Human Computer Interaction

© 2019 JETIR March 2019, Volume 6, Issue 3 www.jetir.org (ISSN-2349-5162) Human Computer Interaction Muthu Dayalan Senior Software Developer & Researcher Chennai & TamilNadu Abstract— Human Computer Interaction (HCI) is a modern approach that has been the foundation of development of hardware, software and interaction programs that integrates the user’s experience with the desired results. In this research paper, the history of HCI is investigated and how there have been several changes over time as a result of the changing users’ needs. The goals and purposes of HCI including increasing efficiency, safety, and effectiveness of users usability are also discussed. The Norma’s model that illustrate the cycle required in development of an effective HCI system is illustrated using some of the principles of usability; interactions and interactivity. The paradigm of how computers act as social factors in HCI are discussed with an emphasis on how the interpersonal communication should be included in computer systems to maximize utility. Under the machine agency theory, virtual individuals in the computer systems use non-verbal communication styles such as eye contact to promote users’ experience. The current and future trends in HCI are analyzed to include the use of robots, Artificial intelligence, and virtual reality to enhance the use of HCI principles. and research aspects by computer programmers in attempt to understand how human beings adopt to computer technologies I. INTRODUCTION With the introduction of computers in the twentieth century, the usability of computers has been strongly dependent on the human beings who act as the operational intermediaries for the machines to operate. It is from the interaction of computers with human beings, the primary users, that is used to refer to the Human Computer Interactions (HCI). The field of HCI has strongly grown and become one of the crucial fields in computer science [1]. In the research of HCI, the interaction between human beings and computer technologies has perpetually revolved as a result of emerging new technologies, both complex and simple computer interfaces. It is for this reason that there have been establishment of HCI theories JETIR1903D55 rules to have an effective communication with computers. It is through HCI that human beings have explored creative ways of designing computer-based interfaces to have a more user-friendly experience [1]. With HCI being applied in several domains such as information centers, computer terminals, electronic games, mobile devices, PC applications, interactive Websites, among others, it has become critical for users and software developers to put in mind on how to create systems that offer fluid communication between computers and computers. In this research paper, the HCI history, Narman’s principles of usability, the paradigm of computers as social actors, machine agency concept, and the value of HCI in technology are critically examined. Keywords—user interface, software, interaction design, graphical interface, usability, user experience and II. HCI HISTORY Computing has been a continuous growing field with human-computer interactions dated more than five decades od use. In the early computer days, that is before the 1960s, computers were primarily used by programmers who played a crucial role of examining the interface characteristics that heightened operational efficiency. However, with computer applications diversifying from the late 1960s, there was a strategic shift of focus by programmers to develop computer programs that would adequately allow interaction between humans and computers. Introduction of new Computer disciplines such as computer graphics, computer science, artificial intelligence, virtual reality, and information science contributed to development of HCI research foundations. In the 1980s, there was advent of personal computing technologies. Companies such as Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research (JETIR) www.jetir.org 333 © 2019 JETIR March 2019, Volume 6, Issue 3 www.jetir.org (ISSN-2349-5162) IBM, Apple, and Commodore, had established machines intended by users. Resultantly, achievement of a safe that would be installed in homes ad offices for compute- interaction fir both individual HCI and group interaction based interactions. Availability of sophisticated electronic should be factored in the HCI special features. systems that were computerized prompted consumers to The purpose of HCI is primarily designing of have knowledge on some of the human-computer computer systems that match needs and requirements of interaction basics [2]. Initially, HCI specialists focused on users. HCI specialist consider some approaches in boosting usability of desktop computers. However, in the ensuring that usability is achieved in a given HCI system. twenty first century, there has been a massive One approach is the involvement of the user during the development of technology such that there is the internet system designing phase. Secondly, a HCI professional and smartphones that emulates the simplest forms of HCI. can integrate the different grounds of knowledge and Currently, the HCI researchers have moved away from the expertise to ensure there is a wide representation of the desktop technologies and now bases their goals on different HCI disciplines. Thirdly, an iterative design improving the mobile world thus broadening HCI multi- process is essential to ensure tests are carried for matching disciplinary fields. In the current HCI research, user- users’ requirements with HCI interface. The purpose of experience and incorporation of human processes in the HCI can therefore be termed as creation of a user-centric, computer designs has ensured common human constraints and an integrated body of knowledge from different such as limited experience, motivation, and physical disciplines. One of the pioneers in HCI research, Dix, incapability are eliminated hence achievement