CCI3
POLITICAL SCIENCES AND INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
Iulian BOLDEA
(coordinator)
Date:
00/00/00
COMMUNICATION, CONTEXT,
INTERDISCIPLINARITY
Studies and Articles
Volume III
Section: Political Sciences and International
Relations
”PetruăMaior”ăUniversity Press
2014
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POLITICAL SCIENCES AND INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
Communication, Context, Interdisciplinarity – 3rd Edition
ISSN 2069 – 3389
Edited by:
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Table of Contents
THE ROLE OF INTERNATIONAL SECURITY ORGANIZATIONS IN THE ACCOMPLISHMENT
OF GLOBAL SECURITY
FХorТКnăR pКn,ăProП.,ăPСD,ă”DТmТtrТeăCКntemТr”ăCСrТstТКnăUnТЯersТtвăoПăBuМСКrest ............................................. 8
THE STATE-CHURCH RELATIONSHIP IN THE PRESENT
GEOPOLITICAL CONTEXT
VКsТХeăTТmТş,ăProП.,ăPСD,ă”BКЛeş-BoХвКТ”ăUnТЯersТtвăoПăCХuУ-Napoca ................................................................. 18
INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION OF YOUNG PEOPLE FROM ROMANIA
George B ХКn,ăAssoМ.ăProП.,ăPСD,ăEХenКăRoбКnКăStoТМК,ăStuНent,ăRomКnТКn-German University of Sibiu ...... 26
ROMANIAN-BRITISH COOPERATION IN SOLVING ISSUES OF MUTUAL INTEREST (19201936)
MКrusТКăCьrsteК,ăAssoМ.ăProП.,ăPСD,ăUnТЯersТtвăoПăCrКТoЯК ................................................................................... 31
IDENTITлSăENăCONFLITă?ăL’ANALYSEăDUăDISCOURSăCONCERNANTăLAăGUERREă
D’UKRAINE
Paul Kun, Assoc. Prof., PhD, West University of Timișoara ................................................................................. 47
THE INFLUENCE OF THE MIGRATIONIST PHENOMENON ON THE NATIONAL SECURITY
AND DEFENSE
FХorТКnăR pКn,ăProП.,ăPСD,ă”DТmТtrТeăCКntemТr”ăCСrТstТКnăUnТЯersТty of Bucharest
Dana-SТХЯТКăContТneКnu,ăPСDăStuНent,ă”CКroХăI”ăNКtТonКХăDeПenseăUnТЯersТtв,ăBuМСКrest................................ 57
THE SPACE MATTERS. IMAGINING AND MAPPING OF REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT
MКrТКnКăCoУoМ,ăAssoМ.ăProП.,ăPСD,ă”OЯТНТus”ăUnТЯersТtвăoПăConstКnța,
AnКăMКrТКăMunteКnu,ăAssoМ.ăProП.,ăPСD,”OЯТНТus”ăUnТЯersТtвăoПăConstКnța ..................................................... 66
THE PROJECT OF EURASIAN UNION: THE POSITIONS OF RUSSIA,
BELARUS, KAZAKHSTAN AND ARMENIA
MКrТКăCosteК,ăReseКrМСer,ăPСD.,ă”GС.ăȘТnМКТ”ăInstТtuteăПorăSoМТКХăSМТenМesăКnНătСeăHumКnТtТesăoПătСeă
Romanian Academy,
Simion Costea, Assoc. ProП.,ăPСD,ă”PetruăMКТor”ăUnТЯersТtвăoПăTьrРuăMureș..................................................... 76
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POLITICAL MARKETING AND DEMOCRACY
ArtСurăMТС ТХ ,ăAssТst.ăProП.,ăPСD,ă”BКЛeş-BoХвКТ”ăUnТЯersТtвăoПăCХuУ-Napoca ................................................. 85
THE LINK BETWEEN INSTITUTIONS AND SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPEMENT. A CASE STUDY FOR ROMANIA
Claudiu ȚТР nКș,ăAssТstăProП.,ăPСD,ă”AХ.ăIoКnăCuгК”ăUnТЯersТtвăoПăIКși
AnКăIoХКnНКăVoН ,ăPСD,ă”GСe.ăAsКМСТ”TeМСnТМКХăUnТЯersТtвăoПăIКși
DumТtruăFТХТpeКnu,ăAssТst.ăProП.,ăPСD,ă”GСe.ăAsКМСТ”TeМСnТМКХăUnТЯersТtвăoПăIКși
FХorТnăLuМК,ăAssoМ.ăProП.,ăPСD,ă”GСe.ăAsКМСТ”TeМСnТМКХăUnТЯersТtвăoПăIКși........................................................ 93
BIOLOGICAL SECURITY – AN IMPORTANT ELEMENT OF
INTERNATIONAL SECURITY
FХorТКnăR pКn,ăProП.,ăPСD,ă”DТmТtrТeăCКntemТr”ăCСrТstТКnăUnТЯersТtвăoПăBuМСКrest
Dana-SТХЯТКăContТneКnu,ăPСDăStuНent,ă”CКroХăI” National Defense University, Bucharest.............................. 102
A BRIEF RESEARCH ON DISCRIMINATION ASPECTS FROM THE LEGISLATIVE INITIATIVES
OF THE MEMBERS OF THE ROMANIAN PARLIAMENT
MКrМeХКăMonТМКăStoТМК,ăAssТst.ăProП.,ăPСD,ă“DТmТtrТeăCКntemТr”ăCСrТstТКn
University of Bucharest........................................................................................................................................... 108
THE DIVIDING REFERENDUMS OF THE PROVINCES
FROM THE COUNTRIES: TOWARDS A NEW EUROPEAN POLICY
DТКnКăForТs,ăAssТst.ăProП.,ăPСD,ă“TrКnsТХЯКnТК”ăUnТЯersТtвăoПăBrКșov,
MКrТusăV М reХu,ăAssТst.ăProП.,ăPСD,ăNКtТonal School of Political and Administrative
Studies, Bucharest ................................................................................................................................................... 116
THE NEW ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND CULTURAL CONTEXT OF THE FIRST ROMANIAN
IMMIGRANTS IN THE U.S.A
IuХТКnКăNeКРoş,ăAssТstКnt,ăPСDăStuНent,ă”LuМТКnăBХКРК”ăUnТЯersТtвăoПăSТЛТu ................................................... 125
NATURAL RIGHT FROM HOBBES TO ROUSSEAU. POLITICAL, ETHICAL, PHILOSOPHICAL
AND JURIDICAL CONSEQENCES
Niadi-CorТnКăCernТМК,ăAssТst.ăProП.,ăPСD,ă”ȘteПКnăМeХăMКre”ăUnТЯersТtв
