Public sphere and private sphere–masculinity and femininity

Remigiusz ROSICKI Public sphere and private sphere - masculinity and femininity The sphere is a natural detenninant ofsocial ręiations, and thus shoulc1be an important category in the social scjences- Moreoveą a broader analysis should be conducted ovęr it. Discussions on sphere in the social sciences (in the narow meaning: sociology and politics) includę both the issue ofphysical sphere as wellas the concept ofsphere as an idea. In the political context it is attempted to connecl spherę with a descdption of politicalphenomena, power, violence, force, the sphere offreedom' ętc. It should be ob_ served that sphere as a public sphere is treatęd as a mętaphoI forpolitical participation, particulally in thę context of civil dghts. WŁat should be distinguished &om the ordinary sense ofpubiic sphęIe, the means sphere ofpublic access or spherc with specific fęatures usęful to society. In the | ust meaning ofthe public nature, which for oul con_ sidęrations is more impofiant' spherę would be recognized as a sphere ofparticipation, which means as a specialkind ofinteraction, plesęntations' and the legitimacy ofcollęctive oI indivicluai ideł tity (of vadous typęs of particularities). It should bę noted that the specific undelstanding of politics and power should bę connected with the traditional recognition ofsphere, social spatial behavior, a deter_ mina[t of aggression or demographic description of society. It seems that you can draw a h1.pothesis that a spęcific type of description based among othęrs on the above-mentioned perspęctives strengthened specific Ępe of discourse in politics and power, whiclr has become one of thę factols lacilitating the ideological exclusion of certain social groups from public life, e'g' womęn. Depreciation ofwomen in social life by dehning the physical force and violence as an impońant lactol of tęrritofialism and tribalism, was thę basis for determining the practices and the mamęr ofthe discourse on the public Spttere as an area ofpolitical intęIaction' obviously' it was not the only factor limitirrg womęn's palticipation in the public sphere. In addition to or perhaps simultaneously to this discourse we had to deal with consolidation ofothers, which affected thę Whole cultuę based on domination ol what might be called "the male elemęn| ." Thręe indicators which characterisę that culture is: patriafchalism, sexism and androcęntrism.l In thę first case we are dealing with male dominance in the social spł lere' in the tattel case, thę depręciation ofwoman as in_ lerior to men, and in the last case with .he model of masculiniĘ tbrough which others are judged. rAboutpatriarchalism,sexismandandrocentrismintheoontextoftheCh stian religion writes E. Adat\iaŁ Kobiet! w Biblii. Nowy TeslamenĄ Biblioteka więzi 201o; see also review ofthis book: J. Majewski, Pierwszy feminista, "Tygodnik Powszechny" 2010. No 28. o. 15 16. Remigiusz RostĆki 10 Thęre is a1so a different scope ofthe analysis ofpublic sphere on one hand it is a real sphere ofsocial pmctices, on the other hand it is a kind ofdiscourse about sphere Establishing the dominant discourse affects not on1y the dcscdption, but also thę typę of pafiicipation oI constnrction of social ręlations. As an evidencę of this can be given preseut in scientific discourse division into private and pubLic sphere, lvhich can be associated with traditional politics. It can be stalęd that one of the first dilęctions ofcliticisn of its dominance in public lilę was thę recęption of Manism by feminists. Acquisition ofthe way ofunderstand' ing of por.ver comprisęd in the Marxian historical matęrialism has opened the door to criticism of male domination based on the possession of means of production. Anothęr ręsult was ihe assumption that the statę as a lęplęSentative of thę intęrests of thę capitalisŁ class - is arr al1y ofthe capitalists' and thus enables thęm to gain eXEa value with thę use ofdisadvantaged groups. These tr,vo assumptions lvere the basis for S ' walby io plesęnt the concept oldual Systems' on the one hand we are dealing with consolidation of patriarchy in the reproductive Systęm of Women's Iolęs, but on the othęI hand thelę is made an emancipation in the capitalist economy in relation to thę socio-economic activity olwomen. Therefore, in spite ofmarket exploitation, and exploitation in the tladitional family strucfures, emancipation ofwomęn suppońs capi_ ialism in conrrection With the appealancę on the markęt of cheaper labor'2 These mechanisn-rs, according to S. Walby, compose two systęms, which do not have to cle_ atę some cohęsive whole. What is more, in cęrtain historical situations they can be a source of conflict. It should be notęd that, despite ńę Stalting thę fiIst front in the battlę for emancipatioo of Women in