Digital Literacy 5.0 to Enhance Multicultural Education

E-ISSN: 3025-8839 Vol.1, No.2, 2023, pp. 109-179 DOI : 10.23917/mier.v1i2.3414 Digital Literacy 5.0 to Enhance Multicultural Education Dito Anurogo1,2,3*, Niko Azhari Hidayat4,5,6*, Hardin La Ramba3,7,8, Nabila Diyana Putri3,9, Ulfah Mahardika Pramono Putri3,10, Anindya Salsabila3,11, Annisa Ayu Karimah3,12, Ganis Lintang Gandini3,13, Muhammad Reza Aziz Prasetya3,14, Aulia Rahma3,13, Ahmad Alfarobi Jauharul Ilmi3,15,16, Ariq Fadhlur Cahyanto3,17, Taufik Jamaan18,19,20,21, Budhy Munawar Rachman22, Zafran Akhmadery Arif23, Hamzah Assuudy Lubis3,24, Eny Rahmawati25, Ubed Abdilah Syarif26,27, Arli Aditya Parikesit28 1 Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitas Muhammadiyah Makassar, Indonesia 2 IPCTRM, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan 3 Overseas Indonesian Students Association Alliance (PPI Dunia) 4 Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgeon, Universitas Airlangga Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia. 5 Faculty of Advanced Technology and Multidiscipline, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia. 6 7 8 Vascular Indonesia St. Paul University Philippines, Cagayan, Philippines. School of Health Sciences Husada Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia Bursa Technical University, Yıldırım, Turki. 9 10 11 Central South University, Changsha Hunan P.R. China. University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom. 12 Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan. 13 Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt. 14 National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan. 15 Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands. 16 Coordinating Ministry for Human Development and Cultural Affairs Republic Indonesia. 17 18 Jinan University, Tripoli, Lebanon Mother and Child Hospital (RSIA) Bunda Menteng, Central Jakarta, Indonesia. 19 Hermina Hospital Jatinegara, East Jakarta, Indonesia. 20 Brawijaya Hospital, Saharjo, South Jakarta, Indonesia. 21 Indonesian Medical Tourism Association (Asosiasi Wisata Medis Indonesia) 22 Sekolah Tinggi Filsafat (STF) Driyarkara, Jakarta, Indonesia. 23 Washington State University, USA. 24 University of Tripoli, Lebanon. https://journals2.ums.ac.id/index.php/mier/ copyright ⓒ 2023 authors [email protected] Multicultural Islamic Education Review Vol.1, No.2, 2023, pp. 109-179 25 Universitas Islam Negeri (UIN) Salatiga, Central Java, Indonesia. 26 27 Pradita University, Tangerang, Banten, Indonesia Al-Mustafa International University (MIU), Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran 28 Department of Bioinformatics, Indonesia International Institute for Life Sciences (i3L), East Jakarta, Indonesia. 1* [email protected], [email protected] Article History: Received August 03, 2023; Revised November 17, 2023; Accepted December 08, 2023 Abstract: In Digital Literacy 5.0, the intersectionality of digital competence across various domains marks a paradigm shift from traditional siloed approaches to a more integrated and holistic framework. This article explores the pervasive influence of digital literacy across diverse fields including health, medicine, nutrition, medical tourism, economy, biomedical sciences, bioinformatics, telemedicine, telehealth, artificial intelligence (AI), and vascular surgery. Emphasizing the necessity of digital literacy not just as a skill for tool utilization but as a cornerstone for understanding and leveraging the potential of digital technologies, this comprehensive exploration underscores the critical role of digital competence in enhancing patient outcomes, driving economic growth, spurring innovation, and revolutionizing healthcare and surgical practices. Through a multidisciplinary lens, the article elucidates the indispensability of digital literacy in a technologically interconnected era, highlighting its implications for policy, educational paradigms, and future technological advancements. Keywords: hijab, digital literacy, multidisciplinary, integration, healthcare innovation. INTRODUCTION Origins and Development: Digital literacy, initially emerging alongside the advent of personal computers, has evolved considerably, paralleling technological advancements (1). The early phase, focused primarily on basic computer skills and internet navigation, has progressively expanded to encompass a broader range of competencies (2). Digital literacy originated with the advent of personal computers, a time when the primary focus was on basic computer skills such as typing, using a mouse, and understanding basic software applications (3). During this early phase, the concept was fairly narrow, concentrating on the ability to operate computers and perform simple tasks (4). As technology advanced, especially with the introduction of the internet, digital literacy began to encompass a wider array of skills (5). The shift towards internet navigation, email communication, and basic online research marked a significant expansion in the scope of digital literacy (6). This period also saw the integration of digital literacy into educational curricula, recognizing its growing importance in a technologically driven world (7). With the turn of the millennium, the digital landscape underwent a radical transformation with the advent of social media, smartphones, and advanced computing (8). Digital literacy now had to cover areas like digital communication etiquette, online safety, information verification, and a deeper understanding of digital footprints (9). The concept of digital literacy continued to evolve with the rise of cloud computing, big data, and artificial intelligence. Skills such as data literacy, understanding basic algorithms, and an awareness of digital rights and privacy issues became critical (10). This era also emphasized the importance of critical thinking and the ability to discern reliable information in a vast sea of digital content (11). In recent years, digital literacy has further expanded to include coding E-ISSN: 3025-8839 Copyright ⓒ 2023 Authors Multicultural Islamic Education Review Vol.1, No.2, 2023, pp. 109-179 skills, digital content creation, and an understanding of emerging technologies like blockchain and Internet of Things (IoT) (12). It has become a comprehensive concept, not just about using technology, but also understanding its impact, potential, and challenges in a global and interconnected digital society (13). This evolution of digital literacy reflects the dynamic nature of technology and its pervasive impact on all aspects of life (14). It underscores the need for continuous learning and adaptation to stay relevant and competent in an ever -changing digital world (15). The future trajectory of digital literacy is likely to be influenced by ongoing technological innovations and societal shifts (16). It will possibly encompass emerging realms like virtual reality, augmented reality, and further advancements in AI and machine learning (17). As technology continues to evolve, so will the skills and competencies needed to navigate and thrive in the digital world (18). Shifts in Paradigm: As digital technologies permeated various sectors, digital literacy's definition has broadened to include not just the ability to use digital tools, but also the critical understanding of their impact, ethical use, a nd the ability to adapt to new technologies (19). This shift reflects the transition from a tool -centric to a holistic, cognitive, and critical approach to digital technologies (20). As we delve deeper into the evolution of digital literacy, it becomes evident that there have been significant shifts in the paradigm of how we view and understand it. From Tool-Centric to Holistic Approach: Initially, digital literacy was largely perceived as the ability to use specific digital tools and technologies (21). Thi s toolcentric view focused primarily on technical skills like operating systems, software applications, and internet browsing (22). However, as digital technologies became more integrated into various aspects of life and work, the definition of digital literacy began to broaden significantly (22, 23). Incorporating Critical Understanding and Ethical Use: The modern interpretation of digital literacy goes beyond mere proficiency with tools. It now includes a critical understanding of the broader impact of digital technologies on society (24). This encompasses issues such as privacy, security, digital ethics, and the socio-economic implications of technology. The ethical use of digital tools has become a vital component, highlighting the importance of responsible behavior in the digital realm (25). Adaptability and Lifelong Learning: Another key aspect of the current paradigm is the emphasis on adaptability and the ability to continuously learn and upskill. As technology evolves at a rapid pace, so must the skill sets of individuals. This aspect of digital literacy stresses the importance of being agile and responsive to new technologies and trends (26, 27). Cognitive and Critical Approach: There is a growing focus on cognitive skills such as problem-solving, critical thinking, and creativity in the context of digital literacy. This shift acknowledges that simply knowing how to use digital tools is not enough. Individuals must also be able to critically assess information, make informed decisions, and creatively solve problems using digital technologies (28, 29). Interdisciplinary Integration: Digital literacy is no longer confined to the realm of information technology. It has become an interdisciplinary skill, relevant across various fields such as education, business, healthcare, and the arts. Understanding digital technologies and their applications in different sectors is now considered an essential competency (30, 31). E-ISSN: 3025-8839 Copyright ⓒ 2023 Authors Multicultural Islamic Education Review Vol.1, No.2, 2023, pp. 109-179 Future Outlook: As we move forward, the paradigm of digital literacy is likely to continue evolving. Emerging technologies like artificial intelligence, augmented reality, and quantum computing will further redefine what it means to be digitally literate (32). The future of digital literacy will likely involve a blend of technical proficiency, ethical understanding, critical analysis, and adaptability to new and unforeseen technological advancements (33). The paradigm shift in digital literacy reflects a transition from a focus on technical skills to a more comprehensive, critical, and adaptive approach. This shift is crucial for individuals to effectively navigate and contribute to an increasingly digital world, where technology's role is central and ever-changing (34-36). LITERATURE REVIEW Conceptual Framework: Digital Literacy 5.0 transcends conventional boundaries, integrating advanced computational thinking, data literacy, and an understanding of artificial intelligence and its implications. It represents an advanced stage where digital competence is not just about tool utilization but involves a deeper comprehension of the digital ecosystem and its interplay with various sectors (37). Digital Literacy 5.0 marks a significant evolution in the concept of digital literacy. It transcends conventional boundaries, going beyond basic computer and internet skills. This advanced stage integrates sophisticated elements such as computational thinking, data literacy, and an in-depth understanding of artificial intelligence (AI) and its widespread implications (38, 39). Advanced Computational Thinking: This aspect of Digital Literacy 5.0 emphasizes the ability to solve complex problems using computational methods and thinking processes. It involves skills like algorithmic thinking, pattern recognition, and the systematic analysis of problems, making it integral for understan ding and leveraging technology in various contexts (40-42). Data Literacy: In an era dominated by big data, Digital Literacy 5.0 prioritizes the ability to understand, interpret, and utilize data effectively. This includes skills in data analysis, visualization, and making data-driven decisions. Data literacy is crucial for navigating a world where data is a key driver of economic, scientific, and social developments (43, 44). Understanding AI and its Implications: AI has become a cornerstone of modern technology. Digital Literacy 5.0 requires a comprehensive understanding of AI, including its algorithms, applications, and ethical considerations. This involves not just an awareness of how AI systems work, but also an understanding of thei r societal impacts, biases, and ethical dilemmas (45, 46). Integration with Various Sectors: Digital Literacy 5.0 is not limited to the technology sector. It encompasses the integration of digital skills and knowledge across various fields such as healthcare, education, business, and governance. This interdisciplinary approach is crucial for addressing complex challenges in a technologically interconnected world (47, 48). Emphasis on Continuous Learning: Given the rapid pace of technological advancement, Digital Literacy 5.0 embodies the principle of lifelong learning. Continuous education and skill development are essential to keep pace with new technologies and their applications (49). Digital Ecosystem Comprehension: A key aspect of Digital Literacy 5.0 is a deep understanding of the digital ecosystem - the interconnectedness of various digital technologies and platforms, and their collective impact on society and the E-ISSN: 3025-8839 Copyright ⓒ 2023 Authors Multicultural Islamic Education Review Vol.1, No.2, 2023, pp. 109-179 environment. This comprehension is vital for making informed decisions and fostering sustainable and ethical technological development (50, 51). Relevance in Contemporary Context: In the era of big data, IoT, and AI, Digital Literacy 5.0 is crucial for navigating the increasingly complex digital landscape. Its importance is underscored in multidisciplinary fields like healthcare, where it enhances patient care, biomedical sciences for research innovation, and economics for understanding market dynamics in a digital world (52, 53). METHODOLOGY Integrative Approach Across Diverse Fields The scope of this article transcends traditional disciplinary boundaries, advocating for an integrative approach that fuses concepts from health, medicine, nutrition, medical tourism, economy, biomedical sciences, bioinformatics, telemedicine, telehealth, artificial intelligence, vascular surgery, sports science, etc. This integration is pivotal in comprehensively understanding the multifaceted nature of Digital Literacy 5.0. In the context of health and medicine, the article delves into how digital literacy influences patient education, engagement, and the overall healthcare experience. In the economic sphere, it examines the role of digital literacy as a catalyst for economic growth and innovation. The intersection with biomedical sciences and bioinformatics highlights the importance of digital skills in advancing research and data analysis. Telemedicine and telehealth are explored as critical components of modern healthcare delivery, transformed by digital competencies. The integration of AI in these fields is scrutinized for its profound implications on diagnostic and therapeutic methodologies. Finally, the article ventures into the specialized area of vascular surgery, showcasing how digital advancements are revolutionizing surgical practices and education. Rationale for Multidisciplinary Perspective The rationale for adopting a multidisciplinary perspective lies in the interdependent nature of these fields in the digital era. Digital literacy no longer operates in isolation but is a critical component of competence in various professional and academic domains. Understanding its impact across these diverse sectors is essential for developing comprehensive strategies to harness its full potential (54, 55). In healthcare, for instance, digital literacy is not merely about using digital tools but also about understanding how they can improve patient outcomes and operational efficiency (56, 57). In the economic realm, it influences how businesses adapt to digital transformations, impacting market dynamics and employment landscapes (58). The role of digital literacy in scientific research, particularly in fields like bioinformatics, underscores its necessity for handling vast amounts of data and conducting sophisticated analyses (59). Moreover, the increasing reliance on AI and telehealth technologies necessitates a profound understanding of these tools, not only for their effective implementation but also for addressing ethical, legal, and social implications (60). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Digital Literacy in Health and Medicine Impact on Multicultural Education and Engagement Evolution of Patient-Centered Information Dissemination The digital age has revolutionized the dissemination of health information, shifting from a provider-centric to a patient-centered model (61). This evolution is marked by an increased accessibility of health information online, allowing patients to actively engage E-ISSN: 3025-8839 Copyright ⓒ 2023 Authors Multicultural Islamic Education Review Vol.1, No.2, 2023, pp. 109-179 with their health data (62). Digital platforms, including patient portals and health apps, have emerged as pivotal tools in this transformation, offering personalized health information and fostering a more informed patient base (63). The transition from traditional to digital mediums in health information dissemination has implications for patient autonomy and decision-making (64). This shift necessitates a higher degree of digital literacy among patients to effectively navigate and comprehend digital health information (65). The quality, readability, and accuracy of online health information are critical factors influencing patient understanding and engagement (66). Thus, digital literacy not only empowers patients in accessing information but also in critically evaluating the reliability and relevance of the information they encounter. The transition to a digital paradigm in health and medicine has significantly transformed the landscape of patient education and engagement (67, 68). This shift from a provider-centric to a patient-centered model of information dissemination is characterized by several key developments: 1. Increased Accessibility of Health Information: The proliferation of digital platforms has made health information more accessible than ever before. Online resources, including medical websites, patient portals, and health-focused applications, provide patients with instant access to a wealth of health-related information. This easy access allows patients to engage more actively with their health data and make informed decisions regarding their care (69). 2. Emergence of Digital Health Tools: Digital health tools such as patient portals and mobile health applications have become instrumental in this transformation. They offer personalized health information and interactive features that enable patients to monitor their health conditions, understand treatment options, and communicate more effectively with healthcare providers (70). 3. Implications for Patient Autonomy: The digital dissemination of health information enhances patient autonomy by equipping individuals with the resources to make informed decisions about their health care. This empowerment is contingent on the patient's ability to access, understand, and utilize digital health information (71). 4. Necessity of Digital Literacy: The effective navigation and comprehension of digital health information require a heightened level of digital literacy among patients. This includes skills in locating, interpreting, and evaluating health information found online. Patients need to be able to discern the quality and accuracy of health information, which varies widely across digital platforms (72). 5. Quality and Accuracy of Online Information: The reliability of online health information is a significant factor influencing patient understanding and engagement. Misinformation or overly complex medical content can lead to misunderstandings or inappropriate health decisions. Therefore, digital literacy in health encompasses not only accessing information but also critically assessing its validity and relevance (73, 74). 6. Critical Evaluation Skills: Patients must develop skills to critically evaluate the credibility of online health sources. Understanding how to verify the authorship, source, and evidence base of health information is crucial in avoiding misinformation and making informed health choices (75). The evolution of patient-centered information dissemination in the digital age has profound implications for patient education and engagement. As health information becomes increasingly accessible through digital means, the importance of digital literacy in health and medicine grows. This literacy is not just about accessing information but involves a sophisticated set of skills to critically assess, interpret, and use this information effectively in managing one's health (76-78). Role in Promoting Health Literacy E-ISSN: 3025-8839 Copyright ⓒ 2023 Authors Multicultural Islamic Education Review Vol.1, No.2, 2023, pp. 109-179 Digital literacy is intrinsically linked to health literacy, with the former acting as a facilitator for the latter (79). In an era where health information is predominantly accessed through digital means, the ability to obtain, process, and understand health information is contingent upon one’s digital competencies (80). This relationship underscores the necessity for integrated digital and health literacy programs, especially in populations with limited digital skills (81). The integration of digital tools in healthcare settings has also seen a surge in patient-tailored educational interventions (82). These interventions utilize various digital formats, such as interactive websites, mobile apps, and online modules , to enhance health literacy (83). The effectiveness of these tools in improving health outcomes hinges on their design, which must be intuitive and accessible to a diverse patient population (84). Furthermore, the role of healthcare providers in guiding patients through digital resources is paramount in bolstering health literacy (85). This dual approach, combining patient education with provider support, forms the cornerstone of a digitally literate healthcare system. In this digitally literate healthcare system, health professionals play a critical role. They are not only sources of medical information but also facilitators of digital literacy. This involves educating patients on how to access, evaluate, and utilize digital health resources effectively. Such empowerment is particularly crucial in managing chronic conditions, where ongoing access to reliable health information and self-management tools can significantly improve patient outcomes (86 -88). Moreover, the rise of telehealth and remote monitoring technologies further underscores the importance of digital literacy in health care (89). Patients now have the opportunity to engage in their health management from the comfort of their homes, using digital platforms to communicate with healthcare providers, monitor their health status, and access educational resources. However, this shift also brings challenges, particularly in ensuring equitable access to these technologies across different socio-economic groups (90). To address these challenges, policymakers and healthcare organizations are increasingly focusing on digital inclusion strategies (91). These strategies aim to bridge the digital divide by providing access to necessary technologies and training for underserved populations (92). By doing so, they are not only enhancing health literacy but also working towards reducing health disparities. The interplay between digital literacy and health literacy is a defining aspect of modern healthcare (93). Through integrated programs, patient -tailored educational interventions, and a focus on digital inclusion, healthcare systems are evolving to meet the needs of a digitally connected society. The ultimate goal is to ensure that all individuals, regardless of their digital proficiency, have the tools and knowledge to make informed decisions about their health (67, 94). Interconnection of Digital and Health Literacy Facilitation of Health Literacy through Digital Skills: Digital literacy serves as a critical facilitator for health literacy in the modern age. The ability to access, understand, and use health information effectively is increasingly dependent on digital competencies. This includes navigating online health resources, understanding digital health records, and utilizing health-related applications (95, 96). Role of Digital Platforms in Health Education: Digital platforms play a pivotal role in health education, offering diverse and interactive methods to learn about health-related topics. This includes online courses, health information websites, and social media channels, which provide an array of resources from basic health knowledge to more complex medical information. These platforms cater to different learning styles and preferences, making health education more accessible and engaging (88, 97). E-ISSN: 3025-8839 Copyright ⓒ 2023 Authors Multicultural Islamic Education Review Vol.1, No.2, 2023, pp. 109-179 Enhancing Patient Engagement and Self-Care: Digital literacy enables patients to take a more active role in their healthcare. With skills to access and interpret digital health information, patients can better understand their health conditions, treatment options, and preventive measures. This empowerment leads to more informed decision-making and a greater sense of control over one’s health, ultimately enhancing patient engagement and self-care (98). Challenges and Barriers: Despite the benefits, there are challenges in integrating digital and health literacy. Digital divide issues, such as lack of access to technology or insufficient digital skills, particularly in older, rural, or low-income populations, can hinder the effective use of digital health resources. Additionally, concerns about the reliability and accuracy of online health information pose significant barriers to effective digital health literacy (99, 100). Strategies for Improvement: To overcome these challenges, targeted strategies are necessary. These include providing training and support to develop digital skills, ensuring access to reliable and user-friendly digital health tools, and creating awareness about evaluating the credibility of online health information. Collaborations between healthcare providers, educators, and technology experts are essential to develop and implement these strategies effectively (101, 102). Need for Integrated Literacy Programs: Recognizing the interdependence of digital and health literacy highlights the need for integrated educational programs. These programs are particularly vital for populations with limited digital skills or access, as they are at a higher risk of health misinformation and lower health literacy (103). Targeting Vulnerable Populations: Integrated literacy programs are especially beneficial for vulnerable populations such as the elderly, low-income groups, and those in rural areas. These groups often face greater barriers in accessing digital resources and may have limited exposure to reliable health information. Tailored programs that address specific needs and challenges of these groups can significantly improve their health literacy and overall well-being (104, 105). Collaborative Approach: The development of integrated literacy programs requires a collaborative approach, involving healthcare providers, educators, technology experts, and community organizations. Such collaboration ensures that the programs are comprehensive, culturally sensitive, and accessible. It also enables the pooling of resources and expertise, making the programs more effective and far-reaching (106). E-ISSN: 3025-8839 Copyright ⓒ 2023 Authors Multicultural Islamic Education Review Vol.1, No.2, 2023, pp. 109-179 Figure 2.1. 1 Flyer of webinar “Digital Literacy 5.0” Figure 2.1. 