Non-professional Interpreting and Translation in the Media

Table of Contents Rachele Antonini and Chiara Bucaria NPIT in the media: An overview of the ield and main issues �������������������������������7 Representations of NPIT on Screen Delia Chiaro Mimesis, reality and ictitious intermediation �������������������������������������������������������23 Giuseppe De Bonis Mediating intercultural encounters on screen� he representation of non-professional interpreting in ilm ��������������������������������43 From Non-Professional to Professional Status Chiara Bucaria “I didn’t think it was appropriate”: Considerations on taboo humour in the subtitling classroom �������������������������������������������������������������������������67 Anna Bączkowska Quantitative study of non-professional subtitles and implications for corpus-based translator training �������������������������������������������������89 NPIT on the Internet and Other Media Minako O’Hagan Relections on professional translation in the age of translation crowdsourcing�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 115 Ulf Norberg and Ursula Stachl-Peier Hedging markers in non-professional translations of individual words and expressions ������������������������������������������������������������������������� 133 Rachele Antonini Non-professional media interpreting of radio interviews ��������������������������������� 149 Dingkun Wang and Xiaochun Zhang he cult of dubbing and beyond: Fandubbing in China ������������������������������������ 173 6 Table of Contents Alessandro Ghignoli and María Gracia Torres Díaz Interpreting performed by professionals of other ields: he case of sports commentators �������������������������������������������������������������������������� 193 Fansubbing David Orrego-Carmona Internal structures and worklows in collaborative subtitling ��������������������������� 211 Silvia Bruti and Serenella Zanotti Non-professional subtitling in close-up: a study of interjections and discourse markers ��������������������������������������������������������������������� 231 Ornella Lepre Translating culture in fansubs: proper name cultural references in 30 Rock ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 257 Editors’ and Contributors’ Bionotes���������������������������������������������������������������������� 281 

Antonini, Rachele / Bucaria, Chiara (eds.) Non-professional Interpreting and Translation in the Media Frankfurt am Main, Berlin, Bern, Bruxelles, New York, Oxford, Wien, 2016. 286 pp., 37 tables, 5 graphs Interfaces. Studies in Language, Mind and Translation. Vol. 8 General Editor: Anna Bączkowska Print: ISBN 978-3-631-65483-5 hb. (Hardcover) SFR 68.00 / €* 59.95 / €** 61.60 / € 56.00 / £ 45.00 / US$ 72.95 eBook: ISBN 978-3-653-04731-8 SFR 71.65 / €* 66.64 / €** 67.20 / € 56.00 / £ 45.00 / US$ 72.95 Order online: www.peterlang.com Book synopsis Non-professional Interpreting and Translation (NPIT) is a recent discipline. Books and volumes on this subject that combine all the different fields are extremely uncommon and authoritative reference material is scarce and mostly scattered through disparate specialized journals. There are many areas and aspects of NPIT in the media that to date have been under researched or utterly neglected. The aim of this volume is therefore to fill an important gap in the academic market and to provide an overview of diverse aspects of non-professional interpreting and translation in the media. The volume consists of a collection of essays by eminent international scholars and researchers from the field of Translation and Interpreting Studies. Contents Contents: Rachele Antonini/Chiara Bucaria: NPIT in the media: An overview of the field and main issues – Delia Chiaro: Mimesis, reality and fictitious intermediation – Giuseppe De Bonis: Mediating intercultural encounters on screen. The representation of non-professional interpreting in film – Chiara Bucaria: «I didn’t think it was appropriate»: Considerations on taboo humour in the subtitling classroom – Anna Bączkowska: Quantitative study of non-professional subtitles and implications for corpus-based translator training – Minako O’Hagan: Reflections on professional translation in the age of translation crowdsourcing – Ulf Norberg/Ursula Stachl-Peier: Hedging markers in non-professional translations of individual words and expressions – Rachele Antonini: Non-professional media interpreting of radio interviews – Dingkun Wang/ Xiaochun Zhang: The cult of dubbing and beyond: Fandubbing in China – Alessandro Ghignoli/María Gracia Torres Díaz: Interpreting performed by professionals of other fields: The case of sports commentators – David Orrego-Carmona: Internal structures and workflows in collaborative subtitling – Silvia Bruti/Serenella Zanotti: Non-professional subtitling in close-up: a study of interjections and discourse markers – Ornella Lepre: Translating culture in fansubs: proper name cultural references in 30 Rock. About the author(s)/editor(s) Rachele Antonini is Senior Lecturer in English Language and Translation at the Department of Interpretation and Translation of the University of Bologna at Forlì. Her main research interests focus on sociolinguistics, audiovisual translation, Humour Studies, non-professional interpreting and translation. Chiara Bucaria is Lecturer in English Language and Translation at the Department of Interpretation and Translation of the University of Bologna at Forlì. Her main research interests include audiovisual translation, censorship in translation, fansubbing, Humour Studies, and Television Studies. Our prices are recommended retail prices and are exclusive of shipping costs. We reserve the right to alter prices. We supply to libraries at a discount of 5%. * incl. VAT - only applies to Germany and EU customers without VAT Reg No ** incl. VAT – only applies to Austria Peter Lang – International Academic Publishers Moosstrasse 1 – POB 350 CH-2542 Pieterlen / Switzerland Tel. ++41 (0)32 376 17 17 – Fax ++41 (0)32 376 17 27 e-mail: [email protected] Website: www.peterlang.com 