of interaction and interactivity should be the absolute instrumental goals. definition of human computer interaction. To achieve III. GOALS AND PURPOSES OF HCI With the exploratory scientific research on the concepts of HCI, a number of goals and purposes for researching and developing HCI have been established. According to interaction, both the user and the system must be integrated to form a type of communication and view of the task in question [4]. IV. NORMAN’S PRINCIPLES OF USABILITY Wuttke and Kai-Uwe, the natural forms of HCI revolve As observed in the previous section, usability of HCI around bringing user’s experience at the center of depends on interaction and interactivity of the system. computer technologies [3]. the general goals of HCI The interaction concept is well analyzed under Norman’s include creation of usable and safe systems through which model of interaction. The model illustrates on the cycle human beings can effectively use to communicate followed from execution to evaluation of HCI. Figure 1. essential information. HCI thus aims at maximizing user’s Below, summarizes the cycle of interaction in HCI. safety, utility, effectiveness, efficiency, and appeal to Figure 1: Norman’s Interaction Model ensure computer-based tasks are achieved and that users like the computer system. Developers of computer programs, software, and hardware must be aware of some critical issues. The issues include an understanding of social, organizational, and psychological factors that influence how people operate and interact with computer systems. Similarly, the techniques and tools that graphics and software designers use must match with activities JETIR1903D55 Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research (JETIR) www.jetir.org 334 © 2019 JETIR March 2019, Volume 6, Issue 3 www.jetir.org (ISSN-2349-5162) example are the video games people where players interact with virtual players [6]. The more the shared similarities, the higher and positive the interaction. Still under CASA paradigm, the principle of reciprocity predicts on how users will interact with computers. More intimate processes of a machine lead to a more committed user. The higher the disclosure elicited, the greater the rate of information disclosed by users, thus the concept of reciprocity. It is therefore, concluded that users view HCI features as interpersonal partners in communication rather than as tools of accomplishing tasks [7]. V. PARADIGM OF COMPUTERS AS SOCIAL ACTORS The high rate of interaction of human beings with technology has been based on computerization of processes. In the study of HCI, more researchers are moving towards research of how technological use has been conceptualized as a social interaction channel. Researches ranging from “Computers are social factors” (CASA) paradigm to traditional HCI, have found out that users are currently and expected to respond to computers socially in the future. The type of responses given to computers is almost similar to how humans interacts among themselves. The same rules of interaction have been applied to design interaction programs to enhance user’s usability [5]. The CASA paradigm adopts the use of interpersonal communication techniques in designing of HCI programs to predict how users will interact with computers. Interpersonal communication aspects included in CASA include politeness, similarityinteraction, and reciprocation of users and machine interaction sessions [6]. Politeness, for instance, has been VI. MACHINE AGENCY CONCEPT Another interesting HCI concept is the interface technological advancements that promotes computers’ impressions as autonomous communication sources with some form of psychological attachment to users. in other words, machine agency results when virtual environments created by graphics designers allow users to interact with computers through machine agents [7]. Machine agents mostly utilizes the non-verbal communication skills such as eye contact, and body movement. Variation of an interface’s anthropomorphism leads to differential social responses to categorize on how machine agencies affect users through aspects of authority or group membership [8]. According to research, machine agents that portray attributes of specialists, are more trusted and depended on than the generalist’s agents. Psychological relevant resources can therefore be concluded to influence a more interactive experience that computers elicit thus giving unique social responses predictable based on previous research from the interpersonal communication on the computers [9]; [10]. found to enhance users performance on a computer since VII. CURRENT AND FUTURE TRENDS IN HCI more positive, homogenous, and involving interactions In the current development trends in HCI technologies, a attract more users. in another instance of similarity- wide-range of functions have been established to ensure attraction effect, users tend to interact with a machine users’ enjoyability, emotional satisfaction, aesthetic more if it displays similar personality similarity. A good appeal among other desired outcomes [11]. Sensors JETIR1903D55 Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research (JETIR) www.jetir.org 335 © 2019 JETIR March 2019, Volume 6, Issue 3 www.jetir.org (ISSN-2349-5162) technology has been integrated into HCI thus influencing HCI systems going to increase participation of users. the how people are interacting with devices. The touch future opportunities for system developers are high to sensors in smartphones, use of gestures in mobile devices, increase HCI efficiency. and speech recognition technologies have increased user’s efficiency through inputs [12]; [13]. In the REFERENCES entertainment industry, gaming devices have been featured with new ways of controlling characters through touchpads, keyboards and mouse making users [1] Computer experience more enjoyable. Under the Microsoft Kinect Interaction. 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