City Profile: Faisalabad, Pakistan

Article City Profile: Faisalabad, Pakistan Nasir Javed1 Nadia N. Qureshi2 Environment and Urbanization Asia 1–22 © 2019 National Institute of Urban Affairs (NIUA) Reprints and permissions: in.sagepub.com/journals-permissions-india DOI: 10.1177/0975425319859172 journals.sagepub.com/home/eua Abstract The urban scape of Faisalabad is shaped by factors that have affected the urban story of Pakistan in general, and that of the city in particular. At the national level, these include the development of the irrigation system in the late nineteenth century, followed by partition of India and the mass migration of over a million people into the new country, industrialization in the 1960s, Indo-Pak and Afghan wars, massive natural disasters (floods and earthquakes) and the war on terrorism in Afghanistan; each of these events coupled with the natural increase in population and rural to urban migration have led to irreversible migration of people into the cities of Pakistan. Against this background, Faisalabad’s centrality in location and nearness to various transport nodes have given rise to several unprecedented challenges not only in the form of unplanned sprawl but also in the form of shortage of water, housing and sanitation facilities. This profile examines the unique challenges and opportunities that are city specific as well as those that afflict other similar cities in Pakistan or any city in the developing world. This discussion is expected to help draw lessons and provide solutions to manage cities. The profile also examines the city’s unique features and comparative advantages, to assess its potential for future growth, so that Faisalabad is equipped to compete with other large cities in Pakistan and also within the region. Keywords Dynamic industrial city, cities growth atlas, textile, urban sprawl, environmental issues Introduction In 2018, the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs reported that 55 per cent of the world’s population lives in urban areas, a proportion that is expected to increase to 68 per cent by 2050. According to the report, the gradual shift of individuals from rural to urban areas and overall urban population increase could add more than 2.5 billion people to those living in urban areas, by 2050. The report also identifies that nearly 90 per cent of this growth is occurring in Asia, Africa and Latin America. By 1 2 Civil Servant and Urban Development Specialist. Senior Urban Planning, Development and Architecture Specialist. Corresponding author: Nasir Javed, Civil Servant and Urban Development Specialist. E-mail: [email protected] 2 Environment and Urbanization Asia 2050, nine countries—India, Nigeria, Pakistan, Ethiopia, Congo, Tanzania, the USA, Indonesia and Uganda will account for half of the world’s urban population growth (United Nations [UN], 2018). Given the escalation in urbanization, the urban population in the province of Punjab also is projected to increase from 28 million to 74 million between 2001 and 2030 (Dowall & Ellis, 2007). In the case of Faisalabad, the population is expected to grow from 3.2 million in 2017 to approximately 6.7 million by 20471; almost doubling in size in a span of 20 years. Faisalabad is one of the country’s major industrial hubs and is sometimes referred to as the ‘Manchester of Pakistan’, textile industry being one of the leading industries in the region. The growth of Faisalabad as an industrial hub has also contributed to and still continues to contribute to massive in-migration of people from all over the country, in search of livelihood opportunities (Haq, Ahmed, & Shafique, ‘Variation in quality of Life within Punjab’). This phenomenon is still visible. Another factor that attracts people to this city is better quality of life; Faisalabad district ranks in the top six districts of Punjab for ‘good’ quality of life2. The city profile provides an overview of the city with respect to its demographic, administrative, economic, environment and transport situation. Thereafter issues relating to the current challenges in city management including those of different stakeholders are discussed. The profile also examines the various efforts undertaken to address these challenges. The report concludes with a brief on the steps needed to help policy makers and urban planners effectively deal with the challenges of managing and governing a large city like Faisalabad. Background Historic Context of Faisalabad In the seventh century, the Rajputs dominated the eastern divisions of the present-day Pakistan and Northern India. The eastern regions of the Punjab province from Multan to Rawalpindi including the region of present-day Faisalabad remained under their rule till 1193. It was then brought under the control of the Delhi Sultanate followed by the Mughal Empire. After the decline of the Mughal Empire, the Sikh Empire invaded and occupied this region from 1765 to 1846. On 22 February 1849, the British declared victory in Punjab, and this region came under the control of the British Empire. The town of Lyallpur, now known as