Darwinistisk arkeologi
Petter Snekkestad2011, Primitive tider
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Can Darwinian concepts invigorate archaeology? This piece argues that biological analogies to human cultural change might serve our discipline well. Through numerous intertwined theoretical branches, like dual inheritance theory, niche construction theory and the application of phylogenetic methods, material culture is put in an explicitly historical relationship. In an evolutionary sense, this relationship is one that underline show artifacts, ideas, or any number of cultural phenomena go through a process of what Darwin described as descent and how these new traits were transmitted (descended)between generations. Hence, variation is not typological noise, but rather an avenue for further temporal and spatial “darwinistisk kulturevolusjon”, or just “DKE”), evolutionary psychology is here seen as a fruitful approach to answering why some widely observed cultural phenomena appear more easily transmitted than others. Evolutionary archaeology does not claim to offer an exclusive explanation to cultural change. On the contrary,other theoretical approaches – like agency theory or chaîne opératoire, to name a few – can complement or correct the analogy from biological evolution to human cultural change is just that; an analogy. It cannot adopt the straightforward causality of genetic inheritance and mutation. However, the framework still translates keenly to the study of cultural evolution. The social sciences harbour a deep suspicion towards Darwinism. The many twisted misuses of evolutionary theoryin previous centuries have turned it into a dirty word. The article argues that the impact of post-processual thought on Scandinavian archaeology, which in part positioned itself through an ideological critique of Darwinism, still hinders the application of evolutionary ideas. In particular,the notion of reductionism has made archaeologists waryof studying human behaviour in light of naturalism or generality. Yet, cautiously applied reductionism is useful in explaining certain historical dynamics.
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DEBATT
Darwinistisk arkeologi
Petter Snekkestad
Innledning
D¼t" ctmgqnqikgp" n‹pg" gv" ¼tg" vkn" FctykpA" Ugnx" uqo" fcppgt" gp" vcpmgd{ipkpi" ogf" xgmv" r‹"
qo"fg"cnngt"Þguvg"hqtumgtg"dgvtcmvgt"gxqnwulqpu jxqtfcp"mwnvwtgnng"hgpqogpgt"qxgth¼tgu"ognnqo"
vgqtkgp" uqo" gp" gngicpv" hqtmnctkpi" r‹" dkqnqikum" ogppgumgt" *Dq{f" qi" Tkejgtuqp" 3;:7=" Ecxcnnk/
ocpihqnf." xkn" h‹" i‹" ogf" r‹" cv" fg" ucoog" Uhqt¦c" qi" Hgnfocp" 3;:3+0" Fgppg" tgvpkpigp"
ogmcpkuogpg"gt" i{nfkig" hqt" jxqtfcp" mwnvwtgnng" xkn" fc" qiu‹" x¹tg" ctvkmmgngpu" jqxgfcpnkiigpfg0"
hgpqogpgt"qrruv‹t"qi"dtgt"qo"ugi0"Nkmg"hwnnv"jct" Lgi" xkn" hqtu¼mg" ‹" xkug" cv" fctykpkuvkumg" kpphcnnu
kulturinteresserte biologer og enkelte humanister vinkler kan gi nyttige bidrag til den arkeologiske
fg" ukuvg" 62" ‹tgpg" hqtowngtv" gv" tkmv" vgqtgvkum" cpcn{ugp0" Fgv" mtgxgt" cv" xk" hqtncvgt" u{pgv" r‹"
dgitgruxgtm"uqo"vtgmmgt"xctuqoog"cpcnqikgt"htc" gxqnwulqpuvgqtk"uqo"gpukfki"tgfwmulqpkuvkum."qi"
dkqnqikgpu" qxgth¼tkpi" cx" kphqtoculqp" ilgppqo" upctgtg"qohcxpgt"fgpu"xkvgpumcrgnkig"rqvgpukcn"
igpgpg." vkn" jxqtfcp" mwnvwt" dnkt" hqtokfngv" k" kpp/ i studiet av kulturelle endringer.
xkmngfg." ogp" fgnxku" hqtwvukidctg" uqukcng" hqtogt0"
Paraplybetegnelsen darwinistisk arkeologi
Ogf"gv"mnctv"hqmwu"r‹"mwnvwtgnn"gpftkpi"qxgt"d‹fg" qohcvvgt"kh¼nig"Ujgppcp"*422:+"vq"jqxgftgvpkpigt."
mqtvg"qi"ncpig"vkfuurgpp."ilgppqo"gmugorgnxku" FMG"qi"cvhgtfu¼mqnqik."uqo"dgiig"dng"wvhqtogv"
h{nqigpkumg" ogvqfgt." jgxfgt" fkuug" cv" gxqnw r‹"3;92/"qi"3;:2/vcnngv0"FMG."uqo"k"ctmgqnqikum"
ulqpuctmgqnqik" mcp" vknh¼tg" hcigv" gp" gvvgtngpivgv" hqtuvcpf" h¼tuv" dng" hqtowngtv" cx" Fwppgnn" *3;9:."
jkuvqtkukvgv" *N{ocp" qi" QÓDtkgp" 3;;:=" Octykem" 3;:2+."ngiigt"xgmv"r‹"‹"hqtuv‹"jxqtfcp"mwnvwtgnng"
4228." Oguqwfk" qi" QÓDtkgp" 422;+0" Unkmg" vkn/ vtcfkulqpgt" wvxkmngt" ugi0" Ocvgtkgnn" mwnvwt" mcp"
ftcignugt"jct"u‹"ncpiv"jqxgfucmgnki"x¹tv"vkn"uvgfg" ngugu" p¹toguv" uqo" hquukngt<" Ilgpuvcpfgpu" cvvtk
k"cogtkmcpum"ctmgqnqik."qi"k"okpftg"itcf"hcpigv" dwvvgt"gt"wpfgtnciv"pcvwtnki"ugngmulqp."fgt"fg"uqo"
gwtqrgkumg"hqtumgtgu"kpvgtguug0"Jgt"jlgoog"o‹" kmmg" vlgpgt" gp" ikvv" vknrcupkpiudguvgov" hwpmulqp"
fctykpkuvkumg" rgturgmvkxgt" ukgu" ‹" x¹tg" p¹toguv" hqtuxkppgt." gnngt" dnkt" xkfgtgh¼tv" ilgppqo"
kmmg/gmukuvgtgpfg." ogpu" fgv" k" Umcpfkpcxkc" hqt" vknhgnfkig" mtghvgt0" Fkuug" mtghvgpg" dnkt" ucoogp
¼xtki"mcp"urqtgu"pqgp"wppvcm"*Crgn"qi"Fctoctm" nkipgv" ogf" dkqnqikgpu" igpftkhv0" Fgv" gt" u‹ngfgu"
4229." 422;=" Lguugp" 4232=" Rgtuuqp" 3;;;=" Tkgfg" ctmgqnqigpu" qrricxg" ‹" il¼tg" tgfg" hqt" jxqtfcp"
4227." 4228." 422:." 422;." 4232+0" Hgnngu" hqt" unkmg" rtquguugt" ugvvgt" ukvv" cxvt{mm" r‹" ocvgtkcngv"
disse, og brorparten av darwinistiske arkeolo qxgt" vkf." cnvu‹" jxqtxkfv" ftkhv" gnngt" ugngmulqp"
ikumg" ctdgkfgt" igpgtgnv." gt" fgtgu" kpvgtguug" hqt" hqtgmqo0" Fkuug" kfggpg" jct" kokfngtvkf" ugpgtg"
kulturevolusjon" *nc" quu" hqt" qtfgpu" um{nf" mcnng" dnkvv" tgxkfgtv." jqxgfucmgnki" k" hqto" cx" Dq{f" qi"
det darwinistisk kulturevolusjon, heretter DKE), Tkejgtuqpu"*3;:7+"vgqtk"qo"vxgctxgnkijgv"*Ñdual
155
Primitive t id e r
2011 13. årgang
inheritance theoryÑ+0" Fgp" cpftg" tgvpkpigp." Hqtfk" wvxkmnkpiun¹tgp" kmmg" hqtxgpvgt" gp" v{rg"
cvhgtfu¼mqnqikgp." urtcpi" ucoogp" ogf" gxqnw dkqnqikum" gnngt" mwnvwtgnn" rtqitgulqp." mcp" fgp"
ulqpuru{mqnqikgp" wv" cx" 3;92/vcnngvu" qouvtkfvg" jgnngt"kmmg"x¹tg"vgngqnqikum0
uqukqdkqnqik0" Cvhgtfu¼mqnqik" u¼mgt" ‹" hqtmnctg"
ogppgumgnki"cvhgtf."kpmnwfgtv"fg"cvhgtfuvtgmm"xk" DKE og teorien om tvearvelighet
ugt"k"fci."ilgppqo"vknrcupkpiuuvtcvgikgpg"uqo"k"
n¼rgv" cx" x‹t" ctvu" wvxkmnkpiujkuvqtkg" ukmtgv" qxgt/ FMG" gt" xcpumgnki" ‹" itkrg" cp0" Dgitgruxgtmgv" gt"
ngxgnug" qi" tgrtqfwmulqp0" Oknl¼oguukig" hqtjqnf" wpfgt" uvcfki" wvxkmnkpi." pgvvqrr" hqtfk" mwnvwtgnn"
qi"h{ukumg"qoikxgnugt"gt"k"gp"unkm"hqtuv‹gnug"fgp" kphqtoculqpuqxgth¼tkpi" h¼nigt" mqorngmug"
xkmvkiuvg"ftkxmtchvgp"dcm"uvcdknkvgv"qi"hqtcpftkpi." mønstre som naturligvis ikke lar seg beskrive
ogpu" mwnvwtgnng" vtcfkulqpgt" jct" nkvgp" gnngt" like lett som den genetiske (Mesoudi et al. 2006).
kpigp" dgv{fpkpi" wvqxgt" ‹" vknd{" gp" hqtdgftgv" vkn/ Dncpv" cppgv" gt" ugmuwgnn" ugngmulqp." ru{mqnqik."
rcupkpiuuvtcvgik0"Fgvvg"rgturgmvkxgv"gt"kmmg"wnkmv" ¼mqnqik" qi" fgtgu" tqnng" k" mwnvwtgnng" qxgth¼tkpigt"
den prosessuelle arkeologiens kulturøkologi, xcpumgnki" ‹" fgÝpgtg0" Vgqtkgp" qo" vxgctxgnkijgv."
da begge tester" gv" ukvwculqpudguvgov" ctmgq jqxgfucmgnki"hqtowngtv"cx""Dq{f"qi"Tkejgtuqp"
nqikum" ocvgtkcng" wv" htc" jxqtxkfv" ogppgumgpg" *3;:7+." gt" gp" ucongpfg." xkfv" ukvgtv" vgqtk" uqo"
var tilpasningsdyktige og handlet optimalt i fcppgt" itwppncigv" hqt" FMG0" K" ukp" gpmnguvg"
vt‹f" ogf" ukpg" qoikxgnugt" *Ujgppcp" 422:<9:+0" ftcmv"jgxfgt"fgp"cv"ogppgumgnki"cvhgtf"wvxkmngu"
Fkuug" vq" tgvpkpigpg" ucouxctgt" ogf" jxqtfcp" ilgppqo"gv"ucourknn"ognnqo"mwnvwtgnn"qi"igpgvkum"
ogppgumgnkig" cvhgtfuuvwfkgt" k" dkqnqikgp" qxgth¼tv" kphqtoculqp0" Ogppgumgvu" vknd¼{gnkijgv"
vtcfkulqpgnv" jct" x¹tv" fgnv" ognnqo" FMG" qi" hqt" n¹tkpi" qi" kokvculqp" jct" k" h¼nig" hqthcvvgtpg"
cvhgtfu¼mqnqnqik." ogp" fgt" gxqnwulqpuru{mqnqik" ilqtv"mwnvwt"vkn"gv"ctxdctv"vknrcupkpiuu{uvgo"ogf"
tgrtgugpvgtgt" gp" tqdwuv" vtgflg" tgvpkpi" *Uokvj" gxpg" vkn" ‹" tgurqpfgtg" ogt" ghhgmvkxv" gpp" igpgpg"
4222+."uqo"jct"x¹tv"nkvg"cpxgpfv"k"ctmgqnqikumg" r‹" jwtvkig" gpftkpigt" k" qoikxgnugpg0" Jxku" fgp"
mwnvwtgnng" kphqtoculqpgp" uqo" dnkt" qxgth¼tv"
ctdgkfgt0" P‹t" xk" fc" upcmmgt" qo" darwinistisk
ognnqo"igpgtculqpgpg"ikt"cfcrvkxg"hqtfgngt."xkn"
kulturevolusjon eller evolusjonsarkeologi, vises
fgv" vkn" gp" vgqtgvkum" tgvpkpi" uqo" h¼tuv" qi" htgouv" d‹fg"n¹tkpi"qi"pcvwtnki"ugngmulqp"xktmg"ucoogp"
hqtmnctgt" mwnvwtgnn" gpftkpi" ogf" cpcnqikgt" vkn" hqt" ‹" cmmwowngtg" vknrcupkpi0" Qxgt" vkf" r‹xktmgt"
med andre ord den kulturelle komponenten
wvxkmnkpiun¹tgp0
Gxqnwulqpkuogp" fgv" jgt" tghgtgtgu" vkn" umknngt" genene og omvendt. Menneskelig aktivitet kan i
ugi" htc" fgp" vgngqnqikumg" gxqnwulqpkuogp" r‹" u‹"o‹vg"uv{tg"dgvkpignugpg"hqt"pcvwtnki"ugngmulqp"
3:22/vcnngv." ucov" mwnvwtgxqnwulqpkuogp" htc" *Dq{f" qi" Tkejgtuqp" 3;:7=" Tkejgtuqp" qi" Dq{f"
okfvgp" cx" 3;22/vcnngv" *Lqjpuqp" 4226<354/366=" 2005).
Dgitgrgpg" vxgctxgnkijgvuvgqtk" qi" FMG"
Qnugp" 3;;9<54=" Vtkiigt" 3;:;+0" Vkn" hqtumlgnn" htc"
FMG."uqo"u¼mgt"‹"hqtmnctg"urgukÝmmg"mwnvwtgnng" dtwmgu" qo" jxgtcpftg0" FMG" vct" kokfngtvkf" kmmg"
hgpqogpgt" qi" fgtgu" wvxkmnkpi." ¼pumgt" fkuug" nødvendigvis hensyn til samspillet mellom
‹" hqtmnctg" wvxkmnkpigp" cx" mwnvwtgt" i seg selv, igpgvkum" qi" mwnvwtgnn" gxqnwulqp." ogp" wpfgt
p¹toguv" uqo" gp" wfgngnki" jgnjgv" *QÓDtkgp" qi" u¼mgt" htgouv" jxqtfcp" mwnvwtgpftkpigt" vct" hqto0"
N{ocp" 4222<4+0" K" fgp" fctykpkuvkumg" hqtuv‹gnugp" |" hqtmnctg" mwnvwt" ilgppqo" mquv1p{vvg/rgturgm
cx" mwnvwtgxqnwulqp" u¼mgt" gp" jgnngt" ‹" hqtuv‹" fg" vkxgt" qi" igpgvkum" tgrtqfwmulqp" gt" fc" kmmg" cx/
rtquguugpg" uqo" dkftct" vkn" ‹" ¼mg" gnngt" tgfwugtg" il¼tgpfg" k" gp" ctmgqnqikum" cpxgpfgnug" cx" FMG0"
mwnvwtgnn" xctkculqp" *Tkgfg" 4232<3:9+0" Fctykpu" Fgv" urtkpigpfg" rwpmvgv" gt" jxqtfcp" mwnvwtgnn"
gxqnwulqp"gt"wvgp"kdqgpfg"tgvpkpi"gnngt"ogpkpi."qi" gpftkpi" " mcp" hqtuv‹u" ogf" gp" cpcnqik" vkn" fctyk
i‹t"kmmg"k"gp"nkplg"htc"gpmgn"vkn"mqorngmu0"Vxgtv"qo" pkuvkum"gxqnwulqp0"Pcvwtnki"ugngmulqp"k"dkqnqikum"
mcp"FMG"dgn{ug"jxqtfcp"vgmpqnqikum"ocpihqnf" hqtuvcpf" hqtftgt" cv" ctx." igpgvkum" xctkcpu" qi"
wvctogu" uqo" h¼nig" cx" gpftgfg." dghqnmpkpiu/ vknhgnfkig" mtghvgt" *ftkhv+" hqtgmqoogt" dncpv"
dguvgovg" n¹tkpiuukvwculqpgt" *Jgptkej" 4226+0" qticpkuogpg"k"gp"ikvv"rqrwnculqp0"Fctykp"dgvgipgv"
156
Petter Snekkestad
Darwinistisk arkeologi
FCTYKPKUVKUM"MWNVWTGXQNWULQP"*FMG+"hqtuv‹t"mwnvwtgnn"gpftkpi"ogf"gp"cpcnqik"vkn"
igpgvkum"gxqnwulqp0""
VXGCTXGNKIJGVUVGQTKGP" *ucogxqnwulqpuvgqtkgp+" jgxfgt" cv" xgmugnurknngv" ognnqo"
igpgvkum"qi"mwnvwtgnn"gxqnwulqp"ucoogp"hqtogt"ogppgumgnki"cvhgtf0"
H[NQIGPK"gt"gp"tgmqpuvtwmulqp"cx"gxqnwulqp¹tg"o¼puvtg"qi"ucoogpjgpigt0
PKULGMQPUVTWMULQP"xkugt"vkn"qticpkuogtu"gxpg"vkn"‹"hqtcpftg"ukpg"qoikxgnugt"qi"ugnx"uv{tg"
dgvkpignugpg"hqt"gigp"qi"cpftg"ctvgtu"pcvwtnkig"ugngmulqp0"
gxqnwulqp" ncmqpkum" uqo" ctx" ogf" oqfkÝmculqp. uqo" kpvgpulqpgnn" rt¼xkpi/qi/hgknkpi." nkmg" o{g"
qi" wvvt{mvg" ogf" fgv" wvxkmnkpiun¹tgpu" mlgtpg0" uqo"fg"mcp"mqoog"cx"okuhqtuv‹gnugt"gnngt"mqrk/
OqfkÝmculqpgp"qrruv‹t"xgf"cv"qticpkuogt"htc"vkf" gtkpiuhgkn" k" n¹tkpirtquguugt=" cnvu‹" tgpg" vknhgnfki
vkn" cppgp" gt" ilgpuvcpf" hqt" vknhgnfkig" owvculqpgt" jgvgt"*Dq{f"qi"Tkejgtuqp"3;:7<;="Tkejgtuqp"qi"
qi"ogf"ffiv"umcrgt"igpgvkumg."ugngmvgtdctg"xctkc Dq{f"4227<4:;+0"Dgitgrgvu"tgnculqp"vkn"dkqnqikum"
ulqpgt" k" rqrwnculqpgp0" Jxku" fgppg" owvculqpgp" gxqnwulqp"dgumtkxgt"Ujgppcp"*422:<98+"unkm<
htgoogt" qxgtngxgnug" qi" xkfgtg" tgrtqfwmulqp."
Ñ000"lwuv"cu"dkqnqikecn"gxqnwvkqp"ku"ejctcevgtk¦gf"
xkn" d¹tgtgp" qxgth¼tg" ukp" igpgvkumg" kphqtoculqp"
d{"ejcpikpi"htgswgpekgu"qh"igpgu"kp"rqrwncvkqpu"
xkfgtg"ilgppqo"ctx"qi"¼mg"igpgpgu"j{rrkijgv"k"
vjtqwij"vkog"cu"c"tguwnv"qh"uwej"rtqeguugu"cu"
gp" ikvv" rqrwnculqp0" Gp" pcvwtnki" ugngmulqp" Ýppgt"
pcvwtcn"ugngevkqp."uq"ewnvwtcn"gxqnwvkqp"tghgtu"vq"
sted, der organismer med biologiske attributter
vjg"ejcpikpi"fkuvtkdwvkqpu"qh"ewnvwtcn"cvvtkdwvgu"kp"
tilpasset omgivelsene over tid kan utkonkurrere
rqrwncvkqpu."nkmgykug"chhgevgf"d{"rtqeguugu"uwej"
organismer som mangler disse attributtene. I
as natural selection, but also by others that have
cpftg" vknhgnngt" mcp" owvculqpgt" h¼tgu" xkfgtg"
no analog in genetic evolution.”
ilgppqo"ftkhv."cnvu‹"ilgppqo"tgpg"vknhgnfkijgvgt0"
K" mqtvg" vtgmm" umkuugtgt" FMG" gp" mwnvwtgnn"
FMG" jgxfgt" cv" fgp" dkqnqikumg" owvculqpgp" mcp"
cpcnqik"
vkn" fgp" dkqnqikumg" wvxkmnkpiun¹tgpu" ctx."
ucoogpnkipgu" ogf" jxqtfcp" mwnvwtgnn" xctkculqp"
xctkcpu"qi"ftkhv."uqo"hqtxcpfngu"vkn"jgpjqnfuxku"
qrruv‹t0"Ilgppqo"dgxkuuvg"gnngt"wdgxkuuvg"kppqxc
ulqpgt."k"vgmpqnqik."vgpmgo‹vg."vtq"gnngt"x¹tgo‹vg." mwnvwtgnn" qxgth¼tkpi." kppqxculqp" qi" vknhgnfki"
skapes en kulturell mutasjon *k" tgp" ogvchqtkum" kopiering. I arkeologisk sammenheng inviterer
hqtuvcpf+."uqo"dnkt"n¹tv"dqtv"qi"mqrkgtv"cx"cpftg0" unkmg" rgturgmvkxgt" vkn" gv" hqmwu" r‹" qxgth¼tkpi"
Kphqtoculqpgp" qxgth¼tgu" kmmg" xkc" igpgpg." ogp" cx" mwnvwt" ilgppqo" uqukcn" n¹tkpi=" gmugorgnxku"
ilgppqo" gv" mqornkugtv" u{uvgo" cx" uqukcn" n¹tkpi0" undersøkelser av hvordan opprettholdelsen av
Qxgth¼tkpigp" mcp" hqtgi‹" xgtvkmcnv" ognnqo" j‹pfxgtmuvtcfkulqpgt" mtgxgt" rgfciqikumg" gxpgt"
hcoknkgogfngoogt" htc" icoogn" vkn" wpi." gnngt" *Vgjtcpk"qi"Tkgfg"422:+0
jqtkuqpcnv" ognnqo" kmmg/hcoknk¹tg" hqtdkpfgnugt0"
Fgp"mcp"qiu‹"qxgth¼tgu"htc"gp"gpmgnv"rgtuqp"vkn" Læring før tæring rundt Great Basin
mange eller omvendt. Individer kan velge blant
mwnvwtgnng"xctkcpvgt"gnngt"icpumg"gpmgnv"Ýppg"r‹" Xk"o‹"jgt"p¼{g"quu"ogf"‹"vtgmmg"wv"vq"dgitgrgt"
pqg"p{vv"*Ecxcnnk/Uhqt¦c"qi"Hgnfocp"3;:3+0"Fgv" hqt"‹"knnwuvtgtg"jxqtfcp"FMG"mcp"h‹"ctmgqnqikum"
gt"qiu‹"rgmv"r‹"cv"mwnvwtgnng"xctkculqpgt"qrruv‹t" tgngxcpu0"Dq{f"qi"Tkejgtuqp"*3;:7<465+"umtkxgt"
157
Primitive t id e r
cv"kpfkxkfgt"mcp"jc"u‹mcnvg"indirekte preferanser
(”indirect bias”), der spesielle kvaliteter ved en
kulturell variant, eller hos rollemodellen som
tgrtgugpvgtgt" xctkcpvgp." uv{tgt" rtghgtcpugp" hqt"
hva som blir imitert. Slik kan eksempelvis stein
øksen til et vellykket individ bli imitert uten at
fgppg"xctkcpvgp"vtgpigt"‹"x¹tg"fgp"dguv"gipgfg0"
Fgv"gt"ogf"cpftg"qtf"kpfkxkfgvu"uvcvwu"k"itwrrgp"
som er grunnen til at øksa imiteres. Med en slik
rtghgtcpug"mqrkgtgu"wvxcnivg"oqfgnngt"qi"urctgt"
fgp" gpmgnvg" hqt" vkfmtgxgpfg" qxgtxgkgnugt" gnngt"
eksperimentering. Veiledet variasjon (”guided
variation”) viser derimot til en kulturell over
h¼tkpiurtquguu"fgt"xctkcpvgt"kmmg"mwp"dnkt"kokvgtv."
ogp"oqfkÝugtv"ilgppqo"rt¼xkpi"qi"hgknkpi0"R‹"
fgppg" o‹vgp" mcp" kpfkxkfgt" ilgppqo" tculqpgnng"
xcni" qi" kppqxculqp" vknrcuug" gnftg" vtcfkulqpgt" vkn"
p{g" qoikxgnugt" *Dq{f" qi" Tkejgtuqp" 3;:7<;+0"
Fkuug" dgitgrgpg" gt" dnkvv" cpxgpfv" k" gp" uvwfkg"
cx" uvgkpvgmpqnqik" twpfv" Itgcv" Dcukp" k" WUC"
ognnqo" 522/822" g0Mt0" *Dgvvkpigt" qi" Ggtmgpu"
3;;;+0" Xgf" ‹" cpcn{ugtg" gvcdngtvg" v{rqnqikgt" cx"
rknurkuugt"hwppgv"k"¼uvnkig"Ecnkhqtpkc"qi"ugpvtcng"
Pgxcfc." dng" fgv" qdugtxgtv" octmgtvg" hqtumlgnngt"
k" mqttgnculqpgp" ognnqo" xgmv." dtgffg" qi" ngpifg0"
Rknurkuugt"htc"¼uvnkig"Ecnkhqtpkc"xkuvg"nkvg"ucouxct"
ognnqo" dcugxkffg" qi" xgmv" kppgphqt" tcoogp"
cx" fip" dguvgov" v{rg0" Fgvvg" dng" vqnmgv" uqo" gv"
vgip" r‹" xgkngfgv" xctkculqp." fgt" jxgt" gpmgnv" dng"
vkn" uqo" h¼nig" cx" kpfkxkfwgnn" rt¼xkpi" qi" hgknkpi0"
Fgtkoqv" xkuvg" urkuugpg" htc" ucoog" rgtkqfg" k"
ugpvtcng"Pgxcfc"wpkhqtov"ucouxct"ognnqo"cvvtk
dwvvgpg0"Fgvvg"v{fgt"k"h¼nig"Dgvvkpigt"qi"Ggtmgpu"
*3;;;<45:/462+" r‹" cv" urtgfpkpigp" cx" urkuugpg"
k" fgppg" tgikqpgp" vqm" hqto" uqo" kpfktgmvg" rtghg
tcpugt."fgt"kpfkxkfwgnn"mqrkgtkpi"hwnivg"fip"gpmgnv"
vellykket modell.