public life, its effęcts lęlatęd to private life- An example of it is the sphere of political and economic rights, which gave the possibility to go beyond thę realm of womęn's home or family. A similar position was represented by S. Walby, who claims that thę late nineteenth and early twentieth century Witnessęd a tlansition from patriatchy in the plivate sphere to public pat archy. That can ręsult from the fact that, accolding to the author, patriarchy in the pdvate sphęIe was also sanctioned by the public sphere. Changes the public sphere in the twentieth cenfury by Stlęngthęning the rights of r'vomen, among others by law tegulations, sanctioned a g1eatęI Lęvęlofequality- ofcoufse, thelę should also be menŁion othęr procesSes that occuned in the twęntięth cęnhlry such as a levolution in molals' feminist movements, intellęchlal waves of fęminism. various forms of atfirmativę actions. As pań ofthe intellggfual cq!ęnts of feminist it should be noticed that somę discussions tly to ledęfinę the prrblic sphere, politics ńĘorł er relations. so as to take into account the woman's perspective. The primaly objection to the traditionalpęnpęctive of politics and power is suclr that due to the dominancę ofmen in political as well as scientific life, description ofthese catego-ries and thę placticę took aparticulal fol.ln. Radical Feminism and thę postmodem trend nęgated the tladitional approach of politics and power, pointing to the ubiquity ofthis typę ofsocial lęlations' Its result was the ęXtęnsion ofthe polltical to the social micro praclices. Postmodern anti-essentialism i ' S. Walby, Theoriztng Patriarchy, published by Blackwell, Oxford 1990 S.WaIby, Cender Trclnsformetions, published by Routledge, London 1997. Public sphere and private sphere - mascutinity arlcl femininiry t1 influenced critical views, e'g' the distinction bętwęęn thę public and the private, the institutional plesentation ofthę power, narrowing the category ofpolitics and power into thę ręalm olthe State' The most impońant is the transfęI ofthę pdvate and the personal to the public sphere' which is ąssociated with an attempt to integlate the poiitics and power lelations in social relations, which have nęver been intelplęlęd that way befole' Power and politics reladons aI€ plesęot in sexual relationships, family relationshios, as in art, language, etc.l The consequence of anti-esseniialism is a1so denying the developed bipoial pattęm ofsex allocation, which, according to representatives ofradical feminism is a product ofculfure. As previously colrerent human subjectiviĘ in social lile was denied, so now essentially circled gęndel idęntiiy based on biological grounds was negated. Tt is an ex' pressioo of opposition to blological iletenninism and biologicai intelpletation in gen- eral. Adopting such a positioll leads directly to the crilicism of the biological jrLstification of social roles and traditional relations of domination.r J. Butlęr draws attention to tho fluidity ofgcnder identiry as a lesult oldefining the sęX aS a set ofreenacted pmcticęs. ThuS, gender is created by the public discourse, and, given that the dominant discourse is the hetetosexual matrix peĘętuated by thę mascu_ line culfure, the image of human sexuality is fairly fixed. The denial ofsęxual notms which have biological foundations violates thę concępt olheterosexual patriarchy and gendel po1a.ization.5 The conclusions of these considęrations are such that it iS suffi_ cient to change the social discourse, which can alter the rcpeated practices; and thus we can change the established ręlations of domination based on sexuality. In conclusion we may indicate the fansition from strictly physical area interpretations to a morę thęoretical approaches' ofpalticulal importance hele is thę catęgory of social area, which began to be recognized not only empirically but also reflexiveiy. An example ofsuch an approach may be the interpletation ofthe alea madę by M. Foucault, who pointed to the trend oldęmarcation ofarea, thę detetmination of distances and fe' lational. IntetpretingM. Foucault, we can conclude that wę are forcedby various mechanisms ofpowęf to understand social and physical space in a spęcilic way' M. Foucault us€ S the Spccific tefm ofhetelotopia, męaning "ptace ofdesignating the place"'ó It can bę considered that the social division of gender roles is a division between the public and the privatę and thę masculine and the feminjne- Hetęrotopia, although they do not exist in leality, thęy leplesent the intelpretation and cognitive perspective ofthe realiry The effect may be that cu1turally sauctioned interpretive clichćs can s ignilrc antly create relationships in space _ in this case, the sociai sBbę!i]Bioiogical perspective ofhuman bęhavior, iimiting social męchanisms to competing for survival, introduces a metaphor for combat which is described by the potential strength. The stn]ggle for existence, natuml selection and sexual selection arę to ęm_ phasize the legitimacy ofchalactęristics which are impofiant for the relations ofpower, cf. V' R-dall, 'E"'rl inizm. in: Teorie i metody w naukach poLitycznyĆł , D' Marsh, G' stoker (eds'), published by UJ' Krakólv 2006, p. 109 l30' o J. Butter, Uwikł ąni w plel, published by Kry.tyka Polityczna, Warszawa 2008' ' t lbidem. 