Faisalabad city, was planned and established by the British, between 1882 and 1886 as a rail link, that joined this settlement to other major transport networks, in order to carry agricultural products to the ports (and, thereafter,ship them to the European markets). In order to meet the food demand in the European Markets, the colonial government started the construction of canals and barrages in Lyallpur in the 1870s to provide for greater cultivable land. The town was named ‘Lyallpur’ in the honour of Sir Charles James Broadway Lyall, the Lieutenant Governor of Punjab for his services in colonization of lower Chenab Valley in the 1800s (Rasool et al., 2017). The town was initially planned, with a radial urban plan, for a population of 20,000. During the British rule, a large clock tower was established at its centre, with eight roads extending towards the city from it, in the pattern of Union Jack. Along the eight roads, eight bazaars were planned, each with a specific typology of market. Once the town was established, people were incentivized to settle with provision for both land and employment. In 1896, the town attained the status of a tehsil3 (within the Jhang district of Punjab). In 1904, a new district of Lyallpur was constituted comprising the tehsils of Lyallpur, Sammundri and Toba-Tek-Singh with a sub-tehsil at Jaranwala that later was turned into a full-fledged tehsil as well. 3 Javed and Qureshi The Town Committee, which came into being in 1904, was upgraded to a Municipal Committee in 1909 (Pakistan Defence). After the independence of Pakistan in 1947, the city of Lyallpur came to be known for its grain market and became an active centre for commerce and industry. The name of the Lyallpur was changed to ‘Faisalabad’ in 1977 after a visit of King Faisal bin Abdul Aziz of Saudi Arabia (FPUSP, 2014). In 1985, the Faisalabad division was established comprising Faisalabad, Jhang and Toba-Tek Singh. At present, as per Local Government Act 2013, the Faisalabad division has four districts, with the addition of Chiniot to the above list of subdivisions, and the city has now gained the status of Municipal Corporation. Location Faisalabad is located within the province of Punjab and is the major urban centre of the Faisalabad district (Figure 1). It is spread across an area of approximately 195 km2 (Punjab Local Government Act, 2013) and is located between two of the main rivers of Punjab; Chenab River towards its northwest and Ravi River towards the southeast. Geographically, the city lies at 31.418715°N and 73.079109°E. Its location within the local context is shown in Figures 1 and 2 (LatLong.net, 2012–2019). Geographically, the location of Faisalabad is advantageous for cultivation opportunities and its connectivity to other major settlements (Figure 2). In addition, the emergence of heavy industries in the city after independence has resulted in Faisalabad becoming a ‘dynamic industrial city’, that is both global and local, and attracts the working-class population from all over the country (Rasool et al., 2017).These characteristics have contributed significantly to the growth and the development of the city and its economy. Demography Faisalabad’s population has grown from 0.1 million in 1951 to 3.2 million in 2017 (Census, 2017). The city initially had an extremely high urban annual growth rate of 9 per cent between 1951 and 1961, largely because of the migration from India. This was followed by a growth rate of 6.1 per cent between 1962 and 1972, primarily due to rapid industrialization associated with the textile sector. In the subsequent decades, the city’s growth rate was 3.3 per cent between 1972 and 1981 (Census, 1981), and 3.5 per cent in 1998, which was more or less closer to the national averages for urban areas in Pakistan. As per the 2017 census, the annual growth rate of population between 1998 and 2017 has been 2.4 per cent and Faisalabad at present has a population of 3.2 million people. The population growth between 1951 and 2017 is presented in the Table 1. The proportion of youth in the city is substantial, and this serves as a demographic dividend and has the potential of making a positive impact on economic growth and productivity (Figure 3). The unemployment rate for Faisalabad is 5.53 percent as per the Labour Force Survey (Labour Force Survey Annual Report, 2014–15). The male unemployment rate is 4.26 and female unemployment is 1.27 percent. According to the LFS 2014–15, the male average monthly wage rate is PKR14,503 and female average monthly wage is PKR7,659, across all activities. The overall average weekly wage rate is PKR13,657 (Table 2). Table 1. Population of Faisalabad City (1951–2017)4 Years Population 1951 1961 1972 1981 1990 1998 2010 2017 179,127 425,248 823,434 1,104,209 1,583,141 2,008,861 2,763,588 3,203,846 Source: Pakistan Bureau of Statistics. Source: The Urban Unit. Figure 1. Location Map of Faisalabad w.r.t Pakistan Source: The Urban Unit. Figure 2. Distance of Faisalabad to Major Cities (Rawalpindi, Gujranwala, Lahore and Multan) 6 Environment and Urbanization Asia Age (in years) 