystallized within her family, came to treatment impatient with the reifications of identity that bogged her down. Frustrated in her longing for liberation, she insightfully reflected, “English doesn't have a verb for ‘to be’ that differentiates a temporary or alive state from a static, fixed state. There is no equivalent to the distinction in Spanish between estar and ser or the Italian stare and essere. Everyone thinks of me as if all my qualities are enduring and fixed. I need a verb to suggest that I'm alive, in-the-moment, not just fixed or prepackaged.” My patient, unable to initiate “play” with self-transformation and its attendant new meanings, remains here trapped by the burdens of an imposed reality and coerced subjectivity—which, as I have been suggesting, are in effect one and the same thing. However, her growing impatience and courage signal an emergent readiness to place her own spin on things—a willingness to initiate her own interpretations, a desire to take a fixed subjectivity, a fixed reality, and a fixed identity and play with them. But she is not yet ready to defy an original organizing-but-oppressive attachment relationship, nor to relinquish her private experience of omnipotent control, which she retreats to but also feels exiled by. The analyst's stance at this juncture is primarily analogous to that of the mother in the early stages of the creation/discovery of ————————————— 5 See Gentile (2001) for an elaboration of this point. WARNING! This text is printed for the personal use of the PEPWeb subscriber and is copyright to the Journal in which it originally appeared. It is illegal to copy, distribute or circulate it in any form. - 568 - the transitional object, as detailed earlier in this paper, but may extend to incorporate the analyst's need to create an experience of difference by “marking” her affective or interpretive responses to the patient. This introduction of the analyst's subjectivity encourages the evolution of symbolic space and the patient's ownership of her own interpretations. Nonetheless, the analyst's status as a separately recognized subject who is participating in a process of mutually generated meaning creation—which is a primary concern of many relational and intersubjectivist writings—is not yet constituted or developmentally relevant. Some patients enter treatment already capable of “moving” matter, as it were, but many others do not. For them, there may be a slow, excruciating ascent toward mastery of the forces of a looming and fixed subjectivity/reality, necessary in order to pry open the space to begin to play. Therefore, in addition to fulfilling the function outlined in Winnicott's description of the environmental mother at this level of meaning creation, I have found it useful for the analyst to actively question the fixed meanings and identities that patients ascribe to themselves and their worlds, and to suggest not only alternative meanings but to introduce to patients the possibility that meaning is something that they can, in effect, spin. For patients who have experienced having their realities invalidated or denied by the spin that someone else imposed upon them, the very idea that the road to greater emotional autonomy and personal agency involves placing a new spin on one's historically rooted identity may be experienced as morally aversive and not real. This is a critical obstacle, impeding the patient from experiencing a sense of entitlement and agency as a meaning maker. What seems to help patients make this transition is their dawning recognition that, in overcoming a confining adhesion to literal reality, they must also forfeit omnipotent fantasy. In that sense, the patient's spin is not independent of material constraints. A baby, says Winnicott (1971b), “creates an object but the object would not have been created as such if it had not already been there” (p. 71). It is only as patients begin to value (rather than WARNING! This text is printed for the personal use of the PEPWeb subscriber and is copyright to the Journal in which it originally appeared. It is illegal to copy, distribute or circulate it in any form. - 569 - to hold contempt for) this process and its empowering function that they begin to grant themselves permission to experiment with creating meaning at the crossroads of subjective and material life. Creating Meaning at the Juncture of Subjective and Material Life: Early Clinical Markers In the examples that follow, I note some of the very early phenomenological markers—the significance of which can often be overlooked because of their quality of mundaneness—that indicate this process has indeed begun. These are moments in which patients begin the process of destroying the it-ness of a brute reality (and its corollary split between coerced and omnipotent subjectivity), thereby opening the interpretive space between the symbol and the symbolized in which the patient can initiate a process of new meaning creation. “It was you, but not you,” begins my patient, Sandra, in telling me about her dream. “You were your usual self, but then kind of angry, scary. But the best part of the dream,” she goes on, “was that I was in it. Well, it was me and not-me. I was me, but I was thin and elegant—and sexy, with gray hair but it had a jet-black, exotic streak in it!” Another patient, Carolyn, characteristically emotionally detached (or, as I have