Uvwfkgp" knnwuvtgtgt" jxqtfcp" dgumlgfpg" xctkc
ulqpgt" uqo" i‹t" wpfgt" fgp" v{rqnqikumg" tcfctgp"
mcp"‹rpg"qrr"hqt"gp"xkfgtg"hqtuv‹gnug"cx"uvgkpvgm
pqnqikgp"k"vq"wnkmg"itwrrgt0"Fgv"gt"xgtfv"‹"ogtmg"
ugi"cv"uvwfkgp"r‹"fgvvg"pkx‹gv"kmmg"dgt¼tgt"ur¼tu
o‹ngv"qo"pcvwtnki"ugngmulqp0"Gv"urtkpigpfg"rwpmv"
hqt"Dq{f"qi"Tkejgtuqp"*3;:7+"xct"cv"mwnvwt"qxgt"
vkf"mcp"gpftg"dgvkpignugpg"hqt"pcvwtnki"ugngmulqp0"
For arkeologer er dette punktet mindre viktig,
qi" hqmwugv" r‹" ctxgnkijgv" ilgppqo" mwnvwtgnn"
37:
2011 13. årgang
qxgth¼tkpi"qi"xctkculqpgt"kppgphqt"v{rgpg."uqo"
umkuugtv" qxgphqt." htgouv‹t" uqo" gv" ogt" ugpvtcnv"
cpnkiigpfg0" Oguqwfk" qi" QÓDtkgp" *422:<6+" jct"
rgmv" r‹" cv" uvwfkgp" cx" ctxgnkijgv" gt" fgv" gpguvg"
mtkvgtkgv" uqo" mtgxgu" hqt" gp" fctykpkuvkum" uvwfkg"
cx" ocvgtkgnn" mwnvwt0"Cpcn{ugp" vcrrgu" cnvu‹" kmmg"
hqt" mtchv" xgf" ‹" wvgncvg" fg" ¼xtkig" gngogpvgpg"
hqtdwpfgv" ogf" dkqnqikum" ctx0" Nkmgxgn" jct"
Oguqwfk" qi" QÓDtkgp" *422:<44/47+" hqtgvcvv"
xkfgtg"cpcn{ugt"hqt"‹"wvxkfg"hqtmnctkpiutcoogpg"
vkn" Dgvvkpigt" qi" Ggtmgpu" *3;;;+0" Fg" ur¼t" ugi"
qo" kpfktgmvg" rtghgtcpugt" k" fgp" mwnvwtgnng" qxgt/
h¼tkpigp" cx" rknurkuugpg" qdugtxgtv" k" ugpvtcng"
Nevada, kan vise til begrensede økologiske
tguuwtugt" gnngt" v¼hhgtg" mnkocvkumg" qoikxgnugt"
i denne regionen sammenlignet med østlige
Ecnkhqtpkc0" Dcmitwppgp" hqt" gp" unkm" cpvcmgnug"
gt" cv" wiwpuvkig" qoikxgnugt" mcp" hqtftg" gv" dgjqx"
gnngt"rtguu"hqt"‹"n¹tg"dqtv"vgmpqnqikumg"rtquguugt"
mqnngmvkxv0" H¼nigt" itwrrgp" fip" ocn." tgfwugtgu"
mquvdct"vkf"qi"gpgtik"hqtdwpfgv"ogf"kpfkxkfwgnng"
cxil¼tgnugt" gnngt" rt¼xkpi" qi" hgknkpi0" Unkm" mcp"
mcrcukvgvgp" hqt" ‹" hqtokfng" mwppumcr" ghhgmvkxv"
ilgppqo" uqukcn" n¹tkpi" x¹tg" hqtfgncmvkig" vtgmm"
k" fgp" pcvwtnkig" ugngmulqpgp." fgt" d¹tgtpg" cx"
fkuug" mwnvwtgnng" xctkcpvgpg" uv‹t" dgftg" twuvgv"
vkn" ‹" qxgth¼tg" d‹fg" ukp" igpgvkumg" qi" mwnvwtgnng"
kphqtoculqp" xkfgtg" vkn" pguvg" igpgtculqp" *Dq{f"
qi" Tkejgtuqp" 3;:7<4::/4:;+0" Oguqwfk" qi"
QÓDtkgp" *422:<6+" r‹rgmgt" gpvwukcuvkum" cv" Itgcv"
Dcukp/uvwfkgp" xkugt" jxqtfcp" dgitgrgt" mp{vvgv"
til tvearvelighetsteorien kan belyse individuelle
rtquguugt" r‹" okmtqpkx‹." uqo" h‹t" uvqtg" wvunci"
hqt" jxqtfcp" mwnvwtgnng" vtcfkulqpgt" gpftgu" k"
rqrwnculqpgp" uqo" jgnjgv0" R‹" fgvvg" pkx‹gv" cx"
cpcn{ugp" hqtncvgu" kokfngtvkf" fgp" tgpg" cpcnqikgp"
htc"igpgvkum"vkn"mwnvwtgnn"kphqtoculqpuqxgth¼tkpi."
og blir supplert med betraktninger om hvordan
mwnvwtgnng" xctkcpvgt" gnngt" gxpg" vkn" uqukcn" n¹tkpi"
mcp" urknng" kpp" r‹" itwrrgugngmulqp0" Gp" ctmgq
nqikum" cpxgpfgnug" cx" FMG" hqtjqnfgt" ugi" unkm"
også vkn"gp"fctykpkuog"fgt"mwnvwtgnng"hgpqogpgt"
qi." k" {vvgtuvg" kpuvcpu." fgpu" d¹tgtg" gt" ilgpuvcpf"
hqt"pcvwtnki"ugngmulqp0
Petter Snekkestad
Darwinistisk arkeologi
En anvendelig teori?
Ur¼tuo‹ngv" qo" gxqnwulqpuctmgqnqikgp" mcp"
anvendes parallelt med andre teoretiske perspek
vkxgt" gt" cxil¼tgpfg" hqt" fgpu" tgngxcpu0" Mtkuvkcp"
Mtkuvkcpugpu" *4226+" rtkuxgtfkig" fkumwulqp"
omkring to tilsynelatende inkompatible teore
vkumg"tgvpkpigt."cmv¼tvgqtk"qi"FMG."mcp"k"u‹"o‹vg"
vlgpg"uqo"wvicpiurwpmv0"K"gp"mtkvkmm"cx"ucovkfgpu"
ctmgqnqik." ucxpgt" Mtkuvkcpugp" fgv" ctmgqnqikumg"
dnkmmgv" hqt" ncpixctkig" jkuvqtkumg" rtquguugt"
wvgp" ‹" hqtgpmng" uqukcng" ogmcpkuogt=" fgp" rquv/
rtquguuwgnng." vqnmpkpiuvwpig" ngktgp" jgphcnngt"
vkn" mwp" ‹" hqtmnctg" urgukÝmmg" hqtvkfkig" *qhvg"
u{odqnumg+"hgpqogpgt."ogpu"fgp"gxqnwulqp¹tg"
ngktgp" hqtncvgt" kpvgpulqpcnkvgv" qi" mqpvgmuvwgnng"
hqtmnctkpigt" uqo" cxil¼tgpfg" dguvcpffgngt" k"
jkuvqtkumg"hqtum{xpkpigt0"HknquqÝumg."u‹"xgn"uqo"
gxqnwulqpuvgqtgvkumg." xkpmnkpigt" o‹" k" u‹" o‹vg"
mlgppg"ukp"rncuu"uqo"uwrrngtgpfg."kmmg"jqnkuvkumg"
hqtmnctkpiuoqfgnngt"*Mtkuvkcpugp"4226+0
Ugnx" qo" fgv" kmmg" gt" xcpumgnki" ‹" x¹tg" gpki" k"
Mtkuvkcpugpu" jqxgfrqgpi" qo" fgp" ucovkfkig"
ctmgqnqikgpu" ocpingpfg" jkuvqtkukvgv" *ug" qiu‹"
Crgn" qi" Fctoctm" 422;<32=" Mtkuvkcpugp" qi"
Tqyncpfu" 3;;:<3/5+." hgnngu" fgv" kokfngtvkf" gp"
wp¼fxgpfki" uvtgpi" fqo" qxgt" FMG0" Ilgppqo"
Mtkuvkcpugpu"dtknngt"mcp"fgv"u{pgu"uqo"qo"fctyk
pkuvkumg" vknp¹tokpigt" wvgnwmmgt" cpftg" ownkig"
hqtmnctkpigt." qi" u‹ngfgu" il¼t" mtcx" r‹" gp" v{rg"
sannhet" ilgppqo" pcvwtxkvgpumcrgnki" cwvqtkvgv0"
Gxqnwulqpuctmgqnqigt" r‹uv‹t" kokfngtvkf" kmmg"
cv" fgtgu" uvwfkgt" kppgjct" gp" gmumnwukx" hqtmnc
tgpfg"mtchv0"Vxgtv"qo"mcp"qi"d¼t"fg"dgtkmgu"cx"
cmv¼tvgqtk"gnngt"nkipgpfg"vknp¹tokpigt"ogf"xgmv"
r‹" hqtvqnmpkpi" qi" u{odqnkmm" *Tkgfg" 4227<69+0"
Tkmvkipqm"dcugtgt"gp"gxqnwulqp¹t"wpfgtu¼mgnug"
cx"ocvgtkgnn"mwnvwt"ugi"r‹"‹"kfgpvkÝugtg"rtquguugt"
uqo"uv{tgt"qi"tgiwngtgt"qxgth¼tkpigp"cx"mwnvwtgnng"
hgpqogpgt"ilgppqo"oqfgnngt"*Ggtmgpu"qi"Nkrq"
2005:316), men det utelukker ikke at alternative
rgturgmvkxgt" mcp" kppi‹" k" cpcn{ugp0" Fgv" gt" hqtfk"
FMG"hqtowngtgt"gp"tgmmg"hqtxgpvpkpigt"vkn"urguk
Ýmmg."mqpvgmuvwgnng"uvwfkgt."wvgp"‹"wo{pfkiil¼tg"
cpftg"vgqtgvkumg"kpphcnnuxkpmngt"uqo"mcp"dkftc"vkn"
denne kontekstualiseringen (Shennan 2004:111).
Mcpumlg" gt" fgv" unkm" cv" gxqnwulqpuctmgqnqik"
Hkiwt"30"Vtggv"vkn"xgpuvtg"knnwuvtgtgt"dkqnqikum"gxqnwulqp"
ogf"ukpg"v{fgnki"fgÝpgtvg"hqtitgkpkpigt0"Vtggv"vkn"
j¼{tg"knnwuvtgtgt"mwnvwtgxqnwulqp"qi"o‹vgp"mwnvwtgnng"
hgpqogpgt"Þgvvgu"kpp"k"jxgtcpftg0"Mtqgdgt"3;6:0
nettopp kjenner sin plass"ilgppqo"‹"vknd{"pqgp"
tcoogt"hqt"jxqtfcp"hqtokfnkpi"cx"mwnvwt"h¼nigt"
pqgp"ikvvg"o¼puvtg."hqt"u‹"‹"nc"¼xtkig"vqnmpkpigt"
supplere eller korrigere dette.
Mtkuvkcpugp"*4226<:2+"mtkvkugtgt"xkfgtg"gxqnw
ulqpuctmgqnqikgpu" ocpingpfg" gxpg" vkn" ‹" vc" kpp"
qxgt" ugi" kppqxculqp" qi" mtgcvkxkvgv0" Ogp" jcpu"
cxunwvvgpfg"d¼pp" qo"cv"htgovkfkig"ctdgkfgt"o‹"
wvhqtumg" fgp" dynamiske artikulasjonen mellom
jkuvqtkg" r‹" okmtq/" qi" ocmtqrncp" qi" ognnqo"
jkuvqtkg" r‹" igpgtculqpupkx‹" qi" k" fgv" ncpivtwmpg"
*Mtkuvkcpugp" 4226<;9." okp" wvjgxkpi+." mcp" v{fg"
r‹" cv" vknp¹tokpigp" jcp" fgnxku" hqtpgmvgt" xkn"
x¹tg" vkn" p{vvg" hqt" gp" unkm" j{dtkf" vgqtkwvxkmnkpi0"
Fgp"mwnvwtgnng"cpcnqikgp"vkn"dkqnqikum"owvculqp."
pgonki" kppqxculqp." uv‹t" jgnv" ugpvtcnv" k" vxg/
arvelighetsteorien. Og mekanismene knyttet til
dens tilblivelse og spredning er noe av det som
cpi‹t"gxqnwulqpuctmgqnqikgp"uvgtmguv0"Ogf"cpftg"
qtf" ¼pumgt" FMG" ‹" tgvvg" p‹ngp" oqv" fgv" rwpmvgv"
fgt" mwnvwtgnn" hqtcpftkpi" hqtgmqoogt0" Pgvvqrr"
ilgppqo" gp" vgorqtcn." uktnki" uvwfkg" cx" xctkcpvgt"
kppgphqt"qi"r‹"vxgtu"cx"v{rgpg"Î"uqo"k"dkqnqikum"
kpurktgtvg" h{nqigpkumg" uvwfkgt" Î" dguvtgdgu" fgv" ‹"
urqtg" kppqxculqp" r‹" okmtqpkx‹" gnngt" hqtuv‹" fg"
ncpig."hqtitgkpgpfg"wvxkmnkpiunkplgpg"k"ocvgtkgnn"
kultur (se Mace et al0"4227+0"Unkm"ungmvumcruhqt
holdet mellom arter kan illustreres i et stamtre,
u¼mgt" h{nqigpkgp" k" ctmgqnqikum" hqtuvcpf" ‹" u{uvg
ocvkum"qtfpg"gp"uconkpi"ilgpuvcpfgt"gvvgt"itcfgp"
cx" nkmjgvgt" qi" wnkmjgvgt0" Fguvq" Þgtg" hgnnguvtgmm"
gp"ilgpuvcpf"fgngt"ogf"gp"cppgp."fguvq"p¹togtg"
159
Primitive t id e r
gt" fgtgu" hqtitgkpkpiurwpmvgt" k" gv" uvcovtg0" Fg"
fgngt"u‹ngfgu"gv"hgnngu"qrrjcx."uqo"k"pqgp"vknhgnngt"
mcp"kfgpvkÝugtgu."fgt"ctx"ogf"oqfkÝmculqp"jct"
u¼tigv"hqt"gp"mwnvwtgnn"xctkculqp"uqo"h{nqigpkum"
mcp" urqtgu" kppgphqt" v{rqnqikumg" mcvgiqtkgt"
*QÓDtkgp"qi"N{ocp"4222<493/525+0"Hqt"cv"unkmg"
wpfgtu¼mgnugt" umcn" x¹tg" htwmvdctg." o‹" gp" dncpv"
annet kunne skille mellom homologe og analoge
utviklede trekk (Mesoudi et al. 2006:334), samt
il¼tg" tgfg" hqt" gxgpvwgnng" korwnugt" wvgphtc" uqo"
hctigt" gp" wvgnwmmgpfg" xgtvkmcn" mwnvwtqxgth¼tkpi"
k"rqrwnculqpgp"*Vgjtcpk"qi"Eqnnctf"422;+0"Kmmg"
qxgttcumgpfg"mqornkugtgt"fgvvg"fgp"h{nqigpkumg"
øvelsen og begrenser i noen grad hva slags
arkeologisk materiale som kan undersøkes.
Tkgfg" *422:<3::+" jgxfgt" cv" h{nqigpkgp" gt" oguv"
tgngxcpv"hqt"‹"ngug"gpftkpigt"k"ilgpuvcpfgt"mp{vvgv"
til personlig bruk og med kort levetid, og mindre
tgngxcpv"k"o¼vg"ogf"wvrtgigfg"uqukcnv"htgouvknvg"
ilgpuvcpfgt" uqo" qxgtngxgt" igpgtculqpgt0" K" vt‹f"
ogf"fgvvg"jct"ogvqfgp"xkuv"ugi"‹"x¹tg"p{vvki"hqt"
‹" dgn{ug" mwnvwtgnn" mqpvcmv" qi" kuqnculqp" ognnqo"
wnkmg" oguqnkvvkumg" mwnvwtgt" k" Fcpoctm" *Tkgfg"
422:+0"Cx"ctdgkfgt"k"ucoog"ngkgv."jct"dncpv"cppgv"
Dwejcpcp" qi" Eqnnctf" *422:+" r‹" gp" qxgtdgxk
ugpfg"o‹vg"tgxkfgtv"vkfnkigtg"cpvcmgnugt"qo"fgp"
relative kronologien mellom de tre paleoindi
cpumg"ilgpuvcpfumqorngmugpg"Fgpcnk."Enqxku"qi"
Pgpcpc"k"pqtfnkig"Cogtkmc0
Tgvvgt" xk" dnkmmgv" oqv" Pqtig." mcp" Umcpfhgtu"
(2003) doktorgradsavhandling ”Tidlig, nordlig
mcomgtcokmm0" V{rqnqik0" Mtqpqnqik0" Mwnvwt0Ñ"
knnwuvtgtg"jxqtfcp"gp"dgxgignug"dqtv"htc"v{rgkpp
fgnkpi" ucouxctgt" ogf" itwppvcpmgpg" k" FMG0"
Umcpfhgt" jgxfgt" cv" mcomgtcokmmgpu" v{rqnqik"
qxgtugt" ‹rgpdct" xctkculqp" k" hwppgpg0" Uqo" gp"
h¼nig"rncuugtgu"fgp"k"kmmg/vgorqtcng"dqnmgt"uqo"
hqtvtgpigt" kpftg" mtqpqnqikumg" cpvcmgnugt0" Dncpv"
annet er begrepet karakteristiske trekk trukket
htgo"uqo"wu{uvgocvkum"qi"Þ{vgpfg="ÑKpigp"cx"fg"
vgmuvgpg" lgi" jct" jcvv" vknicpi" vkn" uqo" qojcpfngt"
den tidligste kamkeramikken i nordre Fenno
skandia angir hvor vanlig eller uvanlig et gitt
motiv eller mønster er i materialet som presen
vgtgu0" Kpigp" cx" vgmuvgpg" cpikt" qo" *È+" xkuug"
oqvkx"gt"ogt"xcpnkig"k"pqgp"igqitcÝumg"tgikqpgt"
gpp"k"cpftg."gnngt"qo"fgvvg"gt"xwtfgtvÑ"*Umcpfhgt"
160
2011 13. årgang
4225<;;+0" Xgf" ‹" cxxkug" v{rqnqikgpg" qi" dgn{ug"
kamkeramikkens teknologiske stil, chaîne
opératoire, viser hun at lokale, hittil uoppdagede
xctkculqpgt"k"ocvgtkcngv"k"æuv/Hkppoctm"wvvt{mmgt"
uqukq/mwnvwtgnng" tgnculqpgt" k" pqtftg" Hgppq/
skandia.
Umcpfhgtu" ogvqfg" qxgtncrrgt" ogf" FMG0"
K" gp" fctykpkuvkum" mwnvwthqtuv‹gnug" upwu" fgp"
v{rqnqikumg"nqikmmgp"r‹"jqfgv="Xctkculqp"gt"kmmg"
typologisk støy,"ogp"wvicpiurwpmvgv"hqt"‹"uk"pqg"
qo"fgp"vkfuoguukig"wvxkmnkpigp0"Uo‹"xctkculqpgt"
k" gmugorgnxku" oqvkx." o¼puvgt" gnngt" oqthqnqik."
deres hyppighet og utbredelse, kan da antyde
jxqt"qi"p‹t"p{g"vtgmm"dng"kpvtqfwugtv"qi"jxqtfcp"
fg"wvxkmngv"ugi"k"vkf"qi"tqo0"Fgv"uqo"umknngt"FMG"
htc" Umcpfhgtu" vknp¹tokpi." gt" cv" uvknwvxkmnkpigp"
hqtmnctgu"kppgphqt"gp"vgorqtcn"hqtuv‹gnugutcoog"
av ctx" ogf" oqfkÝmculqp." gnngt" fgv" QÓDtkgp" qi"
N{ocp" *4222<495+" mcnngt" arvbar kontinuitet.
Jxgtv"vtgmm."qi"jxgt"mqodkpculqp"cx"vtgmm."jct"
gv"qrrjcx"*kppqxculqp+"qi"gp"wvxkmnkpiujkuvqtkg"
*mwnvwtgnn" qxgth¼tkpi." ctxdctjgv+" uqo" Î" fgt"
ocvgtkcngv" vknncvgt" fgv" *ug" QÓDtkgp" qi" N{ocp"
4222<4:6/4;2.4;6+" Î" mcp" p¼uvgu" qrr0" Gv" whtcxk
mgnki" hqmwu" r‹" mqpvkpwkvgv" ilgppqo" n¹tkpi" qi"
itcfxkug" oqfkÝmculqpgt" ugvvgt" cnvu‹" vkfufkogp
ulqpgp"k"j¼{ugvgv0
Nisjekonstruksjoner og evolusjonspsykologi
Lgi" jct" u‹" ncpiv" umkuugtv" jxqtfcp" gxqnwulqpu
ctmgqnqik" mcp" hqtuv‹u" uqo" gp" tgp" cpcnqik" vkn"
wvxkmnkpiun¹tgp."ogp"qiu‹"jxqtfcp"gmugorgnxku"
n¹tkpiuuvtcvgikgt" mcp" urknng" kpp" r‹" itwrrg/
ugngmulqp0" Fgtkoqv" jct" jxgtmgp" cvhgtfu¼mqnqik"
gnngt" gxqnwulqpuru{mqnqik" x¹tv" dgt¼tv." ugnx" qo"
fg" qiu‹" hcnngt" kpp" wpfgt" gp" fctykpkuvkum" wpfgt
søkelse av menneskelig kultur (Smith 2000). For
‹"dgn{ug"fkuug"tgvpkpigpg"d¼t"gp"wvxkfgnug"cx"vxg/
arvelighetsteorien nevnes, nemlig teorien om
nisjekonstruksjon (OdlingSmee et al. 2003).