95… 90… 85… 80… 75… 70… 65… 60… 55… 50… 45… 40… 35… 30… 25… 20… 15… 10… 5-9 0-4 1,289 1,082 5,825 8,881 10,172 17,753 34,657 54,591 74,338 97,658 119,194 128,363 158,247 158,615 202,110 257,388 266,808 283,137 271,061 275,196 Figure 3. Age Structure of the Population of Faisalabad Source: Pakistan Social and Living Standards Measurement [PSLM] (2014–2015). Table 2. Mean Wages of Faisalabad City Male Mean Monthly Wage Female Mean Monthly Wage Mean Monthly Wage 14,503 7,659 13,657 Faisalabad Source: The Urban Unit. Spatial Layout The growth in population within Faisalabad has been accompanied by spatial expansion, and most of the new developments have been on the peripheries. The city has witnessed numerous new housing colonies that have resulted in an urban sprawl—a common phenomenon in large cities of Pakistan today. A 20-year analysis of the city, using satellite imageries, shows an increase in urban footprint from 84 km2 in 1995 to 124 km2 in 2005 and to 183 km2 in 2015, as illustrated in Figure 4. If the urban area of Faisalabad continues to grow at a similar rate, it is projected that it will increase to 270 km2 by 2025 (Punjab Cities Growth Atlas, 1995–2015, 2018)5. A total of 74.6 per cent of the city’s area is built up, 14.9 per cent is barren, 10.5 per cent has vegetation and 0.01 per cent is occupied by water bodies. Source: The Urban Unit. Figure 4. Temporal Analysis of Urban Growth of Faisalabad 8 Environment and Urbanization Asia Housing Presently, the city has 74.6 per cent built-up land (Punjab Cities Growth Atlas, 1995–2015, 2018) out of which 14 per cent of city area is used for residential purposes. The ownership rate in the city is recorded to be very high at 90 per cent, and only 10 per cent of the houses are rented.6 Between 1947 and 1955, the population of Faisalabad increased by 155.7 per cent, and to meet the growing housing demand, the city administrator provided camps for the refugees near the city centre. These eventually became permanent settlements, and due to lack of maintenance, upkeep and increasing population, many of them turned into slums or Katchi abadis. Currently, the district of Faisalabad holds 1,069,831 housing units with an average household size of 6.43. Out of the total units, 53,492 units are dilapidated. Because of this, in Faisalabad, there is a huge gap in housing supply and demand, and the whole district is facing a housing shortage of 208,962 units (PSS, 2016) (Figure 5). Moreover, out of total housing units in the district of Faisalabad, 15.66 per cent are severely deprived. The major residential development issues that the inhabitants, city planners and policymakers in Faisalabad are facing are the following: population explosion, rapid urbanization, urban sprawl, housing shortage and urban poor. Rate of sprawl is high in Faisalabad city7, particularly between 1983–2007, mainly being clustered and linear. The north-east part of the city is highly affected by sprawl. Housing policies should be focused on reducing the housing backlog and on increasing the supply (Mazhar & Jamal, 2009). Administrative Structure Faisalabad is a Municipal Corporation managed by the Faisalabad Municipal Corporation (FMC), headed by the mayor and an elected council as per the Punjab Local Government System. The notified administrative area of the city is presented in Figure 6. As per the administrative setup, under the control of the mayor, a chief corporation officer along with five municipal officers (MOs), including MO Finance, MO Infrastructure, MO Services, MO Planning and Coordination, and MO Regulation are responsible for the management of the city. The Municipal Corporation of Faisalabad is subdivided into union councils to support efficient service delivery at the local level. The MC Faisalabad consists of 157 union councils as shown in Figure 7. Each of these is headed by a chairman to form the FMC house. On average, a union council covers a population of between 20,000 and 25,000, and the council management is responsible for the execution of small-scale projects, collections and maintenance. The Faisalabad Development Authority (FDA)8 was established in 1982 under the Punjab Development of Cities Act 1976 as a successor body to the Lyallpur Improvement Trust (1966). The Authority is responsible for undertaking and monitoring planned developments in the city and its peripheries. The body acts as a regulatory authority for overseeing the construction of houses, commercial developments and residential areas, as well as new developments in the city. It also performs municipal functions relating to urban planning and building control areas. The authority’s domain spans eight different urban dimensions, namely engineering, estate management, finance, inspection and town planning, as directorates. For the water and sanitation and traffic management, it has specialized agencies like Water & Sanitation Agency (WASA)9 and Traffic Engineering & Transport Planning Agency (TEPA)10, respectively. Economy Faisalabad is the third largest contributor to the economy of Pakistan in terms of industries and