argued, confiningly attached) in our meetings, tells me of a dream in which she was reunited with her spouse, now dead three years. She says to me, crying, “I could see him—in the dream, he was alive, but I knew he was dead. But he didn't know. I think he was trying to speak to me, but I couldn't hear him, and I kept trying to get closer to him but it was so crowded and noisy. I'm crying out to him—‘Sam, I'm here! How are you? Do you need help?’” Carolyn continues to cry as she tells me. We are talking about her dream that is not strictly a dream. And we are talking about her dead spouse who is not strictly dead in this dream. It is also the most connected and alive emotional space that she has inhabited WARNING! This text is printed for the personal use of the PEPWeb subscriber and is copyright to the Journal in which it originally appeared. It is illegal to copy, distribute or circulate it in any form. - 570 - with him since his death. And it is the most engaged moment that she and I have ever shared. A third patient, Dave, has resisted using the couch for years. I have not endorsed his use of it, but have been curious about his episodic, spontaneous protestations against its usage. Several years back, his experience of the couch was not open for interpretation. It was what it was: a couch, but in some sense less than a couch; it was to him a coffin—the same coffin that held all psychoanalytic patients. Now he tells me that, before, the couch was a place to which his pride would not let him venture. “I'll lie down only if you lie down, too,” he would say, barely containing his fury and humiliation at the idea of lying there—exposed, alone, as if forever merely an object before my unresponsive or judging eyes. But now, no longer wedded to the formerly concretized couch (and to a concretized him and me), he exhibits a new quality of interest, just visible around the corner from his protest. Now he experiences a longing, a curiosity, a desire for adventure. And, with that experiential shift, there is a move away from his locked-in belief about our fundamental and literal separateness, from a formerly positivist view of me as detached, observing him. A simultaneous confidence is emergent: perhaps the couch is not only not a coffin, but also not merely a couch; it has other possibilities. Dave can discover and explore the couch, and perhaps not reduce himself to a fixed, reified him, and I need not be reduced to a fixed, reified me. “I suppose,” he tells me, “the couch can be like the Internet … there're lots of possibilities.” And, looking over at me, he adds, “And who knows? Maybe you'll decide to join the action.” Emergent Transformations of Subjectivity and Reality: The Birth of a Transitional Subject In the space that is newly conceived in these patients' minds—a space formerly foreclosed to each of them—there is a dawning WARNING! This text is printed for the personal use of the PEPWeb subscriber and is copyright to the Journal in which it originally appeared. It is illegal to copy, distribute or circulate it in any form. - 571 - sense that new experience is possible. Despite the concrete “realness” of Sandra's body/self, of Carolyn's dead spouse, and of Dave's couch (let alone the concretized coffin, its symbolic equivalent), there now simultaneously exists imaginative possibility. In each case, the patient's affect has come to contain glimpses of wonder, interest, curiosity, and hope—a shift for each from a long-enduring depressive cast, that of a glass perennially half empty, of a fixed landscape. Sandra, large and obese, has never before dared to transcend a concrete physicality and fixed subjectivity. But now she enters a realm between her subjectivity and physicality—a realm she previously located as not-me. Carolyn learns that she can find a place in which to overcome not only the literalness of her husband's death, but also her omnipotent denial of his death; both these phenomena emerged in tandem, compromising her ability to grieve. But by resurrecting her connection to her husband in a location between death and aliveness, she creates him as a transitional object, dead but alive—thereby allowing herself to mourn his actual death, and, in so doing, to resurrect her own stagnant, deadened life. And Dave now contemplates the possibility of a psychic relationship between the two of us that can be lived and experienced, in which we both reinvent ourselves as subjects rather than continuing to endure as sidelined objects. He can now, at least dimly, conceive of a process in which we will both bring ourselves more fully alive in a shared process of making meaning, instead of participating in an activity that he previously found inescapably deadening—the utterly literal correctness of his perception that I will not lie on the couch with him, that instead he will lie there alone. These patients, in this often deceptively subtle transition and these seemingly ordinary moments, are in fact taking a bold step. They are relinquishing the need to organize experience according to a rigidly held perfectionism and a rigidly held epistemology that perceives only the literally or concretely real. In a daring statement of self-empowerment, the patient (or, initially, the patient as dreamer) no longer concedes (strictly) to the concrete realities of WARNING! This text is printed for the personal use of the PEPWeb subscriber