1 Flyer of webinar “Digital Literacy 5.0”, held by OISAA (PPI Dunia), Vascular Indonesia, AWMI, and i3L. Designed by: Nur Rahmah Awaliah. Curriculum Design and Delivery: The curriculum for these programs should be designed to be user-friendly and inclusive, taking into account the varying levels of existing digital skills among participants (12). Interactive and engaging teaching methods, such as hands-on workshops, webinars, and peer-to-peer learning, can enhance the learning experience. Additionally, the use of various digital platforms, like mobile apps and online forums, can provide ongoing support and resources (107). Focus on Practical Skills: The programs should focus on practical skills that participants can apply in their daily lives. This includes teaching how to navigate digital health records, understand medical terminologies, use telehealth services, and critically evaluate health information online. Practical skills ensure that participants can immediately benefit from the program and feel empowered to manage their health (108). Measuring Impact and Continuous Improvement: To ensure the effectiveness of integrated literacy programs, regular assessment and feedback mechanisms should be in place. This involves tracking participants’ progress, evaluating the impact on their health literacy and digital skills, and gathering feedback for continuous improvement. Such measures help in refining the programs to meet e volving needs and technological advancements (109). Patient-Tailored Digital Interventions: The surge in digital tools in healthcare has led to the development of patient-specific educational interventions. These digital interventions, including interactive websites, mobile health apps, and online educational modules, are designed to cater to the unique needs and preferences of different patient demographics (110). Personalized Content and Interactivity: One of the key features of patient-tailored digital interventions is the customization of content. These digital tools use data E-ISSN: 3025-8839 Copyright ⓒ 2023 Authors Multicultural Islamic Education Review Vol.1, No.2, 2023, pp. 109-179 analytics and user feedback to personalize health information and educational content based on individual patient profiles, such as age, health conditions, cultural background, and language preferences. This personalization ensures that the information is relevant and easily understandable for each user. Interactive elements like quizzes, videos, and gamification enhance engagement and retention of information (111). Integration with Healthcare Management: These digital interventions often integrate with other aspects of healthcare management, such as electronic health records (EHRs) and telehealth services. This integration allows for a more cohesive and comprehensive approach to patient education and care. For instance, patients can receive tailored advice and educational content based on their medical history and current health status, directly through the app or website (112). Empowering Self-Management: A significant advantage of these digital interventions is their role in empowering patients to manage their own health. With access to personalized information and tools, patients can better understand their conditions, track their health metrics, and make informed decisi ons about their care. This self-management support is particularly beneficial for chronic disease management, where continuous monitoring and lifestyle adjustments play a crucial role (113). Accessibility and Convenience: Digital interventions provide the convenience of accessing health information and resources anytime and anywhere. This is especially beneficial for individuals who have limited access to traditional healthcare services due to geographical, financial, or mobility constraints. Mobile health apps and online modules offer a way to bridge this gap, providing critical health information at the fingertips of those who need it (114). Challenges and Future Directions: Despite the advantages, there are challenges in implementing patient-tailored digital interventions. Issues such as digital literacy, privacy concerns, and the digital divide need to be addressed to ensure wider adoption and effectiveness. Additionally, there is a growing need for evidence -based design and continuous evaluation of these interventions to ensure they are meeting the intended health outcomes (115). Design Considerations for Effectiveness: The effectiveness of these digital tools in enhancing health literacy is largely dependent on their design. To be effective, these tools need to be user-friendly, intuitive, and accessible, taking into account the varying levels of digital proficiency in the patient population (116). Inclusive and Accessible Design: It's essential to design digital health tools that are accessible to a wide range of users, including those with disabilities or limited tech experience. This means incorporating features like screen reader compatibility, large and readable fonts, simple navigation, and voice commands. Accessibility should also consider language barriers, offering multilingual support and culturally relevant content (117, 118). User-Centric Interface: The interface of these digital tools should be user-centric, meaning it's designed with the end-user in mind. A clean, intuitive layout with clear instructions helps users of all ages and digital literacy levels navigate the tool with ease. Avoiding medical jargon and using plain language can further enhance user understanding and engagement (119). Personalization and Customization: Allowing users to personalize settings and content according to their preferences and health needs can significantly improve the effectiveness of digital health tools. Features like customizable reminders, tailored health tips, and adjustable content formats (like text, video, or audio) cater to individual learning styles and needs (120, 121). E-ISSN: 3025-8839 Copyright ⓒ 2023 Authors Multicultural Islamic Education Review Vol.1, No.2, 2023, pp. 109-179 Interoperability with Health Systems: For digital health tools to be truly effective, they should seamlessly integrate with existing healthcare systems. This includes compatibility with electronic health records (EHRs), telehealth platforms, and other digital health devices. Such interoperability ensures continuity of care and makes it easier for healthcare providers to track and support patients' health literacy journey (122, 123). Feedback and Adaptability: Implementing mechanisms for user feedback and regular updates based on this feedback is crucial. Users should be able to easily report issues, suggest improvements, or request new features. The tool should be adaptable and evolve based on user needs, technological advancements, and emerging health trends (124). Privacy and Security: Ensuring the privacy and security of user data is paramount in health-related digital tools. Adhering to regulatory standards like HIPAA (in the United States) and GDPR (in Europe) and implementing robust security measures like encryption and secure authentication methods will build user trust and protect sensitive health information (125). Role of Healthcare Providers: Healthcare providers play a crucial role in guiding patients through the maze of digital health resources. Their support is essential in helping patients understand and use digital tools effectively. This includes providing recommendations on reliable digital resources, assisting in navigati ng digital health records, and offering guidance on the interpretation of health information (126, 127). Educating Patients on Digital Health Literacy: Healthcare providers are uniquely positioned to educate patients on digital health literacy. This involves more tha n just pointing patients to various digital tools; it requires actively teaching them how to use these resources responsibly and effectively. Providers can conduct workshops, create informational materials, or incorporate digital literacy educat ion into routine consultations. Such education should cover how to discern reliable health information online, the use of health management apps, and understanding the functionalities of wearable health devices. By enhancing patients' digital health literacy, providers can empower them to make more informed decisions about their health and healthcare (128). Personalized Support and Digital Health Plans: Given the diversity in patients' digital proficiency, healthcare providers must tailor their support to i ndividual needs. This personalization might involve offering more hands -on guidance for those less familiar with digital tools or providing advanced resources for tech -savvy patients. Personalized digital health plans can be integrated into overall care plans, ensuring that the use of digital tools aligns with the patient's health goals and conditions. This approach recognizes the varying levels of comfort and ability with technology among different patients and helps bridge the digital health literacy gap (121). Collaborating with Technology Experts: To maximize the effectiveness of digital health tools, healthcare providers may need to collaborate with technology experts. This collaboration can help in customizing digital health solutions to fit the specific needs of their patient population. It can also aid in staying abreast of the latest digital health trends and tools, ensuring that the healthcare providers themselves remain digitally literate. Such partnerships can lead to the development of more intuitive and patient-friendly digital health resources (90, 129). Facilitating Access to Digital Tools: Healthcare providers can play a pivotal role in facilitating access to digital health tools, especially for underserved populations. This might involve providing or recommending low-cost or free digital resources, E-ISSN: 3025-8839 Copyright ⓒ 2023 Authors Multicultural Islamic Education Review Vol.1, No.2, 2023, pp. 109-179 assisting patients in setting up and using digital health apps, or even advocating for better broadband access in underserved areas. By actively working to reduce barriers to digital access, healthcare providers can help ensure that the benefits of digital health tools are available to all patients, regardless of their socioeconomic status (130). Monitoring and Feedback: As patients engage with digital health resources, healthcare providers can monitor their usage and outcomes, providing feedback and adjustments as needed. This ongoing monitoring ensures that the digital tools are being used effectively and are positively contributing to the patient's health. It also provides an opportunity for healthcare providers to gather patient feedback on these tools, which can be used to improve the digital resources offered and the way they are integrated into patient care (131). Dual Approach for a Digitally Literate Healthcare System A combined approach, involving both patient education and provider support, is essential for fostering a digitally literate healthcare environment. This approach ensures that patients not only have access to digital health tools but also have the skills and confidence to use them effectively, ultimately promoting better health outcomes (117). Here are further considerations for promoting health literacy through digital skills and a dual approach involving both patients and healthcare providers: Tailored Educational Content: When designing digital health resources, it's essential to create content that is tailored to the specific needs and literacy levels of the target audience. This can involve using plain language, providing multimedia content (videos, infographics), and offering multiple formats (text, audio, visual) to cater to different learning styles and language preferences (132). Promotion of Critical Thinking: Digital health literacy should include critical thinking skills. Patients should be encouraged to question the credibility and reliability of online health information. Healthcare providers can teach patients how to evaluate sources, factcheck information, and identify potential biases or conflicts of interest in health-related content (133). Cultural Competency: Digital health literacy efforts should also be culturally sensitive and consider the diverse backgrounds and beliefs of patients. Healthcare providers should be trained to be culturally competent and understand the unique health needs and concerns of various cultural groups, ensuring that digital resources and information are culturally relevant and respectful (134, 135). Continual Training and Education: Both patients and healthcare providers should receive ongoing training and education in digital health literacy. Patients may benefit from workshops, online courses, or community-based programs that enhance their digital skills and health knowledge. Healthcare providers should stay updated on the latest digital health tools and resources and receive training on how to effectively communicate and educate patients in a digital context (85, 136). Privacy and Security Awareness: Digital health literacy should encompass awareness of privacy and security issues. Patients need to understand how their health data is handled online, the importance of protecting their personal information, and how to use digital health tools securely. Healthcare providers can guide patients in safeguarding their health information and adhering to best practices for digital privacy (137, 138). Patient-Provider Collaboration: Collaboration between patients and healthcare providers is essential. Patients should feel comfortable discussing their digital health experiences and asking questions about online health information during healthcare visits. Healthcare providers can use these opportunities to address any concerns or misconceptions patients may have about digital health resources. They can also provide E-ISSN: 3025-8839 Copyright ⓒ 2023 Authors Multicultural Islamic Education Review Vol.1, No.2, 2023, pp. 109-179 guidance on how to integrate digital tools into their healthcare routine effectively. Effective communication and collaboration between patients and healthcare providers can lead to better health outcomes and improved health literacy (139). Monitoring and Evaluation: Continuous monitoring and evaluation of digital health literacy programs and interventions are essential to ensure their effectiveness. Healthcare organizations should gather feedback from patients and providers to identify areas for improvement and make necessary adjustments to their digital health literacy initiatives. Regular assessments can help measure the impact of these programs on patients' ability to access and utilize digital health resources (140). Accessible Technology: Ensuring that digital health tools and resources are accessible to individuals with disabilities is crucial for promoting inclusivity and equity. Designing digital interventions with accessibility features, such as screen readers and alternative text for images, can make a significant difference in reaching a broader audience and improving overall health literacy (141). Health Literacy as a Key Outcome: Healthcare providers should recognize health literacy as a fundamental outcome in patient care. They can routinely assess patients' health literacy levels and adapt their communication and educational strategies accordingly. By tailoring information to patients' literacy levels and digital skills, healthcare providers can empower individuals to take an active role in managing their health (141, 142). Collaboration Across Sectors: Promoting digital health literacy is not the sole responsibility of healthcare providers but requires collaboration across various sectors, including education, government, and technology. These sectors can work together to develop comprehensive strategies for improving digital health literacy, addressing systemic barriers, and promoting equitable access to digital health resources (61). Research and Innovation: Ongoing research and innovation in the field of digital health literacy are crucial to staying abreast of evolving technologies and emerging challenges. Researchers can investigate the impact of digital interventions on health outcomes and identify best practices for enhancing health literacy through digital skills (115). Policy and Regulation: Policymakers and regulators play a pivotal role in shaping the digital health landscape. They can establish guidelines and regulations that promote the development of user-friendly, secure, and reliable digital health tools. Ensuring that digital health resources adhere to privacy and security standards is essential for building trust among patients (143). The interconnection of digital literacy and health literacy underscores the importance of integrated efforts to promote digital health literacy among both patients and healthcare providers. By tailoring educational content, fostering critical thinking skills, considering cultural competence, providing continual training, and emphasizing privacy and security awareness, healthcare organizations can create a digitally literate healthcare environment that empowers individuals to make informed decisions about their health (144). Collaboration across sectors, ongoing research, and policy support are essential components of this effort to ensure equitable access to digital health resources and improve health outcomes for all. Digital Platforms in Medical Training and Education E-learning Modalities and Their Effectiveness The integration of e-learning modalities in medical education has significantly evolved, incorporating online courses, virtual simulations, and interactive modules to cater to diverse learning styles and student needs. This shift acknowledges the potential advantages of e-learning, including flexibility and accessibility not always present in traditional methods (145). E-ISSN: 3025-8839 Copyright ⓒ 2023 Authors Multicultural Islamic Education Review Vol.1, No.2, 2023, pp. 109-179 Empirical evidence demonstrates the effectiveness of e-learning in enhancing knowledge acquisition, clinical skills development, and learner engagement. Numerous studies have established that e-learning can be as effective as, or even more effective than, traditional teaching approaches. This effectiveness can be attributed to the utilization of multimedia elements, interactive content, and the capacity to personalize learning experiences according to individual requirements. However, the quality of the educational content, the technological infrastructure supporting e-learning, and the digital literacy levels of learners play pivotal roles in determining the success of these modalities (146-149). It is imperative to strike a balanced integration of digital and traditional learning approaches, ensuring that e-learning serves as a complementary tool rather than a substitute for hands-on clinical experience. This balanced approach optimizes the educational outcomes in medical training and education (150, 151). Figure 2.1. 2 This image represents an inspiring depiction of Digital Literacy 5.0 Figure 2.1. 2 This image represents an inspiring depiction of Digital Literacy 5.0, showing a diverse group of people engaged in various digital activities, surrounded by futuristic technology in a modern educational setting. (Created by: Dito Anurogo with AI). Integration of Digital Tools in Medical Curricula E-ISSN: 3025-8839 Copyright ⓒ 2023 Authors Multicultural Islamic Education Review Vol.1, No.2, 2023, pp. 109-179 The integration of digital tools into medical curricula represents a profound transformation of the educational landscape, necessitating a strategic alignment of digital resources with curricular objectives to enhance learning outcomes rather than mere technological additions (152, 153). Key areas of integration encompass the utilization of virtual patients for clinical training, online platforms fostering collaborative learning, and digital resources for self-directed study (154). The application of data analytics in education facilitates personalized learning pathways, enabling educators to monitor progress and adapt teaching strategies to cater to individual student needs. Continuous training for both educators and students is imperative to ensure proficiency in effectively utilizing these technologies (55). The ultimate goal is to cultivate a digitally literate healthcare workforce, proficient not only in medical knowledge but also in the technological tools increasingly integral to modern medical practice. Emphasizing Practical Application and Simulation-Based Learning The integration of digital tools in medical curricula should focus on practical application and simulation-based learning. Virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) technologies can simulate clinical environments and patient interactions, providing students with immersive, hands-on experience without the risks associated with real-life patient care. This approach allows students to practice and hone their skills in a controlled environment, preparing them for real -world clinical settings. Simulation-based learning through digital tools also offers the opportunity for repeated practice, which is critical for mastering complex medical procedures and decision-making processes (155-157). Leveraging Online Learning Platforms for Flexible Education Online learning platforms are essential for fostering flexible, accessible education. These platforms can support a variety of learning formats, including video lectures, interactive modules, and discussion forums, catering to different learning styles and schedules. The ability to access educational content from anywhere at any time democratizes medical education, making it more accessible to a diverse student body. Additionally, these platforms can facilitate collaborative learning and peer-to-peer interaction, essential elements in developing teamwork and communication skills in future healthcare professionals (158). Incorporating Data Analytics and Artificial Intelligence in Curriculum Design Data analytics and artificial intelligence (AI) can play a significant role in curriculum design and student assessment. By analyzing student performance data, educators can identify learning gaps and tailor the curriculum to address these areas. AI-driven personalized learning pathways can optimize the educational experience for each student, ensuring that they receive the support and resources they need to succeed. Furthermore, AI can assist in creating more effective and engaging educational content, adapting to student responses and learning patterns in real time (159). Continuous Professional Development for Educators and Students Continuous professional development is crucial for both educators and students in a rapidly evolving digital landscape. Educators must stay abreast of the latest digital tools and teaching methodologies to effectively integrate them into the curriculum. Regular training and workshops can help educators develop the necessary skills and confidence to use these tools effectively. Similarly, students should be encouraged to engage in lifelong learning, continuously updating their digital skills to keep pac e with technological advancements in healthcare (160). Preparing for the Future of Healthcare E-ISSN: 3025-8839 Copyright ⓒ 2023 Authors Multicultural Islamic Education Review Vol.1, No.2, 2023, pp. 109-179 The ultimate aim of integrating digital tools into medical curricula is to prepare students for the future of healthcare. This means cultivating a workforce that is not only clinically proficient but also adept at using digital tools for patient care, research, and healthcare management. As technology continues to reshape the healthcare landscape, it is essential that the next generation of healthcare professionals is equipped with the skills and knowledge to leverage these tools effectively, ultimately improving patient care and health outcomes (153, 161). Nutrition and Digital Literacy Online Nutritional Information and Consumer Behavior Analysis of Digital Sources and Their Reliability The proliferation of digital platforms offering nutritional information has significantly altered consumer access to dietary guidance. These platforms, including websites, apps, and social media, host a wide range of nutriti onal content, from dietary plans to wellness blogs. However, the reliability of these sources varies considerably, raising concerns regarding the accuracy and scientific basis of the presented information (162, 163). The evaluation of online nutritional information's credibility holds paramount importance, as misinformation can lead to unhealthy dietary choices with potential adverse health consequences (164, 165). Scholarly research in this domain often employs criteria such as the source's authority, evidence base, transparency, and alignment with current dietary guidelines to assess reliability (166). Digital literacy in this context transcends basic internet navigation skills and encompasses critical thinking abilities to evaluate the trustworthiness of online information. Equipping consumers with these digital literacy skills is essential to enable them to differentiate scientifically grounded nutritional advice from potentially misleading or erroneous information (167). Impact of Digital Media on Dietary Choices The impact of digital media on dietary choices is profound and multifaceted. Social media platforms, in particular, have become influential in shaping consumer food habits and perceptions. Influencers and celebrities often promote certain diets or products, which can sway public opinion and dietary behaviors, not always in health-positive ways. Additionally, the visual and interactive nature of these platforms can amplify certain food trends or fads, sometimes at the expense of balanced nutritional principles (168-170). Understanding the psychological and behavioral mechanisms behind these influences is crucial. The role of persuasive design in apps, the effect of peer opinions on social media, and the persuasive power of visually appealing food photography are all factors that can impact dietary choices. It is imperative for consumers to develop a critical awareness of these influences, enabling them to make informed decisions about their diet based on sound nutritional knowledge rather than social media trends or marketing strategies (171). Enhancing Digital Literacy for Nutritional Empowerment Enhancing digital literacy in the context of nutrition involves more than just teaching people to access information online. It entails fostering skills to critically assess the quality of nutritional information, understand the influence of digital media on dietary choices, and make informed decisions about one’s diet. Educational initiatives can be implemented in schools, community centers, and through public health campaigns, focusing on how to evaluate the credibility of online nutritional information, understand nutritional labels, and use digital tools like calorie counters and meal planners effectively. E-ISSN: 3025-8839 Copyright ⓒ 2023 Authors Multicultural Islamic Education Review Vol.1, No.2, 2023, pp. 109-179 Moreover, healthcare professionals, including dietitians and nutritionists, play a vital role in promoting digital literacy related to nutrition. They can guide patients in navigating digital nutritional resources, recommend trustworthy websites and apps, and provide tools to critically assess the nutritional information encountered online (172-174). Bridging the Digital Divide in Nutritional Information Access Addressing the digital divide is essential in ensuring equitable access to reliable nutritional information. Populations with limited digital access or skills may be at a disadvantage in obtaining accurate and helpful dietary guidance. Efforts to bridge this gap should include providing access to digital devices and internet connectivity, particularly in underserved communities, and offering digital literacy education tailored to understanding nutritional information. These efforts can help reduce health disparities related to diet and nutrition, contributing to better public health outcomes (104, 175). Behavioral Impacts of Digital Nutrition Platforms Digital nutrition platforms, when effectively utilized, can exert a positive influence on consumer behavior. Interactive tools such as calorie trackers, diet planners, and nutrition apps can enhance awareness and self -management of dietary habits. These platforms often incorporate gamification elements and personalized feedback, bolstering user engagement and motivation to uphold healthy eating practices (176-180). Nevertheless, the impact of these platforms hinges on user engagement levels and digital literacy competencies. More digitally literate users excel in navigating these platforms, deciphering provided data, and seamlessly integrating this information into their daily routines (181). Additionally, the efficacy of these platforms can be heightened through customized designs catering to diverse user needs, encompassing language, cultural relevance, and accessibility for individuals with varying levels of digital proficiency. By integrating principles of behavioral science into their design, these platforms can further optimize their impact, fostering enduring healthy eating behaviors among users (182). Addressing Challenges in User Engagement and Retention While digital nutrition platforms offer immense potential, a significant challenge lies in maintaining user engagement and retention. Often, users may download an app or use a platform with initial enthusiasm, but their interest and engagement can wane over time (183). To address this, these platforms need to incorporate elements that sustain interest and motivation. Personalization, such as tailored dietary recommendations based on individual health goals and preferences, can make the experience more relevant and engaging for the user. Regular updates, interactive features, gamifications, and community-building elements, like forums or social media integration, can also help keep users engaged and committed to their dietary goals (184). Enhancing Digital Literacy for Effective Platform Use To maximize the benefits of digital nutrition platforms, users must possess a certain level of digital literacy. This involves not just the ability to navigate the platform but also to understand and apply the information it provides. Educational initiatives aimed at enhancing digital literacy, particularly in the co ntext of health and nutrition, are crucial. These could take the form of online tutorials, in-app guidance, or community workshops. Empowering users with the skills and confidence to effectively use these platforms can lead to more informed dietary choices and better health outcomes (185, 186). E-ISSN: 3025-8839 Copyright ⓒ 2023 Authors Multicultural Islamic Education Review Vol.1, No.2, 2023, pp. 109-179 Customization for Diverse User Populations Customization is key in making digital nutrition platforms effective for a diverse user base. This means designing platforms that are culturally sensitive, multilingual, and accessible to people of all ages and abilities. For instance, an app that offers dietary recommendations should consider cultural dietary patterns and food availability. Accessibility features, like screen readers for the visually impaired or simplified interfaces for older users, can make these platforms more inclusive. Such customization ensures that the benefits of digital nutrition platforms are available to a broader segment of the population, regardless of their background or digital proficiency (187, 188). Applying Behavioral Science for Lasting Change Integrating principles of behavioral science into digital nutrition platforms can significantly enhance their impact. Techniques like goal setting, positive reinforcement, and habit formation can be built into the design of these platforms to encourage lasting behavioral change. For example, a platform could use a system of rewards and reminders to reinforce regular tracking of dietary intake or set incremental goals to gradually improve eating habits. Such strategies can help transform temporary changes into long-term healthy eating behaviors (189, 190). Digital nutrition platforms have the potential to positively influence consumer behavior, but their success depends on sustained user engagement, enhanced digital literacy, thoughtful customization, and the application of behavioral science principles. By addressing these aspects, these platforms can become powerful tools in promoting healthier eating habits and contributing to better overall health outcomes (191, 192). Digital Innovations in Nutritional Science Mobile Applications and Wearable Technology The integration of mobile applications and wearable technology into nutritional science represents a significant advancement in personal health monitoring and management. These technologies empower users to monitor dietary intake, physical activity, and real-time biometric data such as heart rate and glucose levels. The immediacy and personalization of data provided by these tools contribute to their increasing popularity and utility (193-195). Nutrition-focused mobile applications often offer features like calorie tracking, nutritional analysis of food intake, and personalized diet recommendations. Wearable devices expand on these capabilities by continuously monitoring physiological parameters, offering insights into the interplay between diet, physical activity, and health outcomes. However, the effectiveness of these technologies relies on their accuracy, user engagement, and the ability to translate data into actionable health guidance. The challenge lies in ensuring the accessibility and userfriendliness of these digital tools for a diverse population, including individuals with limited digital literacy skills (196-198). Big Data Analytics in Nutritional Epidemiology Big data analytics has become a transformative force in nutritional epidemiology, enabling the analysis of extensive dietary data to uncover patterns and trends in nutrition and health outcomes. The incorporation of big data tools into nutritional research offers a more comprehensive understanding of the intricate interplay between diet, lifestyle factors, and health, surpassing the capabilities of traditional epidemiological methods (199, 200). Leveraging big data in nutritional science involves the collection and analysis of data from diverse sources, including electronic health records, dietary intake E-ISSN: 3025-8839 Copyright ⓒ 2023 Authors Multicultural Islamic Education Review Vol.1, No.2, 2023, pp. 109-179 databases, and population health surveys. Advanced analytics and machine learning algorithms are utilized to extract meaningful insights from these datasets, revealing associations between dietary patterns and health indicators. This approach not only enhances the precision of nutritional research but also facilitates the development of personalized nutrition strategies (201, 202). However, interpreting big data necessitates specialized skills in data science and a critical awareness of the inherent limitations and biases present in large datasets. Consequently, advancing digital literacy in this context is essential for researchers and practitioners in the field of nutritional science to effectively harness and interpret big data insights (159, 203). Role of AI and XAI in Personalized Nutrition Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) are playing an increasingly significant role in the field of personalized nutrition. By analyzing large sets of data on individual dietary habits, health status, and even genetic information, AI can help in creating highly personalized dietary recommendations. This individualized approach can be particularly beneficial for people with specific nutritional needs, such as those with chronic health conditions, athletes, or individuals with unique metabolic profiles (204, 205). AI and XAI algorithms can identify patterns and correlations that might not be apparent through traditional analysis, allowing for a more nuanced understanding of the relationship between diet and health. For example, AI and XAI can help in identifying which dietary patterns are most effective for managing conditions like diabetes or obesity, based on individual patient data. The challenge lies in ensuring that these AI and XAI systems are fed with high-quality, diverse data to avoid biases and inaccuracies in the recommendations they provide (206 -208). Integrating Digital Tools in Nutritional Education and Counseling The integration of digital tools into nutritional education and counseling is another area where significant progress is being made. Dietitians and nutritionists are increasingly using digital platforms to provide personalized advice and track the progress of their clients. These tools can facilitate more frequent and flexible interactions between clients and their healthcare providers, enhancing the continuity and customization of nutritional counseling (209-211). Digital platforms can also be used for educational purposes, providing clients with accessible information on nutrition and healthy eating practices. Interactive tools such as quizzes, videos, and infographics can make learning about nutrition more engaging and effective. For healthcare providers, digital tools offer an efficient way to monitor the dietary habits and progress of their clients, enabling them to provide more timely and targeted advice (212-214). Ethical Considerations and Data Privacy in Digital Nutritional Science As digital technologies become more embedded in nutritional science, ethical considerations and data privacy issues gain prominence. With the increasing collection of personal health data, there is a need to ensure that this information is used responsibly and ethically. This includes obtaining informed consent from users, ensuring data anonymity when used for research purposes, and implementing strong data security measures to protect against breaches (215 -217). Moreover, there is a need for clear guidelines and regulations governing the use of digital health data, especially when it involves sensitive information like dietary habits and health status. Ensuring that users are fully aware of how their data wi ll be used and have control over it is crucial for maintaining trust in digital nutritional tools (218, 219). E-ISSN: 3025-8839 Copyright ⓒ 2023 Authors Multicultural Islamic Education Review Vol.1, No.2, 2023, pp. 109-179 Digital innovations such as mobile applications, wearable technology, big data analytics, and AI are revolutionizing the field of nutritional science. They offer unprecedented opportunities for personalized nutrition, advanced research, and enhanced educational and counseling practices. However, these advancements also bring challenges in terms of accuracy, user engagement, digital literacy, ethical considerations, and data privacy. Addressing these challenges is essential for realizing the full potential of digital innovations in improving nutritional health and outcomes (220). Digitalization in Medical Tourism Online Platforms Facilitating Medical Tourism Role of Digital Literacy in Informed Decision-Making In the context of medical tourism, online platforms serve as essential tools for facilitating informed decision-making among prospective patients. These platforms provide a wealth of information about healthcare facilities, treatment options, costs, and patient testimonials from various countries. The crucial role of digital literacy is to empower individuals to effectively navigate these platforms, distinguishing reliable information from promotional content (221). Digital literacy equips patients with the ability to critically assess the credibility of online medical information, compare healthcare services internationally, and make informed choices regarding their medical care (222). This is particularly vital due to the complex nature of many medical tourism procedures and treatments. Nevertheless, the challenge lies in ensuring equitable access to these digital resources, especially for individuals from diverse socio-economic backgrounds with varying levels of digital proficiency. Bridging this digital divide is essential to ensure that all potential medical tourists can make well -informed decisions about their healthcare (78). Ethical and Legal Considerations The prevalence of digital platforms in medical tourism raises substantial ethical and legal concerns. One primary ethical concern revolves around the responsibility of these platforms to provide accurate and unbiased information. Misrepresentation or incomplete information can have severe consequences for patient safety and treatment outcomes (223-225). From a legal perspective, there are intricate issues related to the jurisdiction and regulation of online medical information, especially when it crosses international borders. Patients must navigate not only the healthcare system of their destination country but also comprehend the legal ramifications of seeking medical treatment abroad. Digital literacy plays a pivotal role in helping patients grasp these legal complexities and make well-informed decisions regarding their healthcare (226). Furthermore, ensuring the privacy and security of patient data on these digital platforms is of utmost importance. This requires the implementation of rigorous data protection measures and strict adherence to international data privacy laws (227). Impact of Telemedicine on Medical Tourism Pre- and Post-Operative Care via Telehealth Telemedicine has profoundly impacted medical tourism, particularly in the domains of pre- and post-operative care. Telehealth services offer a valuable platform for patients and healthcare providers to engage in consultations, follow -up appointments, and continuous care management, regardless of geographical boundaries. This virtual care model proves especially advantageous for medical E-ISSN: 3025-8839 Copyright ⓒ 2023 Authors Multicultural Islamic Education Review Vol.1, No.2, 2023, pp. 109-179 tourists, ensuring seamless continuity of care before and after their return to their home countries (228). Leveraging telehealth for pre-operative consultations enables comprehensive patient assessment, informed consent, and pre-surgical planning without necessitating physical travel. In the post-operative phase, telehealth facilitates remote monitoring of recovery, early identification of complications, and the provision of essential guidance. This approach not only enhances patient convenience and satisfaction but also plays a pivotal role in ensuring patient safety and optimizing clinical outcomes. Nonetheless, the effectiveness of telehealth in this context hinges on patients' digital literacy, as proficiency in using these technologies is essential for effective communication with healthcare providers (229). Global Disparities and Accessibility Issues Telemedicine offers significant advantages but also highlights global disparities in digital access and healthcare. Differences in telehealth infrastructure and digital literacy levels among countries can create inequalities in telemedicine accessibility, especially in less developed regions with limited technological resources and digital literacy (175). These accessibility challenges underscore the importance of ensuring equitable expansion of telemedicine within the context of medical tourism. It is crucial to provide patients from diverse geographic and socio-economic backgrounds with equal access to telehealth services. This entails addressing infrastructural limitations, enhancing digital literacy, and tailoring telehealth solutions to meet varied needs and capabilities. Overcoming these barriers is essential to fully harness the potential of telemedicine in enhancing the quality and reach of medical tourism services (230, 231). Economic Perspectives of Digital Literacy Digital Literacy as an Economic Driver Influence on Labor Market Dynamics Digital literacy has emerged as a significant driver of contemporary labor market dynamics. In an economy increasingly fueled by technology and digital innovation, the demand for digitally literate professionals extends across various sectors, including healthcare, finance, education, and manufacturing. This underscores the growing significance of digital skills in securing employment and advancing career opportunities. The impact of digital literacy on the labor market operates on two fronts. Firstly, it enhances individual employability by equipping workers with the essential skills for effective engagement with digital tools and platforms. Secondly, it shapes the evolution of job roles, with many traditional professions now necessitating a certain level of digital competence. This transformation not only generates new employment prospects in technology-focused fields but also remodels existing roles, mandating continual learning and adaptation to digital advancements (53, 232 -234). Nevertheless, this shift also presents challenges, including the risk of widening the digital divide and exacerbating inequalities among individuals lacking digital skills. Digital Literacy in Entrepreneurship Digital literacy plays a pivotal role in entrepreneurship, extending beyond its impact on employment. In the digital era, entrepreneurs rely on digital tools for various aspects of business, encompassing marketing, customer engagement, data E-ISSN: 3025-8839 Copyright ⓒ 2023 Authors Multicultural Islamic Education Review Vol.1, No.2, 2023, pp. 109-179 analytics, and online sales. Consequently, digital literacy becomes a fundamental pillar for successful business development and gaining a competitive edge (235). The proliferation of digital platforms has diminished entry barriers for entrepreneurs, enabling even small startups to access global markets. However, effectively harnessing these platforms demands not only technical proficiency but also strategic digital literacy skills. Entrepreneurs must adeptly analyze market trends, comprehend online consumer behavior, and utilize digital marketing tools to their advantage. Moreover, digital literacy aids in navigating the regulatory and cybersecurity facets of online business operations. Therefore, nurturing digital literacy is imperative for fostering innovation and entrepreneurship in the digital economy (163, 236). Economic Analysis of Digital Health Interventions Cost-Benefit Analysis of Telehealth Services The economic analysis of telehealth services, a vital component of digital health interventions, is essential to assess their value comprehensively. This analysis involves evaluating both direct and indirect costs associated with telehealth implementation against the benefits it offers in terms of healthcare outcomes and efficiencies. Direct costs encompass technological infrastructure, training, and maintenance, while benefits include reduced patient travel times, lower hospital readmission rates, and improved access to specialist care (237, 238). Numerous studies indicate that telehealth can lead to significant cost savings for healthcare systems, particularly in remote or underserved areas where access to healthcare is limited. By decreasing the need for in-person consultations, telehealth reduces the costs associated with outpatient visits and prolonged hospital stays. Furthermore, the preventive nature of many telehealth interventions can result in long-term savings by reducing the incidence of chronic conditions and their associated healthcare expenses. Nevertheless, the actual cost -effectiveness of telehealth hinges on various factors, such as the scale of implementation, the nature of healthcare services provided, and the efficiency of the technological platforms employed (239-241). Impact on Healthcare Expenditure and Resource Allocation Digital health interventions, including telehealth, have a significant impact on healthcare expenditure and resource allocation. These interventions, offering remote monitoring and consultation capabilities, optimize resource utilization by efficiently allocating healthcare resources. This is particularly crucial in contexts with limited or unevenly distributed healthcare resources (242). At the macroeconomic level, the widespread adoption of digital health technologies can reshape healthcare expenditure patterns. Investments in digital health infrastructure and services can result in long-term cost savings by enhancing healthcare delivery efficiency and reducing traditional healthcare model expenses. However, this transition necessitates careful planning and strategic investment to ensure that the benefits of digital health interventions permeate the entire healthcare system. Additionally, equitable distribution of these technologies is vital to prevent exacerbating existing disparities in healthcare access and outcomes (243-245). Biomedical Sciences and Bioinformatics Digital Literacy in Biomedical Research Computational Tools and Data Analysis Techniques In the realm of biomedical sciences, digital literacy has become indispensable, particularly regarding the utilization of computational tools and data analysis techniques. E-ISSN: 3025-8839 Copyright ⓒ 2023 Authors Multicultural Islamic Education Review Vol.1, No.2, 2023, pp. 109-179 The emergence of high-throughput technologies and big data in biomedicine mandates proficiency in advanced computational methods, including bioinformatics, statistical analysis, and machine learning. These tools empower researchers to process and analyze extensive datasets, such as genomic sequences and proteomic profiles, revealing intricate biological mechanisms and disease pathways (246, 247). Proficiency in these computational tools necessitates a profound comprehension of both the underlying biological principles and the technical aspects of data analysis. This dual expertise is pivotal for accurate result interpretation and driving meaningful scientific inquiries. Digital literacy in this context transcends basic software usage and encompasses proficiencies in coding, algorithmic reasoning, and statistical analysis. These competencies are increasingly essential in biomedical research, enabling scientists to navigate and analyze the intricate datasets characteristic of modern biomedicine (248, 249). Enhancing Research Dissemination through Digital Platforms Digital literacy assumes a pivotal role in the dissemination of biomedical research findings. The conventional mode of scientific communication, primarily through peerreviewed journals, is evolving with the integration of various digital platforms. These platforms encompass open-access repositories, preprint servers, and social media channels, enabling broader and more expeditious dissemination of research outcomes (250-252). Effectively utilizing these digital platforms demands an appreciation of the intricacies of digital communication, encompassing facets like search engine optimization, digital copyright, and strategies for engaging the audience. Researchers must proficiently leverage these platforms to amplify the visibility and influence of their work, extending their reach beyond the traditional academic sphere. Furthermore, digital platforms offer distinctive avenues for interdisciplinary collaboration and public engagement, dismantling barriers between scientists and the broader public. Nonetheless, navigating these digital landscapes mandates a nuanced comprehension of the ethical and quality considerations intrinsic to online scientific communication (253, 254). Bioinformatics and Its Educational Implications Curriculum Development for Bioinformatics Education The field of bioinformatics necessitates a reevaluation and evolution of educational curricula in biomedical sciences. Developing a comprehensive bioinformatics curriculum involves integrating core concepts from biology, computer science, mathematics, and statistics. This interdisciplinary approach is crucial to provide students with the diverse skill set required in bioinformatics, covering genomic analysis, algorithm development, and data interpretation (255, 256). The curriculum should establish foundational knowledge in biological sciences while progressively introducing specialized computational skills. This includes teaching programming languages commonly used in bioinformatics, such as Python and R, as well as providing training in bioinformatics software and database utilization. Furthermore, emphasis should be placed on cultivating students' abilities to manage and analyze large datasets, a pivotal competency in this field. Additionally, the curriculum must remain dynamic to adapt to the rapidly evolving nature of bioinformatics technologies and research methodologies (255, 257, 258). Challenges and Opportunities in Bioinformatics Training Bioinformatics education faces a primary challenge in keeping pace with the rapid technological advancements in the field. Maintaining up-to-date and relevant educational content requires continuous curriculum revision and the integration of cutting-edge E-ISSN: 3025-8839 Copyright ⓒ 2023 Authors Multicultural Islamic Education Review Vol.1, No.2, 2023, pp. 109-179 research findings and technologies. This necessitates resources and instructors actively engaged in bioinformatics research to provide real-world insights (259, 260). Another challenge is bridging the gap between theoretical knowledge and practical application. Hands-on training, encompassing laboratory work and project-based learning, is essential for students to apply theoretical concepts to real-world bioinformatics challenges. Opportunities such as internships and collaborations with research institutions can enhance practical learning experiences (261). Despite these challenges, the integration of bioinformatics into educational curricula offers significant opportunities. It prepares a new generation of scientists proficient in both biological and computational sciences, fostering innovation in biomedical research. Additionally, it facilitates interdisciplinary collaborations, contributing to advancements in personalized medicine, drug discovery, and our comprehension of complex biological systems (262). Bioinformatics Resources and Tools for Education To support effective bioinformatics education, access to a wide range of resources and tools is essential. Here are some key elements to consider: 1. Online Databases and Repositories: Students should have access to various biological databases and repositories, such as GenBank, UniProt, and NCBI, where they can retrieve and analyze biological data. Educators can incorporate exercises and projects that involve querying and interpreting information from these resources (263). 2. Bioinformatics Software: Educational institutions should provide access to bioinformatics software packages commonly used in research and industry. These tools can include genome assemblers, sequence alignment software, and data analysis platforms. Students should have the opportunity to learn how to use these tools for tasks like sequence analysis, structural biology, and phylogenetics (264). 3. Bioinformatics Workshops and Training: Offering workshops and training sessions conducted by bioinformatics experts can be highly beneficial. These sessions can cover specific software tools, data analysis techniques, and best practices in the field. They provide students with practical skills that are directly applicable to research and industry (265). 4. Online Courses and MOOCs: Many universities and organizations offer online courses and Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) in bioinformatics. These courses can be a valuable resource for students looking to deepen their knowledge in specific areas of bioinformatics. They often include video lectures, interactive assignments, and quizzes (266). 5. Open-Access Journals and Publications: Students should be encouraged to explore and engage with bioinformatics research through open-access journals and publications. This exposure to current research findings helps students understand the latest developments in the field and fosters critical thinking skills (150, 267). 6. Computational Resources: High-performance computing clusters or cloud computing resources can be essential for conducting resource-intensive bioinformatics analyses. Educational institutions should provide access to these computational resources for students working on research projects or assignments (268). Assessment and Evaluation in Bioinformatics Education Assessment is a critical component of bioinformatics education to ensure that students are acquiring the necessary skills and knowledge. Here are some strategies for assessment and evaluation: 1. Practical Assignments: Assignments that require students to apply bioinformatics tools and techniques to real data are valuable for assessing their E-ISSN: 3025-8839 Copyright ⓒ 2023 Authors Multicultural Islamic Education Review Vol.1, No.2, 2023, pp. 109-179 practical skills. These assignments can involve tasks like sequence alignment, phylogenetic tree construction, or gene expression analysis (269). 