jobs, contributing up to US$20 billion to the national gross domestic product—GDP (Rasool et al., 2017). The textile industry is a major foreign exchange earner and is the key driver of Faisalabad’s economy, making Source: Census (2017). Figure 5. District-wise Housing Shortage 2017 10 Figure 6. Notified Area of Municipal Corporation, Faisalabad Source: The Urban Unit. Figure 7. Area Classification by Union Council Source: The Urban Unit. Environment and Urbanization Asia 11 Javed and Qureshi it the second most important industrial hub in Pakistan, after Karachi. At present, the city has nearly 400 embroidery units, 250 foundries, 25 cotton processing units, 45 flour mills, 59 soap units, 12 rice mills and 3 large-scale chemical plants. In 2015, almost 94 per cent of the city’s population was employed. Out of this, 51.9 per cent worked in the services sector, 39.6 per cent in the manufacturing sector, 4.8 per cent in the construction sector and only 2.6 per cent worked in the agriculture sector (Labour Force Survey Annual Report, 2014–15). Within the manufacturing sector, in 2017, 58.6 per cent of the population worked in the textile industry, 17.2 per cent in the apparel and 4.4 per cent in the food industry. As per Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry (FCCI), in 2017, within the agriculture sector, the main focus of the city is on the production and growth of lentils (30.16%), mills (10.82%), rice mills (14%), flour mills (15.4%), cotton processing (19.67%) and poultry feed units (1.64%). Figure 8 shows the sectoral shares of employment in Faisalabad. Wholesale trade, retail and restaurant, manufacturing and community and social and personal services sectors have the highest concentration of employment. Mining and quarrying, financing, insurance and business services, agriculture, forestry and hunting are the lowest generator of employment. Figure 9 shows age-wise labour force participation in Faisalabad, the labour force participation rate is highest for the age group between 20 and24 years and lowest for the age group between 10 and 14 years. Figure 10 shows employment by major occupation as follows: services and sales workers, craft and related trade workers and plant and machine operators have the largest share of employment. Skilled agriculture workers, clerical support workers and managers have the lowest share of employment in Faisalabad. In 2016, in order to support and catalyse the growing industries in Faisalabad, the ‘M3 Industrial Estate’ was established at the city’s fringes that is connected to the capital city of Islamabad in the north via M-2 and to Peshawar in the south and to the seaports of Karachi and Gwadar via M-411. Community, Social and Personal Services 14% Financing, Insurance and Business Services 3% Transport, Storage and Communicaon 6% Mining and Quarrying 0% Agriculture Forestry and Hunng 3% Manufacturing 40% Wholesale Trade, Retail Trade and Restaurant 28% Construcon 5% Figure 8. Sectoral Share of Employment Source: Labour Force Survey (2014–2015). Electricity, Gas and Water 1% 12 Environment and Urbanization Asia 60 and above 27,239 55-59 A g e 28,830 50-54 51,653 45-49 62,367 40-44 I n 35-39 Y e a r s 25-29 78,697 83,164 30-34 89,763 109,574 20-24 119,651 15-19 10-14 66,737 13,978 Number of Workers Figure 9. Age-wise Labour Force Participation Source: Labour Force Survey (2014–2015). Elementary Occupations 79,858 Plant and Machine operators, and assemb 134,394 Craft and Related Trade Workers Skilled Agricultural, Forestry and Fish 152,155 17,684 Service and Sales Workers Clerical Support Workers 168,404 19,919 Technicians and Associate Professionals 40,709 Professionals 40,137 Managers 39,933 Figure 10. Employment by Major Occupation Source: Labour Force Survey (2014–2015). Figure 11 shows the town-wise industrial employment for Faisalabad. The highest concentration of employment is in the north, away from the city centre, which indicates that these towns may be more conducive to the development of industry, or that lack of regulation has allowed for agglomeration of industrial units to take place there. The city is also home to many international banks such as Al-Baraka Islamic Bank, Citi Bank N.A, the Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corp (State Bank of Pakistan, 2011). Additionally, around 11–15 multinational companies have been established in the city of Faisalabad and its surrounding areas (CMI 2015–16, 2017). Javed and Qureshi 13 Figure 11. UC-wise Industrial Employment Source: Census of Manufacturing Industries [CMI] (2017). Urban Transport Faisalabad is well-connected to other cities by means of rail, road and air transport as presented in Figure 12. The railway line of the Pakistan Railway passes from the city centre and spans 20 km in length within the city. It is a part of the countrywide network and connects to all the major cities of the country. The same rail line has five stations in the city—Samnabad, Nishatabad, Faisalabad, Faisalabad Dry Port and Risalewala—that not only carry freight and passengers outside the city but also facilitate city residents with