and is copyright to the Journal in which it originally appeared. It is illegal to copy, distribute or circulate it in any form. - 572 - an overweight, aging body; of a dead spouse; or of a couch (let alone a couch upon which only one person will actually lie) that may be experienced in either its everyday terms or in terms of the symbolic equivalence of coffin.6 In this defiant act, the patient liberates heror himself, assuming a fledgling identity as artist, creating—at least in that moment—a different reality. Just as when Winnicott's baby creates the object, the object that is already there waiting to be created, in this transformative moment, the patient creates something new and important. But that is not all. Not only are things becoming the objects of playful interpretation, so also is the self that engages in that play. In these instances, the patient is taking a next step in transitionality. The patient, no longer conceding to a former fixed, brute reality, no longer concedes to the reifications of a coerced and omnipotent subjectivity either—marking a beginning of that process whereby she/he will create not only the transitional object, but also the self as a transitional subject capable of imagining her/his own life. In doing so, the patient not only defies the confines of a purely material reality, but also is no longer strictly bound to a purely repetitiously psychical reality either. Subjective experience, in those confining polarities, is limited to the experience of oneself as a reified object: a person with an overweight body, a widow, or someone lying alone on a couch before an other's objectifying (and annihilating) eye—and, alternatively, to the experience of oneself, in fantasy, as omnipotent, self-sufficient, chosen, and the like. In refusing to concede to the reification of either subjectivity or reality, my patients are granting themselves newfound semiotic freedom by rejecting their consignment to imposed meanings and by introducing personal subjectivity in the newly created space between the signified and the signifier. At the same time, in ————————————— 6 The symbolic equation, as elaborated by Segal (1957), represents a function that occurs prior to symbolization, in which the symbol does not stand for the thing, but is that thing. Interestingly, a “coffin” may be the consummate symbolic equivalent insofar as it reflects a closed, sealed space for the dead. One cannot stay alive in a coffin, or psychically alive in a state of its symbolic equivalence. WARNING! This text is printed for the personal use of the PEPWeb subscriber and is copyright to the Journal in which it originally appeared. It is illegal to copy, distribute or circulate it in any form. - 573 - these fledgling moments, they grant themselves new phenomenological status as agents taking action in repositioning me, repositioning us, and repositioning themselves by, for example, no longer subjecting themselves to the confining positions prescribed by the experiential burden of labels such as patient and analyst. By opening a space between an existence mired in a rigidly held subjectivity and a simultaneous, rigidly held reality, they are creating a locus for their own real (including bodily) experience, sense of identity, and personal agency—in a transitional space located not only between matter and subjectivity, but also (and, significantly, in their evolution toward intersubjectivity) between us and not-us. With this emergent capacity for meaning creation, what is experienced as real remains, in part—but now only in part—a subjective creation. It has become partially constituted by material reality as well. At the same time, the unyielding aspects of matter, formerly experienced as immutable and, therefore, as both literally real and unreal (unknowable), now yield to subjective intent. Of one piece, despite the split upon which they are built, omnipotent fantasy and coerced subjectivity now each give way—but whereas omnipotent fantasy begins to be animated by material life, coerced subjectivity (and its contingent concretized reality) begins to be animated by imaginative life. The location of real experience thus simultaneously slips beyond omnipotent fantasy and beyond a fixed is-what-it-is subjectivity and reality, creating an intermediate space that both enlivens our reality and gives “reality to our life” (Bollas 1992, p. 245). One of my patients, like the three discussed above, struggled with the problem of being locked in a split between an enslaved, coerced subjectivity and an omnipotent one, came in the course of our work to refer to herself alternately as a prima donna (who refused to engage in the roll-up-your-sleeves, real-world work necessary to achieve her goals) or as a slave (who experienced herself as coercively bearing the disavowed grunt work and emotional toxic waste of anyone she was close to). Now poised to begin to create meaning (and herself) at the juncture of subjective creation and materiality, she reflected upon her dilemma up to this point. Quite poignantly (if also overschematically), she said: WARNING! This text is printed for the personal use of the PEPWeb subscriber and is copyright to the Journal in which it originally appeared. It is illegal to copy, distribute or circulate it in any form. - 574 - The prima-donna-me needs reality to humble me, to make me not a superhero but human. But the