2. Research Projects: Encouraging students to undertake small research projects can provide a comprehensive assessment of their abilities. These projects can involve data collection, analysis, and interpretation, allowing students to demonstrate their research and problem-solving skills (270, 271). 3. Examinations: Traditional examinations can assess students' theoretical knowledge in bioinformatics, including their understanding of algorithms, data structures, and computational methods. However, it's important to complement exams with practical assessments for a more well-rounded evaluation (272). 4. Peer Review and Presentations: Involving peer review of research projects and requiring students to present their findings can enhance critical thinking and communication skills. Peer evaluation can provide valuable feedback on the quality of their work (273). 5. Continuous Assessment: Bioinformatics is a rapidly evolving field, and continuous assessment can ensure that students stay current with the latest developments. Regular quizzes or assignments on recent research findings can help in this regard (274). 6. Self-assessment: Encouraging students to reflect on their own learning and set goals for improvement is a valuable aspect of bioinformatics education. Selfassessment tools and discussions can promote metacognition and self-directed learning (275). The Future of Bioinformatics Education Looking ahead, bioinformatics education is likely to become even more critical as biological and biomedical research increasingly rely on computational approaches (276). Here are some trends and considerations for the future: 1. Interdisciplinary Integration: Bioinformatics will continue to be integrated into various branches of biology, medicine, and biotechnology. Therefore, interdisciplinary education that combines biology, computer science, and data analysis will become increasingly important (277). 2. Personalized Learning Paths: Educational institutions may offer personalized learning paths in bioinformatics, allowing students to focus on specific areas of interest, such as genomics, structural biology, or metagenomics (278). 3. Industry-Relevant Skills: Bioinformatics programs may place a greater emphasis on preparing students for careers in biotechnology companies, pharmaceuticals, and healthcare, where bioinformatics skills are in high demand (279). 4. Online and Remote Learning: The availability of online resources, courses, and collaborative tools will continue to grow, making it easier for students to access bioinformatics education regardless of their location (280). 5. Ethical and Responsible Use: As bioinformatics plays a crucial role in areas like genomics and personalized medicine, education will need to address ethical considerations, data privacy, and responsible research practices (281). Bioinformatics education is evolving to meet the demands of a rapidly advancing field. It requires a multidisciplinary approach, access to relevant resources and tools, effective assessment strategies, and a focus on preparing students for the future of biomedical research and biotechnology. By addressing these aspects, educational institutions can ensure that students are well-equipped to contribute to the exciting developments in bioinformatics and its applications in the life sciences (282). E-ISSN: 3025-8839 Copyright ⓒ 2023 Authors Multicultural Islamic Education Review Vol.1, No.2, 2023, pp. 109-179 Telemedicine and Telehealth Evolution and Future Trends Historical Development and Current State Telemedicine has undergone significant evolution since its inception, dating back to early experiments with telecommunication technologies in healthcare during the mid-20th century. Initially, telemedicine primarily aimed to extend healthcare services to remote areas. However, with advancements in digital technology, particularly the internet and mobile technology, telemedicine has significantly expanded its scope and reach (283). The current state of telemedicine encompasses a wide range of services, including remote consultations, telepsychiatry, teleradiology, and remote patient monitoring. The proliferation of smartphones and wearable devices has further enhanced the capabilities of telehealth, making it more accessible and user -friendly. The COVID19 pandemic accelerated a substantial shift towards telehealth, demonstrating its effectiveness in providing continuous care while reducing the risk of infe ction. This period also underscored the flexibility and adaptability of telehealth services in addressing emergent healthcare needs (284). Future Prospects and Potential Advancements Looking towards the future, telemedicine is poised for continued growth and innovation. One key area of advancement is the integration of artificial intelligence and machine learning algorithms to enhance diagnostic accuracy, personalize treatment plans, and predict health outcomes. Another promising development is the expansion of remote patient monitoring technologies, which can collect a wide range of health data in real-time, offering deeper insights into patient health and enabling proactive care (285). The potential for telemedicine to transform healthcare delivery is immense, particularly in managing chronic diseases, enhancing mental health services, and providing care to underserved populations. However, realizing these prospects requires addressing existing challenges such as digital divide, regulatory issues, and ensuring data privacy and security. Continued innovation in technology, coupled with strategic policy and infrastructure development, will be crucial in shaping the future landscape of telemedicine and telehealth (286). Legal and Ethical Considerations Privacy, Security, and Data Protection The implementation of telemedicine and telehealth services gives rise to significant legal concerns, particularly pertaining to privacy, security, and data protection. The nature of telehealth, which often involves transmitting sensitive health information over digital networks, demands stringent measures to safeguard patient data. This includes compliance with laws like the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) in the United States and the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) in the European Union (287). Ensuring data security in telehealth encompasses multiple layers of protection, encompassing secure data transmission, encrypted storage solutions, and robust user authentication protocols. The legal ramifications of a data breach in telehealth are substantial, involving not only regulatory penalties but also a potential erosion of E-ISSN: 3025-8839 Copyright ⓒ 2023 Authors Multicultural Islamic Education Review Vol.1, No.2, 2023, pp. 109-179 patient trust. Therefore, healthcare providers and telehealth platforms must prioritize the implementation of advanced cybersecurity measures and continuously update them in response to evolving digital threats (125, 288). Ethical Dilemmas in Virtual Care Delivery Beyond legal concerns, telehealth also presents unique ethical challenges. One primary issue is ensuring equity in access to telehealth services. There is a risk that telemedicine may inadvertently exacerbate health disparities, particularly for populations with limited access to technology or the internet. Addressing this challenge requires concerted efforts to extend telehealth infrastructure to underserved areas and to provide education and resources to enhance d igital literacy (289, 290). Another ethical consideration is maintaining the quality of care in virtual settings. The absence of physical interaction in telehealth can impact the healthcare provider’s ability to perform comprehensive assessments, potentially affecting diagnostic accuracy and treatment efficacy. This necessitates the development of guidelines and best practices for virtual care delivery to ensure that the standard of care remains consistent with in-person consultations. Furthermore, the patientprovider relationship in a virtual environment must be managed carefully to maintain confidentiality, empathy, and effective communication (291). Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare AI in Diagnosis and Treatment Planning Machine Learning in Diagnostic Imaging The incorporation of machine learning (ML) algorithms into diagnostic imaging represents a significant leap forward in healthcare. These algorithms enhance the ability to detect and diagnose diseases from imaging data such as X -rays, MRIs, and CT scans. By learning from large datasets of imaging files, ML models can identify patterns and anomalies that may be imperceptible to the human eye (292). This application of AI not only increases the accuracy and speed of diagnoses but also reduces the likelihood of human error. For instance, in oncology, ML algorithms have shown remarkable proficiency in identifying early signs of cancers, such as breast or lung cancer, from imaging studies. However, the implementation of these technologies also necessitates careful consideration of ethical issues, such as algorithmic bias, and ensuring that these systems are used to support, not replace, the clinical judgment of healthcare professionals (293). AI-driven Predictive Models in Treatment Protocols AI-driven predictive models are increasingly being integrated into treatment planning, offering a personalized approach to healthcare. These models analyze vast amounts of patient data, including genetic information, clinical history, and lifestyle factors, to predict disease progression and response to various treatments. This personalized approach facilitates the development of tailored treatment protocols that can significantly improve patient outcomes (294). The use of AI in treatment planning also extends to predictive analytics in chronic disease management, where AI models can forecast exacerbations or complications, allowing for preemptive interventions. In surgical fields, AI assists in preoperative planning by simulating different surgical scenarios, aiding surgeons in selecting the most effective approach. However, the deployment of these AI driven models in clinical settings requires rigorous validation to ensure their E-ISSN: 3025-8839 Copyright ⓒ 2023 Authors Multicultural Islamic Education Review Vol.1, No.2, 2023, pp. 109-179 reliability and efficacy, as well as ongoing training for healthcare providers to effectively interpret and utilize these AI tools in patient care (295). Ethical and Practical Challenges Bias and Fairness in AI Algorithms A significant ethical challenge in the application of AI in healthcare is the potential for bias in AI algorithms. These biases can arise from various sources, including skewed training data, algorithmic design, or the interpretation of outputs. If not adequately addressed, such biases can lead to disparities in healthcare delivery, affecting certain demographic groups disproportionately. For example, an AI system trained predominantly on data from one population may not perform as well when applied to a different population (296). Addressing bias in AI necessitates a multi-faceted approach, involving the diversification of training datasets, the implementation of fairness metrics, and continuous monitoring for biased outcomes. Additionally, involving multidisciplinary teams, including ethicists and representatives from diverse populations, in the development and validation of AI systems, can help mitigate biases. Ensuring fairness in AI algorithms is not just a technical challenge but also a moral imperative, crucial for maintaining trust in AI-driven healthcare solutions (297). Integration of AI in Clinical Practice The integration of AI into clinical practice presents several practical challenges. One primary concern is ensuring that healthcare professionals are adequately trained to use AI tools effectively. This includes understanding the capabilities and limitations of AI, as well as interpreting AI-generated recommendations within the broader context of patient care. Bridging the gap between AI technology and clinical application requires ongoing education and training for healthcare providers (298). Another challenge lies in the seamless integration of AI systems within existing healthcare workflows. This requires careful planning to ensure that AI tools complement rather than disrupt clinical processes. Additionally, issues related to the accountability and liability of AI-driven decisions need to be clearly defined. Balancing the innovative potential of AI with practical considerations such as usability, interoperability with existing health IT systems, and regulatory compliance, is essential for the successful adoption of AI in healthcare settings (299). Vascular Surgery Paradigms and Digital Literacy Technological Innovations in Vascular Surgery Robotic Surgery and Virtual Reality Simulations The field of vascular surgery has witnessed remarkable advancements with the incorporation of technologies such as robotic surgery and virtual reality (VR) simulations. Robotic surgery systems enhance the precision and dexterity of vascular procedures, allowing surgeons to perform complex operations with greater accuracy and less invasiveness. These systems translate the surgeon's hand movements into smaller, more precise movements of the robotic instruments inside the patient's body (300). Virtual reality simulations, on the other hand, serve as a powerful educational and training tool. They provide surgeons, especially those in trainin g, with an immersive and interactive environment to practice surgical procedures without the risks associated with real-life operations (301). VR simulations contribute to the development of surgical skills, enhance decision-making abilities, and improve E-ISSN: 3025-8839 Copyright ⓒ 2023 Authors Multicultural Islamic Education Review Vol.1, No.2, 2023, pp. 109-179 overall surgical competency. The integration of these technologies into vascular surgery not only advances surgical techniques but also necessitates a high level of digital literacy among surgeons to effectively utilize these sophisticated tools (302). Digital Tools in Patient Monitoring and Follow-Up In addition to surgical innovations, digital tools have significantly transformed patient monitoring and follow-up in vascular surgery. Wearable devices and remote monitoring systems enable continuous tracking of vital parameters such as heart rate, blood pressure, and oxygen saturation, which are crucial for patients recovering from vascular surgeries. This real-time monitoring facilitates early detection of complications and timely interventions, thereby improving patient outcomes (303). Moreover, the use of digital health platforms for follow-up care allows for efficient patient management post-surgery. These platforms can facilitate communication between patients and healthcare providers, support medication adherence, and provide educational resources to aid recovery. However, the effective implementation of these digital monitoring tools requires patients and healthcare providers to possess adequate digital literacy to interpret data accurately and make informed health decisions (304). B. Training and Education in Vascular Surgery E-learning Modules for Specialized Training The evolution of training and education in vascular surgery has been significa ntly influenced by the advent of digital technologies, particularly e -learning modules. These digital learning platforms provide an accessible and flexible means for continuous medical education, offering specialized training that is essential in the rapidly evolving field of vascular surgery. E-learning modules encompass a wide range of content, including interactive lectures, procedural videos, and case studies, tailored to the specific learning needs of vascular surgeons (147). The advantages of e-learning in vascular surgery education include the ability to update content regularly to reflect the latest advancements, the flexibility for learners to access materials at their convenience, and the potential for global reach, transcending geographical barriers. This mode of learning is especially beneficial for complex and niche areas of vascular surgery where traditional educational resources may be limited. However, the efficacy of e-learning depends on the quality of the content, the engagement of the learners, and the integration of these modules into a broader educational framework that includes hands -on clinical training (305). Impact of Digital Tools on Surgical Skill Acquisition Digital tools, including virtual reality simulators and computer -based training programs, have a profound impact on surgical skill acquisition in vascular surgery. These tools offer a risk-free environment for trainees to practice surgical techniques, refine their skills, and gain confidence before transitioning to real -life operations. VR simulators, for example, can replicate complex vascular procedures, providing realistic and immersive training experiences that are not easily achievable through traditional methods (306). The use of these digital training tools has been shown to enhance the learning curve, improve technical skills, and reduce errors in actual surgical procedures. Moreover, they provide an objective assessment of trainee performance, enabling personalized feedback and targeted skill development. Despite their be nefits, the integration of these digital tools into surgical training programs requires careful consideration of cost, accessibility, and the balance between virtual and hands -on E-ISSN: 3025-8839 Copyright ⓒ 2023 Authors Multicultural Islamic Education Review Vol.1, No.2, 2023, pp. 109-179 training. Ensuring that trainees have the necessary digital literacy to maximize the benefits of these tools is also crucial (307). C. Enhancing Patient Engagement and Education Digital literacy also plays a crucial role in enhancing patient engagement and education in vascular surgery. With the advent of patient-centered health platforms and mobile applications, patients now have more access to information about their conditions, surgical procedures, and post-operative care. These digital tools can provide personalized educational content, instructional videos, and interactive modules that help patients understand their health conditions an d the surgical interventions they will undergo (308). Engaging patients through these platforms can lead to better preparation for surgery, adherence to post-operative instructions, and overall satisfaction with the surgical experience. However, to leverage these tools effectively, both patients and healthcare providers need to have a certain level of digital literacy. This involves being able to navigate these platforms, understand the content, and apply the information to their specific health situations (304, 309). D. Challenges and Future Directions Despite the numerous benefits, the integration of digital tools in vascular surgery presents certain challenges. One major challenge is ensuring equal access to these technologies across different healthcare settings. Disparities in access can lead to variations in surgical training quality and patient care outcomes (310). Another challenge is keeping up with the rapid pace of technological advancements. Continuous learning and adaptation are required for both surgeons and medical educators to remain proficient in the latest digital tools and techniques. Additionally, there is a need for ongoing research to assess the long -term impact of these technologies on patient outcomes and surgical education (160). Looking forward, the future of vascular surgery is likely to see further integration of AI, machine learning, and advanced data analytics in surgical planning and patient care. These technologies have the potential to further refine surgical precision, customize patient care, and enhance training and educational methods. However, balancing technological advancements with ethical considerations, patient safety, and equitable access will be crucial (311). The integration of digital literacy in vascular surgery is transforming the field, offering improved surgical techniques, enhanced training and education, and better patient outcomes. As the field continues to evolve, addressing the challenges and embracing the opportunities presented by these technological advancements will be key to advancing vascular surgery practices and patient care (312). IX. Obstetrics and Gynecologic Perspectives in Digital Literacy A. Digital Advancements in Obstetrics and Gynecology Telehealth and Maternal Care The integration of telehealth in maternal care has revolutionized prenatal and postnatal services. Digital literacy plays a critical role in enabling expectant mothers to effectively use remote monitoring technologies. These tools track vital health metrics, facilitating timely interventions and enhancing maternal and fetal health outcomes. Digital platforms also serve as valuable resources for maternal health education, offering accessible information on pregnancy, childbirth, and postpartum care (313). E-ISSN: 3025-8839 Copyright ⓒ 2023 Authors Multicultural Islamic Education Review Vol.1, No.2, 2023, pp. 109-179 Digital Tools in Fertility and Reproductive Health In the realm of fertility and reproductive health, digital technologies have emerged as key facilitators. Apps and online platforms for fertility tracking empower individuals with knowledge about their reproductive cycles, aiding in family planning and the early detection of fertility issues. The incorporation of AI in these tools helps predict fertility patterns with greater accuracy, contributing to personalized reproductive health strategies (314). B. Innovations in Gynecologic Surgery and Procedures Robotic-Assisted Gynecologic Surgery The adoption of robotic-assisted techniques in gynecologic surgery represents a significant advancement. These minimally invasive procedures, guided by robotic systems, require surgeons to possess advanced digital literacy for precise operation. The benefits of these techniques include enhanced surgical precision, reduced recovery time, and minimal scarring, improving overall patient outcomes (315). Virtual Reality in Surgical Training Virtual reality has become an indispensable tool in the training of gynecologic surgeons. VR simulations offer a safe and controlled environment for practicing complex surgical procedures. This immersive training aids in the development of surgical skills, enhances procedural understanding, and significantly contributes to patient safety (316). C. Patient Education and Engagement in Women's Health Digital Platforms for Women's Health Literacy Digital platforms have become pivotal in enhancing women's health literacy. Mobile apps, online forums, and educational websites provide valuable resources on various aspects of women's health, including menstrual health, menopause, and preventive care. These digital resources empower women with knowledge, facilitating informed health decisions (317). Social Media and Community Building Social media platforms play a crucial role in building communities focused on women's health. They provide spaces for sharing experiences, disseminating health information, and fostering support networks. Such platforms contribute to increased awareness and destigmatization of women's health issues (318). D. Challenges and Opportunities in Digital Obstetrics and Gynecology Addressing Digital Divide in Women's Health A significant challenge in digital obstetrics and gynecology is the digital divide, which can limit access to digital health resources for women, especially in underserved communities. Efforts to bridge this divide are essential to en sure equitable access to health information and services (319). Ethical Considerations in Digital Women’s Health The use of personal health data in digital gynecologic and obstetric care raises ethical concerns, particularly regarding data privacy and consent. Ensuring the ethical use of this data is paramount in maintaining patient trust and upholding professional standards in digital healthcare practices (320). E. Future Trends and Research in Digital Obstetrics and Gynecology Looking ahead, the field of obstetrics and gynecology is poised to witness further innovations driven by digital technologies. One promising area is the integration of E-ISSN: 3025-8839 Copyright ⓒ 2023 Authors Multicultural Islamic Education Review Vol.1, No.2, 2023, pp. 109-179 machine learning and predictive analytics in prenatal care. These technologies have the potential to identify high-risk pregnancies earlier and more accurately, allowing for tailored interventions and improved outcomes (321). Another emerging trend is the use of wearable technologies for continuous health monitoring during pregnancy. These devices can track vital statistics like fetal heart rate, maternal blood pressure, and activity levels, providing valuable data for both expectant mothers and healthcare providers (322). Additionally, there is a growing interest in the application of augmented reality (AR) in both patient education and surgical training. AR can enhance the lear ning experience for patients by providing interactive, 3D visualizations of health conditions and procedures, and it can aid surgeons in planning and executing complex surgeries (323). Research in these areas is crucial to evaluate the effectiveness of new digital tools, understand their impact on patient outcomes, and address any potential risks or drawbacks. Studies focusing on the long-term effects of digital interventions, their cost-effectiveness, and their impact on different population groups are particularly important (237). F. Digital Literacy Education in Obstetrics and Gynecology As digital technologies become increasingly integral to obstetrics and gynecology, the importance of digital literacy education for both healthcare providers and patients cannot be overstated. For healthcare professionals, this includes training in the use of telehealth platforms, digital surgical tools, and data analysis software. For patients, it involves educating them on how to access and utilize digital health resources, understand their health data, and engage effectively with telehealth services (324). Efforts to improve digital literacy should be inclusive, considering the diverse needs and backgrounds of different patient populations. This includes providing resources in multiple languages, considering cultural sensitivities, and ensuring that digital tools are accessible to individuals with disabilities. G. Ethical and Privacy Considerations As the field of obstetrics and gynecology becomes increasingly digital, it 's essential to address ethical and privacy concerns (325). Patient data, especially in the context of women's reproductive health, is sensitive and must be handled with the utmost care. Here are some key considerations: 1. Data Security and Privacy: Healthcare organizations and technology providers must implement robust data security measures to protect patient information. Encryption, access controls, and secure data storage are critical components of safeguarding sensitive medical data (288). 2. Informed Consent: Patients should be fully informed about how their data will be collected, stored, and used in digital healthcare settings. Informed consent processes must be clear and transparent, ensuring that patients have the option to opt in or out of data sharing (326). 3. Data Ownership: Clear guidelines should be established regarding the ownership of patient health data. Patients should have control over their data and the ability to access it easily. They should also understand who has access to their da ta and for what purposes (327). 4. Bias and Fairness: Machine learning algorithms used in digital healthcare should be regularly audited for bias and fairness, especially in the case of predictive E-ISSN: 3025-8839 Copyright ⓒ 2023 Authors Multicultural Islamic Education Review Vol.1, No.2, 2023, pp. 109-179 analytics for prenatal care. Biased algorithms can disproportionately impact certain patient populations, leading to unequal access to care (328). 5. Data Sharing and Interoperability: Digital systems should support interoperability and data sharing between healthcare providers, ensuring that patients' records can be accessed by authorized professionals when needed while maintaining privacy and security (329). 