6 M. Foucault, Inne pl.zestrzenie, "Teksty Drugie" 2005, No 6 (96), p. 119,124. Remigiusz Rosich tz and for the construction ofthe politics. The effect of adopting such mctaphors can be a hierarchy ofhighel evaluatęd and gfatified social characteristicS' Considęring the fact that the stlength and the fight iS attributęd to thę activity ofmen, the activity ofwomen is automatically of lęss value in the social discoursę- Theręfore, we can come up with a general thesis that biological metaphors suppolt thę ęńancęment of stereoĘpes of the traditional division ofsocial roles. and thus conStifute thęnsęlves a mechanism for discrimination' which is fixęd in the structure ofsocial and scientific discourse. Environmęntaiism is a tręnd, which tries to identify the rclationsbip between species and the ęnvironment. Th9 unit \ł 'hich is the subject ofshrdy is a populaiion attributable to a particula. tęrritory. The population is analyzed as a fotm of collęctivę or3anization, wbosę basis of existęnce is in thę common spatial drvelling-' and the interdependence among its members is a consequence ofthęir vital aativitics'' Description olthe hun-ran population can take at least two forms ofmorphofunctional or demographic description. In the fiISt casę the descliption lefels to norphological and functional characteristics which are due to genelic diversity and variability olenvironmęntal cooditions. In thę lattęrcasę, the descriptiorr focuses on thę fegulalities ofpopulation developmęnt rruder ceńain environmental conditions, social, economic' Spatial, etc. It should bę noted lhat the "commu_ nity'' can bę created only for the putposes of analysis' which męans that it does not necessańly have to ręly on methods ofanalysis solely comectędWith ecology, definęd as the study ofevolution ofthę population. Horvever' one cał point out some fęaturęs lvhich will characterize thę demographic description of the popuiation, e.g. (I) concęntraiion, (2) ShucfuIe, (3) mobiliĘ (4) mońaliĘ (5) reproduction, (6) fertility'E The analysis of spatial distributiou concems the leiations betweęn thę sizę of the popu1ation and the space, density and concentmtion' Thę lactols affecting thesę rę1ationships are primalily the movement/mobility, mortality and fęftility' The mele fact of the selection offactors and' thele1bfę, the scope ofthe analysis, establishes a reduction ofsocial relationships to speciltc aspects ofbiological functions in lact to thę rcproductive process. One can, theretbre. assume that such rccogllition may affcct the question oltręating units that makę up the population like ob.jects' In addition, it can affect insh_umęntalization of the reproductive function of poprrlations and individuals. ' Similar perspectives aIę plęsęnted in the socio-biological trend, which explains the behaviol of differęnt species, inciuding humans' tł uough natural setection. Sociobiology is a synthętic domain, and theręforę combines the achievęments ofbiology, socio[ogy, ęthology, ęcology, population genetics, ecology, evolution, zoolog' etc.9 Duę to cQnnotations with So many fieids ofnatural science rve deal rvith a speciltc recognition ofthe human being in the social and spatial relations. Thę stalting point is, ofcourse, Darwinian theory, hence biology as the natuę will be a primary detetminant j b. 53 ' B' Szacka, WprowadŻenie do socjoklgii;aubl],shed by oficyna Naukowa, Warszalva 2003, "/2. s J' strzał ko, M' Hennebelg, UAM. Poznań 1976. J. Piontek, r| /stą) do ekologii populacyjnej cztowieka,plblisheó'by 9 vide: E' o' wilson, Socjobiologia, published by Zysk i s-ka, Poznań 2000; B' o' Wilson, Konsiliencją: jednaś ćuedzy, published by Zysk i s-ka, PoŻnań 2002; E. o. wilson, o Ljudskoj prirodi, published by Naklada Jesenski i Turk, Zagreb 2001; P. Kitcher, Vauhi g Ambition Sociobiologł and the QLtest.fot Humdfi Nalure, pub]ished by MIT Press, Cambridge, MA 1985' - Public sphere and private sphere masculinib) a d lenininitf 13 in the division ofgendęI foles. The ręsults of socioiogical research becomę useful fol the purposes ofthe fotmation ofstrucfuIęs ofdomination, intęI'gloup agglession, sęlfishness, altnLism' etc' 'fhę successes ofSome feplesentalives olthis tręod, lbl example R' Dawkins and D. Morris, causęd that the metaphors describing human behavior in the coutext ol selection was the inspiration for social scięncę and mass culture. Feminism