of Suceava ................................................................................................................................................................ 132
SOME CHARACTERISTICS OF THE NEO-POPULIST DISCOURSE
RКгЯКnăVТМtorăPКnteХТmon,ăAssТst.ăProП.,ăPСD,ă”OЯТНТus”ăUnТЯersТtвăoПăConstКnța, Assoc. Prof., PhD,
Institute of History, Pontificial Catholic University of Valparaiso, Chile ........................................................... 136
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LATIN AMERICA BETWEEN THE EUROPEAN INTEGRATION MODEL AND THE NORTHAMERICAN PROJECT OF FREE EXCHANGE
Alexandru Mihai Ghigiu, PhD Student, National School of Political and Administrative Studies, Bucharest 147
MUSLIMS IN THE ROMANIAN MEDIA, AFTER 2011
A FRAME FROM INSIDE OF A REVOLUTION
Ana-Maria Gajdo, PhD Student, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy ................................................................ 159
EUROPEAN SOCIAL UTOPIAS FROM THE GNOSTIC PERSPECTIVES OF ESCHATOLOGICAL
GEOPOLITICS
Antoniu Alexandru Flandorfer, PHD Student,ăUnТЯersТtв㔪teПКnăМeХăMКre”ăoПăSuМeКЯК................................. 171
EU LOBBYING – HISTORY AND MAIN ACTORS
CКmeХТКăNТstor,ăPСD,ă”BКЛeș-BoХвКТ”ăUnТЯersТtвăoПăCХuУ-Napoca ..................................................................... 179
RAMBURSAREAăPRESTA IILORăSOCIALEăDEăS N TATE
ÎNTREăSTATELEăMEMBREă– CADRUăJURIDICăŞIăAPLICAREăAăACESTUIA
Dana – Silvia Contineanu, PhD Student, Romanian Academy, Institute for the Research of the Quality of
Life ........................................................................................................................................................................... 188
COSMOPOLITANISM AND THE ETHICS OF SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY
C t ХТn-ConstКntТnăDТКМonu,ăPСDăStuНent,ă”AХ.ăIoКnăCuгК”ăUnТЯersТtвăoПăIКși ................................................. 193
THE IMPACT OF DELIBERATIVE PEDAGOGIES ON THE CIVIC COMPETENCES AND VALUES
OF YOUNGSTERS IN ROMANIA.
CКrmenăGКЛrТeХКăGreКЛ,ăReseКrМСăAssТstКnt,ăPСDăStuНent,ă”BКЛeș-BoХвКТ”
University of Cluj-Napoca ...................................................................................................................................... 200
HOW WELL DOES POLITICAL CORRECTNESS SELL? PORTRAYING RACISM FOR THE
MASSES IN THE HELP (2011) AND DJANGO UNCHAINED (2012)
IoКnКăBКМТu,ăPСD,ăStuНent,ă‘AХeбКnНruăIoКnăCuгК’ăUnТЯersТtвăoПăIКşТ ............................................................... 212
THE RELATION BETWEEN THE EUROPEAN INSTITUTIONS AND THE LOBBYING ACTORS
AS PART OF THE EU DECISION-MAKING PROCESS
CКmeХТКăNТstor,ăPHD,ăBКЛeş-Bolyai University of Cluj-Napoca ........................................................................ 220
ROMANIA, BETWEEN TRANSITIONAL SOCIETY AND CONSOLIDATED DEMOCRACY
Iulia Anghel Postdoc, Researcher, University of Bucharest................................................................................. 228
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THE INFLUENCE OF GLOBALIZATION ON THE EUROPEAN
CULTURAL IDENTITY
LКuren ТuăPetrТХК,ăPСDăStuНent,ăBКЛeş-Bolyai University of Cluj Napoca ......................................................... 241
SOLDIERS TO LEASE
PRIVATE MILITARY COMPANIES STATUTE IN THE XXI CENTURY
TТЛerТuăPopК,ăPСDăStuНent,ă”BКЛeș-BoХвКТ”ăUnТЯersТtвăoПăCХuУ-Napoca
TünНeăNКРв,ăPСDăStuНent,ă”BКЛeș-BoХвКТ”ăUnТЯersТtвăoПăCХuУ-Napoca ............................................................ 252
EFFECTS OF EUROPENIZATION. INSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT FOR THE ABSORPTION
OF STRUCTURAL FUNDS IN ROMANIA DURING 2007-2013 FINANCIAL PERIOD
LumТnТ КăPСТХТpe,ăPСD,ă”AХ.ăIoКnăCuгК”ăUnТЯersТtвăoПăIКşТ ................................................................................. 259
THE FUTURE OF RUSSIA AS AN EMERGING POWER
MКrМeХКăMТСКeХКăStКnТşte,ăPСDăStuНent,ă„BКЛeş-BoХвКТ”ăUnТЯersТtвăoПăCХuУ-Napoca ...................................... 269
HOАă“GLOBALăCAREăCHAIN”ăAFFECTSăTHEăTRANSNATIONALăFAMILY
MКrТКăPetroneХКăMunteКnu,ăPСDăStuНent,ă”AХ.ăIoКnăCuгК”ăUnТЯersТtвăoПăIКşТ ................................................... 279
CONSTITUTIONALISM - THE DEMOCRATIC PATH
Mihai Lupu, PhD, Romanian Academy, Iași Branch ........................................................................................... 288
MAKING THE NEW ROMANIAN. AN OUTLINE OF THE NATIONALIST AND THE LEGIONARY
PROGRAMS OF POLITICAL ANTHROPOGENESIS
MТСКТăSteХТКnăRusu,ăPostНoМăReseКrМСer,ă”BКЛeş-BoХвКТ”ăUnТЯersТtвăoПăCХuУ-Napoca ..................................... 296
THE PUBLIC IMAGE OF THE BILATERAL ROMANIAN-RUSSIAN RELATIONS DURING THE
PERIOD 2005-2007
MТrunКăM Н ХТnКăIКnМuă(TrКnНКПТr),ăPostНoМăReseКrМСer,ăPСD,ă”PetruăMКТor”ăUnТЯersТtвăoПăTьrРuăMureş, ... 309
WHO IS AFRAID OF AFRICA?