6. Telemedicine Etiquette: Healthcare providers should follow established telemedicine etiquette to respect patient privacy during remote consultations. Patients should also be educated on how to create a private and secure environment for telehealth visits (330). 7. Ethical Use of AI: When integrating AI and machine learning into obstetrics and gynecology, it's essential to ensure that these technologies are used ethically and do not replace the human touch and empathy that are crucial in healthcare (331). 8. Regulatory Compliance: Healthcare institutions and technology companies must adhere to relevant healthcare regulations, such as HIPAA in the United States or GDPR in the European Union, to protect patient privacy and data (332). H. Patient Engagement and Empowerment Digital technologies have the potential to empower patients and enhance their engagement in their own healthcare (333). Here are some ways in which this can be achieved: 1. Health Information Access: Patients should have access to their medical records and test results through secure online portals. This empowers them to take a more active role in managing their health (334). 2. Health Education: Digital platforms can provide reliable and accessible health information to patients, helping them make informed decisions about their care (335). 3. Remote Monitoring: Wearable devices and telehealth services enable patients to monitor their health at home, providing real-time data to healthcare providers and allowing for timely interventions (336). 4. Telemedicine: Telehealth services can improve access to care, particularly for patients in remote or underserved areas. It also reduces barriers to seeking medical advice, leading to early intervention in many cases (241). 5. Personalized Care Plans: Digital tools can assist healthcare providers in creating personalized care plans for patients, taking into account their unique needs and preferences (337). 6. Support Communities: Online communities and forums can connect patients with similar conditions, allowing them to share experiences, seek advice, and provide emotional support (338). The field of obstetrics and gynecology is undergoing a digital transformation, with the potential to improve patient care, increase access to services, and enhance patient engagement (339). However, ethical considerations, data privacy, and digital literacy education are crucial aspects that need careful attention as these technologies continue to evolve (159). It is essential for healthcare providers, technology developers, and policymakers to work together to harness the benefits of digital obstetrics and gynecology while safeguarding patient rights and well-being (324). Continued research and evaluation of these technologies will be essential to ensure their effectiveness and safety in improving women's healthcare outcomes (61). E-ISSN: 3025-8839 Copyright ⓒ 2023 Authors Multicultural Islamic Education Review Vol.1, No.2, 2023, pp. 109-179 X. Sports Science Perspectives on Digital Literacy Defining Digital Literacy 5.0 in Sports Science Digital Literacy 5.0 in sports science represents the latest evolution in the integration of advanced digital technologies and competencies in the field (5). This concept extends beyond basic computer skills and digital tool usage; it encompasses the proficient understanding and application of emerging technologies like artificial intelligence (AI), big data analytics, the Internet of Things (IoT), and virtual reality (VR) in sports contexts (340). Digital Literacy 5.0 emphasizes not only technological proficiency but also a deep understanding of how these tools can be leveraged for enhanced sports performance, injury prevention, and overall athlete health and wellness (341). This new paradigm shifts the focus from mere tool usage to strategic, data-driven decision-making and innovation in sports science (342). Current Digital Technologies in Sports Science The landscape of sports science has been significantly transformed by digital technologies. Wearable devices and sensors have become ubiquitous for mon itoring athletes' physiological and biomechanical data in real -time (343). AI and machine learning algorithms are increasingly employed for performance analysis, predicting injury risks, and personalizing training regimens. Big data analytics enable the processing of vast amounts of data from various sources to gain comprehensive insights into athlete performance and health. Virtual and augmented reality technologies are revolutionizing training methods, providing simulated environments for safe, controlled, and enhanced skill development (344). These technologies represent the forefront of a digital revolution in sports science, offering unprecedented opportunities for research and application (345). Necessity of Integrating Advanced Digital Literacy in Sports Science The integration of advanced digital literacy in sports science is not just beneficial but essential. As sports science becomes increasingly data -driven and technologically reliant, a deep understanding of these digital tools and their applications in sports is crucial. Professionals equipped with Digital Literacy 5.0 can optimize athlete performance, devise more effective training programs, and reduce injury risks by harnessing the power of data and technology (12). Furthermore, this advanced literacy facilitates a better understanding of athlete health, promoting a more holistic approach to sports science (346). In this era of rapid technological advancement, those in the field of sports science must be well versed in these digital tools and concepts to stay at the forefront of the discipline and provide the best possible support to athletes (347). The Evolution of Digital Literacy in Sports Science Historical Perspective: From Basic Computer Skills to Advanced Digital Competencies The evolution of digital literacy in sports science mirrors the broader technological advancements in society. Initially, digital literacy in sports was limited to basic computer skills, primarily for data entry and basic statistical analysis (348). This era focused on the utilization of computers for record-keeping and rudimentary performance analysis. As technology progressed, so did the scope and depth of digital literacy in the field (234). The advent of more sophisticated software allowed for complex data analysis, leading to more nuanced understandings of athlete performance and health (349). During this phase, the primary focus shifted from simple data management to the integration of various digital tools for comprehensive analysis (13). This included E-ISSN: 3025-8839 Copyright ⓒ 2023 Authors Multicultural Islamic Education Review Vol.1, No.2, 2023, pp. 109-179 the use of video analysis software, basic biomechanical modeling, and early versions of wearable technology. These tools, while primitive by today's standards, marked a significant shift in how sports scientists and coaches approached training and performance enhancement (350). Transition from Digital Literacy 4.0 to 5.0 in Sports Science The transition from Digital Literacy 4.0 to 5.0 in sports science represents a quantum leap in the field’s capabilities (351). Digital Literacy 4.0 was characterized by the integration of digital technology in a more interconnected and automated manner, laying the groundwork for data-driven decision-making. However, Digital Literacy 5.0 has taken this to a new level by incorporating advanced technologies such as AI, machine learning, and big data analytics (352). This shift signifies a move from data aggregation and basic interpretation to predictive analytics, real time monitoring, and personalized interventions. In Digital Literacy 5.0, sports science professionals are not just users of technology but also interpreters and innovators, using digital tools to push the boundaries of what is possible in athlete training, injury prevention, and performance optimization (353). This level of literacy requires a deep understanding of both the technologies themselves and the ways in which they can be applied to sports science. Case Studies Demonstrating the Evolution and Impact of Digital Literacy in Sports Several case studies highlight the impact of this evolution in digital literacy on sports science. One notable example is the use of wearable technology in professional soccer. Teams have adopted advanced wearable devices that track player movements, heart rate, and exertion levels during both games and training. This data is analyzed using sophisticated algorithms to optimize training loads, reduce injury risks, and enhance player performance (354). Another case study involves the use of virtual reality in training scenarios for elite athletes. VR technologies enable athletes to simulate speci fic game situations, allowing them to practice skills and strategies in a controlled, immersive environment. This technology has been particularly beneficial in sports like golf and skiing, where environmental conditions play a significant role in performance (355). These case studies demonstrate how the evolution of digital literacy has profoundly influenced sports science, leading to more informed, effective, and personalized approaches to athlete development and care. As digital literacy continues to advance, it is anticipated that its impact on sports science will only grow, opening new avenues for research and application in the field (356). Core Components of Digital Literacy 5.0 in Sports Science Advanced Data Analytics and Big Data in Sports The incorporation of advanced data analytics and big data represents a cornerstone of Digital Literacy 5.0 in sports science (357). This paradigm involves the collection, processing, and interpretation of vast datasets to glean insights into athlete performance, injury risks, and training optimization. Big data in sports science is not limited to quantitative output from physical performance but also encompasses biometric data, nutritional information, and psychological metrics (358). The integration of these diverse data streams through advanced analytics enables a holistic view of an athlete's condition and performance, facilitating more informed decision-making by coaches and sports scientists. This data-driven approach is revolutionizing how athletes train, recover, and perform, shifting the E-ISSN: 3025-8839 Copyright ⓒ 2023 Authors Multicultural Islamic Education Review Vol.1, No.2, 2023, pp. 109-179 sports science field from a largely experience-based discipline to a more evidencebased practice (359). The Role of Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning in Performance Analysis and Prediction Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) are transforming sports science by enabling the analysis of complex datasets beyond human capability (360). These technologies are employed to identify patterns, trends, and correlations within sports data, offering predictive insights that were previously unattainable. AI and ML algorithms can forecast potential injuries, optimize training loads, and even predict future performance trajectories of athletes (361). This predictive analysis aids in customizing training programs, improving recovery strategies, and enhancing overall athlete performance. The adoption of AI and ML in sports science signifies a shift towards a more proactive and preventive approach in athlete management, underpinned by a deep understanding of each athlete’s unique physiological and psychological makeup (362). Wearable Technologies and IoT in Monitoring Athletes’ Health and Performance Wearable technologies and the Internet of Things (IoT) are pivotal in the realtime monitoring and analysis of athletes' health and performance (363). These technologies encompass a range of devices, such as fitness trackers, smartwatches, and sensor-embedded clothing, which collect continuous streams of data on various health and performance metrics (364). IoT extends this capability by interconnecting these devices, allowing for the aggregation of data from multiple sources for a more comprehensive analysis. This real-time monitoring provides immediate feedback to athletes and coaches, enabling timely interventions and adjustments in training and recovery protocols. The widespread adoption of these technologies in sports science underscores the move towards more personalized and dynamic athlete management strategies (365). Virtual and Augmented Reality in Training and Injury Rehabilitation Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR) are reshaping training and rehabilitation processes in sports science (366). VR immerses athletes in a simulated environment, providing a safe and controlled space for skill development, strategy training, and cognitive conditioning. AR, on the other hand, overlays digital information onto the real world, aiding in technique refinement and injury rehabilitation exercises (367). These technologies offer highly engaging and interactive platforms for athletes, enhancing their training experience and effectiveness. In injury rehabilitation, VR and AR facilitate more precise and targeted exercises, improving recovery outcomes. The application of these immersive technologies reflects a broader trend in sports science towards more innovative and adaptive training and rehabilitation methods (368). Blockchain and Cybersecurity in Sports Data Management As sports science becomes increasingly reliant on digital technologies, the importance of robust data management and security cannot be overstated (369). Blockchain technology is emerging as a key player in ensuring the integrity and security of sports data. Its decentralized and tamper-proof nature makes it ideal for managing sensitive health and performance data, ensuring transparency and trust in data handling (370). Alongside blockchain, stringent cybersecurity measures are imperative to protect against data breaches and unauthorized access. This focus on data security and privacy is crucial in maintaining athlete confidentiality and trust in digital systems, which is paramount in the age of Digital Literacy 5.0 (371). E-ISSN: 3025-8839 Copyright ⓒ 2023 Authors Multicultural Islamic Education Review Vol.1, No.2, 2023, pp. 109-179 These core components of Digital Literacy 5.0 – advanced data analytics, AI and ML, wearable technologies, VR and AR, and blockchain and cybersecurity – are collectively forging a new era in sports science. This era is characterized by a data driven, personalized, and secure approach to athlete management, setting new standards in the field’s capabilities and methodologies (372). Futuristic Perspectives and Paradigms in Sports Science Predictive Modeling for Talent Identification and Career Longevity in Sports Predictive modeling, a pivotal facet of Digital Literacy 5.0, is poised to revolutionize talent identification and career longevity in sports (373). Leveraging big data and machine learning algorithms, this approach can analyze myriad variables – from physical and physiological attributes to performance metrics – to identify potential talent with greater accuracy and objectivity (374). This datadriven method transcends traditional scouting, allowing for the discovery of athletes who might otherwise be overlooked due to subjective biases or geographical limitations. Furthermore, predictive models can forecast the career trajectories of athletes, aiding in the development of customized training and career management plans that optimize longevity and performance over time (375). These models can potentially mitigate the risks of burnout and overtraining, contributing to more sustainable athletic careers (376). Integration of Genomics and Biometrics in Personalized Training Programs The integration of genomics and biometrics into sports science marks a significant stride towards truly personalized training programs (377). By understanding an athlete's genetic makeup, sports scientists and coaches can tailor training and nutrition plans to align with individual genetic predispositions, enhancing performance and reducing injury risks (378). Genomic data can inform on aspects like muscle fiber composition, aerobic capacity, and susceptibility to certain injuries, enabling a precision approach to athlete development (379). Similarly, biometric data, which includes metrics like heart rate variability, sleep patterns, and stress levels, provides real-time insights into an athlete’s physiological state. This comprehensive, personalized approach underscores a paradigm shift from a one size-fits-all model to a customized, data-driven strategy in athlete training (380). Ethical Considerations and Data Privacy in the Digital Era of Sports As digital technologies become more entrenched in sports science, ethical considerations and data privacy emerge as critical concerns (381). The collection and analysis of extensive personal data raise questions about consent, data ownership, and the potential misuse of information. It is imperative that sports organizations and scientists adhere to strict ethical guidelines and privacy laws to protect athlete data (382). This involves transparent data collection practices, secure data storage and handling, and clear communication with athletes about how their data is being used. Balancing the benefits of digital technologies with ethical responsibility and privacy rights is crucial in maintaining trust and integrity in sports science (383). The Role of Digital Literacy in Enhancing Inclusivity and Diversity in Sports Digital literacy has a significant role to play in enhancing inclusivity and diversity in sports (384). By democratizing access to training resources, performance analytics, and talent identification tools, digital technologies can level the playing field for athletes from diverse backgrounds. Online platforms and digital tools can provide underrepresented groups with access to high-quality training and education, breaking down traditional barriers to entry in sports (385). Furthermore, digital literacy empowers athletes, coaches, and sports scientists from varied E-ISSN: 3025-8839 Copyright ⓒ 2023 Authors Multicultural Islamic Education Review Vol.1, No.2, 2023, pp. 109-179 demographics to engage with and contribute to the field, fostering a more inclusive and diverse sports community. As we advance, ensuring equitable access to digital resources and promoting digital literacy across all demographics will be integral to building a more inclusive and diverse sporting world (386). These futuristic perspectives and paradigms – predictive modeling, genomics, ethical considerations, and the role of digital literacy in inclusivity – highlight the transformative potential of Digital Literacy 5.0 in sports science (387). As the field continues to evolve, these advancements promise not only enhanced performance and career longevity for athletes but also a more ethical, personalized, and inclusive approach to sports science (388). Challenges and Opportunities in Sports Science Addressing the Digital Divide in Sports Science The digital divide remains a significant challenge in the realm of sports science, potentially exacerbating disparities in access to advanced training methods and analytics (389). This divide is not just technological but also encompasses disparities in digital literacy and access to knowledge. Athletes and coaches in resource-limited settings may lack the infrastructure, tools, and skills needed to leverage digital technologies effectively (390). Bridging this divide requires concerted efforts to provide equitable access to digital resources, including infrastructure development, affordable technology solutions, and digital literacy education. Addressing these disparities is crucial for ensuring that the benefits of Digital Literacy 5.0 are accessible to all athletes and practitioners, regardless of their socio-economic or geographical backgrounds (5). Initiatives to democratize access to sports science technologies can level the playing field, allowing talent and dedication to be the primary determinants of athletic success (391). Balancing Technological Advancements with Traditional Sports Training Methods As sports science continues to embrace technological advancements, there is an emerging need to balance these innovations with traditional training methods (392). While digital tools offer unparalleled insights and efficiencies, they cannot entirely replace the intuition, expertise, and human touch intrinsic to sports training (342). The challenge lies in integrating technology in a way that complements and enhances traditional methods rather than supplanting them. This balance is crucial for maintaining the essence of sports – human performance and potential – while leveraging technological advancements to optimize training and performance (393). Coaches and sports scientists must be adept at navigating this intersection, ensuring that technology serves as a tool for enhancement rather than a replacement for fundamental training principles (394). Preparing the Next Generation of Sports Scientists for Digital Literacy 5.0 The rapid evolution of digital technologies in sports science presents both a challenge and an opportunity for the education and training of future sports scientists (395). Preparing the next generation for Digital Literacy 5.0 requires a paradigm shift in education and professional development. Curricula must be updated to include training in advanced data analytics, machine learning, biometrics, and other relevant digital technologies (244). Moreover, fostering an adaptive learning environment is essential, as digital literacy in sports science is an ever-evolving field. Future sports scientists must not only be proficient in current technologies but also be prepared to continuously learn and adapt to emerging tools and methodologies (396). This preparation is critical for ensuring that the next generation of professionals can lead the field in a data -driven, technologically advanced future, making the most of the opportunities presented by Digi tal Literacy 5.0. E-ISSN: 3025-8839 Copyright ⓒ 2023 Authors Multicultural Islamic Education Review Vol.1, No.2, 2023, pp. 109-179 Addressing the digital divide, balancing technology with traditional training methods, and preparing future sports scientists are pivotal challenges and opportunities in sports science (397). Tackling these issues head -on is essential for the field to progress in a manner that is inclusive, balanced, and forward -looking, ensuring that the benefits of technological advancements are realized across the entire spectrum of sports performance and training (398). XI. Islamic, Religious, Spiritual, and Tasawwuf (Sufi) Perspectives on Digital Literacy A. Digital Engagement in Islamic and Spiritual Education Online Platforms for Religious Learning The advent of digital platforms has significantly expanded access to Islamic and spiritual education. Online courses on Quranic studies, Hadith, and Sufi teachings have made religious knowledge more accessible than ever before (399). Digital literacy is crucial in navigating these platforms, ensuring that learners can effectively engage with the content and derive meaningful insights. The role of digital literacy goes beyond mere access; it encompasses the ability to discern credible religious sources from unreliable ones, a skill essential in the digital age (400). Digital Tools in Mosque and Community Outreach Mosques and Islamic community centers are increasingly utilizing digital tools for outreach and engagement. Social media platforms and websites have become instrumental in disseminating Islamic teachings and fostering community connections (401). Digital literacy enables community leaders to effectively use these tools to reach a wider audience, promote Islamic values, and engage in constructive religious discourse. The impact of these digital endeavors is profound, extending religious education and community bonding beyond physical spaces (402). B. Spiritual and Ethical Dimensions of Digital Usage Navigating Digital Spaces with Islamic Ethics In the realm of digital interactions, applying Islamic ethical principles is paramount. Digital literacy involves not only the technical ability to use digital platforms but also the understanding of how to apply Islamic ethics in these spaces (403). This includes maintaining honesty, respect, and modesty in online communications and social media engagements. Digital literacy empowers individuals to navigate digital spaces responsibly, reflecting their religious and ethical values (404). Spiritual Connectivity and Digital Detox The concept of balancing digital engagement with spiritual health is gaining traction within Islamic and Sufi communities (405). Practices like digital detox, where individuals take breaks from digital devices, are being explored as ways to enhance spiritual wellbeing (406). These practices align with Islamic and Sufi teachings that emphasize moderation, self-reflection, and the importance of disconnecting from worldly distractions to connect more deeply with one's faith (407). E-ISSN: 3025-8839 Copyright ⓒ 2023 Authors Multicultural Islamic Education Review Vol.1, No.2, 2023, pp. 109-179 C. Digital Preservation and Dissemination of Islamic Knowledge Digitization of Islamic Texts and Artifacts The digitization of Quranic manuscripts, historical texts, and Islamic artifacts plays a crucial role in preserving and disseminating Islamic heritage (408). Digital literacy enables both scholars and the general public to access and engage with these valuable resources. Efforts in digitization ensure that Islamic knowledge and heritage are preserved for future generations and shared globally, transcending geographical boundaries (409). Online Dawah and Interfaith Dialogue Digital platforms have become vital tools for Dawah and interfaith dialogue (410). They offer unique opportunities to reach diverse audiences, fostering understanding and tolerance among different faiths. Digital literacy is essential in these endeavors, as it equips individuals with the skills to effectively communicate their beliefs and engage in respectful religious dialogues (411). D. Challenges and Opportunities in Digital Islamic and Sufi Contexts Addressing Misinformation and Extremism Online A significant challenge in the digital Islamic context is combating misinformation and extremist interpretations of Islam (412). Digital literacy is critical in equipping individuals with the ability to discern authentic teachings from misguidance and extremism. Educating the Muslim community on digital literacy helps in safeguarding against the spread of harmful ideologies (413). Inclusivity and Accessibility in Digital Religious Education Ensuring that digital religious education platforms are inclusive and accessible to diverse Muslim communities, including those who do not speak Arabic or have disabilities, is imperative. Digital literacy initiatives must consider language barriers, cultural differences, and accessibility needs to make Islamic education universally accessible (414). XII. Multiculturalism in Digital Literacy 5.0 As we advance into the Digital Literacy 5.0 era, the fusion of multicultural elements into digital literacy is increasingly recognized as crucial. This part explores the multifaceted relationship between multiculturalism and digital literacy, arguing for a comprehensive integration of cultural diversity in digital education and practice (415). The integration of multicultural perspectives is vital in preparing learners for a digital landscape that is as culturally varied as it is technologically advanced. This integration is necessary not only for fostering cross -cultural understanding and respect but also for ensuring that digital content, tools, and spaces are inclusive, respectful, and representative of the global community they serve (416). This part further investigates the ethical dimensions of digital literacy in a multicultural context, examining issues such as data privacy, digital rights, and the ethical use of AI through a multicultural lens. Moreover, it emphasizes the importance of continuous research and innovation in multicultural digital practices to develop solutions that respect and embrace cultural diversity. By doing so, this part aims to delineate the roadmap for a Digital Literacy 5.0 framework that is not only technologically proficient but also culturally inclusive and ethical, thereby contributing to a more