Fgp" cxxkugt" cv" mwnvwtgpftkpigt" gpukfki" h¼nigt"
ugngmulqpurtguu" fkmvgtv" cx" qoikxgnugpg." unkm"
cvhgtfu¼mqnqikgp" il¼t." ogp" upctgtg" kpvgitgtgt"
¼mqnqikgp"uqo"gp"vtgflg"xctkcdgn"k"vxgctxgnkijgvgp0"
Fgt"gxqnwulqpuvgqtk"vtcfkulqpgnv"jct"nciv"xgmv"r‹"
hvordan organismer tilpasser seg omgivelsene,
Petter Snekkestad
Darwinistisk arkeologi
Hkiwt"40"Umlgocvkum"tgrtgugpvculqp"cx"ogppgumgnki"pkulgmqpuvtwmulqp0"Twvg"3"xkugt"jxqtfcp"mwnvwtgnn"oqfkÝugtkpi"
cx"qoikxgnugpg"mcp"hqtftg"ugngmulqpurtguu"qi"xkfgtg"gp"mwnvwtgnn"tgurqpu0"Pkulqmqpuvtwmulqp"r‹xktmgt"dkqnqikum"
gxqnwulqp"k"nkvgp"itcf0"Twvg"4"knnwuvtgtgt"jxqtfcp"ocpigngp"r‹"gp"mwnvwtgnn"tgurqpu"mcp"urknng"kpp"r‹"fgp"igpgvkumg"
ucoogpugvpkpigp"k"rqrwnculqpgp."uqo"k"pqgp"vknhgnngt"*uvkrngv"uvtgm+"r‹xktmgt"gxpgp"vkn"htgovkfki"pkulgmqpuvtwmulqp0"
OdlingSmee et al0"4225<55:0
r‹rgmgu" fgv" cv" ogppgumgt" mwnvwtgnv" oqfkÝugtgt"
ukpg" qoikxgnugt=" fg" mqpuvtwgtgt" pkulgt0" Pkulgpg"
hqtwvugvvgt"gp"xgmugnxktmpkpi"ognnqo"ogppgumg
skapt økologisk endring og eventuelle kulturelle
vknvcm"uqo"h¼nig"cx"gpftkpigp0"Unkm"fgÝpgtgt"xk"
dgvkpignugpg"hqt"x‹t"gigp"qi"cpftg"ctvgtu"ugngm
ulqpurtguu." uqo" xkfgtg" mcp" urknng" kpp" r‹" mwnvw
relle prosesser og genetiske sammensetninger i
mqorngmug" ‹tucmuucoogpjgpigt" *Qfnkpi/Uogg"
et al. 2003:239244). En arkeologisk anvendelse
cx"kfggpg"mp{vvgv"vkn"pkulgmqpuvtwmulqp"gt"hqtvucvv"
k" uv¼rgumlggp" *Ncncpf" qi" QÓDtkgp" 4233+." ogp"
Riede (2005) har eksempelvis benyttet begrepene
hqt"‹"dgn{ug"dqugvpkpiuo¼puvtg"k"ugprcngqnkvkmwo"
i sørlige Skandinavia, og Jessen (2010) har
wpfgtu¼mv"mcvqnum"okulqp¹txktmuqojgv"k"pqtfkum"
h¼tokffgncnfgt" ilgppqo" gp" ocvgtkgnn" qi" tkvwgnn"
hqtuv‹gnug"cx"pkulgmqpuvtwmulqp0
Pkulgmqpuvtwmulqp"vknd{t"gv"dkqnqikum"hqtowngtv"
vgqtgvkum"tcoogxgtm"kppgphqt"FMG"uqo"hlgtpgt"
ugi" htc" fgvgtokpkuogp" qi" p{cpugtgt" cvhgtfu¼mq
nqikgp0" Fgp" rgmgt" r‹" cv" ogppgumgt" k" uvqt" itcf"
mcp" uv{tg" ukp" gigp" gxqnwulqp." qhvg" k" gv" qxgttcu
mgpfg"tcumv"vgorq0"Fgp"mcp"k"u‹"o‹vg"mqttkigtg"
gpmgnvg" gxqnwulqpuru{mqnqigtu" cpvcmgnugt" qo"
vknrcupkpiuhqtukpmgnugt."fgt"oqfgtpg"ogppgumgtu"
mqipkvkxg" ogmcpkuogt" dnqvv" gt" hqtogv" cx" ugngm
ulqpurtguu" k" gp" uvcvkum" uvgkpcnfgt=" Ñ000vjg" xkgy"
that our minds are predominantly suited to an
ancestral habitat portrays humans as products
qh" rcuv" pcvwtcn" ugngevkqp" tcvjgt" vjcp" cevkxg"
eqpuvtwevqtu"qh"vjgkt"pkejgu0Ñ"*Ncncpf"qi"Dtqyp"
4228<325+0"Nkmgngfgu"jgxfgt"Qfnkpi/Uogg"et al.
*4225<462.5:2+" cv" gxqnwulqpuru{mqnqikgp"vkfxku"
jct"hqtgpmngv"dgv{fpkpigp"cx"mwnvwt."qi"unkm"ikvv"
jwocpkqtc" iqfg" itwppgt" vkn" ‹" dgvxkng" fctyk
pkuogpu" mwnvwthqtuv‹gnug0" Fgv" dgv{t" kokfngtvkf"
kmmg" cv" gxqnwulqpuru{mqnqik" gt" wkpvgtguucpv" hqt"
ctmgqnqikgp0" Vkn" vtquu" hqt" wgpkijgvgt" qomtkpi"
jxc" fgppg" tgvpkpigp" mcp" gnngt" d¼t" hqtmnctg." gt"
fgv"jgxgv"qxgt"vxkn"cv"x‹t"mqipkvkxg"ctmkvgmvwt."nkm"
mtqrrgpu"qticpgt."k"dgv{fgnki"itcf"gt"hqtogv"cx"
f{rvnqffgpfg"gxqnwulqp¹tg"rtquguugt"*ug"Jcigp"
4227"hqt"gp"ngpitg"fkumwulqp+0
K" uvwfkgv" cx" ocvgtkgnn" mwnvwt" gt" gxqnwulqpu
ru{mqnqikgpu"dtwmuqot‹fg"k"fgv"uvqtg"cxitgpugv"
vkn" gnftg" uvgkpcnfgt" *ug" hqt" gmugorgn" Okvjgp"
4227=" Tgphtgy" qi" Uecttg" et al0" 3;;:=" Uvqwv" qi"
161
Primitive t id e r
2011 13. årgang
Ejcokpcfg" 4229=" Ycfng{" 4232+0" Ogp" jxqthqt" Avslutning. farlig reduksjonisme?
kmmg" cpxgpfg" fgp" qiu‹" r‹" grqmgt" p¹togtg" x‹t"
gigp" vkfA" " Cpvtqrqnqigpg" Nkfipctf" qi" Dq{gt" Ogf"dtgf"rgpugn"jct"lgi"qxgphqt"rtgugpvgtv"pqgp"
*Nkfipctf" qi" Dq{gt" 4228=" Dq{gt" qi" Nkfipctf" dgitgrgt"qi"ogvqfgt"kpurktgtv"cx"wvxkmnkpiun¹tgp"
4228+" hqtuv‹t" fg" mqnngmvkxg" tkvwcngpgu" oppmerk uqo" mcp" x¹tg" tgngxcpvg" k" fgp" ctmgqnqikumg"
somhetskrevende"gngogpvgt."unkm"fg"dng"hqtowngtv" cpcn{ugp0" Lgi" jct" fc" hqtj‹rgpvnkixku" ilqtv" fgv"
klart at darwinistisk kulturevolusjon (DKE)
av Rappaport (1979:173217), som en rekke
mqpugrvgt"qi"jcpfnkpigt"ogf"gxpg"vkn"‹"gmukvgtg" qohcvvgt" qxgtncrrgpfg" vcpmgtgfumcr" uqo" vxgct
jlgtpgpu" gxqnwulqp¹tv" wvxkmngfg" hctghqtg/ xgnkijgvuvgqtkgp" *Dq{f" qi" Tkejgtuqp" 3;:7+."
byggingssystem (”hazardprecaution system”). vgqtkgp" qo" pkulgmqpuvtwmulqp" *Qfnkpi/Uogg"
Fgvvg" u{uvgogv" hcpigt" qrr" ¼tuo‹" vgip" r‹" hctgt" et al0" 4225+" qi" h{nqigpk" *QÓDtkgp" gv" cn0" 4227="
qi"htgomcnngt"hqtgd{iigpfg"¼xgnugt0"Unkm"gt"dncpv" QÓDtkgp" qi" N{ocp" 4222=" Oceg" et al. 2005). I
vknngii" mcp" gxqnwulqpuru{mqnqikgp." uqo" uvtgpiv"
annet repeterende bevegelser og overdreven
jgpu{pvcigp" *qxgtx‹mkpi" cx" qoikxgnugpg+" gnngt" vcvv" kmmg" hcnngt" kpp" wpfgt" FMG/dgitgrgv." dkftc"
cxitgpukpi" cx" cmvkxkvgvuqot‹fgt" *wppi‹gnug" cx" vkn"‹"hqtmnctg"jxqthqt"xkuug"mwnvwtgnng"hgpqogpgt"
uokvvg+" qrrtkppgnki" hqto‹nuvlgpgnkig" jcpfnkpigt" gt" *gnngt" xct#+" u¹tnki" wvdtgfvg" *ug" hqt" gmugorgn"
uqo" k" tkvwcngpg" dnkt" hqtxtgpiv" vkn" qrrogtmuqo Nkfipctf" qi" Dq{gt" 4228+0" Lgi" ogpgt" cv" fkuug"
hetskrevende triks"qxgthqt"fgnvcmgtpg0"Gvvgt"okvv" kpphcnnuxkpmngpg"mcp"dgtkmg"ctmgqnqikgp0
Jxqthqt" jct" kmmg" FMG" un‹vv" cp" k" jlgonki"
u{p" mcp" unkmg" rgturgmvkxgt" Î" jgt" itqxv" umkuugtv"
ctmgqnqikum"
vgqtkA" Gp" ownki" ‹tucm" mcp" x¹tg" cv"
Î"kmmg"dctg"p¹tog"ugi"gp"hqtmnctkpi"r‹"jxqthqt"
dgitgrgpg"
kmmg"
u{pgu" ‹" x¹tg" tgngxcpvg" hqt" fg"
xkuug"tkvwgnng"hgpqogp"jct"qrruv‹vv"qi"dtgfv"qo"
ugi" ilgppqo" mwnvwtgnn" ugngmulqp0" Fg" mcp" qiu‹" cmvwgnng"hqtumpkpiuqot‹fgpg0"Mcpumlg"xktmgt"fgv"
fcppg"itqdwpp"hqt"itwppngiigpfg"cpvcmgnugt"qo" qiu‹" hlgtpv" qi" wp¼fxgpfki" unkvuqov" ‹" ugvvg" ugi"
hqtvkfki" tkvwgnn" cvhgtf." uqo" wcxjgpiki" cx" grqmg" kpp" k" dkqnqikum" vgtokpqnqik0" Ogp" jqxgf‹tucmgp"
mcp" x¹tg" ngudctg" k" fgv" ctmgqnqikumg" ocvgtkcngv0" ligger trolig i det teoretiske klimaet og anseelsen
vkn"gp"tgmmg"ucoogpvxkppgfg"ÝnquqÝum/vgqtgvkumg"
Eksempelvis kan de smale korbuenes tydelige
avgrensing mellom kor og skip i romanske stein retninger som knyttes til postmodernismen. Her
mktmgt" vqnmgu" uqo" gvv" cx" Þgtg" mqipkvkxg" vtkmu" k" dgvtcmvgu" pcvwtxkvgpumcrgnkig" hqtmnctkpigt" uqo"
mcvqnumg"tkvwcngt0"Nkipgpfg"cxitgpukpigt"k"cpftg" hverken relevante eller epistemologisk redelige
arkeologiske kontekster bør under visse omsten hqt"‹"hqtuv‹"ogppgumgnki"cvhgtf"*Rgtt{"qi"Oceg"
2010). I norsk arkeologi har disse strømningene
digheter kunne peke mot rituell aktivitet.
Nkfipctf" qi" Dq{gtu" *4228+" uvwfkg" knnwuvtgtgt" ucvv" f{rg" urqt" k" hqto" cx" rquvrtquguuwcnkuogp"
qiu‹" gv" cpcn{vkum" umknng" ognnqo" gxqnwulqpuru{ *Qnugp" 3;;9<92+." uqo" fgnxku" jct" rqukulqpgtv"
mqnqik" qi" FMG0" Ukuvpgxpvg" tgvpkpi" kpvgtguugtgt" ugi" ilgppqo" gp" kfgqnqikum" oqvkxgtv" mtkvkmm"
ugi" tkmvkipqm" hqt" igpgvkum" wvxkmngfg" mqipkvkxg" cx" gxqnwulqpuvgqtgvkum" vcpmgiqfu" *ug" Ujcpmu"
rtquguugt"uqo"ownkiil¼t"uqukcn"n¹tkpi"*Jgptkej" qi" Vknng{" 3;;4<77/78+0" Gv" wvvt{mm" hqt" fgppg"
qi"OeGntgcvj"4225<346+0"Fgp"vct"kokfngtvkf"kmmg" mtkvkmmgp"Ýppgt"xk"dncpv"cppgv"k"Jgictfvu"*422;+"
j¼{fg"hqt"cv"xkuug"mwnvwtgnng"hgpqogpgt"gmukvgtgt" pgfucdnkpi" cx" gxqnwulqpuctmgqnqikgp0" K" h¼nig"
kdqgpfg" mqipkvkxg" ogmcpkuogt" Î" gt intuitivt Jgictfv"jct"FMG"gv"hwpfcogpvcnkuvkum"qi"mlgtpg
besnærende" *Nkfipctf" qi" Dq{gt" 4228<:36+" Î" qi" u¼mgpfg"u{p"r‹"mwnvwt."fgt"ogppgumgt"ocpingt"htk"
u‹ngfgu" jct" gv" ugngmvkxv" hqtvtkpp" qxgthqt" cpftg" xknlg"qi"k"gv"gxqnwulqp¹tv"vkfurgturgmvkx"gt"uv{tv"
okpftg"dgup¹tgpfg"hgpqogpgt"qi"fgtgu"ownkijgv" cx" gmuvgtpg" mtghvgt0" FMG" tgrtgugpvgtgt" u‹ngfgu"
vkn"‹"qxgth¼tgu"mwnvwtgnv"htc"fip"igpgtculqp"vkn"fgp" gp" hctnki" hqtumpkpiu¼xgnug" uqo" ngmgt" Iwf." uqo"
pguvg0"Fgv"gt"nkmgxgn"kpigp"jkpftkpi"hqt"cv"fkuug"vq" ‹rgpdctv" xkn" okudtwmgu" cx" mqpugtxcvkxg" hqt" ‹"
tgvpkpigpg"k"htgovkfgp"mcp"qxgtncrrg"qi"dgtkmg" tgvvhgtfkiil¼tg"uqukcng"umlgxjgvgt"*sic), og videre
dwtfg" itcpumgu" cx" gp" kpvgtpculqpcn" xkvgpumcru
jxgtcpftg"*Ncncpf"qi"Dtqyp"4228<324/325+0
mqokvfi" uqo" mcp" cxmnctg" fgpu" rqnkvkumg" h¼nigt"
162
Petter Snekkestad
Darwinistisk arkeologi
(Hegardt 2009). Etter mitt syn røper Hegardts
forklaringen." uqo" dwtfg" x¹tg" gp" ugpvtcn" fgn" cx"
ungkxurctm"gp"dgxkuuv"hgknngupkpi"cx"fctykpkuogp." ffiv" jwocpkuvgt" ftkxgt" ogf" *Unkpigtncpf" 422:+0"
uqo" umcfgt" d‹fg" rquvrtquguuwcnkuogp" qi" fgp" Vtgmmgu" ctmgqnqikgp" hqt" ncpiv" fgp" cpftg" xgkgp."
fkcnqigp"uqo"dwtfg"x¹tv"qrrtgvvgv"ognnqo"fg"vq" cnvu‹"oqv"tgncvkxkuogp."tkukmgtgt"xk"‹"kmmg"uk"pqg"
vgqtgvkumg" uh¹tgpg0" Gp" unkm" fkcnqi" jct" hqt" ¼xtki" dgv{fpkpiuhwnnv" qo" hqtvkfgp0" K" fgp" rqukulqpgp"
qiu‹" dnkvv" cxun‹vv" cx" Vjqocu" *422;+." uqo" dnqvv" wppftct"ocp"ugi"r‹"upqfki"xku"mtkvkmm."hqtfk"gp"
mqpuvcvgtgt" cv" Dqwtfkgwu" uvtwmvwtcnkuog" gt" gp" kmmg" vtgpigt" ‹" vc" uvknnkpi0" Vxgtv" qo" jqnfgt" fgv"
ogt" xgngipgv" vknp¹tokpi" hqt" ‹" uvwfgtg" hqtvkfki" qhvg"‹"ngpg"ugi"r‹"ocpigv{fkijgv"qi"ÝnquqÝumg"
kultur, og av Robb (2004), som tilsynelatende
dgvtcmvpkpigt0"K"hqtngpignugp"qrruv‹t"fgv"Uxguvcf"
kmmg" cpugt" FMG" xgtfki" gp" fkumwulqp" k" fgv" jgng" (2003:243250) kaller eklektoretorikk, som
tatt.
betegner en kritisk, men usammenhengende
Grunntonen i den ovennevnte post vgqtkrtqfwmulqp" ogf" nkvgp" gnngt" kpigp" tgngxcpu"
rtquguuwgnng" mtkvkmmgp" dguv‹t" k" cv" fgp" fctykpku hqt"ctmgqnqikum"vqnmpkpi0"Jgthtc"gt"fgv"ux¹tv"ngvv"
vkumg" vknp¹tokpigp" gt" tgfwmulqpkuvkum0" Kppxgp ‹" ‹rpg" knf" oqv" fctykpkuogp" uqo" vqvcnkuvkum" qi"
fkpigp"d¼t"n{vvgu"vkn."ogp"qtfgv"mcp"kmmg"uv‹"uqo" reduserende.
gv"t¼fv"vtgmcpvumknv"r‹"ucovnkig"qot‹fgt"fgt"mwnvwt"
Lgi" j‹rgt" fgthqt" cv" gp" htgovkfki" fkumwulqp"
studeres med darwinistiske briller. Eksempelvis
qo"fctykpkuog"k"ctmgqnqikgp"kmmg"vct"hqto"uqo"
o‹" h{nqigpkgp" hqtuv‹u" uqo" gp" gorktkum" tkiqt¼u" messende positivismekritikk. En slik kritikk blir
dekonstruksjon av typologiske kategorier, noe
qhvg"h¼tuv"kpvgtguucpv"p‹t"fg"vgqtgvkumg"rqgpigpg"
som burde resonere med en kritisk, spørrende hqtncvgu."qi"gp"rgtuqpnki."gvkum"ncfgv"kppxgpfkpi"
arkeologi (se Nyland 2003:56). Fordi den
kommer til syne. Nemlig at man vegrer seg mot
moderne arkeologiske anvendelsen av darwi ‹" dnqvvuvknng" xgtfgp" qi" cnng" fgpu" jgoognkijgvgt"
pkuog" u‹" v{fgnki" dgxgigt" ugi" xgmm" htc" fgvgtok ilgppqo"mcnfg"‹tucmuucoogpjgpigt0"Hqt"jxc"gt"
pkuvkumg"hqtgpmnkpigt."hqtvlgpgt"fgp"mqpuvtwmvkxg" fgp"wvgp"ocik."hqtwpftkpi"qi"kmmg"okpuv"uvcfki"
kppurknn"k"uvgfgv"hqt"mctkmgtkpigt"*Tkgfg"4227<69/ p{g"ur¼tuo‹nA"Unkm"dnkt"hqtmnctkpigp"wdgjcignki"
72+0" Lc." ogppgumgt" kppi‹t" k" ogpkpiuhwnng" qi" qi"fgp"ocpigv{fkig"hqtuv‹gnugp"gv"xgtp"oqv"fg"
mqorngmug" kpvgtcmulqpgt" ogf" ukpg" qoikxgnugt" wwppi‹gnkig" *qi" fgrtkogtgpfgA+" tgcnkvgvgpg" k"
Î" pqg" FMG" gt" ogf" r‹" ‹" dgmtghvg" Î" ogp" xk" mcp" fctykpkuogp0" Fgvvg" uv‹uvgfgv" gt" r‹" gv" xku" vknhqt
også"qrrvtg"pqgpnwpfg"hqtwvukidctv"qi"mwnvwtgpf ncvgnki."ogp"fc"d¼t"ocp"Î"hqt"‹"uk"fgv"nkvv"Þ‹ugvg"
tkpigt"mcp"h¼nig"pqgp"ilgpmlgppgnkig"o¼puvtg"*ug" Î" urknng" ogf" ‹rpg" mqtv" qi" kmmg" f{vvg" htcpumg"
Dgpvng{"4228="Dgpvng{"et al."4229<379+0"Mcpumlg" Ýnquqhgt" hqtcp" ugi0" Ocp" o‹" qiu‹" vc" j¼{fg" hqt"
wvvt{mmgt"Jgictfvu" *422;+" uv‹uvgf" fc." hqt" ‹" upw" cv" hqtumpkpigp" k" pqgp" itcf" uv‹t" k" hctg" hqt" ‹" dnk"
argumentet, et fundamentalistisk mwnvwtu{p." p‹t" estetiske og deskriptive øvelser.
fgv" vcu" hqt" ikvv" cv" ogppgumgv" vkn" gpjxgt" vkf" gt"
uutgrunnelig og sprenger seg ut av alle oppstilte
Summary
umlgocgtA" Fgv" gt" xgtfv" ‹" j¼tg" r‹" tgnkikqpu/
hqtumgtgp" Unkpigtncpf" *422:+" p‹t" jcp" jgxfgt" cv" Darwinian Archaeology. Can Darwinian concepts
invigorate archaeology? This piece argues that biological
fg"jwocpkuvkumg"xkvgpumcrgpg"o‹"jqnfg"hcuv"xgf" analogies
to human cultural change might serve our
cv" ogppgumgnki" gthctkpi" kppgd¹tgt" gp" uwdlgmvkx" discipline well. Through numerous intertwined theoretical
xktmgnkijgv" hqt" fgp" gthctgpfg" uqo" kmmg" vkn" hwnng" branches, like dual inheritance theory, niche construction
mcp"dgumtkxgu"cx"gp"qdlgmvkx"vtgflgrctv"*ug"qiu‹" theory and the application of phylogenetic methods, material
culture is put in an explicitly historical relationship. In an
Umlgtxjgko"4224"]3;86̲<;5/324="Vc{nqt"3;:;<5/ evolutionary
sense, this relationship is one that underlines
47+0" Ogp" fgv" ikt" k" h¼nig" Unkpigtncpf" kmmg" wvgp" how artifacts, ideas, or any number of cultural phenomena
xkfgtg" ÝnquqÝum" t{iifgmpkpi" hqt" ‹" hqtmcuvg" gv" go through a process of what Darwin described as descent
qdlgmvkxgtgpfg"uvcpfrwpmv0"Jxku"xk"kmmg"x‹igt"‹" ykvj" oqfkÝecvkqp0" Hqt" ctejcgqnqikuvu" vjku" crrtqcej"
represents a healthy revision of typology, in that it seeks
tgfwugtg"Î"ogf"cpftg"qtf"‹"itkrg"cp"ogppgumgvu" vq"
wpfgtuvcpf" yjgp" kppqxcvkqpu" *oqfkÝecvkqpu+" qeewttgf"
pcvwtcnkuvkumg" tgcnkvgv" Î" ilgoogt" xk" quu" wppc"
163
Primitive t id e r
and how these new traits were transmitted (descended)
between generations. Hence, variation is not typological
noise, but rather an avenue for further temporal and spatial
gpswkt{0" Kp" cffkvkqp" vq" vjgug" kfgcu." Ýngf" wpfgt" vjg" nqqugn{"
fgÝpgf"wodtgnnc"qh"ewnvwtcn"gxqnwvkqp"*yjkej"K"jcxg"vgtogf"
“darwinistisk kulturevolusjon”, or just “DKE”), evolutionary
psychology is here seen as a fruitful approach to answering
why some widely observed cultural phenomena appear more
easily transmitted than others.
Evolutionary archaeology does not claim to offer an
exclusive explanation to cultural change. On the contrary,
other theoretical approaches – like agency theory or chaîne
opératoire, to name a few – can complement or correct the
urgekÝe" gzrgevcvkqpu" qwvnkpgf" d{" FMG0" Vjku" ku" dgecwug" vjg"
analogy from biological evolution to human cultural change
is just that; an analogy. It cannot adopt the straightforward
causality of genetic inheritance and mutation. However, the
uekgpvkÝe"tkiqwt"qh"Fctykpkuo" still translates keenly to the
study of cultural evolution.
The social sciences harbour a deep suspicion towards
Darwinism. The many twisted misuses of evolutionary theory
in previous centuries have turned it into a dirty word. The
article argues that the impact of postprocessual thought
on Scandinavian archaeology, which in part positioned
itself through an ideological critique of Darwinism, still
hinders the application of evolutionary ideas. In particular,
the notion of reductionism has made archaeologists wary
of studying human behaviour in light of naturalism or
generality. Yet, cautiously applied reductionism is useful in
explaining certain historical dynamics.