NТМoХКeăMeХТnesМu,ăDr.,ă”AnНreТăȘКРunК”ăUnТЯersТtвăoПăConstКnța .................................................................... 318
A THEORETICAL INCURSION IN THE EVOLUTION OF CONTEMPORARY CONFLICTS
OХeseКă КrКnu,ăRomКnТКnăAМКНemв,ăIКşТăBrКnМС ................................................................................................ 327
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SOCIAL MEDIA INTELLIGENCE-A RADIOGRAPHY OF THE NEWEST INT
Raluca Lu КТ,ăPСDăStuНent,ă“BКЛeş-BoХвКТ”ăUnТЯersТtвăoПăCХuУ-Napoca ........................................................... 339
PATTERNS OF RECRUITMENT AT THE LOCAL LEVEL IN EAST-CENTRAL EUROPE
Roxana Marin Doctoral felХoа,ăRomКnТКnăAМКНemв,ăIКşТăBrКnМС
PhD Student, University of Bucharest ................................................................................................................... 345
PUTIN AND UKRAINE; BACK TO THE USSR?
TünНeăNКРy, Ph.D. Student, Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj Napoca
Tiberiu Popa, Ph.D. Student, Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj Napoca................................................................. 358
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SOME CHARACTERISTICS OF THE NEO-POPULIST DISCOURSE
Razvan Victor Pantelimon,ăAssist.ăProf.,ăPhD,ă”Ovidius”ăUniversityăofăConstanța,
Assoc. Prof., PhD, Institute of History, Pontificial Catholic University of Valparaiso,
Chile
Abstract: This article tries to analyze some of the characteristics of the populist and neo-populist
discourse in actuality. In the beginning we present a very short description of the neo-populism, and
some of the famous definition of this concept. The second part of our paper is dedicated to analyze the
neo-populist discourse in order to clarifying his characteristics and build a possible pattern of analyze
of this type of discourse. In the last part of our work we applied the theoretical model of the neopopulist discourse on the Latin American case, especially on some discourses of Hugo Chavez in
order to see if we can speak, in his case, of a neo-populist discourse.
Keywords: populism, neo-populism, discourse, charismatic leader, Hugo Chavez.
Populism is one of the categories used extensively by sociologists, historians, political
analysts and economists who study societies. There is no doubt about the importance of the
concept for the social sciences, and especially for the political ones1. Resurgence of populist
practices (political movements, speeches, symbols and mythology) is seen by some analysts
as the main feature of the politics after the Cold War2.
Populism is one of those concepts (the other is for example democracy) commonly
used in the study of politics and has different meanings depending on the context or the
author3. All experts recognize the difficulty, if not the impossibility of finding a definition
capable to cover the common characteristics of some very different events in time and space4.
Meanwhile, exactly this possibility to define different realities, often contradictory,
mКНeătСeătermă “populism”ătoă ЛeăuseНăТntensТЯeХвă КnНă to gain popularity among researchers.
Only a concept as vague and indefinite as populism can give us the ability to perceive and
analyze the radical political transformations that take place in a lot of places in the world.
More than any other concept frequently used today, populism captures the type of trials (tests)
through which is crossing democracy today5.
AnotСerămКУorăНТППТМuХtвăТnăНeПТnТnРătСeătermă“populist”ăТsătСКtătСТsăМonМeptăКmЛТРuousă
and evasive sometimes becomes an anathema, being perceived as pejorative connotations6.
The first systematic theoretical work dedicated to populism is edited by Ghita Ionescu
and Ernest Gellner in 1969, being today also the fundamental referent study of populism. In
Ghi ăIONESCU,ăErnestăGELLNERă(eНs.)ăPopulism. Its Meanings and National Characteristics, Weidenfeld
and Nicolson, London, 1969, p. 1
2
VХКНТmТră TISM NEANU,ă “HвpotСesesă onă PopuХТsm:ă TСeă PoХТtТМsă oПă CСКrТsmКtТМă Protest”,ă East European
Politics and Societies, vol. 14, no. 2, 2000, p. 10
3
RoЛertă H.ă DIБ,ă “PopuХТsm:ă AutСorТtКrТКnă КnНă DemoМrКtТМ”,ă Latin American Research Review, vol. 20, no.2,
1985, p. 29.
4
Guy HERMET, Les populismes dans le monde. Une histoire sociologique XIX – XX siècle, LТЛrКТreăArtСчmeă
Fayard, Paris, 2001, p.19
5
IЯКnă KRASTEV,ă “MomentuХă popuХТst”, CriticAtac, 13 of January 2011, avaible at
http://www.criticatac.ro/3817/momentul-populist/.