assumes tlrat socio-biologica1 approaches sfengthen the stęIęotypical division between gender roles,l0 hence the trend largely emphasizes challengjng ęXperiments in human bęhavior' Moreover, thele ale attęmpts to point to ęlTols of intefpretation in the description ofthe biological basis ollruman bęhavior as we1l as non-reflęctivęnęss during the reception of this knowledge to the field of social scięnces.Il Sociobiology r.vill use space as a determinant ofpopulation behavior. Territorial be, havior anaiysis will inciude among othors to (1) battle lor the prescwation of living space, (2) the impact ofcougestion on the degree ofconflict and aggression, (3) the impact of congestion on the dęvęlopment of domination systems, (4) the impact of space and Sęason on mating cycies. The description of behavior will therefore bę basęd on tems ofstręngth, \ł 'bich will be rathęr attdbuted to males.l2 Biological categories ofaggression and domination become an inspiration lor attempts to unde$tand the gęnesis ofhuman politics, which to Some ęXtent supports stręngthęning andlocenfuic intetprętation of political and social practices.rl Bio-politics deals rvith thę issuę ofcontrolling vitalprocess. Its scope ofsubject refers to manv considerations and social practices.ra Howevel major issues and concepls that in some way refer to lilę include: racial anthropology, eugenics, ecology, health' re_ search oł the biological folrndatiotrs of socio-political behavior, practices ofdisciplining thę activities of thę body. The sociological tho[ght of M. Foucault is here of pańicular importancę. M. Foucault regarded disciplining the human being and practices ofcompulsion as the essence olthe męchanics ofpower. Control ovęI physical activity in a given time and space allowed, according to him, the negativę stigmatization of individuals, and thus gavę dse to the formation ofrolęs and sociai hięrarchięs. More important iS thę attach_ ment to the placę and objects, which forms a functional relation. Tbę quintessence of coltlol ovęI the activitięs ofhuman flęsh is the analysis ofthe idea ofPanopticon on the example ofthe prison system, which was described by M. Foucault in his book Dlscipline and Punish. Thę awareness of thę fact that we are constantly monitoręd carrsęs that the powęI ovel corporeality is extendęd to the power over our minds, which may constihrte the essence of social control męchanisms.]j '0 E'g. D- Monis, rł e naked wo dn' A study oJ'the Female Bady,pvblished by st. Martń's Press, New York 2004. ll A seminar discussion entitled ('o się óoi rola Dał -wina? Czyli o bio-fobii nauk spał eczryrch '(a (moin pauelLsts: M' Szcz1gielska. A' W. Nowak' K' Arbiszewski), Poznań 5 May 20Il. '' E' o' Wilson, op' cLt', pubLished by Zysk i S_ka' Pomań 2000, p' 145-154,310'j11' 1r vide: R. Rosick', ontatogią Iv RP _ tragedia grecka, n: Wł adza i przywództwa Palityczne w denokł ocLi eds' E N owak. D' Lihł in-Lewandowska, published byUMCS, Lublin 20l0' p' 153-l67. '' Cf M' Kńvak. Biop oh| ka Nala palitićka rt/ozoffa, published by Izdanj a .Ąntibarbarus' Zagreb 2007; T. Lemke, Biopoli')ka, published by Sicl, Warszawa 2010. '' NI' Foucarrlt' Nadzorować l ł ał al,published by Aletheia' Wa6zawa lg98. Remigiusz Rosicki T4 S. Lee Bartky suggests that M. Foucault saw no difference in the different practices to the physicatity ofwomen ancl men, in thę context ofcarnaliql creation.l6 Although it does not seenr right that hę did not seę any clilfelences at all, which ma1' be due to the fact that hę was mo'e interested not in conshł cting foms of physicality but in forms of discipline generally' ofgreater felevancę here is the idea olthę claim ofpowel to regu_ late thę processes ollife, which triggers a ręaction ofręsistance in the community. The claim to the legitimacy to its own idęntity and values iS the main axis ofpolitical cont'lict with thę universality ofpower An example iS thc approach to homosexuals and wornen' where in the fiIst caSę the concępt ofsocial and health standards węre used, and in the lattff one - the formula ofthę lole and biological predęstination. You can regard ńis as a product of ęxisting at that time or continually opcrathg stralcfures of expcrience ancl knowledge, but in a different interpretation it can also be seen as an example (Govemment Technology) in accordancę with thę establishęd formula oftbe nafural (a metaphol ofnature). Thę Ięsult of this is a two way politicat technology interfering in the identity of a typę 'man _ physicality' and 'nran the population'' Human sęxuality iS assessed not only in the contęXt olęthicaljudgement, but as an utilitarian one, i'ę. that consolidated gender roles WeIę to plovę useful for the population and to guarantęę Safety. In this section religious issues, whicti usually have been dcscribed as primeval r'vil1 not be