Litteraturliste
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DEBATT
Kommentar til:
Petter Snekkestad, Darwinistisk arkeologi
Fredrik Fahlander
Stockholms universitet
Evolution eller intentionell design?
Upgmmguvcf" h tgun‹t" k" ukvv" kpn“ii" cvv" xk" n‹pct" gvv"
tc" vknn" Fctykp" qej" cvv" ctmgqnqikp" ‹vgtkigp" vct"
gxqnwvkqp“tc" rgturgmvkx" r‹" cnnxct0" Ghvgt" cvv" jc"
wvxgemncvu" k" htcoh tcnnv" cogtkmcpum" rtqeguuwgnn"
mqpvgzv" wpfgt" fg" ugpcuvg" vx‹" fgegppkgtpc" “t"
fgv" gp" uownc" gigpfqonkiv" cvv" lwuv" gxqnwvkqp“t"
ctmgqnqik" jct" h‹vv" gp" tgp“uucpu" r‹" 4222/vcngv0"
Upgmmguvcfu"fkumwuukqp"“t"f“th t"gvv"x“nmqoogv"
dkftci"vknn"fgp"cppctu"u‹"uvknncvkicpfg"vgqtgvkumc"
fkumwuukqpgp" k" ctmgqnqikp0" Ghvgt" fgp" kpvgpukxc"
fgdcvvgp" wpfgt" 3;:2/" qej" ;2/vcngp" ognncp"
tolkande, postprocessuella arkeologer och
h tgurt‹mctg" cx" gp" ogt" pcvwtxgvgpumcrnkiv"
inspirerad processuell arkeologi har polemiken
uvcipgtcv" qej" fg" qnkmc" u{pu“vvgp" jct" ogt" gnngt"
okpftg"mqpuqnkfgtcvu0"Fgp"h tt"u‹"wvocpcpfg"qej"
rtqxqegtcpfg" rquv/rtqeguuwgnnc" ctmgqnqikp" “t"
pwogtc"pqtocnxgvgpumcr"*‹vokpuvqpg"k"Gwtqrc+"
qej" h to‹t" mpcrrcuv" n“pitg" cvv" wrrt tc0" Fg"
Þguvc"ctmgqnqigt"“t"gpug"qo"cvv"xctmgp""ucppkpi"
gnngt" hwnnuv“pfki" mwpumcr" i‹t" cvv" p‹" qo" fgv"
h tÞwvpc"qej"fgv"qhvc"Ýppu"Þgtc"/"qo"“p"kpvg"gvv"
qdgit“pucv" cpvcn" /" nkmx“tfkic" u{pu“vv" r‹" ucooc"
j“pfgnug"d‹fg"k"fgv"h tÞwvpc"qej"k"ucovkfgp0"Fgv"
“t" f“th t" ux‹tv" cvv" gpicigtc" uki" k" gp" fkumwuukqp"
ognncp" qnkmc" xctkcpvgt" cx" Óolwm" rtqeguuwcnkuoÓ"
som exempelvis kognitiv arkeologi och tolkande
rquv/rtqeguuwgnnc" ctmgqnqikgt" ghvgtuqo" umknnpc
fgtpc"ognncp"fgo"“t"icpumc"uo‹0"Fgvvc"vknnuv‹pf"
“t" kpvg" wpkmv" h t" ctmgqnqikp" wvcp" xgtmct" “xgp"
i“nnc" jwocpkqtc" qej" ucoj“nnuxgvgpumcrgtpc" k"
stort. Terry Eagleton (2003:1) har exempelvis
pqvgtcv" cvv" fg" gp" i‹pi" u‹" rtqxqegtcpfg" qej"
kpurktgtcfg" htqpvÝiwtgtpc" k" fgp" htcpumc" rquv/
strukturalismen idag inte alls anses speciellt
tcfkmcnc0"Fgv"jct"jgnngt"kpvg"htcovt“vv"p‹itc"p{c"
v“pmctg"uqo"h‹vv"nkmc"uvqtv"igpqounci"Î"fg"Þguvc"
ucovkfc" vgqtgvkmgt" “t" upctcuv" cvv" dgvtcmvc" uqo"
n“tlwpict" vknn" 3;82/vcngvu" h tgi‹pictg=" Uncxql"
¥k¦gm" qej"Cnckp" Dcfkqw" d{iigt" gzgorgnxku" r‹"
Lceswgu" Ncecp." ogfcp" Lwfkvj" Dwvngt." Ic{cvtk"
Urkxcm" qej" Jqok" Djcdjc" jct" j“ovcv" o{emgv"
kpurktcvkqp" ht‹p" Lceswgu" Fgttkfc" qej" Okejgn"
Hqwecwnv"qej"u‹"xkfctg0"Gcingvqp"qej"cpftc"ogpct"
cvv"fgvvc"Óvgqtgvkumc"xcmwwoÓ."k"mqodkpcvkqp"ogf"
dncpf" cppcv" j“pfgnugtpc" fgp" 33g" ugrvgodgt."
jct"ngvv"vknn"gp"cnno“p"o“vvpcf"r‹"mqornkegtcfg"
vgqtgvkumc"tcoxgtm"qej"gvv" mcv"kpvtguug"h t"ogt"
jcpfhcuvc"qej"ÓgorktkumcÓ"vgqtkgt"qej"rgturgmvkx"
*Gcingvqp"4225<43;="Hcnwfk"422:+0"
K" umcpfkpcxkum" ctmgqnqik" mcp" xk" um plc"
nkmpcpfg"vgpfgpugt"vknn"cvv"xknlc"‹vgti‹"vknn"iconc"
dgrt xcfg" mqpegrv0" Cuigkt" Uxguvcf" *4225+"
xknn" gzgorgnxku" ‹vgtx“pfc" vknn" Vjqougp" qej" gp"
gpmnctg" ctvghcmvdgvqpcf" ctmgqnqik" qej" ocp" mcp"
“xgp" ur‹tc" gvv" p{x“emv" kpvtguug" h t" ctmgqnqik"
uqo"mwnvwtjkuvqtkc0"K"gp"u‹fcp"vknndcmcdnkemcpfg"
vtgpf"htcouv‹t"kpvtguugv"h t"gxqnwvkqp“t"ctmgqnqik"
mcpumg" ogt" nqikumv" *urgekgnnv" ogf" vcpmg" r‹"
Oqpvgnkwu"vkfkic"dtwm"cx"fgp+0"Cvv"fgp"fguuwvqo"
167
Primitive t id e r
2011 13. årgang
i t"cpurt‹m"r‹"cvv"xctc"gorktkum"qej"vknnh tc"gp"
ʻxgp" qo" Fctykpkuvkum" gxqnwvkqp" u“mgtv" i‹t"
ghvgtn“pivcf"jkuvqtkekvgv"i t"fgp"ucppqnkmv"“p"ogt" cvv" wvxgemnc" uqo" xgtmv{i" r‹" gvv" ogvqfqnqikumv"
nqemcpfg"h t"o‹pic0"
rncp" jct" lci" fqem" ux‹tv" cvv" ug" p‹iqp" h tfgn"
V{x“tt" “t" fqem" ux‹tv" cvv" Ýppc" p‹iqv" mqpmtgv" ogf" mwnvwtgxqnwvkqp" uqo" cnno“pv" tcoxgtm0"
p{vv" k" ‹vgtx“pfcpfgv" vknn" Fctykp0" Fg" igpgtgnnc" Fgvvc"kpvg"r‹"itwpf"cx"cvv"lci"oqvu“vvgt"oki"cvv"
rtqdngogp" ogf" gxqnwvkqp“tc" rgturgmvkx" “t" evolutionsliknande tendenser kan ha betydelse
tgncvkxv" x“n" cxjcpfncpfg" k" gvv" Þgtvcn" vgzvgt" *gz<" k" xkuuc" ukvwcvkqpgt" qej" cvv" fgv" mcp" Ýppcu" gp"
Dcohqtvj" 4224." Mtkuvkcpugp" 4226+" qej" pw" igpgtgnn" iknvkijgv" xgt" fg" tkmvkiv" n‹pic" vkfu/
senast i Current Swedish Archaeology vol. 17 perioderna. Jag tror helt enkelt inte att det
*422;+0"Fgdcvvgp"h nlgt"iconc"x“nm“pfc"o puvgt" pcvwtnkic"wtxcngv"“t"urgekgnnv"n“orcv"cvv"crrnkegtc"
ognncp"fgo"uqo"h tgftct"gvv"igpgtgnnv"h tcpmtcv" r‹"ctmgqnqikumv"ocvgtkcn"wvqo"k"p‹itc"h‹"urgekgnnc"
tguqpgocpi"qej"fgo"uqo"h tgftct"gvv"o“ppkumq hcnn0"K"pcvwtgp"“t"vkfut{ofgtpc"x“nfkic"qej"“xgp"
egpvtgtcv" cmv turgturgmvkx0" Fgv" “t" htcrrgtcpfg" qo"wpfcpvcigp"qej"cpqocnkgtpc"“t"o‹pic"“t"fg"
jwt"o‹pic"cx"fg"p{c"gxqnwvkqpkuvgtpc"uqo"m“ppgt" h tuwodctc" k" fgv" n‹pic" nqrrgv0" Ctmgqnqik" qej"
uki" dgmx“oc" ogf" cvv" fkumwvgtc" k" vgtogt" cx" cvv" o“ppkumqt" xgtmct" k" itwpfgp" r‹" gp" jgnv" cppcp"
förklara (explain+"h tjkuvqtkumc"h tnqrr"*QÓDtkgp" umcnc0"Fgv"ctmgqnqikumc"ocvgtkcngv"“t"jgnngt"kpvg"
qej" N{ocp" 4224<3:3." Twpekocp" 422;<9+0" Lci" tgrtgugpvcvkxv"mqpuvkvwgtcv="kdncpf"“t"fgv"fg"wpkmc"
jct"xkuu"h tuv‹gnug"h t"pgq/fctykpkuvgtpcu"mncicp" misstagen som bevaras medan det normala inte
xgt" cvv" fg" cnnvkf" vxkpicu" dgo vc" mtkvkm" uqo" n“pitg" Ýppu" mxct" k" tgrtgugpvcvkx" qohcvvpkpi0" K"
mcpumg" kpvg" n“pitg" “t" jgnv" qej" j‹nngv" dgt“vvkicf0" o‹pic" hcnn" ‹vgtÝppgt" xk" upctctg" uvcdknkvgv" “p"
Fgv" “t" vtqvu" cnnv" gp" umknnpcf" r‹" Urgpegtkcpum" xctkcvkqp" k" ocvgtkcngv" xgt" o“pumnkiv" ugvv" n‹pic"
socialdarwinism, neoevolutionism och den vkfut{ofgt"uqo"Fctykpkuvkumc"oqfgnngt"jct"ux‹tv"
Fctykpkuvkum" mwnvwtgxqnwvkqp" uqo" Upgemguvcf" cvv"dgjcpfnc"*Dcohqtvj"4224<667/8+0"Cvv"rtcmvkm."
fkumwvgtct0" Nkmchwnnv" “t" fgv" vt‹mkiv" cvv" h tgurt‹ vgmpkm"qej"hqto"h t“pftcu"tgikqpcnv"qej" xgt"vkf"
mctpcu"tgvqtkm"oguv"i‹t"wv"r‹"cvv"h tu mc"hcnukÝgtc" jct"qt“mpgnkic"qtucmgt"qej"kuv“nngv"h t"cvv"igpgtc
oqvuv‹pfctpcu" ctiwogpv=" fg" gipc" gxqnwvkqp“tc" nkugtc" mtkpi" u‹fcpc" rtqeguugt" “t" gzgorgnxku"
rquvwncvgp" htcouv“nnu" upctctg" uqo" ul“nxmnctc" kpukmvgt" ht‹p" rquvmqnqpkcn" vgqtk" ogt" kpvtguucpvc"
*QÓDtkgp"qej"N{ocp"4224+0"O{emgv"hqmwu"nkiigt" att utveckla (Fahlander 2007).
r‹" fgvcnlgtcfg" fgÝpkvkqpgt" cx" vgtokpqnqik" qej"
Fgv"mwnvwtgxqnwvkqp“tc"rgturgmvkxgv"nkfgt"“xgp"
dgitgrr."ogp"fgv"h tu"cnnvh t"nkvg"fkumwuukqp"qo" cx"ukpc"wvvcncfg"codkvkqpgt"uqo"gp"Óuvqt"h tmnc
gxqnwvkqpuvgqtkpu" tgngxcpu" h t" uvwfkgqdlgmvgv0" tkpiuoqfgnnÓ0"Uqo"u‹fcp"jct"fgv"ux‹tv"cvv"p‹"fgv"
R‹" fguuc" rwpmvgt" “t" gognngtvkf" Upgemguvcfu" uqekcnc"kppgj‹nngv"k"gp"ctvghcmvv{r"gnngt"gp"rtcmvkm0"
vgzv" x“ndcncpugtcf" qej" htk" ht‹p" fg" vgpfgpugt" vknn" ʻxgp"qo"gp"mwnvwtgxqnwvkqp“t"Fctykpkuo."xknmgv"
gxcpignkuo" uqo" cppctu" “t" xcpnkiv" h tgmqo Upgmmguvcf" r‹rgmct." kpvg" p fx“pfkivxku" “t"
ocpfg" jqu" fg" p{c" Fctykpkuvgtpc0" Vtqvu" cvv" fg" tgfwmvkqpkuvkum"jct"fgp"fqem"*jkvvknnu+"“pf‹"kpvg"
Þguvc" k" fgdcvvgp" xgtmct" xctc" hcuv" h tcpmtcfg" k" h to‹vv" cvv" u“ic" p‹iqv" urgekgnnv" intressant om
ukpc" oqvucvvc" rqukvkqpgt" “t" p‹itc" “pf‹" rrpc" fgv"h tÞwvpc0"Fgv"“t"gvv"kpd{iiv"rtqdngo"uqo"fg"
h t" mqortqokuugt0" Mtkuvkcpugp" *4226+" jct" Þguvc" igpgtcnkugtcpfg" h tmnctkpiuoqfgnngt" ftcu"
gzgorgnxku" ctiwogpvgtcv" h t" cvv" gxqnwvkqp“tv" ogf0" Fg" “t" pqtocnv" dgit“pucfg" vknn" gp" xkuu" v{r"
u{pu“vv" mcp" dkftc" ogf" rgturgmvkx" r‹" fg" uvqtc" cx" ht‹iqt" qej" mcp" h nlcmvnkigp" dctc" p‹" gp" xkuu"
h tnqrrgp" qej" Upgmmguvcf" ul“nx" ogpct" cvv" v{r"cx"uxct0"Gp"h tmnctcpfg." xgtitkrcpfg"jkuvq
evolutionsteori i sin tur kan berikas av olika
tkgu{p"“t"jgnngt"kpvg"ogt"ÓucppÓ"gnngt"xgvgpumcrnki="
Ócmv turgturgmvkxÓ0" Ht‹icp" “t" fqem" qo" u‹fcpc" upctctg" kppgd“t" fgv" itqxc" igpgtcnkugtkpict" xgt"
ognncpx“ict" “t" urgekgnnv" rtqfwmvkxc" gnngt" gpu" vkf" qej" two" ucov" kocikp“tc" itwrrgtkpict" uqo"
o lnkicA"Upctctg"umwnng"lci"xknlc"ctiwogpvgtc"h t" ucppqnkmv"kpvg"umwnng"jc"p‹iqp"uqo"jgnuv"tgngxcpu"
cvv"u{pu“vvgp"k"itwpfgp"“t"kpmqorcvkdnc0"
h t"fg"dgt tfc"kpfkxkfgtpc0"Cvv"xknlc"h tgpmnc"qej"
igpgtcnkugtc" mqornkegtcfg" h tnqrr" “t" kpvg" dctc"
38:
Fredrik Fahlander
Kommentar til Petter Snekkestad
trivialt, det passar dessutom det arkeologiska empiriska perspektiv som motvikt till de senaste
materialet illa. Jag vill mena att arkeologins vlwiq" ‹tgpu" icpumc" gpukfkiv" htcoj“tfcpfg" cx"
jkuvqtkgt"qhvc"“t"icpumc"uo‹"qej"urgekÝmc0"Xk"“t" individuell intentionalitet och agency tror
k"itwpfgp"uqekcnc"xctgnugt"qej"vgpfgtct"cvv"ghvgt lci" fqem" kpvg" cvv" gp" p{x“emv" gxqnwvkqpuvgqtk"
nkmpc"xctcpftc."ogp"rctcogvtctpc"“t"o‹pic"qej" “t" gp" urgekgnnv" htwmvdct" x“i0" Kuv“nngv" ogpct"
kdncpf"urgnct"uo‹"qouv“pfkijgvgt"qej"urgekÝmc" lci" cvv" h to‹icp" ogf" cvv" hqtvu“vvc" cvv" xctc" gp"
kpfkxkfgt" uvqt" tqnn" h t" j“pfgnugwvxgemnkpigp0" engagerande och intressant disciplin snarare
Kdncpf"“t"fgv"tgncvkxv"n“vv"cvv"n“pmc"nqmcnc"rtcmvkmgt" uv‹t"cvv"Ýppc"k"wvxgemnkpi"cx"p{c"rgturgmvkx."p{c"
ogf" uv ttg." tgikqpcnc" uvtwmvwtgt." ogp" k" o‹pic" metoder och konstruktiva kombinationer av nytt
hcnn" ucmpcu" n“pmct" qej" ucoocpjcpi" xknmgv" i t" qej" icoocnv0"Cvv" u mc" uki" vknndcmc" qej" rnqemc"
fgv" ux‹tv" cvv" mp{vc" ucoocp" gpumknfc" j“pfgnugt" wrr" vkfkictg" cxh“tfcfg" rgturgmvkx" qej" ogvqfgt"
vknn" uv ttg" jkuvqtkgt0" Ogf" vcpmg" r‹" jwt" fgv" “t" upctctg" gvv" vgemgp" r‹" gp" fkuekrnkp" k" mtku0"
ctmgqnqikumc" ocvgtkcngv" “t" mqpuvkvwgtcv." kdncpf" Upgmmguvcfu" fkumwuukqp" qo" Ófgp" p{c"
mwowncvkxv" xgt" n‹pi" vkf." kdncpf" uqo" tguwnvcv" FctykpkuogpÓ" “t" r‹" fgv" rncpgv" xkmvki" ghvgtuqo"
cx" gp" gpumknf" j“pfgnug." mcp" fgv" mpcrrcuv" dctc" fgp" u‹" v{fnkiv" knnwuvtgtct" fg" qnkmc" vgpfgpugtpc" k"
Ýppcu"gvv"u“vv"cvv"o vc"fgp0"Fgv"“t"fgv"urgekÝmc" oqfgtp" ctmgqnqik" qej" vxkpict" quu" cvv" v“pmc" vknn"
ocvgtkcngv" uqo" k" unwv“pfcp" cxi t" xknmc" ht‹iqt" qej"fkumwvgtc"fkuekrnkpgpu"o‹n"qej"o lnkijgvgt0"
uqo"“t"tkonkic"cvv"uv“nnc"vknn"fgv0"
Lci" “t" fqem" t“ff" h t" cvv" qo" xk" n‹pct" gvv" tc"
ʻxgp" qo" ocp" kpqo" fg" rquv/rtqeguuwgnnc" vknn" Fctykp" mqoogt" xk" gpfcuv" cvv" j tc" gp"
ctmgqnqikgtpc" qhvc" dtwmct" dgvqpc" fgv" nqmcnc" up“emcu" dtwu" uqo" xgtum{ngt" jkuvqtkgpu" tggnnc"
qej" urgekÝmc" jct" fgvvc" rgturgmvkx" “ppw" kpvg" mqorngzkvgv" qej" uvqtc" xctkcvkqpgt" xgt" vkf" qej"
wvhqtumcvu" vknn" ukp" hwnnc" rqvgpvkcn0" Vtqvu" cvv" ocp" rum." Fg" qnkmc" uvtwmvwtgt" qej" ghhgmvgt" xk" mcp"
k" cnno“ppc" vgtogt" h tgurt‹mct" gp" h tumlwvpkpi" k" kfgpvkÝgtc" k" fgv" ctmgqnqikumc" ocvgtkcngv" o‹" k"
umcnc"oqv"fgv"urgekÝmc"qej"fgv"nqmcnc."hqmwugtct" o‹pic" hcnn" nkmpc" xcf" uqo" wrrvt“fgt" xgt" n‹pi"
fg" cnntc" Þguvc" ctmgqnqikumc" vgzvgt" hqtvhctcpfg" sikt i en biologiskt naturlig selektion, men det
r‹" cnno“ppc" uvtwmvwtgt" qej" o puvgt" h t" gp" xkuu" dgj xgt" kpvg" dgv{fc" cvv" fgv" “t" ucooc" ucm" qej"
vkfurgtkqf"gnngt"gp"mwnvwt"*Vjqocu"4226<75+0"Fg" cvv" fgv" h nlgt" ucooc" uejgoc0" Fgv" Ýppu" kpic"
urgekÝmc" qej" kpfkxkfwgnnc" uqo" kdncpf" vcu" wrr" igpx“ict"vknn"h tjkuvqtkgp."xctg"uki"xkc"cpvtqrqnq
xgtmct" ht“ouv" wvi tc" Ñpcttcvkxc" h puvgtÑ" h t" cvv" ikumc"cpcnqikgt."umtkhvnkic"m“nnqt"gnngt"j“pxkupkpi"
ig"fgv"h tÞwvpc"gp"m“punc"cx"kpvkokvgv"qej"fgvcnl vknn"igpgtgnnc"ncio“uukijgvgt0
tkmgfqo" *Jqffgt" 4225<;3+0" Tgpqfncfg" h tu m"
cvv"vc"fgv"urgekÝmc"uqo"wvi‹piurwpmv"“t"jkvvknnu" Referenser
icpumc" h‹" k" ctmgqnqikp." ogp" fgv" Ýppu" gzgorgn"
k" hqto" cx" Ñsingularized historiesÑ" *Ocip¿uuqp" Crgn."L0"qi"M0"Fctoctm"422;"Gxqnwvkqp"cpf"ocvgtkcn"ewnvwtg0"
Current Swedish Archaeology 39<33Î4:0
4225+" gnngt" ÑokmtqctmgqnqikÑ" f“t" fgv" urgekÝmc"
qej"nqmcnc"“t"wvi‹piurwpmvgp"h t"uv ttg"jkuvqtkgt" Dcohqtvj."F0"D0"4224""Gxkfgpeg"cpf"Ogvcrjqt"kp"
Gxqnwvkqpct"Ctejcgqnqi{0"American Antiquity 67:435
*Eqtpgnn" qej" Hcjncpfgt" 4224." Hcjncpfgt" 422:+0"
452.
Fgv"“t"ucppqnkmv"u‹"cvv"fgv"uqekcnc"qej"o“ppkumcpu"
ocvgtkgnnc"mwnvwt"d‹fg"jcpfnct"qo"wvqomtqrrunki." Eqtpgnn."R0"qi"H0"Hcjncpfgt0"4224"Oketqctejcgqnqi{."
oknl o“uuki" qej" uqekcn" uvtwmvwtgnn" r‹xgtmcp."
Materiality and Social Practice. Current Swedish
Archaeology"32<43/5:0
u‹x“n" uqo" kpfkxkfwgnn" mtqrrunkijgv." ocvgtkgnn"
omgivning och mer eller mindre medvetna
kpvgpvkqpgt0" Fgv" i‹t" fqem" mpcrrcuv" cvv" uvkrwngtc" Eagleton, T. 2003 After Theory."Dcuke"Dqqmu."Pgy"[qtm0
p‹itc"cnno“piknvkic"rquvwncv"h t"xcf"uqo"dgv{fgt" Fahlander, F. 2007 Third space encounters. Hybridity,
mimicry and interstitial practice. I Encounters
oguv=" igpgt." ogogt." oknl ." cigpe{." kfgqnqik"
MaterialitiesConfrontations. Archaeologies of social
gnngt" ocvgtkcnkvgv0" ʻxgp" qo" lci" k" cnno“pjgv"
uv“nngt" oki" rqukvkx" vknn" gp" fkumwuukqp" mtkpi" ogt"
169
Primitive t id e r
space and interaction,"R0"Eqtpgnn"qi"H0"Hcjncpfgt"*tgf+."
u037/650"Ecodtkfig"Uejqnctu"Rwdnkujkpi."Ecodtkfig0"
Î422:""Fkhhgtgpegu"vjcv"ocvvgt<"Ocvgtkcnkvkgu."ocvgtkcn"
culture and social practice. I Six essays on the materiality
of society and culture, J0"In¼tuvcf"qi"N0"Jgfgcigt"*tgf+."
u0349/760"Dtkeqngwt"Rtguu."Iqvjgpdwti0
Hcnwfk."U0"422:""Den amerikanska mardrömmen: bakhållet
mot kvinnorna0"Ngqrctf."Uvqemjqno0
Hodder, I. 2003 Archaeology beyond dialogue. University
qh"Wvcj"Rtguu."Ucnv"Ncmg"Ekv{0
Mtkuvkcpugp."M0"4226""Igpgu"xgtuwu"cigpvu0"C"fkuewuukqp"
on the widening theoretical gap in archaeology.