6
Alexandre DORNA, Le Populisme, PUF, Paris, 1999, p. 4
1
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the chapter on Latin American populism is defined Кsă “an organizational weapon that
synchronizes divergent group interests and applies to any movement that is not based on a
specific social class.”7
InătСeăsКmeăаorФăPeterăАТХesăЛeХТeЯesătСКtăpopuХТsmăТsănotăКăНoМtrТneăЛută“all faiths or
movement based on the following major premise: virtue is rooted in ordinary citizens, who
are the vast majority, and its collective traditions.” 8 As such for Wiles populism is more of a
syndrome than a doctrine or concept. Populism tends to put leaders in mystical contact with
the masses, while having an unorganized and undisciplined character.9
Recent analyzes generally use the same terms to define this concept. Thus Vladimir
TТsmКneКnuăНeПТnesăpopuХТsmăКs:ă“A political strategy that generates mass mobilization and
enthusiastic support for a leader and a party (or movement) among heterogeneous social
groups in opposition to the existing political establishment, demanding its regeneration, often
on the expense of the human rights and freedoms or a minority, of the political, social and
economic life.”10
AnăeбperТenМeНăsoМТoХoРТst,ăКsăAnНrцăTourКТneăstКtesătСКtă“populism is the call made
by a leader towards the people against politicians and intellectuals who betrays them. A call
to the simple people against evil representatives; the evocation of what defines and unites
against what divides and against the oblivion of what is essential.”11 We can see that this
definition of Touraine emphasizes the discursive conflict component of populism. This raises
the dual character of the popuХТstăpСenomenon,ăonăoneăСКnНăСeăsepКrКtesămКssesăКnНă“trКТtor”ă
elite and on the other hand is used as a mean to identify belonging to a large community, it is
about people.
For political analysts populist are those leaders who achieved political campaign built
on populist premise, so this term is associated more with a style of doing politics and with a
style of discourse, than the politic itself.12 In the present it often talks about populist style of
some leader or politician, even if he is not ideologically or programmatically a follower of
this phenomenon.
For the purposes of this study we believe that the most relevant meaning is the one
that identify populism as a heterogeneous political movement without a well-defined social
base, characterized by the existence of a leader more or less charismatic, trying to make a
direct contact with the masses by applying a particular style of politics that combine the call
to the people as a whole with criticism and rejection of existing political establishment and
with the promise of dealing with various problems, especially social ones. Otherwise
7
AlistКТrăHENNESSY,ă“LКtТnăAmerТМК”ăТnăGСТtКăIONESCU,ăErnestăGELLNERă(eНs.),ăop. cit., p. 29
PeterăАILES,ă“AăSвnНrome,ănotăКăDoМtrТne:ăSomeăEХementКrвăTСesesăonăPopuХТsm”ăТnăGСТtКăIonesМu,ăăErnestă
GELLNER (eds.), op. cit., 1969, p. 162
9
Idem, pp. 167 – 171.
10
VХКНТmТrăTISM NEANU,ăop. cit., p. 11.
11
AnНrцăTOURAINE,ăLa parole et le sang, Jacob Odile, Paris, 1988, p. 117.
12
PКtrТМТoă NAVIA,ă “PКrtТНosă PoХítТМosă Мomoă AntíНotoă МontrКă eХă PopuХТsmoă enă AmцrТМКă LКtТnК”,ă Revista de
Ciencia Política, vol. XXIII, no. 1, 2003, p. 20.
8
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expressed, in populism the leader turns to the people against the existing political system in
order to achieve a utopian project13.
Pierre-AnНrцă TКРuТeППă ЛeХТeЯesă tСКtă tСeă mКТnă “condition for the emergence of a
populist mobilization is a crisis of political legitimacy that affects the whole representative
system.”14
AХeбКnНrцă Dorna interprets psychologically the factors that led to the populist
processes because, in his view, the emergence of this phenomenon is generally associated
with a syndrome of disappointment. When you reach a certain cultural exhaustion, lack of
confidence in the future when traditional markers are no longer functioning, and the great
national institutions (government, parliament, political parties, etc.), are drained of contents,
then appears the possibility of a populist current development. The same author notes that
populism is associated with the failure of democratic regimes, therefore the democratic
disillusion push the masses to choose other ways, one of which being populism.15
Despite all the differences and difficulties in analyzing the concept of the populism
there are however a number of common elements which can be applied to all populist
discourses which, by their frequency can be seen as some exclusive characteristics of a
populist discourse.
AămoreăМompХeбă“sФetМС”ăoПăpopuХТstăНТsМourseăТsăМonНuМteНăЛвăAХeбКnНreăDornКăТnăКă
series of papers dedicated to this topic.16 The fact that the main feature of populism is the
existence and the active presence of the charismatic leader whose personal style marks his
situation and his era, him incarnating the providential man, the savior, the mythical hero, is
undoubtedly. His relationship with the people is direct, warm, spontaneous, making him not
only his speaker, but also its vivid symbol. His style is rhetorical, but not demagogic, because
his speech links a real diagnosis with an emotional vision which offers hope. For most
researchers this charismatic character is a sine qua non condition of the existence and
definition of the concept of populism
The most important characteristics of this charismatic populist leader are the critic
discourse against the status quo and the establishment. When the citizens realize the gap
between reality and the speech of those who govern, when they feel that they have no
effective way to be listen, when realizes that elites do nothing to alleviate their changing
situations, then the number of unsatisfied people increases until reaches a critical mass
capable of erupting. It is not necessary that this eruption to occur, more often populism is just
a warning and not a violent explosion against authority.
Razvan Victor PANTELIMON, “PopuХТsmă şТă Neo-popuХТsm.ă ConМeptă şТă prКМtТМТ”ă Тnă Tendin e Actuale în
Filozofia Politică, EНТturКă InstТtutuХuТă Нeă ŞtТТn eă PoХТtТМeă şТă ReХК ТТă InternК ТonКХeă КХă AМКНemТeТă Romсne,ă
BuМureştТ,ă2006,ăp.ă223.