described. FoI ręasons conl]ected with the form ofthis text, more attention will be paid to the monotheistic religions - in this case Ckistianity. This limitation arisęs fiom the impoftant rolę which Ckistianity played in the cultula1 devęLopmęlt of Eu_ rope, and the European socio-political thought influenced thę development ofcontęm_ porary democracies' Reducing the problem to thę ęXample of ChristianiĘ does not preclude a similar conclusion as to, for instance, Islam. "Founding sins'' of Chistianity shoulcl be mentioned here' which were associatęd With thc attempt to VersatiliĘ the ideas ofJesus, so as to make it more acceptabie to the new followers. That sin is sexism. which was absorbed with thę texts of St. Paul, which shows, among othęIs Fifst Epistle to the Corinthians' Although there is the tęXt of "Hymn ofLove" containęd, thele are also leferences to the subordination ofwoman to man, and thęir silence during the assembly of saints.17 Despite exhońations to the brothęrhood of alt made by Jesus' the demand could not be ręalized duę to the deep-Iootęd patriarchal culture of thę contemporary world' In the subSęquent stages the sexist thought iS peryetuatedby the intellęctual hęIitage ol!h9 Łątł le6-o-fthcChwch andlŁg'plggl&g € t hę representatives of tlre Church. Sex_ ism in the Christiarr religion became the basis lor the ęxclusion of women from public life and bring their activities to a family life - living in the area knom as private ln addition, an influential religious discoursę influęnced the consolidation of the position ofdisciplining and control1ing thę phenomena ofpopu1ation and function of womęn in Sgciety. 16 s' Lee Bartky, Foucault, kobiecoś ći LlnawaĆześ nienie wł adry patńarchalnej, il: Gender. Pefspek\Ą| a antropologiczna, t' 2 (Kobiecoś ć,męskoś c, seksualnoś c)'R.' E. Hryciuk' A. Koś cianska 75. (ed5 ,. publi"bed by L-tW. War.zJwa 2007. p. t' 5l Fn;stuln I od C.)rDihios. Public sphere and private spherc - fiasculini4) dnd fenininiry 15 Field and habitus P Bourdięu introdrrced socioLogical analysis the concept oflreld and habitus' By the fieid we should understand a system ofsociai relations between positions, which in hrm would be places inthe systęm ofallkinds ofcapital' Distinguishing a fieid is due to the specilic nalure ofthe rules (ineducible to those that occur in everyday life), and specific understanding ofvalues. Refering to thę metaphol of "game" it can be said that the fields detgrminę thę sftatęgy ofactions. on onę hand, strategies ofactions will be dctcnniued by thę męaning and structure olcapital in thę lreld, while, on the other hatd, actions of subjects will result from thęm possessing their own capital. Different capitals, which may be characterized by considerable variabiliry are impoflant ]or social felatiorrslrips. Variability ofcapital importance Stęms flom thę changę olassessment, what may be valuable and what may not. The major capitals, according to P Bourdięu, include (1) economic, (2) culfurat (3) social and (4) symbolic. Their meanings and hierarchięs may be diffelent deperrding on the different fields, for exam_ ple the lreld of academic sfudy or production of art.rs Basic capitals męntioned by P Bourdięu are characterized by the fact tbat ihęy can occul in all types olfieids. Moreover, individualcapitał canbę "convertęd" to the last ofthe capitals, that is symbolic. The symbolic capital is associated with a specific form of violence, i.e., symbolic violence. This concept was introducęd to distinguish it lrom pure forms of.riolence or coercion, ł hich was dępicted as immanęnt ęlemęhts of govemance. A fęaturę of the s1'rnbolic violence is to act behind a 'veil', i.e. its essence are operating in secrct mechanisms of reproduction of ordęr An exampie would be thę instifution of tlre school' whiclr is primarily responsible for the reprodrrction of social ordęr In this sęnsę onę could speak ofthe political character of education fięld in society. In this context, the impact of school can bę ęxaminęd in at least two aspects. In thę fiIst case, the school helps to legitimize the order through the acquisition of the desired pattems ofthinking and conduct (e.g., legitirnacy ofthe method ofdistribution priviieges.)' In thę sęcond case the school pęryętuates thę divisions, and thus iS lęsponsible for the unequal opportLrnities to acquire competencies (e.g. lack ofcapital development associated rvith educarior). Anothel impoftant category is habin]s' which is a produced pattem ofplacticęs, pe{ ccptions and evaluations. Its responsibility is to fęt'ęI to the experience, hence it facili_ tatęs thę adoption of specilic stlatęgies Within pańiculal fields. Habinrs develops through the participation ofa subjept in social life, i.