Archaeological Dialogues 11:7799.
QÓDtkgp."O0"L0"qi"T0N0""N{ocp"4224 Applying Evolutionary
Archaeology A Systematic Approach. Mnwygt."Pgy"[qtm0
Ocip¿uuqp."U0"I0"4225""Vjg"ukpiwnctk¦cvkqp"qh"Jkuvqt{:
social history and microhistory within the postmodern
uvcvg"qh"mpqyngfig0"Journal of Social History 36 (3):
701735.
Runciman, W. G. 2009 The Theory of Cultural and Social
Selection."Ecodtkfig"Wpkxgtukv{"Rtguu."Ecodtkfig0
Uxguvcf."C0"4225""Hkpp"fkp"gigp"Ýnquqh<"mqphtqpvculqpgt"
og kontradiksjoner i den arkeologiske teoridebatten.
Kpuvkvwvv"hqt"ctmgqnqik."Vtqou¼
Thomas, J. 2004 Archaeology and modernity. Routledge,
Nqpfqp0
170
2011 13. årgang
DEBATT
Comment on:
Petter Snekkestad, Darwinistisk arkeologi
Felix Riede
Chfgnkpi"hqt"Hqtjkuvqtkum"Ctm¹qnqik
Kpuvkvwv"hqt"Cpvtqrqnqik."Ctm¹qnqik"qi"Nkpixkuvkm
Cctjwu"Wpkxgtukvgv."Oqgui‹tf
Over the last 40 years, evolutionary approaches
to human behaviour and culture have been
gathering pace (Ncncpf" cpf" Dtqyp" 4224),
and it is with excitement that I see these ideas
being taken up, albeit slowly, by Scandinavian
archaeologists.
RgtuuqpÓu" *3;;;)
article
uwooctkugu" ocp{" hgcvwtgu" qh" ewnvwtcn" gxq/
nwvkqpct{" oqfgnu" kp" Uygfkuj." yjknuv" Fcpkuj"
tgcfgtu" eqwnf" rtgxkqwun{" Ýpf" oqtg" fkuewuukqp"
qh"Fctykpkcp"oqfgnu"qh"ewnvwtcn"gxqnwvkqp"kp"vjg"
cpvjtqrqnqikecn" nkvgtcvwtg" Î" fgurkvg" vjg" cnoquv"
eqorngvg"cdugpeg"qh"dkqnqikecn"cpvjtqrqnqi{"kp"
vjg"uwdlgevÓu"ewttkewnwo<"Uejtqnn/Hkuejgt"*3;:5),
hqt"kpuvcpeg."qhhgtu"c"xgt{"dcncpegf"cpf"kpukijvhwn"
vtgcvogpv"qh"vjg"pcuegpv"gxqnwvkqpct{"oqfgnu"hqt"
culture, while U¼tgpugpÓu" *4229+" tgegpv" ecnn" hqt"
a reductionist cultural evolutionary approach
resonates with the issues raised by Petter
Upgmmguvcf" kp" jku" tgxkgy" ctvkeng" qh" Fctykpkcp"
ewnvwtcn" gxqnwvkqp" *FMG+0" UpgmmguvcfÓu" ctvkeng"
ku" c" xgt{" wughwn" cffkvkqp" vq" ukoknct" fkuewuukqp"
pieces that have appeared in various inter
pcvkqpcn"lqwtpcnu"*g0i0"N{ocp"cpf"QÓDtkgp"3;;:="
Mtkuvkcpugp" 4226=" Twpekocp" 4227=" Oguqwfk et
al. 2006) as well as, recently in Current Swedish
Archaeology (Crgn"cpf"Fctoctm"422;+0"Cnn"vjgug"
articles are published with peer commentary
cpf" crvn{" tgÞgev" vjg" kpvgpug" fgdcvg" Î" jquvknkv{"
gxgp" Î" cpf" okuwpfgtuvcpfkpiu" vjcv" ejctcevgtkug"
fkuewuukqpu" qh" Fctykpkcp" gxqnwvkqpct{" oqfgnu"
hqt" jwocp" ewnvwtg0" K" jcxg" ctiwgf" o{ugnh" vjcv"
FMG"ykvj"cnn"kvu"hcegvu"eqpuvkvwvgu"c"eqpegrvwcnn{"
tqqo{." yqtmcdng" htcogyqtm" hqt" rtgjkuvqtke"
ctejcgqnqi{" vjcv" ku" crrtqrtkcvg" vq" vjg" dwnm" qh"
ctejcgqnqikecn" fcvc." cpf" rtcevkecn" kp" vgtou" qh"
qrgtcvkqpcnk¦kpi"kvu"vgpgvu0"Kp"cffkvkqp."K"dgnkgxg"kv"
ku"eqorcvkdng"ykvj"ocp{"qh"vjg"fkuekrnkpgÓu"qvjgt"
theoretical and methodological accomplish
ments (Tkgfg"4227="Tkgfg"4228). This concerns,
in particular technological and chronological
uvwfkgu."geqnqi{"cpf"cigpe{"vjgqt{."cnn"qh"yjkej"
ecp" dg" eqpukfgtgf" jcnnoctmu" qh" Uecpfkpcxkcp"
ctejcgqnqi{0" K" vjgtghqtg" vjcpm" vjg" gfkvqtu" qh"
Primitive Tider" hqt" kpxkvkpi" og" vq" eqoogpv" qp"
Rgvvgt"UpgmmguvcfÓu"rcrgt"cpf"yqwnf"nkmg"vq"vcmg"
this opportunity to build on his contribution by
hwtvjgt"jkijnkijvkpi"vyq"curgevu."yjgtg"K"ecp"ugg"
FMG" ocmkpi" eqpetgvg" eqpvtkdwvkqpu" vq" Uecpfk
pcxkcp"ctejcgqnqi{<"Ngctpkpi"vjgqt{"cpf"rj{nq
genetic methods, and niche construction theory.
Learning Theory and phylogenetic methods
Scandinavian archaeologists have been able
vq." vjtqwij" ogvkewnqwu" Ýgnf" fqewogpvcvkqp"
cpf" tgÝvvkpi." rtqxkfg" tgoctmcdn{" fgvckngf" cpf"
eqpetgvg" kpukijvu" kpvq" grkuqfgu" qh" rtgjkuvqtke"
teaching and learning (e.g. Hkuejgt"3;:;="Hkuejgt"
3;;2=" J idgti" 3;;;+0" Uwej" kpuvcpegu" qh" rcuv"
pedagogy have attracted some methodbuilding
(J idgti"422:="Uvgtpmg"cpf"U¼tgpugp"4228+, but
vjg{" tgockp" nctign{" fkxqtegf" htqo" u{uvgocvke"
171
Primitive t id e r
eqpukfgtcvkqpu" qh" jqy" uwej" rgfciqikecn"
uechhqnfkpi" wphqnfu" qxgt" vjg" nqpi" vkog" rgtkqfu"
archaeologists routinely handle. This may be due
vq"cp"cnoquv"gzenwukxg"hqtgitqwpfkpi"qh"rgturge
vkxgu"qp"ngctpkpi"vjcv"hqewu"qp"eqipkvkqp"cpf"vjg"
individual learning experience. These studies
ftcy"qp"vjg"ghhqtvu"qh"Htgpej"yqtmgtu"*g0i0"Mctnkp"
and Julien 1994), but ignore other perspectives
on teaching and learning that may have much
vq" qhhgt" vq" ctejcgqnqikuvu" *Tehrani and Riede
422:+0"Uwej"cp"wpfwg"hqewu"qp"eqipkvkxg"curgevu"
qh"vgejpqnqi{"ngcfu"vq"c"fgcf/gpf"*ugg"Dct/[qugh"
cpf" Xcp" Rggt" 422;+0" Qp" qeecukqp." kpuvcpegu" qh"
tgoctmcdng"rtgugtxcvkqp"okijv"hceknkvcvg"igpwkpg"
kpukijvu"kp"rcuv"rgqrngÓu"okpfu."dwv"cu"ctejcgqnq
ikuvu"yg"ctg"tcvjgt"dgvvgt"gswkrrgf"vq"cuuguu"vjg"
longterm (social and material) dynamics that
channel individual learning into those estab
nkujgf." vtkgf/cpf/vguvgf" rcvjyc{u" qh" rtqfwevkqp"
that lend archaeological visibility to the stable
eqpuvgnncvkqpu" qh" mpqyngfig" cpf" mpqy/jqy" yg"
call types and traditions. Once transmitted skill
cpf"mpqyngfig"ku"uggp"cu"swcpvkÝcdng"Î"c"uvcpeg"
vjcv"pgeguukvcvgu"c"fgitgg"qh"tgfwevkqpkuo"Î"cpf"
archaeological" ewnvwtgu" ecp" dg" fgÝpgf." cickp"
swcpvkvcvkxgn{." cu" eqpukuvgpvn{" qxgtncrrkpi"
eqoowpkvkgu" qh" rtcevkeg" ykvj" c" ujctgf" jkuvqt{"
(QÓDtkgp et al."422:="Tkgfg"kp"rtguu). What this
hctgygnn"vq"guugpvkcnkuo"cpf"v{rqnqi{"*ugg"Riede
2010) means in concrete terms is that we can use
vjqug"cvvtkdwvgu"yg"Ýpf"tgewttkpi"kp"vqqnu"cetquu"
ejtqpqnqikecn" ugswgpegu" cu" kprwv" fcvc." dgecwug"
vjg{" tgÞgev" uvcdng" eqpuvgnncvkqpu" qh" mpqyngfig"
repeatedly negotiated and renegotiated within
uweeguukxg" igpgtcvkqpu" qh" rtcevkvkqpgtu" *k0g0"
cigpvu+0" Uwej" fcvc" gzkuvu" kp" nctig" swcpvkvkgu" kp"
vjg"ctejcgqnqikecn"tgeqtf."dwv"tgswktgu"vjg"mkpf"
qh" tgfwevkqpkuo" Upgmmguvcf" fkuewuugu" cpf" vjcv"
uqog" etkvkeu" qh" FMG" ctg" ygct{" qh0" Dwv" ecp" yg"
tgcnkuvkecnn{" jqrg" vq" itcur" vjg" ukipkÝecpeg" cpf"
tqng"qh"gcej"cvvtkdwvg"ykvjqwv"tgeqwtug"vq"uvcvku
vkecn" ogvjqfuA" Eqttgurqpfgpeg" cpcn{uku" jcu"
nqpi"dggp"vjg"ogvjqf"qh"ejqkeg"coqpiuv"Uecpfk
navian archaeologists interested in creating
vkog/ugtkgu" qh" ocvgtkcn" ewnvwtg" ejcpig" *Madsen
3;::). Notably, the seriations produced through
correspondence analysis can be said to constitute
172
2011 13. årgang
urgekcn" ecugu" qh" eqnncrugf" rj{nqigpkgu=" cp{"
robust seriation can be expected to produce an
gswcnn{" tqdwuv" rj{nqigp{" *N{ocp" cpf" QÓDtkgp"
4222=" N{ocp" 422;). In contrast to seriations,
jqygxgt."rj{nqigpkgu"qhhgt"c"tcpig"qh"cffkvkqpcn"
cpcn{vkecn" hgcvwtgu" vjcv" hceknkvcvg" cpcn{ugu" qh"
material culture trait evolution and coevolution
(Riede 2009), colonisation processes (Dwejcpcp"
cpf"Eqnnctf"4229="Dwejcpcp"cpf"Eqnnctf"422:)
and social contexts (Lqtfcp" cpf" Oceg" 422:="
Jordan and Shennan 2009).
Two important points are worth highlighting
here: First, the idiosyncratic and sometimes
innovative elements individuals integrate
into their own toolmaking repertoires are not
necessarily those they pass on to their own
children or apprentices (Vgjtcpk" cpf" Eqnnctf"
2009+0"Vjg"kornkecvkqp"qh"vjku"ecxgcv"ku"vjcv"yg"
cannot draw on only individual tools, assem
dncigu" qt" gxgp" tgÝvvkpi" ugtkgu" yjgp" kpxguvk
icvkpi" vgcejkpi" cpf" ngctpkpi" cv" vjg" ngxgn" qh" vjg"
practice community. Such an investigation must
necessarily be comparative, diachronic and
probably statistical so that, as argued above,
eqpuvgnncvkqpu" qh" mpqyngfig" cpf" mpqy/jqy"
stable across" igpgtcvkqpu" ecp" dg" kfgpvkÝgf0"
Second, thinking about historical relationships
vjtqwij" vtgg/fkcitcou" ku" c" rqygthwn" yc{" qh"
conceptualising such data (see QÓJctc" 3;;9),
but it is not exclusive to the biological sciences.
Similar methods became established also in
historical linguistics and stemmatology at around
vjg"ucog"vkog"Î"qt"kpfggf"gxgp"gctnkgt"Î"vjcp"kp"vjg"
biological sciences (Rncvpkem"cpf"Ecogtqp"3;99="
Cvmkpuqp" cpf" Itc{" 4227). What stands behind
vjku" ewtkqwu" ogvjqfqnqikecn" eqpxgtigpegA" Cnn"
vjgug" uwdlgevu." jkuvqtkecn" nkpiwkuvkeu." uvgooc
vqnqi{."gxqnwvkqpct{"dkqnqi{"cpf"hqt"vjcv"ocvvgt"
archaeology deal with data that are abundant
{gv" htciogpvct{" cpf" qtfgtgf" kp" vkog0" Yjcv"
FMG"qhhgtu"ku"c"vjgqtgvkecnn{"tqdwuv"gzrncpcvqt{"
htcogyqtm"vjcv"cnnqyu"vgcejkpi."ngctpkpi"cpf"vjg"
ewnvwtcn"vtcpuokuukqp"qh"kphqtocvkqp"vq"dg"rncegf"
in a workable analytical whole (Eerkens and
Nkrq"4227="Ggtmgpu"cpf"Nkrq"4229).
Felix Riede
Niche construction theory
Pkejg"eqpuvtwevkqp"vjgqt{"*PEV+"ku"rgtjcru"vjg"
pgyguv" cffkvkqp" vq" vjg" eqtrwu" qh" gxqnwvkqpct{"
approaches concerned with human behaviour
and culture. It is gathering momentum and
ycttcpvu" rctvkewnct" cvvgpvkqp" dgecwug" qpg" qh"
kvu" ckou" ku" urgekÝecnn{" vq" ocmg" gxqnwvkqpct{"
approaches more relevant to the humanities
(OdlingSmee et al. 2003) by recognising how
misunderstanding or poor practice have created
barriers to crossdisciplinary communication and
integration (see Tkgfg"4227="Ncncpf"cpf"QÓDtkgp"
2010+0"PEV"ku"cp"gzvgpukqp"qh"fwcn/kpjgtkvcpeg"
approaches that, as Snekkestad ably summarises,
rwvu"gorjcuku"qp"vjg"qhvgp"hct/tgcejkpi"rqukvkxg"
cu" ygnn" cu" pgicvkxg" eqpugswgpegu" qh" gpxktqp
ogpvcn"oqfkÝecvkqpu"d{"jwocpu0"Gpxktqpogpvcn"
archaeology is, as QÓEqppqt"*4223) has pointed
qwv."eqpegtpgf"rtgekugn{"ykvj"vjg"jwocp"oqfkÝ
ecvkqpu"qh"vjg"gpxktqpogpv"cpf"kvu"eqpugswgpegu0"
Vjg" kpxguvkicvkqp" qh" uwej" ejcpigu" kp" dtqcf"
geqnqikecn"htcogyqtm"cickp"jcu"c"nqpi"vtcfkvkqp"
in Scandinavian archaeology (see Mtkuvkcpugp"
2002+." cpf" ecp" dg" kfgpvkÝgf" htqo" vjg" gctnkguv"
kpuvcpegu"qh"jwocp"rtgugpeg"kp"Uecpfkpcxkc"*g0i0"
Dgtiocp"cpf"¥cemtkuuqp"4229) to the landscape
oqfkÝecvkqpu"ytqwijv"d{"Pgqnkvjke"hctogtu"*ugg"
Iversen 1941" hqt" c" encuuke" uvwf{+." vq" grkuqfgu"
qh" Ogfkgxcn" pkejg" eqpuvtwevkqp" cpf" vjgkt." kp"
vjg" ecug" qh" vjg" Itggpncpf" Pqtug" pgicvkxg."
eqpugswgpegu" *g0i0" Xfiuvgkpuuqp et al. 2002).
Kp" cffkvkqp" vq" ocpkrwncvkqp" qh" vjg" rj{ukecn"
environment, human niche construction also
includes the social environment with important
kornkecvkqpu" hqt" jqy" tgncvkqpu" ykvjkp" uwej" cp"
environment are structured (see Sterelny 2007).
That such changes in the external (social and
rj{ukecn+"gpxktqpogpv"Î"kp"qvjgt"yqtfu."ocvgtk
cnkv{"Î"cnuq"chhgev"qwt"kpvgtpcn"*eqipkvkxg+"modus
operandi has been shown experimentally in
primates (Ktkmk"cpf"Ucmwtc"422:) with important
kornkecvkqpu" hqt" vjgqtkgu" qh" jwocp" eqipkvkxg"
gxqnwvkqp0" Cu" Johannsen (2010) has recently
stressed, history matters when it comes to human
*cpf"hqt"vjcv"ocvvgt"jqokpkf+"eqipkvkqp"rtgekugn{"
dgecwug"yg"nkxg"kp"c"oqfkÝgf"gpxktqpogpv"*ugg"
Comment on: Petter Snekkestad
cnuq"Ocnchqwtku"4232="Yjggngt"cpf"Enctm"422:+0"
Ctejcgqnqi{" cnqpg" jcu" ceeguu" vq" vjg" nqpi/vgto"
prehistorical perspective to investigate human
pkejg" eqpuvtwevkqp" gorktkecnn{." cpf" htcokpi"
archaeological hypotheses and interpretation
kp" vjg" vgtokpqnqi{" qh" PEV" yqwnf" dg" qpg" yc{"
qh" dtkfikpi" fkueqwtug" dcttkgtu" dgvyggp." hqt"
example, developmental studies (Mctgkxc et
al. 2007) or conservation ecology (Ncncpf" cpf"
Dqqigtv"4232). Interaction with such disciplines
might not only yield new insights into the past, it
might also provide steep gains in social currency
hqt"ctejcgqnqi{"cu"c"uwdlgev0
Concluding remarks
Kp" o{" qrkpkqp." Fctykpkcp" ewnvwtcn" gxqnwvkqp"
*FMG+" ku" c" tgngxcpv" vjgqtgvkecn" uvcpeg" cpf" K"
itgcvn{" ygneqog" Rgvvgt" UpgmmguvcfÓu" eqpvtk
bution. Whilst elegant in its basis, evolutionary
theory is also complicated in its application.
Ctejcgqnqikuvu." ykvj" vjgkt" tqqvu" wuwcnn{" Ýton{"
ykvjkp"vjg"jwocpkvkgu."tctgn{"ocmg"ceswckpvcpeg"
ykvj" pqvkqpu" qh" gxqnwvkqp" cpf" vjgkt" crrnkecvkqp"
wpvkn" vjg{" ctg" swkvg" hct" cnqpi" vjgkt" rtqhguukqpcn"
career paths. I have tried to argue that much
ctejcgqnqikecn"rtcevkeg"oc{"kp"hcev"dg"eqorcvkdng"
ykvj"Î"cpf"dgpgÝv"htqo"Î"gxqnwvkqpct{"oqfgnu."
qpeg" dcttkgtu" qh" fkueqwtug" ctg" fkuocpvngf0" Vjg"
misunderstandings that have plagued discus
ukqpu" qh" FMG" *g0i0" Henrich et al." 422:) can
only be resolved in open debate. My hope is that
UpgmmguvcfÓu" eqpvtkdwvkqp" oc{" octm" vjg"
dgikppkpi" qh" uwej" c" fgdcvg" kp" Pqtyc{" cu" ygnn"
cu" vjg" dgikppkpi" qh" c" Uecpfkpcxkcp" tgugctej"
rtqitcoog" ocmkpi" wug" qh" vjg" ocp{" yqtmcdng"
ogvjqfu"qhhgtgf"d{"FMG0
Cited literature
Crgn."L0"cpf"M0"Fctoctm"422;"Gxqnwvkqp"cpf"ocvgtkcn"
culture. Current Swedish Archaeology"39<33/4:0
Cvmkpuqp."S0"F0"cpf"T0"F0"Itc{"4227"Ewtkqwu"Rctcnngnu"cpf"
Ewtkqwu"Eqppgevkqpu"/"Rj{nqigpgvke"Vjkpmkpi"kp"Dkqnqi{"
cpf"Jkuvqtkecn"Nkpiwkuvkeu0"Systematic Biology 54(4):513
526.
173
Primitive t id e r
Dct/[qugh."Q0"cpf"R0"Xcp"Rggt"422;"Vjg"Chaine Operatoire
Crrtqcej"kp"Okffng"Rcngqnkvjke"Ctejcgqnqi{0"Current
Anthropology 50(1):103131.
Dgtiocp."K0"cpf"Q0"¥cemtkuuqp"4229"Gctn{"Oguqnkvjke"
Jwpvgt/Icvjgtgtu"cpf"Ncpfuecrg"Ceswkukvkqp"d{"vjg"
Ctevke"Ekteng0"Journal of Northern Studies 12:123142.
Dwejcpcp."D0"cpf"O0"Eqnnctf"4229"Kpxguvkicvkpi"vjg"
rgqrnkpi"qh"Pqtvj"Cogtkec"vjtqwij"encfkuvke"cpcn{ugu"
qh"Gctn{"Rcngqkpfkcp"rtqlgevkng"rqkpvu0"Journal of
Anthropological Archaeology 26(3):366393.
Î422:"Rjgpgvkeu."encfkuvkeu."cpf"vjg"ugctej"hqt"vjg"Cncumcp"
cpeguvqtu"qh"vjg"Rcngqkpfkcpu<"c"tgcuuguuogpv"qh"
tgncvkqpujkru"coqpi"vjg"Enqxku."Pgpcpc."cpf"Fgpcnk"
archaeological complexes. Journal of Archaeological
Science"57*8+<38:5/38;60
Ggtmgpu."L0"cpf"E0"R0"Nkrq"4227"Ewnvwtcn"vtcpuokuukqp."
eqr{kpi"gttqtu."cpf"vjg"igpgtcvkqp"qh"xctkcvkqp"kp"
material culture and the archaeological record. Journal of
Anthropological Archaeology 24(4):316334.
2011 13. årgang
Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
363(1500):22292241.
Kxgtugp."L0"3;63"Ncpfpco"k"Fcpoctmu"Uvgpcnfgt0"Gp"
rqnngpcpcn{vkum"Wpfgtu¼ignug"qxgt"fgv"h¼tuvg"Ncpfdtwiu"
Kpfxktmpkpi"rcc"Xgigvcvkqpuwfxkmnkpigp0"Danmarks
Geologiske Undersøgelse"88*KK0"t¹mmg+<3/8:0
Lqjcppugp."P0"4232"Vgejpqnqikecn"Eqpegrvwcnk¦cvkqp<"
Eqipkvkqp"qp"vjg"Ujqwnfgtu"qh"Jkuvqt{0"Kp""The Cognitive
Life of Things."Ocnchqwtku."N0"cpf"E0"Tgphtgy"*gfu0+."rr0"
7;/8;0"OeFqpcnf"Kpuvkvwvg"hqt"Ctejcgqnqikecn"Tgugctej."
Ecodtkfig0
Lqtfcp."R0"cpf"V0"Oceg"422:"Igpfgtgf"Vgejpqnqi{."
Mkpujkr."cpf"Ewnvwtcn"Vtcpuokuukqp"coqpi"Ucnkuj/
Urgcmkpi"Eqoowpkvkgu"qp"vjg"RcekÝe"Pqtvjyguv"Eqcuv<"
C"Rtgnkokpct{"Kpxguvkicvkqp0"Kp""Cultural Transmission
and Material Culture."Uvctm."O0"V0."D0"L0"Dqyugt"cpf"N0"
Jqtpg"*gfu0+."rr0"56/840"Vjg"Wpkxgtukv{"qh"Vweuqp"Rtguu."
Vweuqp."C¥0
Î4229"Ewnvwtcn"Vtcpuokuukqp"Vjgqt{"cpf"vjg"Ctejcgqnqikecn"
Tgeqtf<"Rtqxkfkpi"Eqpvgzv"vq"Wpfgtuvcpfkpi"Xctkcvkqp"
cpf"Vgorqtcn"Ejcpigu"kp"Ocvgtkcn"Ewnvwtg0"Journal of
Archaeological Research 15(3):239274.