14
Pierre-AnНrцăTAGUIEFF,ă“LeăpopuХТsmeăetăХКăsМТenМeăpoХТtТqueăНuămТrКРeăМonМeptueХăКuбăЯrКТsăproЛХчmes”,ă
Vingtième Siècle, no. 56, Oct. – Dec. 1997, p. 10.
15
Alexandre DORNA, Le Populisme, PUF, Paris, 1999, p. 8.
16
See Alexandre Dorna DORNA, Le Populisme, PUF, Paris, 1999; Alexandre DORNA, Le Neopopulisme et le
charisme, TeбtăМoХХoqueăUnТЯersТtцăНeăGrenoЛХe:ăLКătentКtТonăpopuХТste,ăSeptemЛeră2001;ăAХeбКnНreăDORNA,ă
La democracia: un espejismo?, Lumen, Buenos Aires-MeбТМo,ă2003;ăAХeбКnНreăDornК,ă “QuКnНăХКăНцmoМrКtТeă
s’КssoТtă sură Нeă ЯoХМКns:ă Х’цmerРenМeă Нesă popuХТsmesă МСКrТsmКtТques”,ă @mnis Revue de Civilisation
Contemporaine de l’Université de Bretagne Occidentale, no.5, Caen, 2005.
13
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The main ideological orientation of populism can be considered the one that is his
“neРКtТЯe”ă nКtureă аСТМСă mustă Лeă unНerstooНă Кsă totКХă reУeМtТonă oПă КХХă tСoseă аСoă eбerМТsesă Кă
different credo, seeking dialog partners just inside its loyal audience. Populist discourses
reject almost all principles, institutions or political and social practices existing in that society.
No specific political practice is challenged or a political leader but rejects in its entirety the
existing system and challenge the legitimacy of the existing political and social order.
In general, in its essence, the populist speech is one of complete renewal: political
system cleaning; corrupt and mediocre politicians elimination; anti-bureaucratic revolution;
the emergence of a new really popular order thanks to the efforts and merits a providential
leader, selfless, heroic and patriot.17
From this absolute and utter denial results another ideological feature of populism its
anti-elitist attitude, targeting bureaucrats and technocrats, held responsible for a number of
problems in the functioning of that society. Appears also an anti-intellectual attitude,
ТnteХХeМtuКХsăЛeТnРăseenăЛвăpopuХТstăКsă“serЯТХeăКnНăperПТНТous”ăpropКРКnНТstsăаСoăpropКРКtesă
an orientation in favor of the interests and desires of those which represents the rejected
system.
Although enemies of the existing administration, populists are at the same time,
ЛeМКuseă oПă tСeТră muХtТpХeă МХКssă nКture,ă supportersă oПă Кă “ХКrРeă nКtТonКХă unТonă НТsМourse”ă tСКtă
would bring together all social classes and strata, the only ones to be really excluded being the
corrupt politicians and the inefficient and incompetent bureaucrats. The populist movements
are not anti-state nor in ideology nor in action, they oppose the state in its current forms,
especially the type of specific parliamentary system policies. 18 A feature of populism is that
addressing the entire nation, by necessity has to use each nation's great founding myths, so the
symbols and collective imagination itself plays a definite role in a populist speech.
Often the populist discourse is a short-term one, their programs supporting immediate
objectives, tangible and rapid gains being of a greater interest than major structural changes or
the proposal of a well defined project for development or modernization of the society.
Besides, although often populist movements were considered as modernizing, in most cases
they self-proclaim their major affinity to traditional political culture of those countries. There
are also situations where populist movements attempts to outline a rational program of
economic, social and political development.19
Another dimension of populist discourse is the solidarity, nationalistic and moralistic
one, which has as a corollary the support of the existence of a perpetual conspiracy against the
people, which implies and justifies the establishment of a state of emergency, which actually
hide the authoritarian temptation of populism. The appeal to the people, as holder of
sovereignty that needs to be protected, has as real aims legitimizing negative and critical
messages towards the existing structures and institutions, because speaking on behalf of the
people, populist deemed to have a superior authority to that of their opponents.
One last feature of populist discourse is given by its futuristic, utopian, even
millenarian nature. All populist discourse is based on the promise of a bright, positive future
VХКНТmТrăTISM NEANU,ăăop. cit., p. 12
AnРusăSTEАART,ă‘TСeăSoМТКХăRoots”ăТnăGСТtКăIonescu, Ernest Gellner (eds.) op. cit., p. 192
19
Robert H. DIX, op. cit., p. 40.
17
18
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in which all society's problems will be solved and all the people's hopes will be fulfilled.
Populist utopia constitutes as an ideal of life, social justice, respect of the other, security and
especially as a founding national unity ideal.20
АețЯeătКХФeНăЛeПoreăКЛoutătСeăМonМeptăoПă“popuХТsm”ăКnНăКЛoutăЯКrТousăКspeМtsăoПătСeă
populist discourse and will continue with analyzing the concept of neo-populism. This
concept should not be understood as totally different and independent from previous
populisms, but as an evolution of those from which varies in some aspects. We do not talk
about a complete break from previous experience and about a totally new form of politics, so
our analysis will focus on those issues in which the new manifestations of populism differs
ПromăаСКtăаeămТРСtăМКХХă“classic populism”.
One of the results of the political and cultural transformation of the last decade of the
XX century was the emergence of new political leaders, anti-political leaders, outsiders, etc.