slave-me needs fantasy to lift my spirit and give it hope. One part of me needs reality; the other part needs fantasy. One part has been too afraid that reality would not only humble me, but humiliate me. The other part has been too afraid to dare to dream. The Turn Toward Thirdness This discussion has focused on the critical role that playing with matter has in the developmental line of intersubjectivity. For Winnicott, transitional space lies between materiality and what is subjectively created, and his attention to material reality may be understood in today's parlance as his intuitive effort to grapple with a third, rather than restricting the process of meaning making to the sphere of the dyad (Muller 1996). Mother, infant, and the world “out there” contribute to the infant's creation of transitionality. Making explicit the seeds of triangular space in Winnicott's thought and building upon Davidson's (1989, 1992) ideas of a triangulating process, Cavell (1998) elaborates her conception of the space she sees as “triangulated”: By one mind, other minds, and the objective world, discoverable by each of them, existing independently of their beliefs and will, a world [is created that] they share in fact, and which they know they share …. Take away this third point of the triangle, the objective world, and we are left with no minds at all …. Forego the idea that analyst and patient share a common world, despite the differences in their experiences of it, and we make the idea of interpretation unintelligible; for interpretation requires that there be public things. [p. 451, italics added] If symbolic space is understood to exist as a third to the dyad, then we can say that it is not you; it is not me; it is, rather, you (and not-you) and me (and not-me) making something of what is (what is and not is, but imagined). You and I make meaning together, but that meaning is grounded in part in something beyond us (culture, WARNING! This text is printed for the personal use of the PEPWeb subscriber and is copyright to the Journal in which it originally appeared. It is illegal to copy, distribute or circulate it in any form. - 575 - biology, materiality)—in an independent third, such as that of a semiotic code (Muller 1996); a deeper structure (Gentile 1998); a biologically based, adaptive design (Slavin and Kriegman 1992); or a nascent or energetic third (Benjamin 2004). Without the emergence of this subjectivity, intersubjectivity cannot exist. Once we accept the premise that intersubjectivity evolves in part from this relationship with matter, we can infer that a hallmark feature of intersubjectivity is its visibility, because matter itself takes up space. That is, intersubjectivity becomes a meaningfully distinct form of relatedness only insofar as the subject emerges at the juncture of a visible, material world located in a real location between mind and matter, psyche and soma, between me and not-me (in the sense that Winnicott intended, beyond omnipotence).7 Clinically, this means that, in order for two persons to come into being as mutually recognizing subjects, they must be “findable” to themselves and to each other as embodied (simultaneously subjective and material) presences. This means that both subjects must not only take residence in their own minds, but also “out there,” in the visible me/not-me world. In its recent contemplation of ideas of thirdness, psychoanalysis may be seen as opening up an implicit but obscured materiality and transitionality upon which the evolution of intersubjectivity is predicated. In doing so, psychoanalysis may be seen as revisiting Freud's (1900) original concerns with the dialectic between subjectivity and materiality from the vantage point of intersubjectivity. It is at this crossroads of subjectivity and materiality, of dyadic and triadic relations, that the realm of subject-subject relations (the domain of intersubjectivity proper) is best understood. ————————————— 7 I wish to distinguish my use of the term not-me from the now widely used and important conception that Bromberg (1998) has advanced, in which not-merefers to self states that have been dissociated and the therapeutic aim of creating linkages between me and not-me so as to broaden the patient's “experience of ‘me-ness’” (p. 204). While there is overlap, I am primarily interested in the space between me and the notme world, in the sense that Winnicott intended, which involves a use of aspects of the world beyond omnipotence in the creation of meaning. WARNING! This text is printed for the personal use of the PEPWeb subscriber and is copyright to the Journal in which it originally appeared. It is illegal to copy, distribute or circulate it in any form. - 576 - Conclusion I began this article by invoking Winnicott's depiction of the infant wrestling with matter in creating the transitional object, and by suggesting that this quest builds upon an earlier foundation in which the infant wrestles with mother as matter—through interactions with her face and bodily and vocal gestures, but not with her independent subjectivity per se. For a long period, mother's subjectivity continues to exist in the service of expansion of her infant's emergent sense of agency (and omnipotence), located at the juncture of the infant's mind and matter, his psyche and soma, his psyche and her soma. As the infant gains degrees of personal freedom