Lqtfcp."R0"cpf"U0"L0"Ujgppcp"422;"Fkxgtukv{"kp"jwpvgt/
icvjgtgt"vgejpqnqikecn"vtcfkvkqpu<"Ocrrkpi"vtclgevqtkgu"
qh"ewnvwtcn"Òfguegpv"ykvj"oqfkÝecvkqpÓ"kp"pqtvjgcuv"
Ecnkhqtpkc0"Journal of Anthropological Archaeology
4:*5+<564/5870
Hkuejgt."C0"3;:;"C"Ncvg"Rcncgqnkvjke"ÐUejqqnÑ"qh"Hnkpv/
Mpcrrkpi"cv"Vtqnnguicxg."Fgpoctm0"Tguwnvu"htqo"
TgÝvvkpi0"Acta Archaeologica 60:3349.
Mctgkxc."R0."U0"Ycvvu."T0"OeFqpcnf"cpf"V0"Dqwejgt"
4229"Fqoguvkecvgf"Pcvwtg<"Ujcrkpi"Ncpfuecrgu"cpf"
Gequ{uvgou"hqt"Jwocp"Ygnhctg0"Science"538<3:88/3:8;0
Î3;;2"Qp"Dgkpi"c"Rwrkn"qh"c"Hnkpvmpcrrgt"qh"33.222"[gctu"
Ciq0"C"rtgnkokpct{"cpcn{uku"qh"ugvvngogpv"qticpk¦cvkqp"
cpf"Þkpv"vgejpqnqi{"dcugf"qp"eqplqkpgf"Þkpv"ctvghcevu"
htqo"vjg"Vtqnnguicxg"ukvg0"Kp""The Big Puzzle:
Kpvgtpcvkqpcn"U{orqukwo"qp"TgÝvvkpi"Uvqpg"Ctvghcevu."
Monrepos, 1987."E¦kgunc."G0."U0"Gkemjqhh."P0"Ctvu"qi"F0"
Ykpvgt"*gfu0+."rr0"669/6860"Jqnqu."Dqpp0
Mctnkp."E0"cpf"O0"Lwnkgp"3;;6"Rtgjkuvqtke"vgejpqnqi{<"
c"eqipkvkxg"uekgpegA"Kp""The ancient mind. Elements
of cognitive archaeology."Tgphtgy."E0"cpf"G0"D0"Y0"
¥wdtqy"*gfu0+."rr0"374/3860"Ecodtkfig"Wpkxgtukv{"Rtguu."
Ecodtkfig0
Jgptkej."L0."T0"Dq{f"cpf"R0"Tkejgtuqp"422:"Hkxg"
Okuwpfgtuvcpfkpiu"Cdqwv"Ewnvwtcn"Gxqnwvkqp0"Human
Nature 19(2):119137.
J idgti."C0"3;;;"Ejknf"cpf"Cfwnv"cv"c"Mpcrrkpi"Ctgc0"
C"vgejpqnqikecn"Hncmg"Cpcn{uku"qh"vjg"Ocpwhcevwtg"
qh"c"Pgqnkvjke"Uswctg"Ugevkqpgf"Czg"cpf"c"EjknfÓu"
Hnkpvmpcrrkpi"Cevkxkvkgu"qp"cp"Cuugodncig"gzecxcvgf"
cu"Rctv"qh"vjg"£tguwpf"Hkzgf"Nkpm"Rtqlgev0"Acta
Archaeologica 70:79106.
Mtkuvkcpugp."M0"4224"Vjg"Dktvj"qh"Geqnqikecn"Ctejcgqnqi{"
kp"Fgpoctm0"Kp""The Neolithisation of Denmark. 150
years of debate."Hkuejgt."C0"qi"M0"Mtkuvkcpugp"*tgf0+."rr0"
;/540"L0T0"Eqnnkpu."UjghÝgnf0
Î4226"Igpgu"xgtuwu"cigpvu0"C"fkuewuukqp"qh"vjg"ykfgpkpi"
theoretical gap in archaeology. Archaeological Dialogues
11(2):7799.
Ncncpf."M0"P0"qi"O0"L0"QÓDtkgp"4232"Pkejg"Eqpuvtwevkqp"
Vjgqt{"cpf"Ctejcgqnqi{0"Journal of Archaeological
Method and Theory 17(4):303322.
J idgti."C0"422:"Rnc{kpi"ykvj"Hnkpv<"Vtcekpi"c"EjknfÓu"
Kokvcvkqp"qh"Cfwnv"Yqtm"kp"c"Nkvjke"Cuugodncig0"Journal
of Archaeological Method and Theory 15(1):112131.
Ncncpf."M0"P0"cpf"P0"L0"Dqqigtv"4232"Pkejg"eqpuvtwevkqp."
coevolution and biodiversity. Ecological Economics
69(4):731736.
Ktkmk."C0"cpf"Q0"Ucmwtc"422:"Vjg"pgwtquekgpeg"qh"rtkocvg"
intellectual evolution: natural selection and passive
and intentional niche construction. Philosophical
Ncncpf."M0"P0"cpf"I0"T0"Dtqyp"4224"Sense & Nonsense.
Evolutionary Perspectives on Human Behaviour0"Qzhqtf"
Wpkxgtukv{"Rtguu.Qzhqtf0
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Felix Riede
N{ocp."T0"N0"422;"Itcrjkpi"gxqnwvkqpct{"rcvvgtp"cpf"
rtqeguu<"c"jkuvqt{"qh"vgejpkswgu"kp"ctejcgqnqi{"cpf"
paleobiology. Journal of Human Evolution 56(2):192
204.
N{ocp."T0"N0"cpf"O0"L0"QÓDtkgp"3;;:"Vjg"Iqcnu"qh"
Gxqnwvkqpct{"Ctejcgqnqi{0"Jkuvqt{"cpf"Gzrncpcvkqp0"
Current Anthropology 39(5):615652.
Î4222"Ogcuwtkpi"cpf"Gzrnckpkpi"Ejcpig"kp"Ctvkhcev"
Xctkcvkqp"ykvj"Encfg/Fkxgtukv{"Fkcitcou0"Journal of
Anthropological Archaeology 19(1):3974.
Ocfugp."V0"*gf0+"3;::"Multivariate archaeology: numerical
approaches in Scandinavian archaeology. Jutland
Ctejcgqnqikecn"Uqekgv{."J¼ldlgti0
Ocnchqwtku."N0"4232"Vjg"dtckp/ctvghcev"kpvgthceg"*DCK+<"c"
ejcnngpig"hqt"ctejcgqnqi{"cpf"ewnvwtcn"pgwtquekgpeg0"
Uqekcn"Eqipkvkxg"cpf"Chhgevkxg"Pgwtquekgpeg"7*4/5+<486/
273.
Oguqwfk."C0."C0"Yjkvgp"cpf"M0"P0"Ncncpf"4228"Vqyctfu"c"
wpkÝgf"uekgpeg"qh"ewnvwtcn"gxqnwvkqp0"Behavioural and
Brain Sciences"4;<54;/5:50
QÓDtkgp."O0"L0."T0"N0"N{ocp."O0"Eqnnctf."E0"L0"Jqnfgp."
T0"F0"Itc{"cpf"U0"L0"Ujgppcp"422:"Vtcpuokuukqp."
Rj{nqigpgvkeu."cpf"vjg"Gxqnwvkqp"qh"Ewnvwtcn"Fkxgtukv{0"
In Cultural Transmission and Archaeology: Issues and
Case Studies."QÓDtkgp."O0"L0"*gfu0+."rr0"5;/7:0"Uqekgv{"
hqt"Cogtkecp"Ctejcgqnqi{"Rtguu."Ycujkpivqp."FE0
QÓEqppqt."V0"R0"4223"Geqpqoke"Rtgjkuvqt{"qt"
Gpxktqpogpvcn"Ctejcgqnqi{A"Qp"Ickpkpi"c"Ugpug"qh"
Identitiy. In Environmental Archaeology: Meaning
and Purpose."Cndctgnnc."W0"*gf0+."rr0"39/490"Mnwygt"
Cecfgoke"Rwdnkujgtu."Nqpfqp0
QÓJctc."T0"L03;;9"Rqrwncvkqp"vjkpmkpi"cpf"vtgg"vjkpmkpi"kp"
systematics. Zoologica Scripta 26(4):323329.
Qfnkpi/Uogg."H0"L0."M0"P0"Ncncpf"cpf"O0"Y0"Hgnfocp"4225"
Niche Construction. The Neglected Process in Evolution.
Princeton University Press,Princeton, N.J.
Rgtuuqp."R0"3;;;"Ctmgqnqik"qej"gxqnwvkqpkuo0"Kp""Glyfer
och arkeologiska rum en vänbok til Jarl Nordbladh,
Iwuvchuuqp."C0"cpf"J0"Mctnuuqp"*gfu0+."rr0"889/89:0"
Gothenburg University, Gothenburg.
Comment on: Petter Snekkestad
Geqnqikecn/Gxqnwvkqpct{"Ctejcgqnqi{0"Kp""Investigating
Prehistoric HunterGatherer Identities: Case Studies
from Palaeolithic and Mesolithic Europe."Eqdd."J0."U0"
Rtkeg."H0"Eqyctf"cpf"N0"Itkoujcy"*gfu0+."rr0"67/860"
Qzdqy."Qzhqtf0
Î4228"Ejc pg"Qrfltcvqktg"/"Ejc pg"Gxqnwvkqpcktg0"Rwvvkpi"
Vgejpqnqikecn"Ugswgpegu"kp"Gxqnwvkqpct{"Eqpvgzv0"
Archaeological Review from Cambridge 21(1):5075.
Î422;"Vcpingf"Vtggu0"Oqfgnkpi"Ocvgtkcn"Ewnvwtg"Ejcpig"cu"
Jquv/Cuuqekcvg"Eq/Urgekcvkqp0"Kp""Pattern and Process
in Cultural Evolution."Ujgppcp."U0"L0"*gf0+."rr0":7/;:0"
Wpkxgtukv{"qh"Ecnkhqtpkc"Rtguu."Dgtmgng{."EC0
Î4232"Yj{"kupÓv"ctejcgqnqi{"*oqtg+"FctykpkcpA"
C"jkuvqtkecn"rgturgevkxg0"Journal of Evolutionary
Psychology":*4+<3:5/4260
Î"kp"rtguu0"Uvgru"vqyctfu"qrgtcvkqpcnk¦kpi"cp"gxqnwvkqpct{"
ctejcgqnqikecn"fgÝpkvkqp"qh"ewnvwtg0"Kp""What is
an archaeological culture? Approaching cultural
transmission and variation."Tqdgtvu."D0"cpf"O0"
Xcpfgtnkpfgp"*gfu0+0"Urtkpigt."Dgtnkp0
Twpekocp."Y0"I0"4227"Ewnvwtg"fqgu"gxqnxg0"History and
Theory 44(1):113.
Uejtqnn/Hkuejgt."G0"3;:5"Gxqnwvkqp¹tg"oqfgnngt"k"
kulturvidenskaberne. In Evolution, kultur og
samfund. Udviklingsteoretiske problemer i human og
samfundsvidenskaberne, SchrollFischer, E. (ed.), pp.
50146. Forlaget systime, Herning.
U¼tgpugp."O0"4228"D¼tp"qi"n¹tnkpig"k"uvgpcnfgtgp0"K""Fra
Vandkunsten til Vestpynten af Amager."N{piuvt¼o."J0"
*tgf0+."u0"37/450"Uczq/Kpuvkvwvvgv."Eqrgpjcigp0
Sørensen, J. 2007 Ideernes epidemiologi og kulturens
koowpqnqik<"Gv"hqtuxct"hqt"gv"mwnvwtjkuvqtkum"
hqtmnctkpiupkxgcw0"Tidsskriftet Antropologi 53(2006
2007):516.
Uvgtgnp{."M0"4229"Uqekcn"kpvgnnkigpeg."jwocp"kpvgnnkigpeg"
and niche construction. Philosophical Transactions of the
Royal Society B: Biological Sciences"584*36:2+<93;/9520
Rncvpkem."P0"K0"cpf"J0"F0"Ecogtqp"3;99"Encfkuvke"Ogvjqfu"
kp"Vgzvwcn."Nkpiwkuvke."cpf"Rj{nqigpgvke"Cpcn{uku0"
Systematic Biology"48<5:2/5:70
Uvgtpmg."H0"cpf"O0"U¼tgpugp"422;"Vjg"kfgpvkÝecvkqp"
qh"ejknftgpÓu"Þkpvmpcrrkpi"rtqfwevu"kp"Oguqnkvjke"
Scandinavia. In Mesolithic Horizons. Papers presented
at the Seventh International Conference on the
Mesolithic in Europe, Belfast 2005."OeEctvcp."U0."R0"E0"
Woodman, R. J. Schulting and G. Warren (eds.), pp. 722
94;0"Qzdqy."Qzhqtf0
Tkgfg."H0"4227"Fctykp"xu0"Dqwtfkgw0"Egngdtkv{"
Fgcvjocvej"qt"Rquvrtqeguuwcn"O{vjA"Rtqngiqogpqp"
hqt"vjg"Tgeqpeknkcvkqp"qh"Cigpvkxg/Kpvgtrtgvcvkxg"cpf"
Vgjtcpk."L0"L0"cpf"O0"Eqnnctf"422;"Qp"vjg"tgncvkqpujkr"
between interindividual cultural transmission and
rqrwncvkqp/ngxgn"ewnvwtcn"fkxgtukv{<"c"ecug"uvwf{"qh"
175
Primitive t id e r
weaving in Iranian tribal populations. Evolution and
Human Behavior"52*6+<4:8/5220
Vgjtcpk."L0"L0"cpf"H0"Tkgfg"422:"Vqyctfu"cp"ctejcgqnqi{"
qh"rgfciqi{<"ngctpkpi."vgcejkpi"cpf"vjg"igpgtcvkqp"qh"
material culture traditions. World Archaeology 40(3):316
331.
Xfiuvgkpuuqp."Q0."V0"J0"OeIqxgtp"cpf"E0"O0"Mgnngt"4224"
Gpfwtkpi"Korcevu<"Uqekcn"cpf"Gpxktqpogpvcn"Curgevu"
qh"Xkmkpi"Cig"Ugvvngogpv"kp"Kegncpf"cpf"Itggpncpf0"
Archaeologia Islandica"4<;:/3580
Yjggngt."O0"qi"C0"Enctm"422:"Ewnvwtg."godqfkogpv"
and genes: unravelling the triple helix. Philosophical
Vtcpucevkqpu"qh"vjg"Tq{cn"Uqekgv{"D<"Dkqnqikecn"Uekgpegu"
363(1509):35633575.
176
2011 13. årgang
DEBATT
Kommentar til:
Petter Snekkestad, Darwinistisk arkeologi
Jan Apel
Högskolan på Gotland
Lci"fgnct"Rgvvgt"Upgmmguvcfu"rqukvkxc"u{p"r‹"fg" huvudsak som ett resultat av selektion eller drift.
o lnkijgvgt" uqo" gvv" ogt" gzrnkekv" cpx“pfcpfg" Xctkcpvgt" dnkt" xcpnkic" gnngt" okpftg" xcpnkic" xgt"
av evolutionsteoretiska begrepp skulle kunna vkf" h t" cvv" fg" ogfh t" *cfcrvkxcA+" h tfgnct" gnngt"
ig" ctmgqnqikp0" Gxqnwvkqpuvgqtkp" wvilqtfg" gvv" pcemfgnct" gnngt" u‹" ngxgt" fg" xkfctg" r‹" itwpf" cx"
cx" hwpfcogpvgp" h t" fgp" oqfgtpc" ctmgqnqikpu" unworgp0" Ceegrvgtct" ocp" nqikmgp" dcmqo" v{rq/
h fgnug" ogp" uqo" Upgmmguvcf" xkuct" jct" fgp" nqikumc"ugtkgt"ogf"mtqpqnqikum"ukipkÝmcpu."p‹iqv"
mqookv"k"um{owpfcp"k"fg"ugpcuvg"42"‹tgpu"vgqtk uqo"fg"Þguvc"ctmgqnqigt"i t."dqtfg"fgv"kpvg"xctc"
fgdcvv0" Okpc" mqoogpvctgt" dgt t" p‹itc" fgvcnlgt" p‹itc"rtqdngo"cvv"ceegrvgtc"cvv"u‹fcp"fgÝpkvkqp"
uqo" lci" h tu mv" h tv{fnkic" qej" vgocp" uqo" lci" cx" gxqnwvkqp" “xgp" dgt t" ctmgqnqikp" *Crgn" qej"
vtqt" d t" fkumwvgtcu" k" gp" fgdcvv" qo" fctykpkuvkum" Fctoctm"4229+0"
arkeologi.
Gp" fkumwuukqp" mtkpi" mwnvwtgnn" gxqnwvkqp" “t"
Upgmmguvcf"xkuct"igpqo"gzgorgn."htcoh tcnnv" egpvtcn"k"Upgmmguvcfu"ctvkmgn0"Gp"itwpfn“iicpfg"
ht‹p" pqtfcogtkmcpum" ctmgqnqik." cvv" gxqnw ht‹ic" k" gp" u‹fcp" fkumwuukqp" “t" jwt" mwnvwtgnn"
vkqpkuvkum" vgqtk" uqo" j“ovcvu" ht‹p" dkqnqik" fgnu"
xgth tkpi" umgt" ognncp" o“ppkumqt" qej" xcf" fgv"
mcp" cpx“pfcu" ogvchqtkumv" p“t" ocp" h tmnctct" gigpvnkigp"“t"uqo" xgth tu0"N{emnkivxku"dgj xgt"
h t“pftkpi"k"ocvgtkgnn"mwnvwt" xgt"vkf"ogp"cvv"fgp" vi som arkeologer inte ge oss in i diskussionen
k" xkuuc" hcnn" “xgp" kppgd“t" mcf" dkqnqikum" Ývpguu" kring memetik" h t" cvv" r‹" gvv" rtcmvkumv" u“vv"
h t" fguu" cpx“pfctg0" Rgtuqpnkigp" v{emgt" lci" cvv" mwppc" ftc" p{vvc" wvcx" gxqnwvkqpkuvkumc" kffigt" qej"
dkqnqikumc" h t“pftkpiuoqfgnngt" “t" kpvtguucpvc" rgturgmvkx0"Kpqo"ogogvkmgp"jct"lw"fgdcvvgp"h tvu"
h t"ctmgqnqikp"“xgp"qo"fg"kpvg"ogfh t"gp" mcf" ognncp" ‹" gpc" ukfcp" fgo" uqo" dgvtcmvct" ogogt"
dkqnqikum" Ývpguu" h t" ukpc" cpx“pfctg." qej" fgvvc" som en kulturell motsvarighet till gener som
dgtqt" r‹" cvv" dkqnqikum" gxqnwvkqp" dctc" wvi t" gp" urtkfu" ht‹p" kpfkxkf" vknn" kpfkxkf" *Fcymkpu" 3;98="
itgp" cx" ogt" igpgtgnnc" rtkpekrgt" h t" h t“pftkpi" Dncemoqtg" 3;;;+" qej" ‹" cpftc" ukfcp" fgo" uqo"
xgt" vkf" kpqo" rqrwncvkqpgt" uqo" fkumwvgtcfgu" ogpct" cvv" mwnvwtgnnc" xctkcpvgt" gigpvnkigp" wvi tu"
o{emgv" k" unwvgv" cx" 3:22/vcngv0" Gpnkiv" gp" u‹fcp" cx" kffigt" uqo" vqnmcu" qej" tgmqpuvtwgtcu" k" oqvvc
igpgtgnn" fgÝpkvkqp" “t" gxqnwvkqp" gp" rtqeguu" ictgpu" jl“tpc" *Urgtdgt" 4222+0" Fgv" hcmvwo" cvv"
igpqo" xknmgp" htgmxgpugt" cx" qnkmc" xctkcpvgt" k" ingen lyckats visa hur en mem ser ut och var den
gp" rqrwncvkqp" h t“pftcu" xgt" vkf" *Dgpvng{" et k" u‹" hcnn" ncitcu" k" fgp" o“pumnkic" qticpkuogp" jct"
al. 4226<3665+0" Gp" u‹fcp" fgÝpkvkqp" v“emgt" kp" ilqtv"cvv"fgp"ugpctg"vqnmpkpigp"k"fci"m“ppu"ogt"
d‹fg"dkqnqikum"qej"mwnvwtgnn"h t“pftkpi" xgt"vkf0" cpign“igp0"Xk"ctmgqnqigt"jct"fgv"n“vvctg"ghvgtuqo"
Htgmxgpugt" cx" igpgvkumc" u‹x“n" uqo" mwnvwtgnnc" xk" hcmvkumv" mcp" p lc" quu" ogf" cvv" fgÝpkgtc" gvv"
xctkcpvgt" k" gp" rqrwncvkqp" h t“pftcu" xgt" vkf" k" kulturellt element som en empiriskt iakttagbar
177
Primitive t id e r
fgvcnl"k" fg" ctmgqnqikumc" ocvgtkcngp0" Upgmmguvcf"
fgÝpkgtct" kpic" u‹fcpc" fgvcnlgt" k" ukp" vgzv" “xgp"
qo" jcp" p“opgt" cvv" Ñhqtumlgnngt" k" mqttgnculqpgp"
ognnqo" xgmv." dtgffg" qi" ngpifÑ" cpx“pvu" h t" cvv"
u“tumknlc" qnkmc" rknurgvuv{rgt" k" fg" cogtkmcpumc"
uvwfkgt"uqo"jcp"p“opgt"u‹"lci"v{emgt"cvv"fgv"mcp"
xctc"r‹"ukp"rncvu"cvv"fkumwvgtc"fgvvc"p“toctg0
ʻxgp" qo" mwnvwt" k" uvqtv" mcp" dgvtcmvcu" uqo"
gvv" jqnkuvkumv" u{uvgo" h t“pftcu" qnkmc" v{rgt" cx"
mwnvwtgnnc" hgpqogp" gpnkiv" qnkmc" rtkpekrgt=" fg"
skilda kulturella varianterna har olika typer
cx" dguv‹pfufgnct0" Lwnkcp" Uvgyctf" *3;99<72+"
r‹rgmcfg"v"gz"cvv"ogfcp"vgmpqnqikgt"vgpfgtct"cvv"
wvxgemncu"mwowncvkxv"qej"dnk"ogt"mqorngzc" xgt"
vkf"dknfcu"v"gz"p{c"urt‹m"qej"fkcngmvgt"igpqo"gp"
n‹piucov"fkxgtigtcpfg"rtqeguu"uqo"kpvg"ogfh t"
gp" mcf"mqorngzkvgv0"P“t"fgv"i“nngt"mqpuvp“tnkiv"
wvhqtocfg"qdlgmv."uqo"kpvg"fktgmv"mcp"mp{vcu"vknn"
rtcmvkumc" hwpmvkqpgt." mcp" fg" dgj‹nnc" ukp" hqto"
igpqo" uqekcnc" h t“pftkpiurtqeguugt" “xgp" qo"
fgtcu" u{odqnkumc" dgv{fgnugp" h t“pftcu" *Crgn"
422;+0"Qo"xk"umc"jc"gp"o lnkijgv"cvv"cpx“pfc"quu"
cx" kpvtguucpvc" kffigt" qej" ogvqfgt" j“ovcfg" ht‹p"
dkqnqikum." nkpixkuvkum" qej" gmqpqokum" hqtumpkpi"
“t" fgv" xkmvkiv" cvv" h tuv" dknfc" uki" gp" wrrhcvvpkpi"
om de principer enligt vilka olika typer av kultu
tgnnc" xctkcpvgt" h t“pftcu" *ug"Crgn" qej" Fctoctm"
2007:53).