-e. as a resrlt ofcontacts with other subjects. The mechanisms, rulęs, ręstrictions, standalds, etc., may be lęflected in thę subject, hence P' Bourdieu writes about intędolization ofthe extęrior. Howeve( this is not the only noticeable process' since the habitus is also associated with the manifęsta_ tion ofaccepted pattems ofpractices or perception. P Bourdieu defines this phenome-non as an intemal alienation. This alienation definęs cęr1ain "social valves", i.e' extęmal pattems whiclr have been subjectęd to intedolization arę creatively adoptęd to I$ to his P. Bourdieu, rł e F'eld ofCultural Productioł , published by Columbia University Press' New York 1993; A' Mafuchniak-Krasuska, Zarys socjologii sztuki Pierre'ą Bourdieu' pttb:rished by oficyna Nauko* a' wańŻawa 2010' Remigiusz Rasicki 16 the practices, pelceptions and evaluations' ThiS presentęd by P. Bourdięu process 1m_ plies that thę Ieploduction of Schemes may occul with an unspecified element of cIęativity of individuals, rvhich is to prove a cre"ti.re climension of habitus.re Fields of male dominance Politicality in spatial perspęctives ol relationships of entities in particular lrelds lvoulcl depend on ensuring the symbolic dominancc, lvhęther in thę field ofpower or othęIs - culture' science' education, economy, ętc. Important arę poSsibie actions ofan individual in conjunction with established capital in lęlation to capitals, which havę di1: ferent entities, or those that ale important in the systęm olthe field. A detęrminant of e.g. a field olpolitics is social capital that allows to establish a broad relationship; additionaily one can also think about what will be presented in such a situation the valuę in thę policy f,leld _ Whęther the autirolity itselfor the possibility to obtain public Suppoń lor political projects' In thę casę ofthe field of sfudy' for instance social sciences, it is essential to gain symbollc dominancę based on 1ong term reproduction of sociaL theories.20 An example of such a situation may be specific concepts of power and politics which shaped the discourse in this field' As a ręsult ofsuch reproduction ofvarious so' cial theodęs they could bę reflęcted in sociai practices, e.g. in the context ofconstructing pubiic sphere and certain political institutions. Ofgreat significance for constructing the field ofpolitics and science was particularly fonr-red social capital, which r,vas not available to women to such an ęXtent as for centulies it was available to męn' This involves diffęręnt t'acts, which may include among others: ( 1) limiting access to school or university education, (2) predestination ofceftain areas ofscience based on gender, (3) the lack ofwomen in various clepartments of science, (4) in the case of social science, thę dominance of men influencęd a specific way ol intęrpręting'such categories and phenomena as power and po1itics. With a particular intęlprętation ofthese catęgorięs iS also connected a special way of dividing the social sphere into the public and plivate onęS' Attachment to a specilrc division may be drrę to thę 1egacy of Roman jurisprudence, which introducęd a divi sion in the law into the public and the private this division is commonly ascribed to Uipian.']' ofsignificant impoltance was thę intęIęsts ofthe state (i.e. the public inter' est), which was above thę othęts. Ius publicum Was a Starting point, hor,vever, ius cope of ius publicum invoived - using a conlrivat"m had si$ific tempolary intęĘretation - constitutional' administrative, criminal 1aw In addition, public law was linked to religious 1aw, which regulate, among others, issues relatedto oLlnal. ThęIe stands thę questionwhethęI the division, whichwas used among others in Roman law, into the private and the public \.vas lęflected in the actual social practices. It is r9 P' Bourdieu' Znysł prakryczny, published by UJ, Kraków 2008, p- 72'90. 20 P' Bourdieu,.{ omo lca1ezlcł s, published by Stanford University Press, stanford 1988 Ż1 Digesta Iustiniani (D' 1,1,6'1)' rŻ Lex duodecim tabularum (Tables'. Ix and X). ' Pub[ic sphere ąnd priyclte sphere mąsculi ity and-fenfuinity '17 assumęd that in the context of lhe politicS thę public Sphęrę was associated with what might be callęd the alea ofcivilrights, while the pfivate sphere was associated With pdvale lilę and individual interests. consideli g the facŁ thal some world ofculturę, bę it anclent Rome oI Gleece, was based on pafuiafchalism, we canł ot speak about any par_ ticular sphere ofprivatę life ofwomen. Considering thę fact tlrat the dominant position of men in pub1ic life facilitated greater accumulation ofdiffelent types ofcapital and ęs_ tablishing rules goveming various ltelds ofsocial activities, we can say that the scopę of women's actiyities was corręlated with the needs of men. FL Arendt wrote that the pdvate sphere, understood as a t'amilyr'home, was a natural conrmunity to protect life. This community