Rachele Antonini and Chiara Bucaria NPIT in the media: An overview of the ield and main issues1 1. Rationale of the volume he present volume was initially inspired by the First International Conference on Non-professional Interpreting and Translation (NPIT1) that took place at the former Advanced School of Modern Languages for Interpreters and Translators (now the Department of Interpreting and Translation) of the University of Bologna in Forlì in 2012� he number and variety of papers devoted to non-professional interpreting and translation (henceforth NPIT) that were presented at the conference conirmed the need for such an event where scholars and researchers dealing with this speciic form of linguistic and cultural mediation can share their studies without being relegated in sessions or panels that have nothing or little to do with NPIT� Hence the importance of having forums like NPIT conferences where scholars and researchers coming from diferent disciplines and dealing with different aspects and facets of NPIT can present their work� he outcome was two volumes focussing on two speciic settings: NPIT in institutional settings (Antonini et al. forthcoming) and the present volume� However, since the great majority of papers presented at NPIT1 focussed on one speciic form of NPIT in the media, i�e� fansubbing, the editors of this volume decided to invite researchers who deal with other aspects of this topic to submit an article in order to present a more varied and nuanced depiction of this speciic area of NPIT� 1.1 Deinitions NPIT is a diicult practice to deine, its contours slippery and blurred, its domains all-encompassing� Its scope encompasses all those linguistic and cultural mediation activities performed by people (bilingual speakers) who have had no formal training and who are oten not remunerated for their work as an interpreter/ translator� he use of this term is quite recent and is rapidly surpassing other labels that have been and are used to deine this practice and which include ad 1 he chapter was prepared jointly by the two authors� However, Rachele Antonini is speciically responsible for section 1 and Chiara Bucaria for section 2� 8 Rachele Antonini and Chiara Bucaria hoc interpreting, family interpreting, informal interpreting, language brokering, lay interpreting, native and natural translation/interpreting (Antonini 2015)� Yet, while contributing to isolating fundamental aspects of this practice they do not manage to provide a description that unambiguously sets it apart from professional interpreting and translation� With the premise that the juxtaposition of the preix non- is not suicient to set it apart from professional practice and following Antonini et al.’s (forthcoming) comprehensive assessment of the terminology that has been employed over the last four decades to deine NPIT, it is possible to identify a set of speciic features attached to this practice� he terms ‘natural’ and ‘native’ translator where developed in bilingualism and interpreting and translation studies� ‘Natural translator’ has been used to refer to the natural aptitude for bilingual speakers to translate in everyday circumstances without having had any special training for it (Harris 1973, Harris and Sherwood 1978)� With the term ‘native translator’ Toury (1995) put forward a similar notion which, however, did not consider bilingualism as a precondition for the development of translation competence and stressed the importance of other factors such as social motivation for translating, the social functions that govern the need for translation and/or its end products� ‘Informal’ (Meyer et al. 2010) and ‘lay’ interpreting (Pöchhacker 2004) are generally used to deine the unoicial, unpaid and untrained aspect of NPIT practices particularly in health and institutional settings (thus not accounting for the formality that characterizes both the place and the interaction that take place in such settings)� ‘Ad hoc’ denotes the unplanned nature of NPIT although, as Antonini et al. observe, “much NPIT is – if not planned – at least strongly expected to take place, by either primary party (or even both parties) and/or the interpreter, in a number of circumstances in which participants are aware that there is no professional option available” (forthcoming)� ‘Family interpreting’ is a term coined by Valdes (2003) to deine the role played by both adults and children in allowing their families to interact and communicate with members and representatives of the institution and society of their new country of residence� ‘Language brokering’ (Shannon 1990, Tse 1995) and ‘para-phrasing’ (Orellana et al. 2003) refer to the interpreting and translations performed by children, mostly of immigrant origin, but also by the children of deaf adults� While limiting the scope of NPIT to children-mediated events these two terms succeed in capturing the complex nature of this practice which is not limited to the mere transferral of information from one language into another� Finally, we would like to mention a term of more recent coinage which is ‘unrecognized translation’� Harris, in one of the entries in his blog www�unprofessionaltranslation�com, deines this form of translation as the interpreting/translating “that goes unrecognized because it forms part and NPIT in