equitable and understanding global digital society. E-ISSN: 3025-8839 Copyright ⓒ 2023 Authors Multicultural Islamic Education Review Vol.1, No.2, 2023, pp. 109-179 Integrating Multicultural Perspectives in Digital Curriculum Design In the dynamic domain of Digital Literacy 5.0, the integration of multicultural perspectives into curriculum design is not just a value addition but a necessity (417). Such integration demands more than a cursory nod to global diversity; it calls for a deep-rooted infusion of multiculturalism into the very core of pedagogical frameworks (418). This encompasses a holistic approach where courses and modules are designed to impart not just technical prowess but also a nuanced understanding of how digital communication and information processing are perceived and practiced across various cultures. This comprehensive approach is pivotal in preparing learners to effectively navigate and contribute to a globally interconnected digital landscape (419). By weaving cultural awareness into the fabric of digital education, we enable students to understand the global context of technology. It’s about recognizing that digital tools and platforms do not exist in a cultural vacuum; they are shaped by and shape the cultural contexts in which they are used. Therefore, an education in digital literacy that is blind to these cultural nuances is incomplete (420). A curriculum enriched with multicultural perspectives equips learners with a more profound and empathetic understanding of the world (421). For instance, understanding how social media dynamics vary across cultures, or how data privacy concerns differ in different societal contexts, is crucial (422). This knowledge is not just academic; it's practical, equipping learners with the ability to design, implement, and use digital technologies in ways that are culturally sensitive and inclusive (12). Moreover, such an approach fosters a sense of global citizenship among learners. In a world where digital platforms often become spaces of cultural exchange, having a curriculum that prepares students to engage respectfully and knowledgeably with diverse cultures is invaluable. It cultivates a generation of digital us ers and creators who are not only technologically proficient but also culturally competent and ethically grounded (423). Fostering Cross-Cultural Digital Collaborations In the evolving landscape of Digital Literacy 5.0, fostering cross -cultural digital collaborations is not just beneficial; it is imperative. Such collaborations, ideally realized through international project-based learning initiatives, create a dynamic platform for students from diverse cultural backgrounds to engage and work together on digital projects (424). This collaborative approach serves as a powerful tool in breaking down cultural barriers and building bridges of understanding and respect among future digital professionals. These international collaborative projects do more than just bring together diverse perspectives; they are crucibles for cultivating essential skills in intercult ural communication and teamwork. In these projects, students are not just learning to navigate the technical aspects of digital environments but are also developing the ability to understand, respect, and leverage cultural differences (425). This is a critical skill in today’s globalized digital world, where work often transcends geographic and cultural boundaries. By working on real-world digital projects, students experience firsthand the challenges and rewards of multicultural teamwork. They learn to negotiate differing viewpoints, adapt to various work ethics, and communicate effectively across cultural divides. Such experiences are invaluable in preparing them for a professional world where digital collaboration is often global (426). E-ISSN: 3025-8839 Copyright ⓒ 2023 Authors Multicultural Islamic Education Review Vol.1, No.2, 2023, pp. 109-179 Moreover, cross-cultural digital collaborations provide a practical context for applying theoretical knowledge. Students can see how cultural factors influence the design, development, and use of digital technologies. For instance, they might explore how user interface design preferences vary across cultures or how content moderation policies need to be culturally sensitive (427). These insights are crucial for developing digital solutions that are not only technically sound but also culturally appropriate and inclusive. Additionally, these collaborations foster a sense of global community and mutual respect among participants. Students learn to appreciate the diversity of the digital world and the importance of inclusive practices. They become ambassadors of multicultural understanding in the digital realm, equipped with the skills and sensitivities to navigate and shape a culturally diverse digital future (428). Fostering cross-cultural digital collaborations in Digital Literacy 5.0 is about more than just developing technical competence. It’s about nurturing a generation of digital professionals who are not only skilled in their craft but are also adept in navigating and valuing the rich tapestry of global cultures. This is essential for the creation of a digital environment that is truly global, inclusive, and respectful of the diverse world it serves (429). Critical Analysis of Digital Content Across Cultures In the expansive domain of Digital Literacy 5.0, the ability to critically analyze digital content from a multicultural perspective is paramount. This skill is vital in an era where digital content is both ubiquitous and influential, shaping perceptions and narratives on a global scale. Students in this field must be equipped with the analytical tools necessary to discern and understand the intricate ways in which cultural contexts influence both the creation and interpretation of digital content (430). This critical analysis involves more than just a surface-level understanding of content; it delves into the nuanced interplay between digital media and cultural dynamics. Students must be trained to identify and understand the various biases, stereotypes, and cultural narratives that often permeate digital content. This is crucial, as digital media can both reflect and perpetuate cultural norms and values, sometimes reinforcing stereotypes or misrepresenting realities (431). The ability to analyze digital content critically from a multicultural standpoint empowers students to become more informed and responsible digital citizens. They learn to question and evaluate the cultural assumptions and implications of digital content, whether it's a social media post, a news article, or an advertising campaign. This includes understanding how different cultures might interpret the sa me piece of content differently, based on their unique cultural lenses (432). Furthermore, this critical approach fosters a deeper appreciation for the d iversity of cultural expressions and narratives in the digital space. Students learn to appreciate the richness and complexity of different cultural perspectives, leading to a more inclusive and empathetic understanding of the global digital community. This understanding is crucial in a world where digital content can easily cross borders and impact diverse audiences (433). Moreover, the ability to critically analyze digital content from a multicultural perspective is essential for those who create digital media. It enables content creators to produce work that is not only culturally sensitive but also enriching and inclusive. This skill is particularly important in areas such as digital marketing, content creation, and user interface design, where an understanding of diverse cultural perspectives can lead to more effective and respectful communication (434). E-ISSN: 3025-8839 Copyright ⓒ 2023 Authors Multicultural Islamic Education Review Vol.1, No.2, 2023, pp. 109-179 Cultivating the ability to critically analyze digital content from a multicultural perspective is a cornerstone of Digital Literacy 5.0. It equips students with the intellectual tools to navigate the complex cultural dimensions of digital media, fostering a digital environment that is more inclusive, respectful, and representative of the diverse world it serves. This skill is not just academic; it's a vital component of being an effective and responsible participant in the global digital landscape (435). Inclusive Digital Spaces and Tools In the context of Digital Literacy 5.0, the emphasis on creating and utilizing digital tools and spaces that are inclusive of diverse cultures is not just a matter of social responsibility but also a fundamental aspect of effective digital design. This inclusivity involves a conscious effort in designing digital platforms and tools that are accessible and relevant to people from a wide array of cultural backgrounds. Achieving this requires a multidimensional approach that takes into account various factors like language diversity, cultural norms, and differing accessibility needs (436). The design of inclusive digital spaces and tools starts with acknowledging and embracing the diversity of the user base. This means moving beyond a one -size-fitsall approach and recognizing that users from different cultural backgrounds may have distinct preferences, needs, and ways of interacting with digital technologies. For instance, language diversity is a critical factor. Offering multi lingual support and content localization is not just about translation but also about ensuring that the content resonates culturally with different audiences (437). Furthermore, cultural norms and values play a significant role in how digital tools are perceived and used. Designers and developers must be aware of these nuances and incorporate them into their design processes. This might involve adapting user interfaces to align with cultural preferences, or moderating content to ensure cultural sensitivity. It’s about creating a digital experience that feels welcoming and respectful to users from all cultures (438). Accessibility is another crucial aspect of inclusivity. This extends beyond the traditional focus on physical disabilities to include the varying technological capabilities and access levels of users around the world. Designing for inclusivity means ensuring that digital tools and platforms are usable and beneficial for people regardless of their geographic location, economic status, or technologi cal proficiency. This could involve optimizing for lower bandwidth environments, creating simpler interfaces for less tech-savvy users, or providing alternative access methods for those with limited digital resources (439). Inclusive digital spaces and tools are not just a moral imperative but also a practical necessity. They expand the reach and effectiveness of digital technologies, making them more valuable and relevant to a broader audience. In a world increasingly reliant on digital communication and collaboration, inclusivity in digital design plays a key role in bridging cultural divides and fostering a more connected and understanding global community (440). Emphasizing the creation and utilization of inclusive digital spaces and tools is a critical component of Digital Literacy 5.0. It’s about acknowledging the rich tapestry of global cultures and ensuring that digital technologies are designed with the diversity and uniqueness of this global audience in mind. Such an approach not only enhances the user experience for all but also contributes to a more equitable and culturally aware digital landscape (441). E-ISSN: 3025-8839 Copyright ⓒ 2023 Authors Multicultural Islamic Education Review Vol.1, No.2, 2023, pp. 109-179 Ethical Considerations in a Multicultural Digital World In the framework of Digital Literacy 5.0, ethical considerations, particularly in the context of multiculturalism, take on paramount importance. The diverse and interconnected nature of the digital world necessitates a nuanced approach to ethics, one that comprehensively understands and respects the cultural variances in perception and values. Issues such as data privacy, digital rights, and the ethical use of artificial intelligence (AI) must be viewed and addressed through a multicultural lens to ensure fairness and respect for all cultures (442, 443). Data privacy, a cornerstone of digital ethics, varies significantly across cultural contexts. Different societies have different norms and expectations regarding privacy, which influence their interaction with digital technologies. For example, what is considered an invasion of privacy in one culture might be deemed normal in another (444). Digital Literacy 5.0 must, therefore, emphasize the importance o f understanding these cultural differences and integrating them into the design and implementation of digital technologies, especially in data collection and processing practices. Digital rights, encompassing aspects like access to information and freedom of expression, are also deeply influenced by cultural contexts. The interpretation of these rights can vary widely, influenced by cultural norms, legal frameworks, and societal values (445). Educators and professionals in the field of digital literacy must be cognizant of these variations and work towards digital solutions that respect and uphold these rights in a culturally sensitive manner (444). The ethical use of artificial intelligence is another critical area that must be approached with a multicultural perspective. AI algorithms and applications can inadvertently perpetuate biases or cultural stereotypes if not carefully managed (446). This is particularly true in areas like facial recognition, language translation, and content curation, where cultural nuances play a significant role. There is a growing need for AI systems to be designed and trained in ways that are culturally inclusive and sensitive to prevent biases and ensure equitable treatment across different cultural groups (428). Moreover, the impact of digital technologies on different communities, especially those that are marginalized or less technologically advanced, must be a key consideration in Digital Literacy 5.0. This involves not only recognizing the digital divide but also actively working to bridge it in ways that are respectful and empowering for these communities. It means creating and implementing digital policies and practices that are equitable and do not exacerbate existing cultural or socio-economic disparities (447). Ethical considerations in a multicultural digital world are an integral part of Digital Literacy 5.0. Addressing these considerations requires a deep unde rstanding of how cultural differences shape interactions with digital technologies and impact various communities. This ethical framework is essential for developing and implementing digital technologies that are not only effective but also fair, respectful, and inclusive of the rich diversity of the global community (448). Research and Innovation in Multicultural Digital Practices The realm of Digital Literacy 5.0 is not just shaped by current practices but is also defined by continuous research and innovation, especially in the context of multiculturalism. Encouraging and conducting research that delves into the multicultural aspects of digital technology is crucial. This research should aim to develop innovative practices and solutions that bridge cultural gaps, enhance intercultural understanding, and effectively address the unique challenges faced by diverse communities in the digital age (441). E-ISSN: 3025-8839 Copyright ⓒ 2023 Authors Multicultural Islamic Education Review Vol.1, No.2, 2023, pp. 109-179 One critical area of focus should be on developing technologies that facilitate better intercultural communication. In a world where digital platforms often serve as the primary medium for cross-cultural interactions, research aimed at improving these interactions can have a profound impact. This could involve developing more sophisticated language translation tools, creating algorithms that promote a wider range of cultural perspectives, or designing interfaces that are more intuitive and inclusive for users from diverse backgrounds (449). Another important aspect of research in this field is exploring how digital technologies can be used to preserve and promote cultural heritage and diversity. This includes using digital platforms to showcase and educate about different cultures, thereby fostering a deeper appreciation and understanding among global audiences. It can also involve innovative ways to use technology to support traditional practices and languages that might be at risk in an increasingly digital world (450). Research must also address the challenges faced by marginalized communities in accessing and benefiting from digital technology. This includes studying the digital divide and its impact on different cultural groups, developing solutions to increase digital accessibility and literacy, and ensuring that new technologies do not exacerbate existing inequalities. Innovative approaches in this area might involve creating low-cost digital solutions for underserved communities or developing training programs tailored to the needs of specific cultural groups (451). Moreover, there is a need for research that examines the cultural implications of emerging technologies such as AI, blockchain, and the Internet of Things (IoT). This research should consider how these technologies can be developed and deployed in ways that are culturally sensitive and beneficial to a diverse range of communities. It’s about ensuring that the next wave of technological innovation is inclusive and considerate of the cultural diversity that defines the human experience (452). Research and innovation in multicultural digital practices are fundamental to the evolution and effectiveness of Digital Literacy 5.0. By focusing on developing technologies and practices that respect and embrace cultural diversity, we can ensure that the digital landscape is not only technologically advanced but also culturally inclusive and equitable. This approach is key to building a digital future that is reflective of and responsive to the rich diversity of our global community (453). XIV. Philosophical Perspectives on Digital Literacy Introduction to Philosophical Approaches in Digital Literacy In the context of digital literacy, a rigorous philosophical inquiry is warranted due to the pervasive integration of technology into human existence, which presents profound epistemological, ontological, and ethical challenges. This part aims to comprehensively analyze the philosophical foundations of digital literacy, encompassing the examination of digital knowledge acquisition, existential implications of digital existence, ethical considerations in digital engagemen t, the debate between technological determinism and human agency, and the role of digital literacy in addressing social disparities. Additionally, this section emphasizes the need for a multidisciplinary approach, drawing insights from philosophy, sociology, psychology, and information technology, to advance our collective understanding of digital literacy in the contemporary era. The rationale for this investigation lies in the transformative impact of digital technologies on human perception, knowledge E-ISSN: 3025-8839 Copyright ⓒ 2023 Authors Multicultural Islamic Education Review Vol.1, No.2, 2023, pp. 109-179 formation, and identity construction, underscoring the imperative for critical assessment of the digital paradigm shift and its ethical dimensions. Philosophical Foundations of Digital Literacy A. The Epistemology of Digital Knowledge In the digital age, an essential facet of philosophical inquiry lies in unraveling the epistemological dimensions of digital knowledge. This examination delves into the intricate ways in which digital platforms exert a profound influence on the acquisition and dissemination of knowledge, thereby shaping our understanding of truth and the process of knowledge creation. Central to this investigation is the phenomenon of information abundance, where the proliferation of data and digital content challenges traditional notions of epistemic authority and reliability. Furthermore, the study scrutinizes the role of filter bubbles and algorithmic bias in constraining or amplifying our exposure to diverse perspectives, thus influencing our comprehension of truth and the construction of knowledge (454). B. Digital Existentialism Digital technologies have ushered in an era of unprecedented existentia l transformations, necessitating a philosophical inquiry into the implications of digital existence. Rooted in existentialist philosophy, this analysis explores how digital interactions fundamentally alter our perception of self, community, and reality. The digital realm blurs the boundaries between the self and the digital other, prompting questions about the authenticity of online identities and the nature of human connection. Additionally, digital technologies facilitate the creation of virtual communities, giving rise to new forms of belonging and alienation. These shifts in existential terrain underscore the need for a comprehensive philosophical examination of the ontological implications of digital existence, providing insight into the evolving nature of human identity and its relationship with the digital world (455). Philosophy of Technology and Digital Literacy A. Critical Theory of Technology The examination of digital literacy within the critical theory of technology framework is essential for a comprehensive understanding of the societal and ethical implications in the digital age. Rooted in critical theory, this inquiry scrutinizes the power dynamics and socio-political dimensions inherent in digital literacy. It delves into the structural inequalities perpetuated by digital technologies, including issues of access, ownership, and control over information and digital resources. Furthermore, this analysis extends to the ethical considerations surrounding digital literacy, emphasizing the need to confront issues such as digital surveillance, data privacy, and the commodification of personal information. By adopting a critical lens, this research illuminates how digital literacy intersects with larger structures of power and offers insights into the ethical responsibilities of individuals and institutions in navigating the digital landscape (456). B. Post-Phenomenological Views The assessment of digital literacy through a post-phenomenological perspective provides a nuanced understanding of the human-technology interplay and its influence on perception and interaction with the world. Drawing from post phenomenology, this analysis explores the embodied experiences of individuals in the digital realm, emphasizing the co-constitutive relationship between humans and technology. It investigates how digital tools mediate our perception of reality and shape our interactions with the environment. Additionally, this perspective sheds light on the concept of technological mediation, revealing how digital literacy not E-ISSN: 3025-8839 Copyright ⓒ 2023 Authors Multicultural Islamic Education Review Vol.1, No.2, 2023, pp. 109-179 only alters our engagement with the world but also redefines our understanding of what it means to be human in a technologically saturated society. By embracing a post-phenomenological framework, this research offers a profound exploration of the intricate dynamics between humans and digital technologies, contributing to a deeper comprehension of digital literacy in contemporary society (457). Ethical Implications in the Digital Realm A. Ethics of Digital Consumption and Creation An in-depth examination of the ethical dimensions within the digital realm is paramount to understanding the complexities of digital literacy. This analysis delves into the ethical intricacies of both digital consumption and creation, emphasizing the responsibilities that digital creators and consumers bear to uphold intellectual honesty and integrity. In the context of digital consumption, it scrutinizes issues such as plagiarism, misinformation, and the ethical evaluation of sources, shedding light on the ethical challenges that arise when navigating the vast digital information landscape. Simultaneously, in the realm of digital creation, this research explores questions of authorship, attribution, and content authenticity, highlighting the ethical obligations of content producers in a digitally connected world. By examining these ethical considerations, this inquiry contributes to a comprehensive understanding of the ethical framework underpinning digital literacy and underscores the importance of ethical literacy in digital engagement (458). B. Digital Privacy and Surveillance Philosophical exploration of privacy in the digital realm is essential to navigating the intricate balance between privacy rights, surveillance practices, and ethical data usage. This analysis delves into the philosophical underpinnings of digital privacy, addressing the ethical dilemmas that arise in the era of pervasive digital surveillance. It examines the tension between individual privacy rights and collective security concerns, exploring questions surrounding the limits of surveillance, consent, and the ethical treatment of personal data. Additionally, this research assesses the ethical implications of emerging surveillance technologies, such as facial recognition and data analytics, in shaping the digital landscape. By engaging in this philosophical inquiry, this study contributes to a nuanced understanding of the ethical challenges posed by digital privacy and surveillance, offering insights into the ethical considerations that should inform digital l iteracy practices (444, 459). Technological Determinism versus Human Agency in Digital Literacy A. The Debate on Technological Determinism An in-depth examination of the debate surrounding technological determinism is essential to gain insights into the intricate relationship between digital technology and human agency in the context of digital literacy. This investigation delves into the ongoing discourse regarding whether digital technology primarily shapes human society and behavior or whether human actions and choices influence the development and impact of digital technology. The implications of this debate are profound, as they shape our understanding of digital literacy. If technological determinism holds sway, it implies that digital literacy should focus on adapting to and navigating the digital landscape as shaped by technology. Conversely, if human agency prevails, it suggests that digital literacy empowers individuals to actively shape and leverage technology to meet their needs and aspirations (460). By dissecting this debate, this insight offers a deeper understanding of the philosophical underpinnings of digital literacy and informs strategies for its cultivation in the digital age. E-ISSN: 3025-8839 Copyright ⓒ 2023 Authors Multicultural Islamic Education Review Vol.1, No.2, 2023, pp. 109-179 B. Human Agency in the Digital Age Exploring the exercise of human agency and choice in an increasingly digitized world is imperative to comprehend the role of digital literacy in empowering users to navigate digital environments effectively. This inquiry investigates how individuals, equipped with digital literacy skills, assert their agency in digital contexts, thereby influencing the evolution and impact of digital technology. It considers the capacity of digital literacy to empower users to critically evaluate digital content, make informed decisions, and actively participate in the digital sphere. Moreover, this research underscores the transformative potential of digital literacy in mitigating the challenges posed by digital technology, such as misinformation and digital divides. By examining human agency in the digital age, this study contributes to a nuanced understanding of the role of digital literacy as a catalyst for individual empowerment and informed decision-making in the digital landscape (461). Digital Literacy and Social Justice A. Digital Divide and Inequality A comprehensive exploration of the implications of digital literacy on social justice necessitates an examination of the digital divide and its relationship to social and economic inequalities. This analysis scrutinizes how digital literacy can e ither act as a bridge or exacerbate disparities in access to technology and information. It