emerged as the result ofthe necessity to satisfy the basic lifę needs, which can be regarded as a sin of incolpomtion, as the public sphere, according to thę authol, wąs based on frcci1om.]] Wę can extend tlre ncaning of the "necessity" and note that the community oflifb and the life ofthis community, howevel were shaped by men. H. Arendt writes that the public sphere was based on equality; however, the private sphere was based on inequaliry but wę can say that it was based on exploitation. Evolving ofthe pdvate sphęIe into the public sphere lrappened' among othefs' as a result ofstęngthening the economic mechanisms. The result is blurring the bipolar division between the public and the private, also connecting politics with the management of iife plocessęs1'he assrrmption ofH. Arendt that thę public sphęfe was the quintessęncę offręedom is debatable, even ifwę leduce it - as thc author ł vantęd _ to a political community, and not to a sociery It Shouldbę notęd thatthe Greek politicalcommunity was limited to the ftęędom of citizęns, and not everyonę 1ł as a citizen of the polis. H€ nce it Will be not misappropriatę to state that women węIe a group excluded from the benęfitS ofęquality in the public sphere- In this case it mustbe assumed that thę political practices and ideas of the politics were shaped by the ma1e pań of the socięry If we adopt thę Marxist interprętalion ofthę economic domination, and, therefore, also political and ideological ones, we will dęal with an ęfficient męchanism to build rules for socieĘ functioning. If Wę leject thę assumption of MafiiSt c1ass stfuctulę of society iu ruling, and we will simpliĄl it to group ruling - in this case a male one, we will still receive an effęctive tool in analyzing the transformation ofpublic and private spheres in the context ofgender. The ęconomic dominance which men gained in socieĘr has bęcome one olthę most impoltant mechanisms to control women'2a This thesis was paticularly emphasized by the Marxist feminist thought. A similar assumption was adopted by I- Wallerstein, ]ł /bosuggęstęd that sexism was one ofthę męc clusion, social hierarchy and economic exploitation.25 Social exclusion olwomen resulted in thęir absence ftom public life' and thęSę lestrictions affected to a Varying extęni the lack ofwomen in education' higher education and the economy' The lack of Ż^ 1' H' AJendt, rhe Human Condition, pvblished by University ofchica8o Press, 1998, p. 22_78. Vide: H. Bradley, Pleć' publish..d by sic!, warszawa 2008, p- 50 i5,1ł L Lł 3; six and Ctass in ll/onten's Histary, J. L. Newton, M. P. Ryan, J. R. Walkowitz (eds.), pubiished by Routledge and Kegan Paul, London 1983. " I. Wailerstein, The Essential Wallerstein, published by The New press, New Yotk 2000, p. 350-151. 2a Remigiusz Rosickj 18 IęplesenŁatives in valious aleas also hindęIed thę opportunity to plesent their own opinions and the inteĘretation of social probiems. Both feminism ofthc sccond and third wave proposed a different vierv over public space/sphere, although the most radical approach was proposed by post-feminism, which locused on the analysis of asymmetTical sęXual relations in a sęquęncę of miclo practices. We deal here r,vith dispersing the phenomena of govęn'nental autholily and sex domination in various spheres of human litć. Tlre second Wave of feminism demanded making the plivate public, i.e. the politicization of the pfivatę sphere; while Some suggest that post-feminism lętlęats to the lęvel of thę analysis of social micro practices, which ale not connected with the public sphere-2ń It does not seem that thls shift is a refuge from the public sphere; it is at most redet]ning politicaliB/ itsęlf, as a unit ofthę social strucfuIe olganization' as węll aS a statenent that an ęstablished so_ cial discourse influencęs thę consolidation of asymmetrical gęndęI ręlations and thę positive and non-reflęctivę narrątive in rnany planes. Flence, it should be stated that a nęw dimęnsion of potiticality is comectęd with thę struggle r.vith narratives which peĘetuate the masculine paradigm of interpletation in different spheres of socially constructęd knowledge and science. The radicalism ofpost-feminism will bę hęrę manifestęd in the intellerencę in various areas of knowledge which havę not been previ_ ously challenged - such as biology. J. Butlęr, wdting about an attifude of a person to the public sphere refers to the thought ofL. Althusser in the so-callęd intęrpęllation. Intelpęllation iS a mechanism to cail a subject wł ro is folced to takę a position which was assigned to him,hel socially. According to J. Butler and L. Althusser adopting a given position happens unconsciously and without thinking; however, this mechanism decides on empowering ofan individual, as much as it forces the individualto observe cęrtain rules.27Identity