the media: An overview of the ield and main issues 9 parcel of some other job”2, thus emphasizing the vast scope of NPIT and the fact that just a small parcel of this practice has so far been studied� Given all the above, we feel that the term ‘non-professional’ is probably the best umbrella term “not just because it is a generic enough rubric to subsume a wide range of practices, but also because it lacks the biases that other terms seem to have” (Antonini et al. forthcoming)� he media setting is even more susceptible to the overlap between professionalism and non-professionalism to the point that in every situation in which any form of interpreting and/or translation is needed people may resort equally to either professionals or non-professionals to provide media content in another language� Moreover, as many chapters in this volume contend, the non-professionals who end up providing an interpreting or translation service might not provide a service that is up to the standards of a professional, but will however do so without being detrimental to the overall comprehension and fruition of the event/text they are mediating� hey may be professionals or experts in other areas and disciplines, who in speciic settings (e�g� sports, journalism, entertainment), by virtue of their competence, luency and proiciency in another language are able to provide a satisfactory rendition of what is said/written in a foreign language thus helping the inal users partake in the mediated event/text� Hence where is the ine line between professional and non-professional? What are the deining elements that can help us set one apart from the other? Non-professional interpreters and translators are generally deined as untrained, unremunerated, not abiding by a code of ethics or standards of practice, and lacking in social prestige� However, the application of these features to NPIT in the media shows that, in reality, this may not be the case� For instance, as in the case of fansubbing, non-professionals are in fact recruited (cfr� Orrego, and O’Hagan this volume) and are required to follow standards of practice created by either the community in which they are active as interpreters/translators (as in the case of fansubbers) or by the professional category to which they belong� Moreover, even though their job as interpreters/translators is generally unremunerated, in some cases, like for instance DJ interpreters (cfr� Antonini this volume), although not paid for their role as an interpreter, they are paid for their job as DJs and when performing interpreting activities they retain the prestige attached to being a professional in the radio sector� Lastly, non-professionals who interpret/translate in the media, in most cases, are unqualiied having not received any training in this 2 his entry was published in 2012 and can be consulted at http://unprofessionaltranslation�blogspot�it/2012/11/unrecognized-translators-tour-guides�html� 10 Rachele Antonini and Chiara Bucaria speciic profession, however, this does not necessarily mean that they are incompetent as, over time, they can acquire expertise and competence in a speciic area of interpreting/translation in the media� 2. Issues in NPIT in the media he theorization of concepts useful to a discussion of the various areas of NPIT in the media mentioned above has been mainly ofered by the disciplines of Translation Studies and Media and Communication Studies, with the most valuable contributions being the ones spanning across these ields� In particular, scholarship in the subields of audiovisual translation, fan studies, audience studies, television and ilm studies, and game studies, among others, has tackled issues related to non-professionals translating and sometimes distributing oral or written material through various media platforms� Far from being an all-encompassing review of existing academic work in all areas of NPIT in the media, this introduction aims at contextualizing some of the situations in which this form of interpreting and translation is present, leaving more in-depth literature reviews to the individual chapters� Common to most forms of NPIT are some crucial changes that have occurred – mainly in the last decades of the 20th century – in the dynamics in which media content is produced, accessed and consumed� Particularly, the increased accessibility of the Internet and the advancement of digital technologies have ampliied the ways in which users can access, interact with and modify audiovisual material, putting in motion what Jenkins has called “participatory culture” (2006)� In this context, users are not only consumers of online content but by producing this content they have also become prosumers (Tapscott and Williams 2006), thus essentially re-appropriating and engaging with online material in new and stimulating ways, such as fan vids, mash-ups, and faniction� he above-mentioned changes have also drastically modiied the volume and impact of NPIT in the media� Speciically, the prominence and growth of user-generated content (UGC) have also been accompanied by “user-generated translation” (UGT) (O’Hagan 2009: 97), or forms of translation directly produced by users or fans, who typically receive no monetary compensation for their services� In the last few years the impact of amateur or volunteer translation has been so inluential that O’Hagan has noted that “Translation Studies can no longer aford to overlook the fan translation phenomenon” (2008: 179) and Cronin (2010) has coined the phrase “technological turn” to suggest the importance that recent technological advances have had on the ways in which translation scholars (should) now approach and conceive of this discipline