Xcf" “t" f‹" gp" mwnvwtgnn" xctkcpvA" Dkqnqikumc"
xctkcpvgt" wvi tu" cx" mqodkpcvkqpgt" cx" dcurct"
cx" fpc" *igp+" uqo" vknnucoocpu" mqfct" h t" gp"
gigpumcr0"Fguuc"pgf“txu"igpqo"igpgtcvkqpgtpc"
ht‹p" h t“nftct" vknn" dctp0" Fg" ogmcpkuogt" uqo"
uv{t" xgth tkpigp" cx" mwnvwtgnn" kphqtocvkqp" “t"
ogt" mqorngzc" *Ecxcnnk/Uhqt¦c" 3;:8+0" Mwnvwtgnn"
kphqtocvkqp" xgth tu" xgtvkmcnv" ognncp" igpgtc
vkqpgtpc" ht‹p" h t“nftct" vknn" dctp." jqtkuqpvgnnv"
ognncp" qdgun“mvcfg" kpfkxkfgt." ht‹p" gp" rgtuqp"
vknn"Þgtc"igpqo"qnkmc"v{rgt"cx"wpfgtxkupkpi"qej"
ht‹p"Þgtc"rgtuqpgt"vknn"gp"igpqo"itwrrvt{em0"Gp"
viktig distinktion mellan biologisk och kulturell
gxqnwvkqp"“t"cvv"o“ppkumqt"cmvkxv"mcp"x“nlc"ognncp"
qnkmc" mwnvwtgnnc" xctkcpvgt" *Dq{f" qej" Tkejgtuqp"
3;:8+0"Gp"wvi‹piurwpmv"h t"fgv"pcvwtnkic"wtxcngv"
“t"lw"cvv"xctkcpvgt"wrrmqoogt"igpqo"owvcvkqpgt"
qej" f“togf" “t" qdgtqgpfg" cx" fgtcu" ugngmvkqp0"
Fgv" hcmvwo" cvv" mwnvwtgnn" kppqxcvkqp" qej" tgrtq
39:
2011 13. årgang
fwmvkqp" kppgj‹nngt" gvv" o‹vv" cx" intention" i t" cvv"
det kan verka som om kulturell reproduktion
“t" x“ugpumknf" ht‹p" dkqnqikum" gxqnwvkqp0" Fgvvc"
problem behandlar Snekkestad i samband med t
gz"Mtkuvkcpugpu"mtkvkm"cx"Fctykpkuvkum"ctmgqnqik0"
Gvv"cx"fg"rtqdngo"uqo"Mtkuvkcpugp"vct"wrr"“t"cvv"
gxqnwvkqpun“tcp"kpvg"vct"j“pu{p"vknn"intentionalitet
och kontextuella"h tmnctkpict0"Lwuv"intentionalitet
xct" lw" qemu‹" wvi‹piurwpmvgp" h t" Ýnquqhgp" qej"
jkuvqtkmgtp" Eqnnkpiyqqfu" qej" fgp" mqpvgzvwgnnc"
ctmgqnqikpu" umctrc" it“puftcipkpi" ognncp"
jkuvqtkc" qej" pcvwtxgvgpumcr0" Ghvgtuqo" ctmgq
nqikumc" fcvc" wvilqtfg" intentionella produkter
som avsiktligt svarade upp till behov var de
x“ugpuumknfc" ht‹p" pcvwtgp" qej" fgp" pcvwtnkic"
wtxcnurtqeguugp"qej"o‹uvg"h nlcmvnkigp"uvwfgtcu"
r‹" gvv" cppcv" u“vv" “p" x“zvgt." uvgpct" qej" hquukngt"
*Qnugp" 4225<8:+0" Uqo" gvv" uxct" r‹" fgp" mtkvkmgp"
jct" fgv" r‹rgmcvu" cvv" “xgp" qo" fgp" o“pumnkic"
jl“tpcp"mcp"ukowngtc"htcovkfc"j“pfgnugt"u‹"umc"
fgvvc"kpvg"h tx“zncu"ogf"gp"h to‹ic"cvv"h twvu“ic"
htcovkfgp"*Crgn"qej"Fctoctm"422;<42="Oguqwfk"
422:+0"Oguqwfk"ogpct"cvv"xk"o“ppkumqt"vgpfgtct"
cvv" xgtumcvvc"x‹t"gigp"h to‹ic"vknn"htcou{pvjgv"
qej"cvv"o‹pic."kpvg"okpuv"xgvgpumcrnkic"htcouvgi"
dgtqvv"r‹"unworgp0"Wvkht‹p"gvv"u‹fcpv"rgturgmvkx"
“t" fgp" o“pumnkic" h to‹icp" vknn" vgmpqnqikumc"
kppqxcvkqpgt"dctc"“ppw"gvv"u“vv"cvv"umcrc"xctkcpvgt"
wvkht‹p"xknmc"gxqnwvkqp“tc"mtchvgt"uqo"ugngmvkqp"
qej"ftkhv"mcp"xgtmc0
Inom den darwinistiskt inriktade arkeologin
t‹fgt" fgv" mqpugpuwu" qo" cvv" fgv" “t" mwnvwtgnnc"
xctkcpvgt" uqo" “t" wpfgt" ugngmvkqp0" Fgv" jct" fqem"
fkumwvgtcvu"jwt"gp"mwnvwtgnn"xctkcpv"umc"fgÝpkgtcu0"
N{ocp"*4228+"ogpct"cvv"ocp"mcp"nkmpc"gp"mwnvwtgnn"
variant vid ett recept som i sin tur kan indelas i
kpitgfkgpugt." tgingt" h t" cvv" cpumchhc." rtgrctgtc."
o“vc." dncpfc" qej" mqmc" fguuc0" Fguuc" mwnvwtgnnc"
gngogpv" mcp" ugfcp" xgth tcu" kpfkxkfwgnnv" gnngt"
uqo" gvv" rcmgv" qej" tgegrvgv" mcp" h t“pftcu" u‹"
cvv" p{c" xctkcpvgt" wrrmqoogt0" P“t" fgv" i“nngt"
Þkpvjcpvxgtm" jct" fgv" h tguncikvu" *Crgn" 422:+"
cvv" iguvgt." k" mqodkpcvkqp" ogf" qnkmc" t‹ocvgtkcn"
qej" xgtmv{i." cxu“vvgt" kigpm“ppdctc" uvkiocvc" r‹"
Þkpvtgfumcr"qej"cxhcnn"ht‹p"tgfumcruvknnxgtmpkpi0"
Frekvenser av dessa i olika avslagspopulationer
mcp" ugfcp" cpx“pfcu" h t" cvv" dgumtkxc" gp" gxqnw
Jan Apel
vkqp“t" h t“pftkpiurtqeguu0" Rq“pigp" j“t" “t" cvv"
fgp" mwnvwtgnnc" xctkcpvgp" dguv‹t" cx" gp" ogt" gnngt"
okpftg" ucoocpj“picpfg" gpugodng" cx" gngogpv"
uqo"itcfxku"h t“pftcu" xgt"vkf0"R‹"u‹"u“vv"umknlgt"
uki" gp" gxqnwvkqp“t" rtqeguu" ht‹p" gp" tgxqnwvkqp“t"
h t“pftkpi"f‹"ucovnkic"gngogpv"d{vu"wv0
Vknn" ukuv" xknn" lci" cpmp{vc" vknn" fgp" kpvtguucpvc"
fkumwuukqp" uqo" Upgmmguvcf" h t" qo" Dq{f" qej"
Richersons olika varianter av indirect bias
uqo" lci" vtqt" mcp" h‹" uvqt" dgv{fgnug" kpqo" ctmgq
nqikp0"J“t"Ýppu"lw"v"gz"wvt{oog"h t"cvv"gp"hqto"
cx" mwnvwtgnn" itwrrugngmvkqp" umgvv" k" xkuuc" h t/
jkuvqtkumc" ucoocpjcpi0" Dq{f" qej" Tkejgtuqpu"
oqfgnn" h t" frequency dependent bias" *3;:8<;+."
fgv" hcmvwo" cvv" o“ppkumqt" k" gp" itwrr" xgt" vkf"
vgpfgtct"cvv"cprcuuc"uki"qej"ukvv"dgvggpfg"wvkht‹p"
oclqtkvgvgpu"dgvggpfg."dqtfg"xctc"kpvtguucpv"h t"
ctmgqnqigt" ghvgtuqo" fgp" o lnkii t" cvv" mwnvwtgnn"
itwrrugngmvkqp" rt“incv" fgp" o“pumnkic" wvxgem
nkpigp0" Cvv" lwuv" mqphqtokuo" urgncv" gp" uvqt" tqnn"
k" o“ppkumcpu" wvxgemnkpi" mcp" xk" cpc" p“t" xk" k"
fci" uv“nnu" kph t" ukvwcvkqpgt" f“t" xk" vxkpicu" x“nlc"
ognncp" x‹t" gigp" kpfkxkfwgnnc" dgf opkpi" qej"
oclqtkvgvgpu" dgvggpfg0" Rgtuqpnkigp" v“pmgt" lci"
qhvc"r‹"fg"vknnh“nngp"k"umqncp"qej"x“tprnkmvgp"f‹"xk"
qtkgpvgtcfg0"ʻxgp"p“t"ocp"vcikv"wv"mqorcuutkmv
pkpigp" qej" m“pfg" uki" tkmvkiv" u“mgt" r‹" cvv" ocp"
n“uv"mctvcp"t“vv"xct"fgv"kpvg"qxcpnkiv"cvv"ocp"dngx"
dgv“pmuco"p“t"gp"itwrr"ogfv“xnctg"urtcpi"‹v"gvv"
cppcv" j‹nn0" U‹fcpc" ukvwcvkqpgt" mcpumg" kpfkmgtct"
cvv"mwnvwtgnn"mqphqtokuo"xctkv"gvv"xkmvkiv"dgvggpfg"
h t"quu"o“ppkumqt0"V“pmgt"xk"quu"gp"ukvwcvkqp"f“t"
gp"rqrwncvkqp"l“ictg/uconctg/Ýumctg"“t"wvurtkffc"
i mindre grupper som har liten eller ingen kontakt
ukpugognncp" mcp" mwnvwtgnn" mqphqtokuo" ngfc" vknn"
att vissa grupper utvecklar beteenden som ger
fgo" h tfgnct0" " Dq{f" qej" Tkejgtuqp" ogpct" cvv"
ugngmvkqp"r‹"mwnvwtgnnc"gigpumcrgt"wpfgt"u‹fcpc"
h tj‹nncpfgp"mcp"ngfc"vknn"cvv"mwnvwtgnnc"xctkcpvgt"
uqo" “t" i{ppucooc" h t" jgnc" itwrrgp" ugngm
vgtcu"htco0"Fgvvc"i t"cvv"ocp"mcp"fkumwvgtc"qo"
wrrmqouvgp" cx" xkuuc" itwpfn“iicpfg" o“pumnkic"
dgvggpfgo puvgt" kpvg" p fx“pfkivxku" dgj xgt"
h tmnctcu"k"tgpv"dkqnqikumc"vgtogt"wvcp"uqo"tguwn
vcvgv"cx"mwnvwtgnn"ugngmvkqp"r‹"itwrrpkx‹0"H t"cvv"
dctc"vc"gvv"gzgorgn<"cnnc"jkuvqtkumv"m“pfc"oqdknc"
l“ict/uconct/itwrrgt" rtcmvkugtct" gp" ctdgvu
Kommentar til Petter Snekkestad
fgnpkpi" uqo" dcugtct" uki" r‹" m pu/" qej" ‹nfgtu/
itwrrvknnj tkijgv0" ʻt" fgvvc" gvv" tguwnvcv" cx"
o“ppkumcpu"pcvwt"gnngt"mcp"fgv"xctc"u‹"cvv"gp"u‹fcp"
ctdgvufgnpkpi"ugngmvgtcu"htco."vknnucoocpu"ogf"v"
gz"ujctkpirtkpekrgp."wpfgt"h tj‹nncpfgp"ogf"n‹i"
dghqnmpkpiuv“vjgv" qej" gp" l“ict/uconctgmqpqokA"
T t" fgv" uki" qo" mwnvwtgnn" ugngmvkqp" “t" fgv" kpvg"
ux‹tv"cvv"h tuv‹"xcth t"cpftc"mwnvwtgnnc"n upkpict"
dnkt"xcpnkictg"wpfgt"cpftc"qouv“pfkijgvgt0
Ucoocphcvvpkpiuxku" v{emgt" lci" cvv" Upgmmg
uvcfu" ctvkmgn" “t" gvv" nqxx“tv" h tu m" cvv" xkuc" fg"
h tfgnct" uqo" gp" cpx“pfpkpi" cx" fctykpkuvkum"
vgqtk" umwnng" mwppc" vknnh tc" ctmgqnqikp0" Lci" vtqt"
qemu‹" cvv" Upgmmguvcfu" h tgf onkiv" p{cpugtcfg"
ctiwogpvcvkqp"mcp"ngfc"vknn"cvv"fctykpkuvkumc"kffigt"
“xgp"mcp"h‹"igpqounci"jqu"kemg"tgfcp"vtqgpfg0
Referenser
Crgn."L0"422:"Mpqyngfig."Mpqy/jqy"cpf"Tcy"Ocvgtkcn0"
Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 15(1):
91111.
Î422;"Jkuvqtkumc"qej"vtcpujkuvqtkumc"uvwfkgt"cx"h tjkuvqtkumc"
hantverk. Håndverk og produksjon. Ett Möte mellom
ulike perspektiver, Nwpf."L0"("Ognjgko."N0"*tgf0+."u0"333/
34:0"QCU"Xqn"340"Oslo.
Crgn."L0"qej"Fctoctm."M0"4229"Fgp"Þcvjwiipc"
rknurgvugpu"h{nqigpk0"Ognncpuxgpumv"uvgpjcpvxgtm"wt"gvv"
kulturevolutionistiskt perspektiv. Stenåldern i Uppland.
Uppdragsarkeologi och eftertanke,"Uvgpd“em."P0"*tgf0+"u0"
53/870"Ctmgqnqik"G6"Wrrncpf"Î"Uvwfkgt0"Wrrucnc0
Î422;"Gxqnwvkqp"cpf"Ocvgtkcn"Ewnvwtg0"Current Swedish
Archaeology"39<"33/4:
Dgpvng{."T0C0."O0Y0"Jcjp"qej S.J. Shennan 2004 Random
ftkhv"cpf"ewnvwtg"ejcpig0"Proceedings of the Royal
Society Biology 271: 144350
Dq{f."R0"qej"Tkejgtuqp."R0"L0"3;:8"Culture and Evolutionary
Process."Vjg"Wpkxgtukv{"qh"Ejkeciq"Rtguu0"Ejkeciq0
Dncemoqtg."U0"3;;;"The Meme Machine."Qzhqtf"Wpkxgtukv{"
Rtguu0"Qzhqtf0
Ecxcnnk/Uhqt¦c."N0"N0"3;:8"Ewnvwtcn"Gxqnwvkqp0"American
Zoologist"48*5+<":67/:77
Fcymkpu."T0"3;98"Vjg"UgnÝuj"igpg0"Qzhqtf"Wpkxgtukv{"
Rtguu0"Qzhqtf0
179
Primitive t id e r
N{ocp."T0N0"4228"Ewnvwtcn"vtckvu"cpf"ewnvwtcn"kpvgitcvkqp0"
Eqoogpvct{"vq"Oguqwfk."Yjkvgp"("Ncncpf<"Vqyctfu"
c"wpkÝgf"uekgpeg"qh"ewnvwtcn"gxqnwvkqp0"Behavioral and
Brain Sciences"4;<"579/57:0
Oguqwfk."C0"422:"Hqtgukijv"kp"ewnvwtcn"gxqnwvkqp0"Biology
and Philosophy 23: 243255.
Qnugp."D0"2003 Från ting till text. Teoretiska perspektiv i
arkeologisk forskning. Uvwfgpvnkvvgtcvwt0"Nwpf0
Steward, J. H. 1977 Evolution and Ecology. Essays on
Social Transformation."Wpkxgtukv{"qh"Knnkpqku"Rtguu0"
Wtdcpc."Ejkeciq."Nqpfqp0
3:2
2011 13. årgang
DEBATT
Darwinistisk arkeologi
Svar til kommentarene fra Felix Riede, Jan Apel og Fredrik Fahlander
Petter Snekkestad
Lgi" xkn" vcmmg" Hgnkz" Tkgfg." Lcp"Crgn" qi" Htgftkm"
Lgi" xkn" ngiig" vkn" cv" fgp" kfgqnqikumg" wxknlgp"
Hcjncpfgt" hqt" qrrn{ugpfg" mqoogpvctgt" vkn" okp" oqv" fctykpkuog" k" ctmgqnqikgp" htgouv‹t" uqo"
ctvkmmgn0" Hqtfk" FMG" r‹" ncpiv" p¹t" gt" gp" fgn" gp" dgu{pfgtnki" ctx" gvvgt" qrril¼tgv" ogf" rtqugu
av hovedstrømningen i arkeologisk teori, er uwcnkuogp"hqt"52"‹t"ukfgp0"Xgtfkhwnng"gtmlgppgnugt"
fgv" dgtkmgpfg" p‹t" fgpu" dgitgrgt" dnkt" wvf{rgv." htc"rquvrtquguuwcnkuogp."dncpv"cppgv"gp"tgÞgmvgtv"
p{cpugtv" qi" mtkvkugtv" r‹" fgppg" o‹vgp0" Tkgfg" jqnfpkpi" vkn" gigp" hqtumgtrqukulqp" uqo" jkuvqtkum"
qi"Crgn" fgngt" okvv" u{p" r‹" fctykpkuog" uqo" gp" qi" rqnkvkum" dgvkpigv." d¼t" fc" x¹tg" mtwvv" hqt" ‹"
vgqtgvkum" hctdct" xgk." ogpu" Hcjncpfgt" jgxfgt" cpcn{ugtg" jxqthqt" pgvvqrr" fctykpkuogp" gt" dnkvv"
at den hverken bidrar med noe nytt eller inter jqnfv"wvgphqt"ctmgqnqikhcigv0"Jxku"ocp"gt"xknnki"
guucpv0"Pgfgphqt"xkn"fg"vq"h¼tuvg"kppngiigpg"mqtv" vkn"‹"nc"gp"unkm"tgÞgmukxkvgv"qiu‹"tcoog"fgv"vgqtg
mqoogpvgtgu."h¼t"lgi"dgp{vvgt"cpngfpkpigp"vkn"‹" vkumg" rctfkiogv" ocp" uvcfki" qrgtgtgt" kppgphqt" Î"
spisse mine egne synspunkter mot Fahlanders
uqo"gvvgt"okvv"u{p"k"hqt"uvqt"itcf"ngpgt"ugi"oqv"
kritikk.
uqukcn"fgvgtokpkuog"qi"fkumwtukxv"mqmgvvgtk"Î"xkn"
Hgnkz" Tkgfg" umtkxgt" kppukmvuhwnnv" qo" cv" gp" fgv"vtqnki"dgn{ug"cv"qiu‹"ctmgqnqigt"jgphcnngt"vkn"
u{uvgocvkum" vknp¹tokpi" vkn" n¹tkpiurtquguugt" mqphqtokvgv."gnngt"conformist bias."unkm"Lcp"Crgn"
qi" ¼mqnqikumg" kppitgr" *pkulgmqpuvtwmulqp+" umtkxgt" qo" k" ukp" mqoogpvct" *ug" qiu‹" Dgpvng{"
mcp" hqtuv‹u" uqo" gp" hqtngpignug" cx" gp" gvcdngtv" 4228+0"Crgn"*Crgn"qi"Fctoctm"4229="422;c+"jct"
hqtumpkpiuvtcfkulqp" k" umcpfkpcxkum" ctmgqnqik0" vkfnkigtg"n¼hvgv"htgo"xgtfkgp"cx"‹"xgxg"wvxkmnkpiu
FMG" d¼t" ogf" cpftg" qtf" kmmg" hqtuv‹u" uqo" gv" n¹tgp" kpp" k" ctmgqnqikum" vgpmpkpi0" Lc." fgp" mcp"
teoretisk brudd med hva arkeologer allerede x¹tg" wwppx¹tnki" jxku" xk" xkn" x¹tg" umkmmgv" vkn" ‹"
sysler med, men er et overgripende rammeverk hwnnv"wv"hqtuv‹"wvxkmnkpigp"cx"mwnvwtgnng"xctkcpvgt="
som setter eksempelvis samsvarsanalyser og jqu"jcp"rgfciqikum"hqtmnctv"uqo"kpitgfkgpugt"k"
statistiske metoder inn i en temporal helhet. Han
umkhvgpfg"uvknkuvkumg"oppskrifter. I sin kommentar
wvdtqfgtgt" qiu‹" jxqthqt" h{nqigpk" jct" gv" uvqtv" ikt"jcp"gv"ux¹tv"p{vvki"uwrrngogpv"vkn"ctvkmmgngp"
arkeologisk potensial, og minner om at det er xgf"‹"p¹tog"ugi"jxc"fkuug"mwnvwtgnng"xctkcpvgpg"
h‹" iqfg" itwppgt" vkn" cv" gp" unkm" tretenkning skal dguv‹t"k0
begrenses til biologi eller lingvistikk. Riedes
Som Riede poengterer preges debattene om
crrgnn" qo" ‹" d{iig" pgf" owtgpg" ognnqo" fctyk FMG" cx" okuhqtuv‹gnugt" qi" vkn" fgnu" Ýgpfvnkijgv0"
pkuog"qi"ctmgqnqik"Ýppgt"ilgpmncpi"k"okvv"gigv" Fgv" gt" fc" ingfgnki" cv" Htgftkm" Hcjncpfgt" k" pqgp"
uwmm" qxgt" cv" fkuug" hqtvucvv" dnkt" qrrtgvvjqnfv" cx" grad kommer darwinismen i møte. Fahlander
ideologiske beveggrunner.
umtkxgt" qo" pqgp" jqxgfvgpfgugt" kppgphqt"
3:3
Primitive t id e r
2011 13. årgang
jwocpkuvkum" vgqtk" uqo" mcp" hqtmnctg" jxqthqt" der” eller kun over lange tidsspenn i noenlunde
FMG" vknvtgmmgt" ugi" kpvgtguug0" Fgp" vknj¼tgt" r‹" ucoog"jcuvkijgv"uqo"dkqnqikum"gxqnwulqp0"Fgp"
gv"xku"vkfu‹pfgp"qi"gt"fgn"cx"gp"uv¼ttg"wvxkmnkpi" virker snarere overalt og hele tiden der kultu
xgmm" htc" mqornkugtv" ÝnquqÝ" qi" vkn" gp" gorktkum." tgnng" xctkcpvgt" qxgth¼tgu" ognnqo" ogppgumgt0"
ilgpuvcpfudgvqpv" ctmgqnqik0" Hcjncpfgt" jct" gv" Riktignok har denne prosessen mindre darwi
iqfv" rqgpi" k" cv" vgmuvgpg" mp{vvgv" vkn" FMG" qhvg" nistisk relevans hvis de samme kulturelle
rtgigu" cx" fgvcnlgtvg" dgitgrufgÝpkulqpgt." qi" vtgmmgpg"qi"mqodkpculqpgpg"cx"fkuug"qxgth¼tgu"
ulgnfpgtg" v{fgnkiil¼t" jxknmgp" tgngxcpu" fgp" jct" tgigndwpfgv"wvgp"pqgp"hqto"hqt"kppqxculqp0"Jgt"
hqt" ctmgqnqikum" hqtumpkpi0" Qpfg" vwpigt" xkn" fc" jct" Hcjncpfgt" tgvv0" Ogp" FMG" wpfgtu¼mgt" h¼tuv"
qiu‹" mwppg" jgxfg" cv" fgv" Ýppgu" Þgtg" vgqtgvkumg" qi" htgouv" mwnvwtgnng" forandringer" Î" itcfxkug"
arbeider om"FMG."gpp"hcmvkumg"hcinkig"ctdgkfgt" u‹fcp"Î"qi"urqt"gvvgt"itcfxku"gpftgv"rtcmuku"qxgt"
fgt"FMG"gt"dgp{vvgv"uqo"cpcn{ugxgtmv¼{0"Uml¼pv." tid er det nok av i det arkeologiske materialet.