their commute within the city on a daily basis. The road connectivity of the city is relatively comprehensive and connects each locality by means of well-established national, primary, secondary and local road network. In Faisalabad, about 30 per cent of the city roads have a right of way between 40 and 80 feet, 60 per cent have above 80 feet and a few greater than 120 feet. A very small section of roads have a right of way less than 40 feet (FPUSP, 2014). Primary roads in Faisalabad serve the major districts and other urban areas and carry the bulk of the traffic. They include Sheikhupura Road, Sargodha Road, Jaranwala Road, Satiaana Road, Samundri Road, Jhang Road, Millat Road, Narwala Road, Jhumra Road, Risala Road, Gatwala Road and Circular Road. The city has very strong connectivity with neighbouring cities via motorways. It is well connected with the national highway network: M-4, the Multan–Faisalabad motorway passes through the city and 14 Environment and Urbanization Asia Figure 12. Urban Transport and Connectivity in Faisalabad Source: The Urban Unit. connects with M-3, which is the Pindi Bhattian–Faisalabad motorway, towards the north-east and provides accessibility to major urban areas like Pindi Bhattian, Mitranwali and Naya Lahore. Faisalabad also has an international airport that is located in the outskirts of the city towards the south. At present, seven airlines operate from here, including Gulf Air, Pakistan International Airline (PIA), Qatar Airways, Air Arabia, Fly Dubai, Shaheen Air and Serene Air, connecting the city to international destinations such as the United Arab Emirates (UAE), Saudi Arabia and Qatar and beyond. Intercity commute is mainly through autorickshaw, bus, minibus (wagon) and taxi services such as Uber and Careem, which were launched in Pakistan in 2013. Education The District Education Authority manages school and college education in Faisalabad. Faisalabad city is home to various public and private sector educational institutions, including schools, colleges and universities. The total number of schools in Faisalabad are 1,603, of which 1,289 (80%) are private schools (Private School Census, 2016) and 314 (20%) are public (Annual School Census, 2017). The number (total 17) of public intermediate, undergraduate and postgraduate colleges in Faisalabad city is relatively less, but they provide quality education. These include the Government Postgraduate College of Science; Government Municipal Degree College; Government Degree College for Women, Gulshan Colony Faisalabad; Government College Women Peoples Colony Faisalabad; and so on (The Urban Unit). It is also home to the oldest and top-ranked agricultural college and research institute in the country, the University of Agriculture, Faisalabad (UAF). According to the World QS ranking, UAF was 15 Javed and Qureshi ranked 86th in the top 200 world universities for agriculture and forestry in 2017 (QS Top Universities Ranking, 2017). The city also provides necessary technical education to students through 18 Technical and Vocation Training Institutes (TEVTA). Similarly, many non-government organizations (NGOs) with the support of the government and international agencies have been leading literacy programmes for adults and implementing various educational development projects all over the city, such as Idara-e-Taleem-oAagahi. NGOs also run a number of schools in the city for the assistance of children with special needs. To ensure free education to poor and orphans, from primary to higher education, Raah-e-Raast Trust is also contributing. The education, training and employment attributes of the workforce can be an important indicator for human capital. Figure 13 shows that the greatest composition of the workforce is to have education till primary and secondary level at 33 per cent and 25 per cent, respectively (Figure 13). Health In Faisalabad, total number of health institutions are 4,426 out of which 4,345 health centres are privately operated, while only 81 institutions are government owned, with the strength of two beds per 10,000 population. The contribution of private sector (98%) is excessively higher than that of the public sector (2%). In the city, there are 2 basic health units (BHU’s), 1 district health quarter (DHQ) hospital, 38 population welfare departments (PWD), 180 dental clinics, 7 hair transplant clinics, 1 tuberculosis (TB) clinic, 3 specialist hospitals, 12 dispensaries, 98 maternity homes and many more private clinics. Although the strength of the health infrastructure is sufficient for serving the current city population, the quality calls for attention (Health Department GoP, 2017). However, the city needs improvement on some dimensions of child and maternal health as in the period between 2014 and 2015 child morbidity increased. Percentage of children who received polio, Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG), diphtheria, pertussis and tetanus (DPT), measles, diarrhoea is 32.36 per cent, 34.68 per cent, 34.68 per cent, 24.17 per cent, 9.16 per cent (of total child population), respectively. The current rate of immunization of Faisalabad is good at 92.41 per cent (PSLM, 2014–2015). MASTERS HIGHER 6% SECONDARY 12% PRIMARY 33% SECONDARY 25% MIDDLE 24% Figure 13. Workforce education Source: Labour Force Survey (2014–2015). 