delves into the disparities in digital access, considering factors such as income, education, and geographical location. Furthermore, it evaluates the potential consequences of the digital divide, such as limited access to essential services, diminished economic opportunities, and restricted civic participati on. By examining the role of digital literacy in mitigating or exacerbating these inequalities, it contributes to a nuanced understanding of the social justice dimensions of digital literacy in the contemporary digital landscape (451). B. The Role of Digital Literacy in Social Empowerment In the pursuit of social justice, it is imperative to analyze how digital literacy can function as a tool for social change and empowerment, particularly for marginalized communities. This inquiry delves into the transformative potential of digital literacy in enabling individuals and communities to overcome systemic barriers and advocate for their rights and interests. It examines how digital literacy empowers individuals to engage in informed civic participation, access educational resources, and connect with global networks of support. Furthermore, this analysis explores the role of digital literacy in amplifying marginalized voices and promoting social inclusion. By assessing the mechanisms through which digital literacy fosters social empowerment, it sheds light on the ethical and practical significance of digital literacy in advancing social justice agendas (462). Future Directions in Digital Literacy Research A. Emerging Trends in Digital Technology As we navigate the evolving landscape of digital literacy, it is imperative to consider the future trajectory of digital technology and its potential implications for digital literacy. This analysis delves into the emerging trends in digital technology, including artificial intelligence (AI), virtual reality (VR), and blockchain technology. AI promises to revolutionize information processing and decisionmaking, raising questions about the role of digital literacy in interpreting and ethically engaging with AI-generated content. VR introduces new dimensions of immersive digital experiences, necessitating an exploration of how digital literacy will adapt to enhance understanding and interaction within virtual environments. E-ISSN: 3025-8839 Copyright ⓒ 2023 Authors Multicultural Islamic Education Review Vol.1, No.2, 2023, pp. 109-179 Additionally, blockchain technology challenges existing paradigms of trust and data ownership, necessitating a deep dive into the implications for digital literacy i n managing decentralized and secure data ecosystems. By discussing these emerging trends, it provides insights into the dynamic nature of digital literacy and its ongoing relevance in a rapidly changing technological landscape (463). B. Interdisciplinary Approaches to Digital Literacy In the pursuit of a holistic understanding of digital literacy, there is a compelling need to advocate for interdisciplinary approaches in digital literacy research (441). This inquiry emphasizes the importance of incorporating insights from various disciplines, including philosophy, sociology, psychology, and information technology, to enrich our comprehension of digital literacy (464). Philosophical perspectives shed light on the ethical and epistemological dimensions of digital literacy, while sociological insights illuminate the societal and cultural contexts in which digital literacy operates (458). Psychological perspectives contribute to our understanding of cognitive and behavioral aspects of digital literacy, and information technology expertise informs practical aspects of digital skills and literacy programs (448). By embracing a multidisciplinary approach, digital literacy research can transcend disciplinary boundaries and offer a comprehensive perspective that addresses the multifaceted challenges and opportunities presented by the digital age (465). This call for interdisciplinary collaboration underscores t he necessity of a collective effort to advance our understanding of digital literacy in an increasingly complex and interconnected world. XIV. Conclusion, Future Directions, and Recommendations A. Summary Digital Literacy 5.0 is integral in shaping the future of healthcare, economy, and scientific research. It facilitates patient engagement, influences economic dynamics, and drives scientific innovation. In vascular surgery, digital literacy enhances patient education, operational efficiency, and surgical precision. B. Future Challenges and Opportunities Future advancements will likely integrate AI, machine learni ng, and advanced data analytics more deeply into healthcare and other fields. Key challenges include ensuring equitable access to technology, keeping pace with rapid technological changes, and addressing ethical implications of digital interventions. C. Recommendations for Actions, Regulation, and Policy 1. Strengthen Digital Infrastructure: Policymakers should focus on building robust digital infrastructures to ensure equitable access to digital resources across different sectors. 2. Continuous Education and Training: Implementing ongoing training programs for professionals to stay abreast with technological advancements is crucial. 3. Ethical and Legal Frameworks: Developing comprehensive ethical guidelines and legal frameworks to govern the use of AI and digital tools, ensuring patient safety and data privacy. 4. Research and Development Support: Encourage and fund research that evaluates the long-term impact of digital technologies on various sectors, particularly healthcare. E-ISSN: 3025-8839 Copyright ⓒ 2023 Authors Multicultural Islamic Education Review Vol.1, No.2, 2023, pp. 109-179 5. Public Awareness and Education Campaigns: Launch initiatives to increase public awareness and understanding of digital tools, emphasizing the importance of digital literacy for personal and professional growth. 6. Interdisciplinary Collaboration: Foster collaborative efforts across different sectors to leverage digital technology in solving complex societal challenges. Digital Literacy 5.0 presents a transformative opportunity across various sectors, mandating an integrative, forward-thinking approach to harness its full potential responsibly and equitably. Figure 2.2. 1 The Image Visualizes a Futuristic Cityscape Figure 2.2. 1 The image visualizes a futuristic cityscape, symbolizing the integration of AI, telemedicine, and bioinformatics in urban development, with people using advanced technology in their daily lives (Created by: Dito Anurogo with AI). These images (figures 1 and 2) aim to capture the essence of digital literacy and its impact on society and urban development as discussed in this manuscript. E-ISSN: 3025-8839 Copyright ⓒ 2023 Authors Multicultural Islamic Education Review Vol.1, No.2, 2023, pp. 109-179 CONCLUSION The results of this study data are to determine patterns in accusations of Islamophobia and Radicalism against Muslim women wearing hijab in Indonesia between 1922 and 2023. The analysis was conducted at five levels of broad bibliometric indicators, namely scientific production, author, country level, affiliation, source or journal. This bibliometric study provides many advantages at the beginning for analysts who want to know more and add insight into the accusations of Islamophobia and Radicalism against Muslim women wearing hijab in Indonesia. This research helps prospective researchers to gain new insights and trends in accusations of Islamophobia and Radicalism against Muslim women wearing hijab in Indonesia. This research is limited to articles indexed in WoS data, Google Scholar, and Scopus databases. Future research should include databases and others to track subject growth. This biliometric analysis serves as a descriptive tool, revealing information about the most influential articles. Therefore, it is hoped that the author in the future can study more deeply and thoroughly related to allegations of Islamophobia and radicalism against Muslim women wearing hijab in Indonesia and application in the use of bibliometric studies and literature research studies so that it is easier to read and also include citation of documents from Google Scholar, WoS, Scopus, etc. Acknowledgements Penulis mengucapkan terimakasih kepada editor dan penelaah anonym atas bantuan mereka dalam meningkatkan kualitas dokumen penelitian. Author Contribution All authors contributed equally to the main contributor to this paper, some are as chairman, member, financier, article translator, and final editor. All authors read and approved the final paper. Conflicts of Interest All authors declare no conflict of interest. REFERENCES [1] P. S. B, Islamofobia di Kalangan Masyarakat Barat dan Implikasi Terhadap Umat Islam di Jerman dan Amerika. 2020. [2] I. H, “Strategi Membendung Islamofobia Melalui Penguatan Kurikulum Perguruan Tinggi Berwawasan Islam Aswaja Annahdliyah,” Anal. J. Stud. Keislam. 18, pp. 121–146, 2018. [3] Wahyudin Hafid, “Geneologi Radikalisme di Indonesia, Melacak Akar Sejarah Gerakan Radikal,” J. Islam. Law, vol. 1 No. 1, no. Al-Tafaquh, p. 32, 2020. [4] Zuly Qodir, Radikalisme di Indonesia. 2014. [5] Baidhowi, “Islam Tidak Radikalisme dan Terorisme. Seminar Nasional Hukum Universitas Negri Semarang,” vol. 3 No. 1, p. 200, 2017. [6] L. Muhtifah, Z. H. Prasojo, S. Sappe, and E. Elmansyah, “The theology of islamic moderation education in Singkawang, Indonesia: The city of tolerance,” HTS Teol. Stud. / Theol. Stud., vol. 77, no. 4, 2021, doi: 10.4102/HTS.V77I4.6552. [7] N. Majid, Pintu-Pintu Menuju Tuhan. 1995. [8] S. Tuntivivat, “The inter-relationship between violence and education amidst armed conflict in Southern Thailand,” J. Aggress. Confl. Peace Res., vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 269–278, 2016, doi: 10.1108/JACPR-042016-0222. [9] C. Unkelbach, L. Goldenberg, N. Müller, G. Sobbe, and N. Spannaus, “A shooter bias in Germany against people wearing Muslims headgear,” Rev. Int. Psychol. Soc., vol. 22, no. 3–4, pp. 181–201, 2009, [Online]. Available: https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.077955322541&partnerID=40&md5=1499f144657fe2d2128d68078932b473. E-ISSN: 3025-8839 Copyright ⓒ 2023 Authors Multicultural Islamic Education Review Vol.1, No.2, 2023, pp. 109-179 [10] Halliday F, Islamofobia Dipertimbangkan Kembali, Studi Etnis dan Ras, Jilid 2. 1999. [11] T. Abbas and A. Siddique, “Social Identities : Journal for the Study of Race , Nation and Culture Perceptions of the processes of radicalisation and de-radicalisation among British South Asian Muslims in a post-industrial city,” no. February 2013, pp. 37–41. [12] E. Samier and E. Elkaleh, “Towards a model of muslim women’s management empowerment: Philosophical and historical evidence and critical approaches,” Adm. Sci., vol. 11, no. 2, 2021, doi: 10.3390/ADMSCI11020047. [13] G. Liberatore, “Guidance as ‘women’s work’: A new generation of female islamic authorities in Britain,” Religions, vol. 10, no. 11, pp. 1–16, 2019, doi: 10.3390/rel10110601. [14] S. Warren, “Placing faith in creative labour: Muslim women and digital media work in Britain,” Geoforum, vol. 97, no. September, pp. 1–9, 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.geoforum.2018.10.003. [15] N. Othman, “Muslim Women and The Challenge of Islamic Fundamentalism/Extremism: An Overview of Southeast Asian Muslim Women’s Strunggle of Human Rights and Gender Equality,” Elseiver, vol. 29, no. 4, pp. 339–353, 2006. [16] T. Koburtay, T. Abuhussein, and Y. M. Sidani, “Women Leadership, Culture, and Islam: Female Voices from Jordan,” J. Bus. Ethics, vol. 183, no. 2, pp. 347–363, 2023, doi: 10.1007/s10551-022-05041-0. [17] The Editor of Encyclopaedia Britannica, Hijab: Additional Information. 2023. [18] N. Hassim, “Hijab and the Malay-Muslim Woman in Media,” Procedia - Soc. Behav. Sci., vol. 155, no. October, pp. 428–433, 2014, doi: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.10.317. [19] F. Koura, “Navigating islam: The hijab and the american workplace,” Societies, vol. 8, no. 4, 2018, doi: 10.3390/soc8040125. [20] E. Leiliyanti, N. A. Kurniati, and Nannita, “Redefining Hijab Discourse in Indonesia: A Discourse Analysis on Authorial Voice of Reputed International Journal Article,” vol. 491, no. Ijcah, pp. 639–646, 2020, doi: 10.2991/assehr.k.201201.110. [21] A. C. Antunes, “The Hijab Project: Troubling Conceptions of Agency and Piety through CommunityEngaged Art Making,” Soc. Sci., vol. 11, no. 2, 2022, doi: 10.3390/socsci11020039. [22] H. Karimi, “The Hijab and Work: Female Entrepreneurship in Response to Islamophobia,” Int. J. Polit. Cult. Soc., vol. 31, no. 4, pp. 421–435, 2018, doi: 10.1007/s10767-018-9290-1. [23] Z. Orenstein and I. Weismann, “Neither Muslim nor Other: British Secular Muslims,” Islam Christ. Relations, vol. 27, no. 4, pp. 379–395, 2016, doi: 10.1080/09596410.2016.1148892. [24] J. A. Taylor, S. Ayoub, and F. Moussa, “The Hijab in Public Schools,” Relig. Educ., vol. 41, no. 1, pp. 16–30, 2014, doi: 10.1080/15507394.2014.855062. [25] L. Kofrc, “The hijab debate in Sweden,” p. 49, 2022. [26] N. A. Khalid, “Mohjakahf’s poetry: Promoting intercultural understanding between muslim and nonmuslim americans,” Opcion, vol. 35, no. Special Issue 19, pp. 1505–1520, 2019, [Online]. Available: https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.085074228257&partnerID=40&md5=95de46358981ec5658e4b8eea14d0b38. [27] T. Mandviwala, “Private Revolutions of Second-generation Muslim American Women,” Curr. Opin. Psychol., vol. 35, pp. 26–30, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2020.02.008. [28] T. R. White and J. M. Hernandez, “Muslim women and girls: Searching for democracy and selfexpression,” J. Int. Womens. Stud., vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 64–82, 2013, [Online]. Available: https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.084886309382&partnerID=40&md5=f534eb47cd894cb4eb06fe683618fee7. [29] A. Abdillah and S. T. Putri, “Islamophobia: Ancaman Multikulturalisme Di Indonesia,” J. Polit. Profetik, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 1–16, 2022, doi: 10.24252/profetik.v10i1a1. [30] Seniwati, “Indonesian Muslim Women: Jihad, Radicalism, Terrorism,” Glob. J. Al-Thaqafah, vol. 11, no. 1, 2021. [31] Sa’adi, “Countering Islamophobia in Portugal: Experience of Indonesian Muslim expatriates,” Indones. J. Islam Muslim Soc., vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 29–53, 2021, doi: 10.18326/IJIMS.V11I1.29-53. [32] A. Lindemann, “Discrimination against veiled muslim women in switzerland: Insights from field experts,” Religions, vol. 12, no. 7, 2021, doi: 10.3390/rel12070500. [33] Z. Syarif, S. A. Mughni, and A. Hannan, “Post-truth and Islamophobia in the contestation of contemporary Indonesian politics,” Indones. J. Islam Muslim Soc., vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 199–225, 2020, doi: 10.18326/IJIMS.V10I2.199-225. E-ISSN: 3025-8839 Copyright ⓒ 2023 Authors Multicultural Islamic Education Review Vol.1, No.2, 2023, pp. 109-179 [34] M. A. Mohd Nawi, E. A. Jamsari, A. Sulaiman, and M. I. Hamzah, “Development and evaluation of ning social network for teaching training online surveillance,” Turkish Online J. Distance Educ., vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 245–255, 2013, [Online]. Available: https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.084875264784&partnerID=40&md5=73cda59ea2af812ca695a3039bb5f63f. [35] E. B. Katz, “Where Do the Hijab and the Kippah Belong? On Being Publicly Jewish or Muslim in PostHebdo France,” Jewish Hist., vol. 32, no. 1, pp. 99–114, 2018, doi: 10.1007/s10835-018-9307-3. [36] M. S. Shabbir, “Nexus between customer preference and operation of conventional banks Islamic windows in Pakistan,” J. Islam. Mark., vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 50–65, 2020, doi: 10.1108/JIMA-03-20180063. [37] R. Arif and F. M. Siraj, “Shaykh ‘abd al-ra‘Ūf al-fanṢŪrĪ (1615-1693 ce): A study of his contribution to the development of islamic education in the malay world,” Afkar, vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 205–238, 2020, doi: 10.22452/afkar.vol22no2.6. [38] A. Tawasil, “Towards the ideal revolutionary Shi’i woman: The howzevi (seminarian), the requisites of marriage and Islamic education in Iran,” Hawwa, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 99–126, 2015, doi: 10.1163/15692086-12341273. [39] R. S. Robinson, “Hijab in the American workplace: visibility and discrimination,” Cult. Relig., vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 332–351, 2016, doi: 10.1080/14755610.2016.1211543. [40] H. Afshar, “Can I see your hair? Choice, agency and attitudes: The dilemma of faith and feminism for Muslim women who cover,” Ethn. Racial Stud., vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 411–427, 2008, doi: 10.1080/01419870701710930. 41. Gopinath B, Santhi RV. Development and Evaluation of Fishbone-Based Advanced Computational Thinking (FACT) Pedagogy: A Teacher-Student Collaborative Learning Environment in Engineering and Science Education. Higher Education for the Future. 2020;8:108 - 22. 42. Tavares MC, Azevedo GMdC, Marques RPF. The Challenges and Opportunities of Era 5.0 for a More Humanistic and Sustainable Society—A Literature Review. Societies. 2022. 43. Johnson B, Shapiro BR, Disalvo B, Rothschild A, Disalvo C. Exploring Approaches to Data Literacy Through a Critical Race Theory Perspective. Proceedings of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. 2021. 44. Boyles JL. What Is Data Literacy? Journalism Research That Matters. 2021. 45. Velander J, Taiye MA, Otero N, Milrad M. Artificial Intelligence in K-12 Education: eliciting and reflecting on Swedish teachers' understanding of AI and its implications for teaching & learning. Education and Information Technologies. 2023. 46. Sætra HS, Fosch-Villaronga E. Research in AI has Implications for Society: How do we Respond? Morals & Machines. 2021. 47. Kumar S, K KP, Aithal PS. Tech-Business Analytics – a Review-based New Model to Improve the Performances of Various Industry Sectors. International Journal of Applied Engineering and Management Letters. 2023. 48. Reddy P, Sharma BN, Chaudhary K. Digital Literacy: A Review of Literature. Int J Technoethics. 2020;11:65-94. 49. Santos MR, Gomes MMF. Lifelong Digital Learning: "Computer Literacy," "Digital Literacy," And "Digital Competence" As Dimensions For Digital Skills. Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental. 2023;18(1):e04403. 50. Krivý M. Digital ecosystem: The journey of a metaphor. Digital Geography and Society. 2023;5:100057. 51. Belessova D, Ibashova A, Bosova L, Shaimerdenova G. Digital Learning Ecosystem: Current State, Prospects, and Hurdles. Open Education Studies. 2023;5(1). 52. Kolade O, Owoseni A. Employment 5.0: The work of the future and the future of work. Technology in Society. 2022;71:102086. 53. Martínez-Peláez R, Ochoa-Brust A, Rivera S, Félix VG, Ostos R, Brito H, et al. Role of Digital Transformation for Achieving Sustainability: Mediated Role of Stakeholders, Key Capabilities, and Technology. Sustainability. 2023;15(14):11221. 54. Gkrimpizi T, Peristeras V, Magnisalis I. Classification of Barriers to Digital Transformation in Higher Education Institutions: Systematic Literature Review. Education Sciences. 2023;13(7):746. 55. Ng DTK, Leung JKL, Su J, Ng RCW, Chu SKW. Teachers’ AI digital competencies and twenty-first century skills in the post-pandemic world. Educational technology research and development. 2023;71(1):137-61. E-ISSN: 3025-8839 Copyright ⓒ 2023 Authors Multicultural Islamic Education Review Vol.1, No.2, 2023, pp. 109-179 56. Campanozzi LL, Gibelli F, Bailo P, Nittari G, Sirignano A, Ricci G. The role of digital literacy in achieving health equity in the third millennium society: A literature review. Front Public Health. 2023;11:1109323. 57. Nikou S, De Reuver M, Mahboob Kanafi M. Workplace literacy skills—how information and digital literacy affect adoption of digital technology. Journal of Documentation. 2022;78(7):371-91. 58. De Groen WP, Lenaerts K, Bosc R, Paquier F. Impact of digitalisation and the on-demand economy on labour markets and the consequences for employment and industrial relations. Final Study. CEPS Special Report, August 2017. 2017. 59. Leonelli S. What Difference Does Quantity Make? On the Epistemology of Big Data in Biology. Big Data Soc. 2014;1(1). 60. Al Kuwaiti A, Nazer K, Al-Reedy A, Al-Shehri S, Al-Muhanna A, Subbarayalu AV, et al. A Review of the Role of Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare. J Pers Med. 2023;13(6). 61. Stoumpos AI, Kitsios F, Talias MA. Digital Transformation in Healthcare: Technology Acceptance and Its Applications. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2023;20(4). 62. Esmaeilzadeh P. Evolution of Health Information Sharing Between Health Care Organizations: Potential of Nonfungible Tokens. Interact J Med Res. 2023;12:e42685. 63. Madanian S, Nakarada-Kordic I, Reay S, Chetty T. Patients' perspectives on digital health tools. PEC Innov. 2023;2:100171. 64. Kanchan S, Gaidhane A. Social Media Role and Its Impact on Public Health: A Narrative Review. Cureus. 2023;15(1):e33737. 65. Melhem SJ, Nabhani-Gebara S, Kayyali R. Digital Trends, Digital Literacy, and E-Health Engagement Predictors of Breast and Colorectal Cancer Survivors: A Population-Based Cross-Sectional Survey. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2023;20(2). 66. Battineni G, Baldoni S, Chintalapudi N, Sagaro GG, Pallotta G, Nittari G, et al. Factors affecting the quality and reliability of online health information. DIGITAL HEALTH. 2020;6:2055207620948996. 67. Abernethy A, Adams L, Barrett M, Bechtel C, Brennan P, Butte A, et al. The Promise of Digital Health: Then, Now, and the Future. NAM Perspect. 2022;2022. 68. Nguyen AM, Rivera AM, Gualtieri L. A New Health Care Paradigm: The Power of Digital Health and E-Patients. Mayo Clinic Proceedings: Digital Health. 2023;1(3):203-9. 69. Carini E, Villani L, Pezzullo AM, Gentili A, Barbara A, Ricciardi W, et al. The Impact of Digital Patient Portals on Health Outcomes, System Efficiency, and Patient Attitudes: Updated Systematic Literature Review. J Med Internet Res. 2021;23(9):e26189. 70. Cuff A. The evolution of digital health and its continuing challenges. BMC Digital Health. 2023;1(1):3. 71. Risling T, Martinez J, Young J, Thorp-Froslie N. Defining Empowerment and Supporting Engagement Using Patient Views From the Citizen Health Information Portal: Qualitative Study. JMIR Med Inform. 2018;6(3):e43. 72. Quinn S, Bond R, Nugent C. Quantifying health literacy and eHealth literacy using existing instruments and browser-based software for tracking online health information seeking behavior. Computers in Human Behavior. 2017;69:256-67. 73. Battineni G, Baldoni S, Chintalapudi N, Sagaro GG, Pallotta G, Nittari G, et al. Factors affecting the quality and reliability of online health information. Digit Health. 2020;6:2055207620948996. 74. Swire-Thompson B, Lazer D. Public Health and Online Misinformation: Challenges and Recommendations. Annual Review of Public Health. 2020;41(1):433-51. 75. Amit Aharon A, Ruban A, Dubovi I. Knowledge and information credibility evaluation strategies regarding COVID-19: A cross-sectional study. Nurs Outlook. 2020;69(1):22-31. 76. Kington RS, Arnesen S, Chou WS, Curry SJ, Lazer D, Villarruel AM. Identifying Credible Sources of Health Information in Social Media: Principles and Attributes. NAM Perspect. 2021;2021. 77. Chirumamilla S, Gulati M. Patient Education and Engagement through Social Media. Curr Cardiol Rev. 2021;17(2):137-43. 78. van Kessel R, Wong BLH, Clemens T, Brand H. Digital health literacy as a super determinant of health: More than simply the sum of its parts. Internet Interv. 2022;27:100500. 79. Manganello J, Gerstner G, Pergolino K, Graham Y, Falisi A, Strogatz D. The Relationship of Health Literacy With Use of Digital Technology for Health Information: Implications for Public Health Practice. J Public Health Manag Pract. 2017;23(4):380-7. E-ISSN: 3025-8839 Copyright ⓒ 2023 Authors Multicultural Islamic Education Review Vol.1, No.2, 2023, pp. 109-179 80. Blanka C, Krumay B, Rueckel D. The interplay of digital transformation and employee competency: A design science approach. Technological Forecasting and Social Change. 2022;178:121575. 81. Navarro Martínez O, Igual García J, Traver Salcedo V. Estimating Patient Empowerment and Nurses' Use of Digital Strategies: eSurvey Study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(18). 82. Schooley B, Singh A, Hikmet N, Brookshire R, Patel N. Integrated Digital Patient Education at the Bedside for Patients with Chronic Conditions: Observational Study. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth. 2020;8(12):e22947. 83. Nazarnia M, Zarei F, Roozbahani N. A mobile-based educational intervention on media health literacy: A quasi-experimental study. Health Promot Perspect. 2023;13(3):227-36. 84. McCarthy S, O'Raghallaigh P, Woodworth S, Lim YY, Kenny LC, Adam F. Embedding the Pillars of Quality in Health Information Technology Solutions Using "Integrated Patient Journey Mapping" (IPJM): Case Study. JMIR Hum Factors. 2020;7(3):e17416. 85. Busse TS, Nitsche J, Kernebeck S, Jux C, Weitz J, Ehlers JP, et al. Approaches to Improvement of Digital Health Literacy (eHL) in the Context of Person-Centered Care. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(14). 86. Choukou MA, Sanchez-Ramirez DC, Pol M, Uddin M, Monnin C, Syed-Abdul S. COVID-19 infodemic and digital health literacy in vulnerable populations: A scoping review. Digit Health. 2022;8:20552076221076927. 87. Campanozzi LL, Gibelli F, Bailo P, Nittari G, Sirignano A, Ricci G. The role of digital literacy in achieving health equity in the third millennium society: A literature review. Frontiers in Public Health. 2023;11. 88. Kuwabara A, Su S, Krauss J. Utilizing Digital Health Technologies for Patient Education in Lifestyle Medicine. Am J Lifestyle Med. 2020;14(2):137-42. 89. Erku D, Khatri R, Endalamaw A, Wolka E, Nigatu F, Zewdie A, et al. Digital Health Interventions to Improve Access to and Quality of Primary Health Care Services: A Scoping Review. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2023;20(19). 90. Haleem A, Javaid M, Singh RP, Suman R. Telemedicine for healthcare: Capabilities, features, barriers, and applications. Sens Int. 2021;2:100117. 91. Iyamu I, Gómez-Ramírez O, Xu AX, Chang HJ, Watt S, McKee G, et al. Challenges in the development of digital public health interventions and mapped solutions: Findings from a scoping review. Digit Health. 2022;8:20552076221102255. 92. Chang BL, Bakken S, Brown SS, Houston TK, Kreps GL, Kukafka R, et al. Bridging the digital divide: reaching vulnerable populations. J Am Med Inform Assoc. 2004;11(6):448-57. 93. Meskó B, Drobni Z, Bényei É, Gergely B, Győrffy Z. Digital health is a cultural transformation of traditional healthcare. mHealth. 2017;3(9). 94. Booth RG, Strudwick G, McBride S, O'Connor S, Solano López AL. How the nursing profession should adapt for a digital future. The BMJ. 2021;373. 95. Wang C, Wu X, Qi H. A Comprehensive Analysis of E-Health Literacy Research Focuses and Trends. Healthcare (Basel). 2021;10(1). 96. Levin-Zamir D, Bertschi I. Media Health Literacy, eHealth Literacy, and the Role of the Social Environment in Context. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2018;15(8). 97. Jeyaraman M, Ramasubramanian S, Kumar S, Jeyaraman N, Selvaraj P, Nallakumarasamy A, et al. Multifaceted Role of Social Media in Healthcare: Opportunities, Challenges, and the Need for Quality Control. Cureus. 2023;15(5):e39111. 98. Hickmann E, Richter P, Schlieter H. All together now – patient engagement, patient empowerment, and associated terms in personal healthcare. BMC Health Services Research. 2022;22(1):1116. 99. Kaihlanen AM, Virtanen L, Buchert U, Safarov N, Valkonen P, Hietapakka L, et al. Towards digital health equity - a qualitative study of the challenges experienced by vulnerable groups in using digital health services in the COVID-19 era. BMC Health Serv Res. 2022;22(1):188. 100. Saeed SA, Masters RM. Disparities in Health Care and the Digital Divide. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2021;23(9):61. 101. Brunetti F, Matt DT, Bonfanti A, De Longhi A, Pedrini G, Orzes G. Digital transformation challenges: strategies emerging from a multi-stakeholder approach. The Tqm Journal. 