They seek to build a political space in which the fundamental separation will be the one
between the political class and the people, supporting the people and presenting themselves as
the incarnation of the popular will, as saviors of the nation, etc. Therefore one of the main
features of these leaders is authoritarian trends, messianic and paternalistic attitudes,
Manichaeism and opposition to all forms of organization with precise rules. They try to obtain
the support of the masses through a speech which is messianic, protector, interpersonal,
directly and without intermediaries.21
The neo-populism is seen as a high form of political voluntarism and decisionism,
developed in the context of a weakening of institutions and decadence of politics, rooted in a
deep crisis of democratic institutions (political parties, the executive and parliament etc.). This
phenomenon exacerbates an authoritarian and anti - institutional style of politics, which in
turn derives from a paternalistic political culture which feeds undoubtedly from the
presidential regime type.22
A synthetic definition of neo-popuХТsmă“a style of action perceptible through specific
forms that assume speech and political action: a primacy of personal charisma in political
representation, poor formal institutional mechanisms, the influence of cultural factors in
political changes and ideological precariousness.”23 It can be seen that on defining the neopopulism, compared with populism, the emphasis is put on the idea that this phenomenon is a
style of politics, characteristic of certain political leaders.
Other definitions of neo-populism focus on how the politics is made through the use of
media and other modern techniques. Thus Guy Hermet believes that this term designates
“populist electoral techniques on the political marketing level, but liberal and fair to
democratic orthodoxy in which regard the intentions of the leaders who use them. This media
marketing is the common denominator of a neo-populism media-liberal which is only a
20
See Alexandre DORNA, Le Populisme, PUF, Paris, 1999, p. 45
MerМeНesă GARCÍAă MONTERO,ă “LКă НцМКНКă Нeă FuУТmorТ:ă КsМenso,ă mКntenТmТentoă вă МКíНКă Нeă ună ХíНeră
КntТpoХítТМo”,ăAmérica Latina Hoy, no. 28, Salamanca, August 2001, p. 52.
22
Renцă MAYORGA,ă Antipolitica y Neopopulismo, Centro Boliviano de Estudios Multidisciplinarios, La Paz,
1995, pp. 17 – 20.
23
FernКnНoăMAYORGA,ă“NeopopuХТsmoăвăНemoМrКМТКăenăBoХТЯТК”,ăRevista de Ciencia Política, vol. XXIII, no.
1, 2003, p. 99.
21
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technical resource. This neo-populism merely cultivates a citizenship based on facile
emotions using seductive proposals and particularly photogenic candidates for election.”24
Perelli believes that the emergence of the outsiders can be explained by the following
factors: the crisis of political parties, the lack of confidence in prior political leaders, the need
of a large part of the population to receive a message of hope, the existence of a person who
can easily communicate with the masses, mainly by means of mass communication and
proposing vague actions involving especially a symbolic activity oriented towards taking into
consideration the interests of the people.25
Analyzing the neo-populist phenomenon from a psychological perspeМtТЯe,ăAХeбКnНrцă
Dorna believes that among the causes of this phenomenon are: the absence of a joint project
for the future of humanity, the failure of both liberal and communist explanatory theories, the
monopolistic presence of a neo-liberalism at the governmental level, the erosion of solidarity
bases, the increasing demand for security in an more dangerous world, plus the demand for
providential leaders and charismatic figures able to oppose the status quo that oppresses the
silent majority.26
In neo-populism the leader stands and wins elections by the intrinsic attraction it
possesses and which is reflected in a stunning over the masses. As we have seen in most
studies, the populist leader is presented as a self-made man27 who needs no outside power
structure except his unshakable conviction. His attitude is that of a close older brother, who
seek direct contact and dialogue with everyone. Communication is horizontal, which gives the
illusion of natural and direct approach. Dialogue is always accompanied by big open gestures
and charming words, spoken with vivacity and spontaneity often worthy of a renowned actor,
which leaves, even in the memory of unknown interlocutors, a lasting impression of
sympathy. Enthusiasm is continually revived due to the multiple forms of contact: from the
blinking of an eye or friendly handshake to direct interpellation28.
A very important role in this equation lies in the massive use of mass-media
communication. The main vector of the new populism is the perverse use of the media and
especially television, the use of new techniques and of the media is one of the defining
characteristics of the new populism, constituting also an important element of differentiation
from previous populist experiences.29 But neo-populist strategy seeks to overcome the
elective routine so that once in power the neo-populist leaders have the ambition to retain a
wider audience relying on a personal style, on bringing in the public discussion of issues
rejected or not addressed by the previous political parties.30
24
Guy HERMET, op. cit, p. 147.
CКrТnКă PERELLI,ă “LКă personКХТгКМТяnă Нeă ХКă poХítТМК.ă NueЯosă МКuНТХХos,ă ŢŢoutsТНers>>,ă poХítТМКă meНТпtТМКă вă
poХítТМКă ТnПormКХ”ă Тnă CКrТnКă PereХХя,ă SonТКă PТМКНoă КnНă DКnТeХă ГoЯКtto,ă (eНs.), Partidos y clase política en
América Latina en los 90, IIDH-CAPEL,ăSКnăJosц,ă1995,ăpă.192
26
AХeбКnНreă DORNA,ă “QuКnНă ХКă НцmoМrКtТeă s’КssoТtă sură Нeă ЯoХМКns:ă Х’цmerРenМeă Нesă popuХТsmesă
МСКrТsmКtТques”,ă @mnis Revue de Civilisation Contemporaine de l’Université de Bretagne Occidentale, no.5,
Caen, 2005, p. 12.
27
Alexandre DORNA, Liderul carismatic, Ed. CorТnt,ăBuМureştТ,ă2004,ăp.ă58.
28
Idem, pp. 58-59.
29
Diana BURGOS-VIGNA,ă “AХЛertoă FuУТmorТ:ă Хeă popuХТsmeă Нeă Х’eППТМКМТtц”,ă @mnis Revue de Civilisation
Contemporaine de l’Université de Bretagne Occidentale, no.5, Caen, 2005, p. 2.