16 Environment and Urbanization Asia Municipal Services The groundwater in most part of the city is brackish and WASA relies upon surface water from nearby canals to fulfil the water needs of city dwellers. The pH of ground water in the city is recorded in the range of 2.25–6.1, indicating that it is not suitable for drinking purposes, as the pH of suitable drinking water is 6.5–8.5, according to World Health Organization. Unfortunately, only about 60 per cent of the residents are supplied with the WASA network. The city has three waste-water treatment plants, where waste water is treated to a certain extent and then drained into the irrigation network. The city generates about 600 tons of municipal solid waste daily. Traditionally, the Municipal Corporation had been managing the waste in an inefficient and insufficient manner. It is only in 2014 that the government established the Faisalabad Waste Management Company, a public sector corporate entity, to manage the citywide waste. It is equipped with high-quality human resources, corporate sector business processes and operational autonomy, for better waste collection and management. Effort towards building institutional capacity through community participation has been a regular feature of the city (Qadeer, 2014). There are community development experiments dating back to the 1950s. Some notable examples include the Orangi Pilot Project for self-help in community services, Khuda Ki Basti as an experiment in incremental low-income housebuilding and the Faisalabad Sanitation Project. However, these programmes are not replicated or developed at the national level. Urban Challenges The city faces issues of acute housing shortage, unplanned growth, traffic congestion and poor quality of drinking water. Additionally, there is a duplicity of control between the Faisalabad Municipal Corporation and the Faisalabad Development Authority and that contributes to issues and confusion between city managers and citizens alike. Unplanned Growth and Congestion Between 2005 and 2015, the city of Faisalabad grew by an additional 99 km2, primarily towards the north and east. Figure 14 shows that the city expanded, accommodating the urban sprawl to some extent. Unplanned growth is one of the reasons for this sprawl, where densities are not guided, and city centres face undue infrastructural burden. If the city continues to sprawl in this manner, it is projected that it will reach a size of 272 km2 by the year 2025 (Figure 15). The expansion of the city and unplanned sprawl is largely the result of a combination of different factors. Early initiatives to expand the city taken by the private sector included establishment of colonial infrastructure like Motorway city and FDA city in Faisalabad city area. While the city remained as the focus of urban development in Pakistan, this has resulted in an increase in the land values. Further, mass influx and resettlement of the people from adjoining villages also added to land-use conversion from agricultural land use to build up ( Minallah, Ghaffar, & Shirazi, 2012). The Pindi Bhattian–Faisalabad Motorway, which is still under construction, and will connect Faisalabad to Multan through Gojra[2] and Shorkot upon completion, is further expected not only to increase accessibility from other cities to Faisalabad and vice versa but is also anticipated to increase congestion as well as sprawl, which will require better management. Javed and Qureshi 17 Therefore, various transportation nodes sustain urban sprawl, as well as lead to creation of new residential neighbourhoods alongside these nodes. Transportation and accessibility alongside concentration of economic opportunities foster a steady and persistent growth in the city. As witnessed in the city, that with the establishment and growth of industrial enterprises, there is a steady increase in the population from adjoining rural neighbourhoods for a prosperous future in the Faisalabad city. In addition to these two tertiary activities like services, commercial and other activities have also contributed in the spatial spread of the city. With the establishment of new industrial zones in the north and the north-east, accessibility to the existing zones are being developed along with an easy approach towards the south (along Jhang Road towards the city’s Airport), combined with factoring in the city’s spatial growth. It is likely that in the quadrant between Jhang and Sargodha roads, future growth will also take place. It is further argued that the urban development is likely to get momentum if redevelopment and regeneration of inner-city areas will be the policy of city managers, especially if more industrial units shifted to the newly established estates outside the city. Apart from the discussed potentials, such unplanned sprawl would lead to severe competition between residents for resources like housing, water and sanitation. Housing As already mentioned earlier, though the city administrators provided refugee camps to the incoming migrants, many of them eventually turned into slum-like conditions due to lack of maintenance. The situation was further aggravated when Faisalabad was declared an industrial zone, providing tax cuts to investors during the years 1956–1965. At this time, there were about 3,025 industrial units functional in the city. Due to the increasing demand of cotton yarn in the international market, many small looms were Figure 14. Satellite Imagery Analysis of the City’s Built-up Extent and Population Density, Using LandScan12 Technology, Showing the Sprawl & Reducing Densities Source: Punjab Cities Atlas (The Urban Unit). 