as an independent contributor to meaning creation, so, too, does mother, each claiming (or reclaiming) greater personal ownership of his/her own psychesoma. Despite the infant's personal freedom to create his own meaning, it is, however, not without limit. He must surrender to what is beyond his omnipotence—to the immutable properties of matter (the teddy bear, the blanket, and even his own body), and eventually to the otherness of mother's personal and independent subjectivity—-if he is to participate in shared cultural life. Meaning creation is not strictly a matter of subjective creation, but it is also not strictly a matter of creation between subjects; it is composed, in part, of the realm of matter. In healthy development, the encounter between mind and matter is nearly seamless. The surrender to what is, and the simultaneous transcendence of what is, gives rise to a developmental trajectory of intersubjectivity in which mother and infant become knowable and findable to each other as subjects. Throughout, a third—or a not-me or you or us—plays a pivotal role in my becoming myself, in my knowing you, and in my relating as us. Matter becomes the first in a line of thirds that will always be central to our experience of being subjects together. We will always share in recognizing the immutability of “something” that is both in each of us and beyond each of us, even as we all nonetheless imbue that something with meaning. WARNING! This text is printed for the personal use of the PEPWeb subscriber and is copyright to the Journal in which it originally appeared. It is illegal to copy, distribute or circulate it in any form. - 577 - Accordingly, intersubjectivity can be seen not only as resurrecting subjectivity from its is-what-it-is conditions by highlighting the birth of an interpreting subject, as Ogden (1994) compellingly demonstrates. Equally, if less explicitly, it may be seen as resurrecting reality from its brute conditions by giving it a subject who, in turn, transforms it to some degree. It is not only that symbol making transforms the material world in our eyes, but also that we do, in fact, make changes in the material world itself through such activity. Much of the dance of emergent mental life lies in the growing experience of when matter yields to subjective intent and when subjective intent must yield to matter's unyielding initselfness.8 Similarly, much of the dance of intersubjective life is predicated upon how you and I are influenced by—and how we yield to and do not yield to—each other's influence and intent (Pizer 1992; Slavin and Kriegman 1998). Only marginally touched upon in this article, this mutual influence and yielding/not yielding are themselves predicated upon not only an encounter between minds, but also upon an original engagement of mind with matter. As Muller (1996) has persuasively argued, our capacity to enrich the world with meaning means that we must concede to a third, to cultural limits, to a code of meaning and signification that is rooted in the world beyond our omnipotence and beyond us as a dyad. It is this struggle that I believe Freud intuited and grappled with in his original formulations on the relationship between unconscious wish and reality, that Winnicott perceived in his paradoxical conception of the human subject as constituted in intersubjective and transitional space, and that contemporary psychoanalysis is contending with as it enriches a constructivist sensibility and theories of intersubjectivity with anchoring conceptions of thirdness. The clinical illustrations presented here are commonplace and almost unremarkable but for the ways in which they herald the patient's reentry (or entry for the first time) into a realm in which he/ ————————————— 8 I thank Britton (2004) for invaluable editorial help in elaborating this point. WARNING! This text is printed for the personal use of the PEPWeb subscriber and is copyright to the Journal in which it originally appeared. It is illegal to copy, distribute or circulate it in any form. - 578 - she initiates personal contributions to the world of matter, making that world matter and become meaningful. I have suggested that, as infant and patient engage in these activities, they not only create the transitional object as Winnicott described it, but also begin to constitute themselves and us (as their analysts) as transitional subjects who are located in a visible space between psyche and soma, subjectivity and materiality. That process, initiated by, but extending considerably beyond, the clinical material presented here, becomes more fully realized with the further evolution of intersubjectivity, its space of thirdness, and the rich possibilities for human interaction that come with the daringness to transcend and surrender to what is. 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It is illegal to copy, distribute or circulate it in any form. - 582 - Article Citation [Who Cited This?] Gentile, J. (2007). Wrestling With Matter: Origins of Intersubjectivity. Psychoanal. Q., 76:547-582 Copyright © 2013, Psychoanalytic Electronic Publishing. Help | About | Download PEP Bibliography | Report a Problem WARNING! This text is printed for the personal use of the subscriber to PEP Web and is copyright to the Journal in which it originally appeared. It is illegal to copy, distribute or circulate it in any form whatsoever.