30
Idem, p. 6.
25
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Neo-populist leader now relies heavily on the use of the innovations in the field of
mass communication and, in particular, that of television. But it required that the leader know
how to use these tools to meet their interests, how to makeătСemă“аorФ”ăПorăСТmăКnНăСoаătoă
be always vigilant in order not to let the media turn into a double-edged weapon. Given this
interdependence between the leader and the media, especially television, many experts have
labeled as neo- populism, in fact, a tele-populism.31 We observe, therefore, that the neopopulism has made the transition from a direct address to one mediated by technical means
from new technologies of mass communication. Neo-populist leader is presented generally a
simple man of the people, who tries to establish feelings of camaraderie and closeness to the
people, which often makes the language and speech to be of a low level, perhaps even vulgar,
to establish this connection and communion with people.32
The electoral campaign, especially how it is designed and conducted, is another
expression of the neo-populist speech, because the crowd, however irrational and impulsive as
it is today, is taken his few moments of reflection to discern between all the utopias and
promises that are circulating. Therefore it is necessary for motivational speeches and vibrant
leader of the neo-populist to be coupled with a continuous stream of information coming from
the media to reiterate the words of the leader and fixed in the collective mind of this proposed
new course. This idea is supported by Alexandre Dorna going up there saying that
“technological innovation and mass-media communication are so commonly used in electoral
campaigns of neo-populist orientation that it have become virtually inseparable one from
each other.”33
Ideologically the neo-populist speech reveals itself as ambiguous and eclectic. It is a
mixture of elements which appeal to the masses, to the oppressed people and to the nation
threatened by internal and external enemies, and which at the same time show their support
for neo-liberal values and economy transformation strategies based on the market economy.
Neo-populist abandon themes like anti-imperialism, economy nationalization, development
based on own resources and distributive ideas, to provide a set of policies which restrict the
role of the state in the economy; which militate for privatization, the export orientation of the
economy and towards the opening to world trade.34
Neo-populists leaders present themselves at the same time as the personification of
order, of the ability to govern and to take decisions, but also as paternalistic protectors of the
people, watching for those that represent and protect against the rigors of economists and
technocrats (mostly brought to power by themselves), compared to a world insensitive to the
suffering of people and a society where the inequalities have been deepened by the
competition and free market and generalizing thus the feeling of uncertainty and personal
insecurity.35
AХeбКnНreăDORNA,ă“FКut-ТХăКЯoТrăpeurăНuăpopuХТsmeă?”,ăLe Monde Diplomatique, November 2003, avaible at
http://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/2003/11/DORNA/10680
32
Sergiu MIŞCOIU,ă“DeăХКăpopuХТsmăХКăneopopuХТsm?ăCсteЯКărepereăempТrТМeăpentruăoăНeХТmТtКreăМonМeptuКХ ”ă
Тnă SerРТuă GHERGHINA,ă SerРТuă MI COIU,ă SorТnКă SOAREă (eНТtorТ),ă Populismul contemporan, Ed. Institutul
EuropeКn,ăIКşi, 2012, p. 35
33
AХeбКnНreăDORNA,ă“FКut-il avoir peurăНuăpopuХТsmeă?”,ăLe Monde Diplomatique, November 2003, avaible at
http://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/2003/11/DORNA/10680
34
RenцăMAYORGA,ăop. cit., pp. 17 – 20.
35
Marcos NOVARO, “Los populismos latinoamericanos transfigurados”, Nueva Sociedad, no. 144, July – Aug. 1996p. 15.
31
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The neo-populists choose as the target of their speeches, which use considerable
technological resources that are based on fears, anxieties and frustrations, of those that who
now feel threatened their status and position due to globalization, the latest avatar of
modernization, particularly the marginalized sectors, excluded and discriminated economic,
political, racial, cultural, social, etc. This explains the importance gained in the neo-populist
movements of social groups such as indigenous people, mestizos, immigrants, unemployed,
etc.36
Despite the differences between various models of neo-populism, and also between
neo-populist leaders, there are some recurring linguistic, behavior and semantics markers
common to all these speeches. Thus neo-populist discourse is simple, with few technical
terms, easily comprehensible for all. The style is direct, with a frankness which put in
inferiority traditional wooden language used by politicians, officials and technocrats.
Discursive logic is one belonging to common sense, the arguments used are not in any case
abstract and the gestures are large and warm. There is a strong presence of promises,
constructed in the passive voice, that describe with energy and passion a positive future.
Speech is the bi-polarized type: we and the others, the latter often receiving negative
connotations. People praise and identification, sometimes folkloric, of its roots, is crossing
permanently the speech. Criticism of the ruling elite becomes a leitmotif correlated with it
fight against the status quo imposed by the establishment, by the political class and the
illegitimate forces that have seized people power. The main terms used are: nation, people,
“аe”,ă tСeă eХТteă (аТtСă neРКtТЯeă МonnotКtТon),ă tСeă motСerХКnН,ă oură Мountrв,ă tСeă poаerПuХ,ă tСeă
rich, the weak, the poor, work, family, national effort, sovereignty, traditional values,
individual security and so on. Heavily use of rhetorical figures such as: repetition, metaphor,
allegory, irony, antithesis, parable, permanent reference nation's history to emphasize the
participation to a community, the call to national cohesion around the symbols and the
keywords that refer to the old ideological cleavages, the evocation of the great founding
myths and the skillful exploitation of legends and popular imagery. The vocabulary, grammar
and semantics are so used to produce a musicality of speech, an exhilarating rhythm.