18 Environment and Urbanization Asia Figure 15. City Growth Between 2005 and 2015 Source: Punjab Cities Atlas (The Urban Unit). installed all over the city, attracting large numbers of migrants in search of livelihood. The labour, generally poor, migrated from rural to urban areas in search of better employment opportunities. The city, however, had limited options of housing for them, which led to the formation of squatter settlements. Till date, the city struggles with providing housing suitable for the needs of these informally settled households. At the national level also, major cities are facing the challenge of housing deficit for about 3 million units (while nearly 50 per cent of Pakistani urbanites live in slums). One of the major indicators of urban Javed and Qureshi 19 decay is infrastructure deficit. According to the World Economic Forum survey (2012–2013), out of 125 countries in the world, Pakistan ranked 67th in lacking basic infrastructure13. Poor infrastructure results in constrained economic activities and reduces the potentials of growth. The balance between demand and supply with respect to basic infrastructure like housing has become worse. Subsequently, as mentioned earlier, the provision of motorways and upgradation of transportation linkages resulted in the rapid expansion of the city in all directions, further contributing to the sprawl and suburbanization. In light of this, many private sector developers got the chance to develop housing schemes away from the city centre. These schemes are low in density and hence are not only increasing the land consumption rate but also are causing an adverse environmental impact. Environmental Issues Due to poor land disposal of municipal and industrial waste and ineffective drainage system, bulk of the industrial waste flows into open land with consequential severe harm to vegetation. Moreover, groundand freshwater is not good for drinking purposes due to the presence of high metals. The existing sewage collection system in the city has low capacity and is inefficient as most of storm-water drainage pipes are used for sewer lines, ultimately contaminating the surface water. In addition to that, about half of the generated waste is collected from the city and remaining left on open land, causing harmful diseases in the city. As an international exporter, there is lack of infrastructure such as underutilized airports available to cater to the needs of international textile buyers visiting local industry. Also, the environmental situation is aggravating in the city due to ever-increasing number of vehicles, new industrial units, especially textile processing mills, chemicals mill, dying and bleaching units, poultry feeds, paper manufacturing units, foundries, steel units, power looms, ginning and sugar mills. The city has emerged as one of the leading victims of hepatitis due to poor water quality as every fourth citizen is suffering from this disease, which also made it the city with highest death rate in the country. Owing to constant indifferent attitude of the agencies concerned, including the Faisalabad Municipal Corporation, Faisalabad Development Authority, Labour and Industrial Department, Environment Authority and the district administration, the hazards and dangerous effects on the public health pose constant threat.14 Almost all the public and private hospitals are crowded with the patients suffering from air and water pollution. In the absence of adequate treatment plants, effective drainage system, bulk of the effluent from these above-mentioned industrial units flow into open land and lowlying areas with consequential severe damage to the flora and fauna. Urban Development Practices (1968–2014) The first master plan ‘Master plan of greater Lyallpur’ was prepared in 1968 by the communication and works department, Government of Punjab. Under the Cities Development Act 1975, the Faisalabad Development Authority, established in 1982, took up the preparation of the master plan of the city. In 1984, after the preliminary studies and surveys, work on the structure plan was suspended by the planning and development department due to lack of an expert’s involvement in the process. In 1994, the FDA prepared a master plan that included projects for roads, social services, environment improvement, water supply and sanitation with respect to its location and cost estimation. This master plan could not pave its way towards proper implementation due the lack of financial support and poor implementation mechanisms. 