olńdividuals in this case is a social and idęological product, and, thęrefore' an individual has limited privacy a priori. L. Althusser does not ieave many options to an individual in countęracting the ideologica1 stnrctruęs in thęir own liberation' Howeveą any Structulęs olauthority givę lise to countel plocesses, w_hich means that authority' at the Samę time, fuiggers resistancę to itself'2s It can be stated at this point, saying that thę opinion that thę aim to emphasize own ideł tity, is one of the possibilities to delrne what is politi' cal and what iS not. This is mainly due to the assumption ręplesentedby H- Arendt' who claimed that the public sphere is the sphere offreedom, which in principle would be the essence ofpolitics in her approach' Thę opportuniry to pańicipate in the public sphere and laving claims would determine politics. 26 Aboutthe change in pelception ofthe public sphere in: K. Więcko \,/ska, Pł eć ą sfera publiczna' Konceycja reldcji niędzy plcią a sferą publiczną\, m| ś li .Iudith ButLer, ir.]. Pł eć w 4ciL! publicznym' Róż noradnoś ćproblemów i perspektyw,M.leziński, M' wincł awska, B' Brodzińska (eds')' publisbed by UMK, Toruń 2009, p. 11'17' '' J' B,,tler, LTaLczące sł owa' Mową nienawiś ci i polirylrd perJormaął wna' plblished by Kryiyka Polityczna, warszawa 2010, p. 7 53; J' Althusser, 1deoĘie i aparaty ideolagiczne państwa (--skazówki dla poszuktwai), publishedby Komisja Ksztalcenia i wydawnicaw RN ZsP' wa6zewa 1983. 23 Ihi,lem. Public sphere dnd priyąte sphere - ]nasculiniĄ) ąnd femininity l9 The question is: rvhat is the Ię1ation ofthe public sphere to human sexrrality? on the basis ofpost-feminism ofJ. Butler' it can bę stated that determining the matrices ofsex_ ualiĘ causes that all othęr idęntities are seęn and dęscribed from their angle. The hel ęIosęXual matrix becones a starting point for thę ęvaluarion ofany other difference or identity. ThuS thę narratives aborlt fęmininity' homosexualiq/, bisexuality, ętc., will always be a relationship of "masculinity and femininiŁy", "masculinity and unmanli_ ness'', "hetęIosexuality and homosexua1ity''' Any claims to the plurality of sexual identity in this case will be treated as a thlęat to lhe tladitional identity, as we1[ as an attempt to dęconsiruct tlre implaoted andfocentlic narrativę. Thus, the claims to the plLlralism ofidentity can affect the pubtic sphere in two ways: (1) through political practice demanding ęquality in participation in public life, (2) by violating established phallogocentric fixed narrativc. The text presents an analysis olcategories olpublic and private sphere, which are conncctęd with thę social division ofroles based on gender The sphere was recognized as a sphere ofparticipation, i.e. as a special kind ofinteraction, pfęSęntation, and legiti_ macy ofcollęctive or individual identity. It is impońant for the analysis to indicate that a pafiicular discourse, rvithin science and in Socięty, stfengthęrr thę interpletation ofhu_ man life and specific practices. Consolidated in this way discourse facilitatęd the exc1usion of women from public life, and, thęręforę, also reverse pfocęss, that męans emancipation (subsequent ivaves of t'eminism). In the text thJęe elements that could affect the consotidation of sexism węIe presented; (1) demographic descriptions ofthe population, (2) religious exclusion, (3) sociai practices within specific areas of activity. Demographic description ofthe human population, which can be found in thę various fięlds or tręnds' such as ęrrvironmentalism, sociobio1ogy and bio-politics, affects quantitative intęIpretations- Qualitative elements were brought to the analysis ofhuman reproductive functions, and the woman in the anaiysis had a definite role in soaięty. However' the religious exclusion was only Stressed oł thę ęXample ofChristianity. An analysis ofexclusion in the case ofreligion may be considered on two lęvels internal and social. In thc fiIst case We deal with the exclusion of ł vomen within thę church strucfure itself. in tlrę second casę we deal with using the ideological content to shape the rolęs and functions ofwomen in society. The last elemęnt confuibuting to thę pęrpętuation olsexism arę defined social practices described on the example ofthe concept ofltelds and capital ofP Bourdięu and the idęa of economic, political and ideological domination of Karl Marx. It should be notęd that thę dominance olmen in society io1luenced the possibility of significant accumulation of capital (e.g. social, culhLral, symbolic). The presence of men in many spheres combined with the exclusion of women, helpecl to set up rulęs, practices and interpretations ofsocialręalily in accordance with ąn andlocentric matrix. It afIected to a large ęXtent thę assignmęnt ofWomen to cęr| ain socialroles inpublic and private area.