We will try to see how the elements of neo-populist speech, previously mentioned,
mКвăКppХвătoăCСКЯТsm.ăHuРoăCСпЯeгțsăstвХeăаКsăПromătСeăЛeРТnning the rupture candidate, of
a person who was not part of the ruling elite and which is different from it. His speech
claimed, in a revolutionary logic, the destruction of a system perceived as negative, to rebuild
a new and just society. To make him easier to understand he used metaphors that refer to
popuХКră oră tСeă sportă МuХture.ă CСпЯeгă СКsă КНopteНă Кnă КntТ-system rhetoric, aggressive and
sometimes martial, to distinguish himself better from other politicians, whom he accused of
being at the origin of all evils suffered by Venezuela.
He exploited popular resentment against the establishment, using a Manichaean
rhetoric that opposes the one on the bottom against the one on the top. As such, he will favor
the development of a strong antagonism in society. In this opposition the enemies (the
opposТnРă poХТtТМКХă eХТtes)ă Кreă НesТРnКteНă Лвă tСeă pronoună “tСem”ă КnНă Кă serТesă oПă НeroРКtorвă
terms;ă “trКТtors,ă oХТРКrМСs,ă Мounter-reЯoХutТonКrТes,ă Мorrupt,ă etМ.”ă аСТХeă ПrТenНsă (peopХeă КnНă
MТМСКeХăL.ăCONNIF,ă“Neo-popuХТsmoăenăAmцrТМКăLКtТnК.ăLКăНцМКНКăНeăХosă90ăвăНespuцs”,ăRevista de Ciencia
Política, vol. XXIII, no. 1, 2003, p. 32.
36
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POLITICAL SCIENCES AND INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
supporters) are defined by the pronoună “аe”ă КnНă tКФesă Кă numЛeră oПă posТtТЯeă ПeКtures:ă
“motСerХКnНăresМuers,ăBoХТЯКrТКn,ăpКtrТot,ăЛrКЯeăpeopХe,ăРХorТousăКnНănoЛХeăpeopХeăoПăSТmonă
BoХТЯКrăetМ”.ă
ReПerrТnРătoăBoХТЯКrăКnНănКmТnРăСТmseХПăКsă“BoХТЯКrТКn”ăCСпЯeгăКppeКХsătoăoneăoПătСeă
most powerful ПounНТnРă mвtСă oПă VeneгueХК,ă Кsă аeХХă Кsă Кă РoХНenă КРe,ă tСeă oneă oПă “РreКtă
BoХТЯКr”,ă “PКteră PКtrТК”ă toă ХeРТtТmТгeă СТmseХП.ă Foră СТmă tСeă BoХТЯКrТКnă НoМtrТneă Тsă tСeă mКТnă
source to which returns to discover remedies for current problems. Using permanent reference
to Simon Bolivar and quoting from him, he stopped his opponents to criticize him, because
suМСă МrТtТМТsmă МouХНă Лeă seenă Кsă Кnă ТnterПerenМeă аТtСă tСeă ПТРureă oПă tСeă oneă аСoă аКsă “EХă
LТЛertКНor”.
At the same time, to legitimize himself and to challenge the opponents had to
advertisements as an emanation of an authority that cannot be challenged or denied. For this
he appealed to the people, as the main factor of his legitimacy, the people being seen as the
main protagonist and transformation agent that he wants to achieve. The call to the people is
Лestă ТХХustrКteНă Лвă СТsă speeМСă uponă СТsă ТnЯestТtureă Кsă presТНentă аСenă Сeă sКТН:ă “Today I'm
converted into your instrument. I exist only to fulfill the mandate you entrusted me. Get ready
to rule!”ăTСeăroХeătСКtătСeă“peopХe”ăСКНăТnăХeРТtТmТгТnРăCСпЯeгțsă“BoХТЯКrТКnăreЯoХutТon”ătСКtă
he was trying to put into practice, it is demonstrated also by the fact that in the new
МonstТtutТonăКpproЯeНăЛвăreПerenНumăТnă1999,ătСeătermă“peopХe”ăСКsărepХКМeНătСeăoХНăМonМeptă
of 'citizen'. Meanwhile his rage against political parties is reflected by the fact that in the same
ConstТtutТon,ătСeătermă“pКrtв”ăneЯerăКppeКrs.
He kept in touch with people particularly through television and other mass media.
CСпЯeгțsăСКНăКăаeeФХвăproРrКmăonătСeănКtТonКХăteХeЯТsТonăМКХХeНă“Alo Presidente”ăаСereăСeă
tКХФeНăПorăСoursăаТtСătСeăМТtТгens,ăsoăСeăМouХНăЛeenăМКХХeНăКă“TV-popuХТst”,ăМСКrКМterТгeНăЛвă
emotional and media mobilization of the masses.
We want to end this article with a few considerations from Ivan KrКsteЯ’ăКnКХвгeăonă
EuropeКnă popuХТsms.ă AММorНТnРă toă KrКsteЯă tСeă “popuХТsm”ă Тsă oПtenă КssoМТКteНă Тnă Мurrentă
НeЛКtesă аТtСă Кnă ТmpressТЯeă speeМС,ă sТmpХТstТМă КnНă mКnТpuХКtТЯe,ă КННressТnРă “prТmКrвă
emotТons”ă oПă peopХeă аТtСă opportunТstТМă poХТМТesă КТmeНă Кtă “ЛuвТnР” support. But appeal to
people's emotions is banned in democratic politics? Or who decides which policies are
“popuХТst”ăКnНăаСТМСăКreă“reКsonКЛХe”?ăAsăRКХПăDКСrenНorПăoЛserЯeНă“the populism of one’s
is the democracy of the others and vice versa.”ăTСus,ăКММorНТnРătoă IЯКnăKrКsteЯțsăЯТeаă“the
core challenge is represented by the rise of populist political parties and movements that
appeal to "the people" to the detriment of the alleged representatives of the people, thus
threatening the political parties, the interests and values which are consolidated.”37
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de Civilisation Contemporaine de l’Université de Bretagne Occidentale, no.5, Caen, 2005.
37
Ivan KRASTEV, op. cit.
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