20 Environment and Urbanization Asia In 2006, to address the deficiencies in infrastructure and social services accompanied by the increasing population growth, the City District Government of Faisalabad prepared a strategic development plan. This plan was based on concentric zoning principles and consisted of a central zone, a peri-central zone, a metropolitan zone, a peri-urban zone and a suburban zone. The plan included guidelines to improve the operation and maintenance of public facilities in all sectors and to address the needs of the poor communities. However, this plan could also not be implemented due to political instability and financial constraints. Similarly, another effort was taken up by the Government of Punjab in 2010, under the Government of Punjab Vision 2020 to establish a city boundary to control the sprawl. However, this too could not be implemented. In March 2014, to guide development in the outskirts of the city, the FDA prepared the peri-urban structural plan. At present, FDA is in the process of creating a new master plan for the city but is facing issues in terms of capacity and finances. The development plans, policies, zoning and regulations have a direct impact on the city’s growth and development pattern, and all efforts made in Faisalabad have been unsuccessful as they have promoted low-density urban sprawl on prime agricultural land (FPUSP, 2014). For instance, the growing industries at the urban fringe resulted in the city merging with neighbouring areas, and none of the plans were prepared to cope with such anomalies. Conclusion The city of Faisalabad emerged from a small town called ‘Lyallpur’ under the British colonial regime to become the third most populous city in Pakistan and the second largest in the eastern province of Punjab. This city received a huge influx of refugees, during partition of the country, and they were provided refuge in camps, most of which have turned into slum-like conditions, deprived of even basic amenities. Nonetheless, Faisalabad remains one of the major economic hubs of the country. The industrial growth of this town, textile, in particular, earned it the title of ‘Manchester of Pakistan’. In addition, the emergence of heavy industries in the city has resulted in Faisalabad becoming a dynamic industrial city, which is both global and local in its outlook, attracting migrants from all over the country in search of livelihood opportunities. Such surmounting pressure of population has put considerable strain on the city’s infrastructure and has posed challenges for the city’s administration in providing basic services like water, housing, healthcare and education. Notably, the city’s Master Plans have only been partially successful in achieving their objectives. The key impediments towards implementation of plans include excessive delays in plan preparation and approval process, weak institutional setup, lack of coordination among government departments, inadequate financial resources and lack of political will and development of the sprawl. Since the development of Faisalabad city is closely linked to its strategic location, interventions in transportation are required to connect spatially deprived areas with the urban centres in order to build the capacity of the local markets. For the growth of the city, information technology needs to be promoted. The integration of urban services, with provision of social infrastructure, and an effective implementation framework, can help create plans that have the capacity to guide the growth and development of the city towards a sustainable future. Declaration of Conflicting Interests The authors declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship and/or publication of this article. Javed and Qureshi 21 Funding The authors received no financial support for the research, authorship and/or publication of this article. Notes 1. Population projection under cities classification done by the Urban Unit in Punjab spatial strategy-the World Bank Project. 2. Study based on Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS)-evaluated quality of life by using 35 indicators relating to quality of persons and quality of conditions (access to middle and secondary education, access to health facilities and household utilities, etc.) to rank districts and Tehsils (sub districts) of Punjab. 3. An administrative unit of District, usually three to four tehsils make up one district. 4. Since census was conducted in 1998, and then in 2017, figures for 1990 and 2010 are estimates. 5. See www.urbanunit.gov.pk 6. Department of Excise & Taxation, GoPb Urban Property Survey 2014. 7. Faisalabad Peri-Urban Master Plan, 2015; City District Government Faisalabad. 8. See www.fda.gov.pk 9. See www.WASA.gov.pk 10. Traffic Engineering & Transport Planning Agency (TEPA). 11. See https://www.fiedmc.com.pk/catalog.php 12. 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