qo"kmmg"FMGu"tgngxcpu"dgumtkxgu"k"mnctg"qtfgnci." Om utviklingen av eksempelvis skandinavisk
gt"fgv"mcpumlg"hqtfk"fgp"u{pgu"‹rgpdct"hqt"fg"uqo" umkrud{iikpi"htc"tqogtvkf"vkn"xkmkpivkf"kmmg"mcp"
vgpmgt" kppgphqt" gp" mwnvwtgxqnwulqp¹t" tcoog0" dgumtkxgu"gxqnwulqp¹tv"r‹"itwpp"cx"fgv"htciogp
Fg" uqukcng" ogmcpkuogpg" dcm" ilgpuvcpfgpg" dnkt" vctkumg"ocvgtkcngv."umkuugtgt"FMG"k"fgv"okpuvg"gp"
riktignok her ikke uten videre forstått (selv om qxgtitkrgpfg"tcoog"hqt"jxqtfcp"fgngt"cx"fgppg"
fgp" pgxpvg" Itgcv" Dcukp/uvwfkgp" *Dgvvkpigt" qi" wvxkmnkpigp" mcp" hqtuv‹u0" Fgp" hqtxgpvgt" dncpv"
Ggtmgpu" 3;;;=" Oguqwfk" qi" QÓDtkgp" 422:+" qi" annet at Osebergskipet har utallige og mange
Tkgfgu"cpogtmpkpigt"cpv{fgt"cv"FMG."qi"u¹tnki" artede forfedre." fgt" gpmgnvg" kppqxculqpgt" dng"
h{nqigpk."pgvvqrr"mcp"dgn{ug"unkmg"rgturgmvkxgt+." ugngmvgtv" qi" qxgth¼tv" mwnvwtgnv" qhvgtg" gpp" cpftg"
ogp" FMG" dtkpigt" mwnvwtjkuvqtkumg" ‹tucmuuco wvhtc"¼mv"ul¼f{mvkijgv"gnngt"uvknkuvkumg"rtghgtcpugt0"
ogpjgpigt"htgo"k"n{ugv."pqg"uqo"gvvgt"okvv"u{p" Osebergskipets ulike attributter er da kulmi
er interessant i seg selv. I andre omgang kan den
pculqpgp" cx" ugngmulqp" qi" ftkhv0" Ikvv" cv" umkrgvu"
ik" ÝnquqÝum/vgqtgvkumg" hwpfgtkpigt" gp" jkuvqtkum" mwnvwtgxqnwulqp"dng"dgumtgxgv."jct"ocp"ownkigpu"
rncvvhqto0
mwp" dguxctv" fip" v{rg" ur¼tuo‹n." pqg" Hcjncpfgt"
R‹"fgvvg"cxil¼tgpfg"rwpmvgv"gt"Hcjncpfgt"wgpki0" ugt" uqo" gp" uxcmjgv" xgf" FMG0" Ogp" fgv" ur¼tu
K" fg" h‹" vknhgnngpg" FMG" mcp" cpxgpfgu." hqtvgnngt" o‹ngv" gt" xgn" kmmg" wkpvgtguucpv0" Fgv" urtkpigpfg"
fgp" pgrrg" pqg" kpvgtguucpv" qo" hqtvkfgp." jgxfgt" rwpmvgv"gt"cv"fgp"fctykpkuvkumg"ogvchqtgp"ikt"gv""
jcp0" Fgv" gt" k" h¼nig" Hcjncpfgt" hqtfk" igpgtcnkug helhetlig grep om hvordan vi tenker om kulturell
tgpfg"hqtmnctkpiuoqfgnngt"mwp"dguxctgt"fip"v{rg" hqtcpftkpi" Î" k" fgvvg" vknhgnngv" qo" xkmkpiumkrgpgu"
ur¼tuo‹n."hqtvkgt"jkuvqtkgpu"mqorngmukvgv."umcrgt" utviklingshistorie. Selv om de “sammenraste
kocikp¹tg" itwrrgtkpigt" qi" hgkncmvki" r‹dgtqrgt" h{nqigpkgpgÑ." uqo" Tkgfg" mcnngt" fgo." kmmg" gt"
seg en type sannhetsgestalt. Innvendingen
u{pnkig"k"ocvgtkcngv."ikt"fgv"hqtumgtgp"gp"tgvpkpi"
hqtvlgpgt"gv"ngpitg"uxct="h¼tuv"qo"fctykpkuogpu" hqt"cpcn{ugp0
xgugp"qi"i{nfkijgv"wvqxgt"dkqnqikgp."u‹"qo"fgvvg"
Fgv" FMG/umgrvkmgtg" vtqnki" ucxpgt." gt" gp"
med generalitet.
avklaring av det ontologiske innholdet i den
Fahlander hevder at darwinistiske utviklings darwinistiske metaforen eller analogien0" Fg" vq"
nkplgt"ulgnfgp"gt"ngudctg"k"gv"qhvg"htciogpvgtv"qi" qtfgpg" dtwmgu" qhvg" wvgp" p¹togtg" hqtmnctkpi" qi"
mqorngmuv""ilgpuvcpfuocvgtkcng0"Fgv"gt"kmmg"gp" nkiigt"uqo"gp"ÝnquqÝum"upwdngvt‹f0"N‹pgt"FMG"
wtkognki"r‹uvcpf"k"ugi"ugnx."ogp"fgp"cxun¼tgt"gv" icpumg" gpmgnv" pqgp" n¼ug" vcpmgt" htc" wvxkmnkpiu
wpfgtnkiigpfg"rtqdngo"k"ctiwogpvculqpgp0"Jxku" n¹tgp." gnngt" gt" fctykpkuogpu" ogmcpkuogt" qiu‹"
Hcjncpfgt"xgfi‹t"*pqg"jcp"lq"il¼t+"cv"ocvgtkgnn" i{nfkig" r‹" cpftg" hgnv" gpp" dkqnqikA" R‹" fgp" gpg"
kultur kan utvikle seg med en arvbar kontinuitet ukfgp"mcp"ocp"jgxfg"cv"fgv"‹"hqtmnctg"mwnvwtgnng"
der noen kulturelle varianter bringes videre
rtquguugt"ogf"Fctykpu"kfgfit"gt"gp"tgp"ÝnquqÝum"
ogpu" cpftg" hqti‹t" k" gp" fctykpkuvkum" wvxgnign ¼xgnug." gnngt" k" xgtuvg" hcnn" gv" itqxv" gmugorgn" r‹"
ugurtquguu." umlgt" kmmg" fgppg" rtquguugp" Ñjgt" qi" uekgpvkuog="gp"pckx"vtq"r‹"cv"pcvwtxkvgpumcr"mcp"
3:4
Petter Snekkestad
Darwinistisk arkeologi
hqtmnctg"cnng"curgmvgt"xgf"x‹t"vknx¹tgnug0"R‹"fgp" analytisk verktøy. Slik blir Fahlanders skepsis
cppgp"ukfg"d¼t"fgv"htgojqnfgu"cv"fctykpkuogpu" gp" p{vvki" mqttgmu" vkn" gxgpvwgnng" dnkpfg" qohcx
mcwucnkvgv"‹rgpdctv"xktmgt"r‹"cpftg"qot‹fgt"gpp" pgnugt"cx"FMG0"Kpukuvgtkpigp"r‹"cv"fctykpkuogp"
fgp" dkqnqikumg0" Xk" dtwmgt" fc" gp" ogvchqt" gnngt" gt" vqvcnkuvkum" *Ð]fgv̲" mcp" mpcrrcuv" dctc" Ýppcu"
cpcnqik"vkn"wvxkmnkpiun¹tgp"hqtfk"fgv"gt"k"dkqnqikgp" gvv" u“vv" cvv" o vc" ]fgv" ctmgqnqikumc" ocvgtkcngv̲+Ñ"
at denne kausaliteten uttrykkes tydeligst, ikke
gt" kokfngtvkf" okuxkugpfg0" Qi" r‹uvcpfgp" qo"
hqtfk"fctykpkuogp"ocpingt"qpvqnqikum"i{nfkijgv" cv"""igpgtgnng"rtqdngo"xgf"FMG"gt"Ðtgncvkxv"x“n"
k"wnkm"hqto"r‹"cpftg"hgnv0"Vcpmgicpigp"gt"k"vt‹f" cxjcpfncfgÑ."gt"gvvgt"okvv"u{p"hqt"uvgtmv0"Fg"vtg"
ogf" jxc" Fcymkpu" *3;:4+" jct" mcnv" Ðwpkxgtugnn" vgmuvgpg" Hcjncpfgt" tghgtgtgt" vkn" dguv‹t" gpvgp" cx"
fctykpkuogÑ0" Ctiwogpvgpg" hqt" cv" fctykpkuvkum" kppxgpfkpigt" oqv" pqgp" jgnv" urgukÝmmg" curgmvgt"
ugngmulqp"gt"gv"ilgppqoitkrgpfg"hgpqogp."Ýppgt" xgf"FMG"*Dcohqtvj"4224+."vkndcmgxkuvg"r‹uvcpfgt"
xk" k" xkfv" hqtumlgnnkig" fkukrnkpgt" uqo" dncpv" cppgv" qo"FMGÓu"ocpingpfg"jgpu{p"vkn"kpvgpulqpcnkvgv"
¼mqpqok" *Pgnuqp" qi" Ykpvgt" 3;:4." Jqfiuqp" *Mtkuvkcpugp"4226."ug"Ujgppcpu"uxct"4226."gnngt"
4224+." grkuvgoqnqikum" ÝnquqÝ" *Rqrrgt" 3;94+" Runciman 2005) og en irrelevant problemati
gnngt" h{ukmm" *Uoqnkp" 3;;9+0" *Ukuvpgxpvg" ctdgkf" ugtkpi"cx"fgp"nqunkvvg"jlgtpg1mtqrr/fkuvkpmulqpgp"
‹rpgt"hqt"fgp"uxkongpfg"vcpmgp"cv"ugnx"pcvwtnqxgt" (Thomas 2009).
mcp"x¹tg"ilgpuvcpf"hqt"ugngmulqp."fgt"cnvgtpcvkxg"
Vkn" unwvv" xkn" lgi" mqtv" mqoogpvgtg" Hcjncpfgtu"
wpkxgtugt" wvgp" h{ukum" mqpuvcpv" qi" fgthqt" wnkmv" wvdn‹upkpi" oqv" igpgtcnkugtgpfg" hqtmnctkpiu
x‹tv"gigv"vgpmgu"‹"jc"hqtuxwppgv"k"gp"fctykpkuvkum" oqfgnngt0" Hcjncpfgt" u{pgu" fgv" gt" htcrrgtgpfg"
wvxgnignugurtquguu+0" Xkfgtg" jct" Twpekocp" cv" gxqnwulqpkuvgt" h¼ngt" ugi" dgmxgoog" ogf"
*422;+"p{nki"rtgugpvgtv"gv"ownki"htgovkfki"uqukq ‹" forklare" hqtvkfkig" hqtn¼r0" Jcpu" dgm{otkpi"
logisk standardverk, der han konseptualiserer wvvt{mmgt" ownkigpu" gp" rwuukijgvjgv" xgf" x‹t"
jxqtfcp"uqukcng"qi"mwnvwtgnng"hgpqogp"ugngmvgtgu0" hcinkig" qrrftcignug0" Gt" fgv" kmmg" nkmg" dgm{o
Ctdgkfgpg" cpv{fgt" gvvgt" okvv" uml¼pp" cv" FMG" gt" tkpiuxgtfki"cv"ocp"h¼ngt"ugi"dgmxgo"ogf"‹"ikke
ogt" gpp" gp" urgmwncvkx." ÝnquqÝum" ngm." ogp" cv" hqtmnctg"hqtvkfkig"hqtn¼rA"Ogf"cpftg"qtf"‹"mcuvg"
fctykpkuogp" hcxpgt" xkfv" qi" gt" til stede i kultu wv" htkumg" hqtmnctkpiuhqtu¼m" qi" u‹" nc" fg" mxgtpgu"
tgnng"rtquguugt."qi"fgthqt"qiu‹"k"fgv"ctmgqnqikumg" oqv"xgmvkig"kppxgpfkpigt="Ðunkm"gnngt"unkm"jct"fgv"
ocvgtkcngv0" Ogf" vcpmg" r‹" ¼mqpqokhcigv." dng" vtqnki"jgpiv"ucoogpÑA"Umcn"hqtvkfgp"mwp"hqtuv‹uA"
fgv" jgt" hqtowngtv" gp" qohcvvgpfg" fctykpkuvkum" Fctykpkuogp" dgÝppgt" ugi" k" gp" gkgpfqoognki"
vknp¹tokpi"vkn"fkukrnkpgp"r‹"3;:2/vcnngv"*Pgnuqp" umxku" hqtfk" fgp" d‹fg" gt" gp" igpgtgnn" hqtmnctkpiu
qi"Ykpvgt"3;:4+."unkm"vknhgnngv"qiu‹"xct"kppgphqt" oqfgnn."qi"u‹ngfgu"ogf"jctf"j‹pf"mcp""cxhgkgu"
cpvtqrqnqikgp"*Dq{f"qi"Tkejgtuqp"3;:7+0"Vtquu" uqo" Ðwp{cpugtvÑ." ucovkfki" uqo" fgp" cmvgt" ‹"
k"cv"octmcpvg"vgpmgtg"kppgp"hcigv"k"qxgt"jwpftg"‹t" wpfgtu¼mg"mwnvwtgxqnwulqp"qxgt"ngpitg"vkfuurgpp0"
jct"vcvv"vkn"qtfgv"hqt"cv"¼mqpqokum"vgqtk"jct"o{g" Cpvkrcvkgp" oqv" mwnvwtgxqnwulqp" jct" ukvv" qrrjcx"
‹" xkppg" r‹" gp" fctykpkuvkum" vknp¹tokpi" *Xgdngp" k" Htcp¦" DqcuÓ" qrril¼t" ogf" kfggp" qo" jkuvqtkum"
3:;:."Uejworgvgt"3;:5"*3;33+."Hgtiwuqp"422:+." fktgmulqpcnkvgv" r‹" dgi{ppgnugp" cx" 3;22/vcnngv0"
hqtdnkt"fkuug"kfggpg"k"rgtkhgtkgp0"Okuhqtuv‹gnugpg" DqcuÓ" dgvkognkig" mtkvkmm" cx" Oqticp." Octz" qi"
hqtdwpfgv"ogf"fctykpkuogpu"cpxgpfgnug"r‹"d‹fg" Spencers teleologi (historien beveger seg mot
mwnvwt/" qi" ¼mqpqokjkuvqtkg" gt" fg" ucoog=" fgv" gv" ikvv" o‹n+." umcrvg" qiu‹" gp" qougiitkrgpfg"
r‹uv‹u"cv"wvxkmnkpiun¹tgp"vtqt"cv"fgp"mcp"hqtmnctg" xgitkpi" k" cpvtqrqnqikgp" oqv" ‹" itcfgtg" gnngt"
cnng"‹tucmuucoogpjgpigt."qi"k"ftciuwigv""qxgtugt" ucoognkipg" ucohwppu/" gnngt" mwnvwtuvcfkgt0" Gvvgt"
ocp" ogppgumgnki" kpvgpulqpcnkvgv" *Jqfiuqp" cppgp" xgtfgpumtki." ogf" vq" vqvcnkv¹tg" fgurqvgt"
4224+0" D‹fg" okp" ctvkmmgn" qi"Crgnu" mqoogpvct" uqo" ogpvg" ‹" jc" jkuvqtkgp" r‹" ukp" ukfg." dng" unkmg"
jct" cpv{fgv" cv" fgvvg" gt" gp" hgknvqnmpkpi0" Uml¼pv." mwnvwtgxqnwulqp¹tg" dgvtcmvpkpigt" kmmg" dctg"
ugnx" qo" fctykpkuogp" qxgphqt" hqtuv‹u" p¹t" uciv" cpugvv"uqo"wtgfgnkig."ogp"qiu‹"hctnkig"*Ytkijv"
som en universell mekanisme, er ikke det i seg 4222<35/39+0"Fgv"gt"fqddgnv"wtgvvhgtfki"cv"fctyk
ugnx" gv" ctiwogpv" hqt" fgpu" wqxgtvtwhhgpjgv" uqo" nismen i humaniora har blitt sauset sammen med
3:5
Primitive t id e r
2011 13. årgang
farlig"vgngqnqik"*Fctykp"vqm"vtquu"cnv"vgngqnqikgp" Litteratur
wv" cx" gxqnwulqpuvcpmgp+." ucovkfki" uqo" fgp"
Crgn."L0"qi"M0"Fctoctm"4229"Fgp"Þcvjwipc"rknurgvugpu"
hgkncmvki" mp{vvgu" vkn" rqnkvkum" mqpugtxcvkxkuog"
h{nqigpk0"Ocnncpuxgpumv"uvgpjcpvxgtm"wt"gvv"
og et grumsete menneskesyn. Jeg tror ikke det
kulturevolutionistisk perspektiv. Stenålder i Uppland.
Uppdragsarkeologi och eftertanke."Uvgpd“em."P0"*tgf0+0"
naturvitenskapelige snittet i darwinismen alene
Ctmgqnqik"G6."Wrrucnc0
fgÝpgtgt"Hcjncpfgtu"umgruku"vkn"igpgtcnkvgv."ogp"
qiu‹" fgp" dqcukcpumg" ctxgp" pgfhgnv" k" gp" ctmgq Î422;c"Gxqnwvkqp"cpf"ocvgtkcn"ewnvwtg0"Current Swedish
nqikum" vgpmgo‹vg" uqo" um{t" fg" uv¼ttg." mqorc
Archaeology"39<33Î4:0
tcvkxg"wvxkmnkpiunkplgpg0""
Cv" hqtumgtg" xgitgt" ugi" oqv" ‹" qohcxpg" Î422;d"Gxqnwvkqp"cpf"ocvgtkcn"ewnvwtg<"C"tgrn{0"Current
Swedish Archaeology"39<67Î730
igpgtgnng" hqtmnctkpiuoqfgnngt" uqo" FMG" gt"
wjgnfki." hqt" ctmgqnqikgp" jct" iqfv" cx" d‹fg" fg" Dcohqtvj."F0"D0"4224"Gxkfgpeg"cpf"Ogvcrjqt"kp"
Gxqnwvkqpct{"Ctejcgqnqi{0"American Antiquity
dtgfv" cpncivg" hqtu¼mgpg" r‹" qxgtitkrgpfg" hqtmnc
67(3):435452.
ringer og de perspektivene som minner oss om
cv"xgtfgp"gt"ogt"mqorngmu"gpp"fgv"xk"ncvgt"vkn"‹" Dgpvng{."T0"C0"4228"Cecegoke"eqr{kpi."ctejcgqnqi{"cpf"vjg"
vtq0" Unkm" mcp" fgv" rctvkmwn¹tg" qi" tgncvkxg" dt{vgu"
English language. Antiquity":2<3;8/4230
oqv"fgv"igpgtgnng"qi"nqxoguukig0"Hqt"‹"vc"gv"mlgpv"
gmugorgn" *ug" qiu‹" Crgn" qi" Fctoctm" 422;d+=" Dgvvkpigt."T0"N0"qi"L0"Ggtmgpu"3;;;"V{rqnqikgu."ewnvwtcn"
vtcpuokuukqp."cpf"vjg"urtgcf"qh"dqy/cpf/cttqy"
mwppg"Fkcoqpfu"*3;;9+"ux¹tv"tgngxcpvg"xgtfgpu
vgejpqnqi{"kp"vjg"Rtgjkuvqtke"Itgcv"Dcukp0"American
historie, Guns, Germs and Steel."x¹tv"umtgxgv"cx"
Antiquity 64:231242.
gp"ctmgqnqiA"Pcvwtnkixku"mwppg"fgp"fgv."ogp"fgv"
gt"knnwuvtgtgpfg"cv"Fkcoqpf"gt"dkqnqi."qi"ogf"fgv" Dq{f."T0"qi"R0"L0"Tkejgtuqp"3;:7"Culture and the
Evolutionary Process0"Wpkxgtukv{"qh"Ejkeciq"Rtguu."
kmmg"jct"h‹vv"fgp"jwocpxkvgpumcrgnkig"xgitkpigp"
Ejkeciq0
mot generaliseringer inn med morsmelken.
Tguwnvcvgv"gt"gp"uvqt"hqtvgnnkpi"qo"igqitcÝumg"qi" Fcymkpu."T0"3;:4"The extended phenotype. The gene as the
unit of selection0"Y0J0"Htggocp."Qzhqtf0
pcvwtikvvg" dgvkpignugt" hqt" mwnvwtgxqnwulqp." uqo"
gp" tgmmg" okpftg." mqpvgmuvwgnng" hqtvgnnkpigt" mcp" Fkcoqpf."L"3;;;"Guns, germs and steel. The fates of human
lqddg"qrr"oqv0"Hcjncpfgt"cxhgkgt"xgtfkgp"cx"gv"
societies0"Pqtvqp."Pgy"[qtm0
unkmv"urgppkpiuhgnv0"Fgv"xkn"uk."jcpu"gigp"okmtq
ctmgqnqik"*Hcjncpfgt"422:+"gt"qrrvcvv"cx"pgvvqrr" Hcjncpfgt."H0"422:"Fkhhgtgpegu"vjcv"ocvvgt0"Ocvgtkcnkvkgu."
material culture and social practice. Six Essays on the
‹"hqtowngtg"hqtjqnfgv"ognnqo"fgv"rctvkmwn¹tg"qi"
Materiality of Society and Culture."tgfkigtv"cx"J‹mqp"
igpgtgnng0"Fg"uv¼ttg"o¼puvtgpg"umcn"kokfngtvkf"jgt"
In¼tuvcf"qi"Nqvvg"Jgfgcigt."349/3760"Dtkeqngwt"Rtguu."
Dnkpfqog0
leses ut av sammenligninger mellom minutiøse
uo‹umcnccpcn{ugt" htc" hqtumlgnnkig" nqmcnkvgvgt0"
Hgtiwuqp."P0"422:"The Ascent of Money. A Financial
Cnvu‹" gv" pgfgphtc/qi/qrr" rgturgmvkx." vkn" hqtfgn"
History of The World0"Vjg"Rgpiwkp"Rtguu."Pgy"[qtm0
hqt"fctykpkuogpu"qxgphtc/qi/pgf"jqnkuog0"Fg"vq"
vknp¹tokpigpg"i‹t"nkmg"hwnnv"kpp"hqt"‹"cpcn{ugtg" Jqfiuqp."I0"O0"4224"Fctykpkuo"kp"geqpqokeu<"htqo"
analogy to ontology. Journal of Evolutionary Economics
interne."qxgtugvvg"xctkculqpgt"k"fgv"ctmgqnqikumg"
34<47;Î4:30
ocvgtkcngv"hqt"‹"uk"pqg"qo"igpgtgnng"hgpqogpgt0"
FMG"nkiigt"u‹ngfgu"kmmg"okngxku"wppc"okmtqctmg Oguqwfk."C0"qi"O0"L0"QÓDtkgp"422:"Vjg"Ewnvwtcn"
Vtcpuokuukqp"qh"Itgcv"Dcukp"Rtqlgevkng/Rqkpv"
qnqikgp="vkn"vtquu"hqt"gp"fctykpkuvkum"qxgtd{ipkpi"
Vgejpqnqi{<"Cp"Gzrgtkogpvcn"Ukowncvkqp0"American
uqo"hqtxgpvgt"cv"xkuug"rtquguugt"jct"hwppgv"uvgf."
Antiquity 73(1):324.
har undersøkelsen av individuelle kulturelle
xctkcpvgt"gv"kmmg/guugpukcnkuvkum"pgfgphtc/qi/qrr" Pgnuqp."T0"T0"qi"U0"I0"Ykpvgt"3;:4"An evolutionary
theory of economic change0"Dgnnmpcr."Ecodtkfig."
dnkmm"r‹"fgv"uvwfgtvg0"Fc"gt"fgv"nqx"‹"j‹rg"cv"fkuug"
Massachussets.
vq" htwmvdctg" vknp¹tokpigpg" xkn" x¹tg" ilgpuvcpf"
hqt"kpvgtguug"k"htgovkfgp0"""
3:6
Petter Snekkestad
Darwinistisk arkeologi
Rqrrgt."M0"T0"3;94"Objective knowledge. An evolutionary
approach0"Enctgpfqp"Rtguu."Qzhqtf0
Twpekocp."Y0"I0"4227"Ewnvwtg"Fqgu"Gxqnxg0"History and
Theory 44:113.
Î422;"The Theory of Cultural and Social Selection.
Ecodtkfig"Wpkxgtukv{"Rtguu."Pgy"[qtm0
Uejworgvgt."L0"3;:5"*3;33+"The Theory of Economic
Fgxgnqrogpv0"Cp"kpswkt{"kpvq"rtqÝvu."ecrkvcn."etgfkv."
interest and the business cycle. Oversatt av Redvers
Qrkg0"Vtcpucevkqp"Dqqmu."Pgy"Dtwpuykem0
Ujgppcp."U0"L0"4226"Ewnvwtg."uqekgv{"cpf"gxqnwvkqpct{"
vjgqt{0"Mqoogpvct"vkn"Mtkuvkcpugp."M0<"ÑIgpgu"xgtuwu"
cigpvu0"C"fkuewuukqp"qp"vjg"ykfgpkpi"vjgqtgvkecn"icr"kp"
archaeology”. Archaeological Dialogues 11:107114.
Uoqnkp."N0"3;;9"The life of the cosmos0"Qzhqtf"Wpkxgtukv{"
Rtguu."Pgy"[qtm0
Vjqocu."L0"422;"Tgurqpug"vq"Crgn"cpf"Fctoctm<"Gxqnwvkqp"
cpf"Ocvgtkcn"Ewnvwtg0"Current Swedish Archaeology
17:4144.
Xgdngp."V0"3:;:"Yj{"ku"Geqpqokeu"pqv"cp"Gxqnwvkqpct{"
UekgpegA"The Quarterly Journal of Economics
12(4):373397.
Wright, R. 2000 Nonzero. The logic of human destiny.
Rcpvjgqp"Dqqmu."Pgy"[qtm0
3:7
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