2020;32:697-724. E-ISSN: 3025-8839 Copyright ⓒ 2023 Authors Multicultural Islamic Education Review Vol.1, No.2, 2023, pp. 109-179 102. Kaboré SS, Ngangue P, Soubeiga D, Barro A, Pilabré AH, Bationo N, et al. Barriers and facilitators for the sustainability of digital health interventions in low and middle-income countries: A systematic review. Front Digit Health. 2022;4:1014375. 103. Alsaqqa HH, Alwawi A. Digital intervention for public health: searching for implementing characteristics, concepts and recommendations: scoping review. Front Public Health. 2023;11:1142443. 104. Sanders CK, Scanlon E. The Digital Divide Is a Human Rights Issue: Advancing Social Inclusion Through Social Work Advocacy. J Hum Rights Soc Work. 2021;6(2):130-43. 105. Bhatt J, Bathija P. Ensuring Access to Quality Health Care in Vulnerable Communities. Acad Med. 2018;93(9):1271-5. 106. Castañer X, Oliveira N. Collaboration, Coordination, and Cooperation Among Organizations: Establishing the Distinctive Meanings of These Terms Through a Systematic Literature Review. Journal of Management. 2020;46(6):965-1001. 107. Almusaed A, Almssad A, Yitmen I, Homod RZ. Enhancing Student Engagement: Harnessing “AIED”’s Power in Hybrid Education—A Review Analysis. Education Sciences. 2023;13(7):632. 108. Tang Y-M, Chau KY, Kwok APK, Zhu T, Ma X. A systematic review of immersive technology applications for medical practice and education - Trends, application areas, recipients, teaching contents, evaluation methods, and performance. Educational Research Review. 2022. 109. Graham S, Graham S, Liu X, Aitken AA, Ng ChC, Bartlett B, et al. Effectiveness of Literacy Programs Balancing Reading and Writing Instruction: A Meta‐Analysis. Reading Research Quarterly. 2018;53:279-304. 110. Haleem A, Javaid M, Singh RP, Suman R. Telemedicine for healthcare: Capabilities, features, barriers, and applications. Sensors International. 2021;2:100117 111. Hornstein S, Zantvoort K, Lueken U, Funk B, Hilbert K. Personalization strategies in digital mental health interventions: a systematic review and conceptual framework for depressive symptoms. Front Digit Health. 2023;5:1170002. 112. Vos JFJ, Boonstra A, Kooistra A, Seelen M, van Offenbeek M. The influence of electronic health record use on collaboration among medical specialties. BMC Health Services Research. 2020;20(1):676. 113. Burton L, Rush KL, Smith MA, Davis S, Rodriguez Echeverria P, Suazo Hidalgo L, et al. Empowering Patients Through Virtual Care Delivery: Qualitative Study With Micropractice Clinic Patients and Health Care Providers. JMIR Form Res. 2022;6(4):e32528. 114. Kruse C, Betancourt J, Ortiz S, Valdes Luna SM, Bamrah IK, Segovia N. Barriers to the Use of Mobile Health in Improving Health Outcomes in Developing Countries: Systematic Review. J Med Internet Res. 2019;21(10):e13263. 115. Mumtaz H, Riaz MH, Wajid H, Saqib M, Zeeshan MH, Khan SE, et al. Current challenges and potential solutions to the use of digital health technologies in evidence generation: a narrative review. Front Digit Health. 2023;5:1203945. 116. Borges do Nascimento IJ, Abdulazeem H, Vasanthan LT, Martinez EZ, Zucoloto ML, Østengaard L, et al. Barriers and facilitators to utilizing digital health technologies by healthcare professionals. npj Digital Medicine. 2023;6(1):161. 117. Madanian S, Nakarada-Kordic I, Reay S, Chetty Th. Patients' perspectives on digital health tools. PEC Innovation. 2023;2:100171. 118. Moon NW, Baker PMA, Goughnour K. Designing wearable technologies for users with disabilities: Accessibility, usability, and connectivity factors. Journal of Rehabilitation and Assistive Technologies Engineering. 2019;6:2055668319862137. 119. Huỳnh T, Madsen AM, McKagan SB, Sayre EC. Building personas from phenomenography: a method for user-centered design in education. Information and Learning Sciences. 2021. 120. Lee VV, Vijayakumar S, Ng WY, Lau NY, Leong QY, Ooi DSQ, et al. Personalization and localization as key expectations of digital health intervention in women pre- to post-pregnancy. npj Digital Medicine. 2023;6(1):183. 121. Jimenez J, Del Rio A, Berman AN, Grande M. Personalizing Digital Health: Adapting Health Technology Systems to Meet the Needs of Different Older Populations. Healthcare (Basel). 2023;11(15). 122. Zhang X, Saltman R. Impact of Electronic Health Record Interoperability on Telehealth Service Outcomes. JMIR Med Inform. 2022;10(1):e31837. E-ISSN: 3025-8839 Copyright ⓒ 2023 Authors Multicultural Islamic Education Review Vol.1, No.2, 2023, pp. 109-179 123. Shull JG. Digital Health and the State of Interoperable Electronic Health Records. JMIR Med Inform. 2019;7(4):e12712. 124. Cavalcanti AP, Barbosa A, Carvalho R, Freitas F, Tsai Y-S, Gašević D, et al. Automatic feedback in online learning environments: A systematic literature review. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence. 2021;2:100027. 125. Al-Issa Y, Ottom MA, Tamrawi A. eHealth Cloud Security Challenges: A Survey. J Healthc Eng. 2019;2019:7516035. 126. Gordon WJ, Landman A, Zhang H, Bates DW. Beyond validation: getting health apps into clinical practice. npj Digital Medicine. 2020;3(1):14. 127. Silven AV, van Peet PG, Boers SN, Tabak M, de Groot A, Hendriks D, et al. Clarifying responsibility: professional digital health in the doctor-patient relationship, recommendations for physicians based on a multi-stakeholder dialogue in the Netherlands. BMC Health Services Research. 2022;22(1):129. 128. Liu S, Lu Y, Wang D, He X, Ren W, Kong D, et al. Impact of digital health literacy on health-related quality of life in Chinese community-dwelling older adults: the mediating effect of health-promoting lifestyle. Frontiers in Public Health. 2023;11. 129. Eissa A, Rowe R, Pinto AD, Okoli GN, Campbell KM, Washington JC, et al. Implementing HighQuality Primary Care Through a Health Equity Lens. The Annals of Family Medicine. 2022;20:164 - 9. 130. Maroju RG, Choudhari SG, Shaikh MK, Borkar SK, Mendhe H. Role of Telemedicine and Digital Technology in Public Health in India: A Narrative Review. Cureus. 2023;15(3):e35986. 131. Rosenlund M, Kinnunen UM, Saranto K. The Use of Digital Health Services Among Patients and Citizens Living at Home: Scoping Review. J Med Internet Res. 2023;25:e44711. 132. Traboco L, Pandian H, Nikiphorou E, Gupta L. Designing Infographics: Visual Representations for Enhancing Education, Communication, and Scientific Research. J Korean Med Sci. 2022;37(27):e214. 133. Rubinelli S, Ort A, Zanini C, Fiordelli M, Diviani N. Strengthening Critical Health Literacy for Health Information Appraisal: An Approach from Argumentation Theory. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(13). 134. Nair L, Adetayo OA. Cultural Competence and Ethnic Diversity in Healthcare. Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open. 2019;7(5):e2219. 135. Majda A, Bodys-Cupak IE, Zalewska-Puchała J, Barzykowski K. Cultural Competence and Cultural Intelligence of Healthcare Professionals Providing Emergency Medical Services. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(21). 136. Tegegne MD, Tilahun BC, Mamuye AL, Kerie H, Nurhussien F, Zemen E, et al. Digital literacy level and associated factors among health professionals in a referral and teaching hospital: An implication for future digital health systems implementation. Frontiers in Public Health. 2023;11. 137. Mariano B. Towards a global strategy on digital health. Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2020;98:231 - A. 138. Filkins BL, Kim JY, Roberts B, Armstrong W, Miller MA, Hultner ML, et al. Privacy and security in the era of digital health: what should translational researchers know and do about it? Am J Transl Res. 2016;8(3):1560-80. 139. Andreadis K, Muellers K, Ancker JS, Horowitz C, Kaushal R, Lin JJ. Telemedicine Impact on the Patient-Provider Relationship in Primary Care During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Med Care. 2023;61(Suppl 1):S83-s8. 140. Silberman J, Wicks P, Patel S, Sarlati S, Park S, Korolev IO, et al. Rigorous and rapid evidence assessment in digital health with the evidence DEFINED framework. npj Digital Medicine. 2023;6(1):101. 141. Alajarmeh N. Evaluating the accessibility of public health websites: An exploratory cross-country study. Univers Access Inf Soc. 2022;21(3):771-89. 142. Bunyi JB, Ringland KE, Schueller SM. Accessibility and Digital Mental Health: Considerations for More Accessible and Equitable Mental Health Apps. Frontiers in Digital Health. 2021;3. 143. Rodriguez-Villa E, Torous J. Regulating digital health technologies with transparency: the case for dynamic and multi-stakeholder evaluation. BMC Med. 2019;17(1):226. 144. Curtis E, Jones R, Tipene-Leach D, Walker C, Loring B, Paine S-J, et al. Why cultural safety rather than cultural competency is required to achieve health equity: a literature review and recommended definition. International Journal for Equity in Health. 2019;18(1):174. E-ISSN: 3025-8839 Copyright ⓒ 2023 Authors Multicultural Islamic Education Review Vol.1, No.2, 2023, pp. 109-179 145. Ayoub F, Moussa M, Papatsoris AG, Chakra MA, Chahine NB, Fares Y. The Online Learning in Medical Education: A Novel Challenge in the Era of COVID-19 Pandemic. Hellenic Urology. 2020;32(2):89-96. 146. Mahdavi Ardestani SF, Adibi S, Golshan A, Sadeghian P. Factors Influencing the Effectiveness of ELearning in Healthcare: A Fuzzy ANP Study. Healthcare (Basel). 2023;11(14). 147. Vaona A, Banzi R, Kwag KH, Rigon G, Cereda D, Pecoraro V, et al. E-learning for health professionals. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018;1(1):Cd011736. 148. Abdulrahaman MD, Faruk N, Oloyede AA, Surajudeen-Bakinde NT, Olawoyin LA, Mejabi OV, et al. Multimedia tools in the teaching and learning processes: A systematic review. Heliyon. 2020;6(11):e05312. 149. Shemshack A, Spector JM. A systematic literature review of personalized learning terms. Smart Learning Environments. 2020;7(1):33. 150. Dhawan S. Online Learning: A Panacea in the Time of COVID-19 Crisis. Journal of Educational Technology Systems. 2020;49(1):5-22. 151. Delungahawatta T, Dunne SS, Hyde S, Halpenny L, McGrath D, O'Regan A, et al. Advances in elearning in undergraduate clinical medicine: a systematic review. BMC Med Educ. 2022;22(1):711. 152. George B, Wooden O. Managing the Strategic Transformation of Higher Education through Artificial Intelligence. Administrative Sciences. 2023;13(9):196. 153. Aungst TD, Patel R. Integrating Digital Health into the Curriculum-Considerations on the Current Landscape and Future Developments. J Med Educ Curric Dev. 2020;7:2382120519901275. 154. Phanudulkitti C, Puengrung S, Meepong R, Vanderboll K, Farris KB, Vordenberg SE. A systematic review on the use of virtual patient and computer-based simulation for experiential pharmacy education. Exploratory Research in Clinical and Social Pharmacy. 2023;11:100316. 155. Pottle J. Virtual reality and the transformation of medical education. Future Healthc J. 2019;6(3):181-5. 156. Dhar P, Rocks T, Samarasinghe RM, Stephenson G, Smith C. Augmented reality in medical education: students' experiences and learning outcomes. Med Educ Online. 2021;26(1):1953953. 157. Suh I, McKinney T, Siu K-C. Current Perspective of Metaverse Application in Medical Education, Research and Patient Care. Virtual Worlds. 2023;2(2):115-28. 158. Rawashdeh AZA, Mohammed EY, Arab ARA, Alara M, Al-Rawashdeh BZ. Advantages and Disadvantages of Using e-Learning in University Education: Analyzing Students’ Perspectives. Electronic Journal of e-Learning. 2021;19:107-17. 159. Kamalov F, Santandreu Calonge D, Gurrib I. New Era of Artificial Intelligence in Education: Towards a Sustainable Multifaceted Revolution. Sustainability. 2023;15(16):12451. 160. Grassini S. Shaping the Future of Education: Exploring the Potential and Consequences of AI and ChatGPT in Educational Settings. Education Sciences. 2023;13(7):692. 161. Guze PA. Using Technology to Meet the Challenges of Medical Education. Trans Am Clin Climatol Assoc. 2015;126:260-70. 162. Fernandez MA, Raine KD. Digital Food Retail: Public Health Opportunities. Nutrients. 2021;13(11). 163. Dwivedi YK, Ismagilova E, Hughes DL, Carlson J, Filieri R, Jacobson J, et al. Setting the future of digital and social media marketing research: Perspectives and research propositions. International Journal of Information Management. 2021;59:102168. 164. Denniss E, Lindberg R, McNaughton SA. Quality and accuracy of online nutrition-related information: a systematic review of content analysis studies. Public Health Nutr. 2023;26(7):1345-57. 165. Castellini G, Savarese M, Graffigna G. Online Fake News about Food: Self-Evaluation, Social Influence, and the Stages of Change Moderation. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(6). 166. Blake P, Durão S, Naude CE, Bero L. An analysis of methods used to synthesize evidence and grade recommendations in food-based dietary guidelines. Nutr Rev. 2018;76(4):290-300. 167. Polizzi G. Digital literacy and the national curriculum for England: Learning from how the experts engage with and evaluate online content. Computers & Education. 2020;152:103859. 168. Alwafi H, Alwafi R, Naser AY, Samannodi M, Aboraya D, Salawati E, et al. The Impact of Social Media Influencers on Food Consumption in Saudi Arabia, a Cross-Sectional Web-Based Survey. J Multidiscip Healthc. 2022;15:2129-39. E-ISSN: 3025-8839 Copyright ⓒ 2023 Authors Multicultural Islamic Education Review Vol.1, No.2, 2023, pp. 109-179 169. Folkvord F, Roes E, Bevelander K. Promoting healthy foods in the new digital era on Instagram: an experimental study on the effect of a popular real versus fictitious fit influencer on brand attitude and purchase intentions. BMC Public Health. 2020;20(1):1677. 170. Syahruddin Awang A, Diandra Eleanor B. Social Media Influencers and the Dietary Choices Among University Students. Malaysian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities. 2021;6(10). 171. Kraak VI, Holz A, Woods CL, Whitlow AR, Leary N. A Content Analysis of Persuasive Appeals Used in Media Campaigns to Encourage and Discourage Sugary Beverages and Water in the United States. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023;20(14):6359. 172. Silva P. Food and Nutrition Literacy: Exploring the Divide between Research and Practice. Foods. 2023;12(14):2751. 173. Consavage Stanley K, Harrigan PB, Serrano EL, Kraak VI. A systematic scoping review of the literacy literature to develop a digital food and nutrition literacy model for low-income adults to make healthy choices in the online food retail ecosystem to reduce obesity risk. Obes Rev. 2022;23(4):e13414. 174. Silva P, Araújo R, Lopes F, Ray S. Nutrition and Food Literacy: Framing the Challenges to Health Communication. Nutrients. 2023;15(22):4708. 175. Haimi M. The tragic paradoxical effect of telemedicine on healthcare disparities- a time for redemption: a narrative review. BMC Med Inform Decis Mak. 2023;23(1):95. 176. Ferrara G, Kim J, Lin S, Hua J, Seto E. A Focused Review of Smartphone Diet-Tracking Apps: Usability, Functionality, Coherence With Behavior Change Theory, and Comparative Validity of Nutrient Intake and Energy Estimates. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth. 2019;7(5):e9232. 177. Samoggia A, Riedel B. Assessment of nutrition-focused mobile apps' influence on consumers' healthy food behaviour and nutrition knowledge. Food Res Int. 2020;128:108766. 178. Tonkin E, Brimblecombe J, Wycherley TP. Characteristics of Smartphone Applications for Nutrition Improvement in Community Settings: A Scoping Review. Advances in Nutrition. 2017;8(2):308-22. 179. Alnooh G, Alessa T, Noorwali E, Albar S, Williams E, de Witte LP, et al. Identification of the Most Suitable Mobile Apps to Support Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) Diet SelfManagement: Systematic Search of App Stores and Content Analysis. Nutrients. 2023;15(15):3476. 180. DiFilippo KN, Huang W-H, Andrade JE, Chapman-Novakofski KM. The use of mobile apps to improve nutrition outcomes: A systematic literature review. Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare. 2015;21(5):243-53. 181. Kim HJ, Hong AJ, Song H-D. The Relationships of Family, Perceived Digital Competence and Attitude, and Learning Agility in Sustainable Student Engagement in Higher Education. Sustainability. 2018;10(12):4635. 182. Lopriore L. Reframing teaching knowledge in Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL): A European perspective. Language Teaching Research. 2018;24:104 - 94. 183. Goli A, Chintagunta PK, Sriram S. Effects of Payment on User Engagement in Online Courses. Journal of Marketing Research. 2022;59(1):11-34. 184. Sardi L, Idri A, Fernández-Alemán JL. A systematic review of gamification in e-Health. Journal of Biomedical Informatics. 2017;71:31-48. 185. Haimi M. The tragic paradoxical effect of telemedicine on healthcare disparities- a time for redemption: a narrative review. BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making. 2023;23(1):95. 186. Singh J, Steele K, Singh L. Combining the Best of Online and Face-to-Face Learning: Hybrid and Blended Learning Approach for COVID-19, Post Vaccine, & Post-Pandemic World. Journal of Educational Technology Systems. 2021;50(2):140-71. 187. Daradkeh FM, Hassan TH, Palei T, Helal MY, Mabrouk S, Saleh MI, et al. Enhancing Digital Presence for Maximizing Customer Value in Fast-Food Restaurants. Sustainability. 2023;15(7):5690. 188. Yin M, Tayyab SMU, Xu X-Y, Jia S-W, Wu C-L. The Investigation of Mobile Health Stickiness: The Role of Social Support in a Sustainable Health Approach. Sustainability. 2021;13(4):1693. 189. Asbjørnsen RA, Wentzel J, Smedsrød ML, Hjelmesæth J, Clark MM, Solberg Nes L, et al. Identifying Persuasive Design Principles and Behavior Change Techniques Supporting End User Values and Needs in eHealth Interventions for Long-Term Weight Loss Maintenance: Qualitative Study. J Med Internet Res. 2020;22(11):e22598. 190. Karppinen P, Oinas-Kukkonen H, Alahäivälä T, Jokelainen T, Teeriniemi A-M, Salonurmi T, et al. Opportunities and challenges of behavior change support systems for enhancing habit formation: A qualitative study. Journal of Biomedical Informatics. 2018;84:82-92. E-ISSN: 3025-8839 Copyright ⓒ 2023 Authors Multicultural Islamic Education Review Vol.1, No.2, 2023, pp. 109-179 191. Arfi WB, Nasr IB, Kondrateva G, Hikkerova L. The role of trust in intention to use the IoT in eHealth: Application of the modified UTAUT in a consumer context. Technological Forecasting and Social Change. 2021;167:120688. 192. Ilin V. The role of user preferences in engagement with online learning. E-Learning and Digital Media. 2022;19(2):189-208. 193. van den Brink WJ, van den Broek TJ, Palmisano S, Wopereis S, de Hoogh IM. Digital Biomarkers for Personalized Nutrition: Predicting Meal Moments and Interstitial Glucose with Non-Invasive, Wearable Technologies. Nutrients. 2022;14(21):4465. 194. Mattison G, Canfell O, Forrester D, Dobbins C, Smith D, Töyräs J, et al. The Influence of Wearables on Health Care Outcomes in Chronic Disease: Systematic Review. J Med Internet Res. 2022;24(7):e36690. 195. Sabry F, Eltaras T, Labda W, Alzoubi K, Malluhi Q. Machine Learning for Healthcare Wearable Devices: The Big Picture. J Healthc Eng. 2022;2022:4653923. 196. Ghelani DP, Moran LJ, Johnson C, Mousa A, Naderpoor N. Mobile Apps for Weight Management: A Review of the Latest Evidence to Inform Practice. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2020;11:412. 197. Salinari A, Machì M, Armas Diaz Y, Cianciosi D, Qi Z, Yang B, et al. The Application of Digital Technologies and Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare: An Overview on Nutrition Assessment. Diseases. 2023;11(3):97. 198. Ryan M. The ethics of dietary apps: Technology, health, and the capability approach. Technology in Society. 2022;68:101873. 199. Morgenstern JD, Rosella LC, Costa AP, de Souza RJ, Anderson LN. Perspective: Big Data and Machine Learning Could Help Advance Nutritional Epidemiology. Adv Nutr. 2021;12(3):621-31. 200. Batko K, Ślęzak A. The use of Big Data Analytics in healthcare. J Big Data. 2022;9(1):3. 201. Thomas Craig KJ, Fusco N, Gunnarsdottir T, Chamberland L, Snowdon JL, Kassler WJ. Leveraging Data and Digital Health Technologies to Assess and Impact Social Determinants of Health (SDoH): a State-of-the-Art Literature Review. Online J Public Health Inform. 2021;13(3):E14. 202. Dash S, Shakyawar SK, Sharma M, Kaushik S. Big data in healthcare: management, analysis and future prospects. Journal of Big Data. 2019;6(1):54. 203. Kitchin R. Big Data, new epistemologies and paradigm shifts. Big Data & Society. 2014;1(1):2053951714528481. 204. Detopoulou P, Voulgaridou G, Moschos P, Levidi D, Anastasiou T, Dedes V, et al. Artificial intelligence, nutrition, and ethical issues: A mini-review. Clinical Nutrition Open Science. 2023;50:4656. 205. Bond A, McCay K, Lal S. Artificial intelligence & clinical nutrition: What the future might have in store. Clinical Nutrition ESPEN. 2023;57:542-9. 206. Ahuja AS. The impact of artificial intelligence in medicine on the future role of the physician. PeerJ. 2019;7:e7702. 207. Jungwirth D, Haluza D. Artificial Intelligence and Public Health: An Exploratory Study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2023;20(5). 208. Ali S, Abuhmed T, El-Sappagh S, Muhammad K, Alonso-Moral JM, Confalonieri R, et al. Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI): What we know and what is left to attain Trustworthy Artificial Intelligence. Information Fusion. 2023;99:101805. 209. Chen J, Allman-Farinelli M. Impact of Training and Integration of Apps Into Dietetic Practice on Dietitians' Self-Efficacy With Using Mobile Health Apps and Patient Satisfaction. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth. 2019;7(3):e12349. 210. Garcia MB. ChatGPT as a Virtual Dietitian: Exploring Its Potential as a Tool for Improving Nutrition Knowledge. Applied System Innovation. 2023;6(5):96. 211. Bookari KA, Arrish J, Alkhalaf MM, Alharbi MH, Zaher S, Alotaibi HM, et al. Perspectives and practices of dietitians with regards to social/mass media use during the transitions from face-to-face to telenutrition in the time of COVID-19: A cross-sectional survey in 10 Arab countries. Frontiers in Public Health. 2023;11. 212. Zarnowiecki D, Mauch CE, Middleton G, Matwiejczyk L, Watson WL, Dibbs J, et al. A systematic evaluation of digital nutrition promotion websites and apps for supporting parents to influence children's nutrition. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2020;17(1):17. E-ISSN: 3025-8839 Copyright ⓒ 2023 Authors Multicultural Islamic Education Review Vol.1, No.2, 2023, pp. 109-179 213. Chen J, Wang Y. Social Media Use for Health Purposes: Systematic Review. J Med Internet Res. 2021;23(5):e17917. 214. Kreft M, Smith B, Hopwood D, Blaauw R. The use of social media as a source of nutrition information. South African Journal of Clinical Nutrition.1-7. 215. Quach S, Thaichon P, Martin KD, Weaven S, Palmatier RW. Digital technologies: tensions in privacy and data. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science. 2022;50:1299 - 323. 216. Cordeiro JV. Digital Technologies and Data Science as Health Enablers: An Outline of Appealing Promises and Compelling Ethical, Legal, and Social Challenges. Front Med (Lausanne). 2021;8:647897. 217. Siala H, Wang Y. SHIFTing artificial intelligence to be responsible in healthcare: A systematic review. Social Science & Medicine. 2022;296:114782. 218. He Z. When data protection norms meet digital health technology: China's regulatory approaches to health data protection. Computer Law & Security Review. 2022;47:105758. 219. Alotaibi YK, Federico F. The impact of health information technology on patient safety. Saudi Med J. 2017;38(12):1173-80. 220. Limketkai BN, Mauldin K, Manitius N, Jalilian L, Salonen BR. The Age of Artificial Intelligence: Use of Digital Technology in Clinical Nutrition. Curr Surg Rep. 2021;9(7):20. 221. Gu D, Humbatova G, Xie Y, Yang X, Zolotarev O, Zhang G. Different Roles of Telehealth and Telemedicine on Medical Tourism: An Empirical Study from Azerbaijan. Healthcare (Basel). 2021;9(8). 222. Taba M, Allen TB, Caldwell PHY, Skinner SR, Kang M, McCaffery K, et al. Adolescents' self-efficacy and digital health literacy: a cross-sectional mixed methods study. BMC Public Health. 2022;22(1):1223. 223. Crooks VA, Turner L, Cohen IG, Bristeir J, Snyder J, Casey V, et al. Ethical and legal implications of the risks of medical tourism for patients: a qualitative study of Canadian health and safety representatives' perspectives. BMJ Open. 2013;3(2). 224. Raggio BS, Brody-Camp S, Jawad BA, Winters RD, Aslam R. Complications Associated with Medical Tourism for Facial Rejuvenation: A Systematic Review. Aesthetic Plastic Surgery. 2020;44:1058-65. 225. Snyder J, Crooks VA, Johnston R, Kingsbury P. What do we know about Canadian involvement in medical tourism? A scoping review. Open Medicine. 2011;5:e139 - e48. 226. Béland D, Zarzeczny A. Medical tourism and national health care systems: an institutionalist research agenda. Global Health. 2018;14(1):68. 227. Kayhan H. Ensuring Trust in Pharmaceutical Supply Chains by Data Protection by Design Approach to Blockchains. Blockchain Healthc Today. 2022;5. 228. Amjad A, Kordel P, Fernandes G. A Review on Innovation in Healthcare Sector (Telehealth) through Artificial Intelligence. Sustainability. 2023;15(8):6655. 229. Kamecka K, Rybarczyk-Szwajkowska A, Staszewska A, Engelseth P, Kozlowski R. Process of Posthospital Care Involving Telemedicine Solutions for Patients after Total Hip Arthroplasty. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(19). 230. Erku D, Khatri R, Endalamaw A, Wolka E, Nigatu F, Zewdie A, et al. Digital Health Interventions to Improve Access to and Quality of Primary Health Care Services: A Scoping Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023;20(19):6854. 231. Andronic O, Petrescu GED, Artamonov AR, Bolocan A, Rădăvoi D, Bran M, et al. Healthcare Professionals’ Specialists’ Perception of Telemedicine in Romania—A Quantitative Study of Beliefs, Practices, and Expectations. Healthcare. 2023;11(11):1552. 232. Sharma RS, Fantin A-R, Prabhu NR, Guan C, Dattakumar A, editors. Digital literacy and knowledge societies: A grounded theory investigation of sustainable development2016. 233. Ramanathan S, Indiran L. Remodeling Economy towards Sustainable Society and Sustainable Development: The Role of Financial Literacy, Digital Literacy, and Sustainability Literacy. International Journal of Academic Research in Economics and Management Sciences. 2021. 234. Law N, Woo DJ, Torre Jdl, Wong K, editors. A Global Framework of Reference on Digital Literacy Skills for Indicator 4.4.22018. 235. Suryani SH, Chaniago H. Digital Literacy and Its Impact on Entrepreneurial Intentions: Studies on Vocational Students. International Journal Administration Business and Organization. 2023. 236. Lukonga I. Harnessing Digital Technologies to Promote SMEs in the MENAP Region. International Monetary Fund (IMF) Research Paper Series. 2020. E-ISSN: 3025-8839 Copyright ⓒ 2023 Authors Multicultural Islamic Education Review Vol.1, No.2, 2023, pp. 109-179 237. Gentili A, Failla G, Melnyk A, Puleo V, Tanna GLD, Ricciardi W, et al. The cost-effectiveness of digital health interventions: A systematic review of the literature. Front Public Health. 2022;10:787135. 238. Snoswell CL, Taylor ML, Comans TA, Smith AC, Gray LC, Caffery LJ. Determining if Telehealth Can Reduce Health System Costs: Scoping Review. J Med Internet Res. 2020;22(10):e17298. 239. Ye J, He L, Beestrum M. Implications for implementation and adoption of telehealth in developing countries: a systematic review of China’s practices and experiences. npj Digital Medicine. 2023;6(1):174. 240. Wade VA, Karnon J, Elshaug AG, Hiller JE. A systematic review of economic analyses of telehealth services using real time video communication. BMC Health Services Research. 2010;10(1):233. 241. Gajarawala SN, Pelkowski JN. Telehealth Benefits and Barriers. J Nurse Pract. 2021;17(2):218-21. 242. Murray E, Hekler EB, Andersson G, Collins LM, Doherty A, Hollis C, et al. Evaluating Digital Health Interventions: Key Questions and Approaches. Am J Prev Med. 2016;51(5):843-51. 243. Paul M, Maglaras L, Ferrag MA, Almomani I. Digitization of healthcare sector: A study on privacy and security concerns. ICT Express. 2023;9(4):571-88. 244. Gohel G, editor Digital Technologies for a New Future2022. 245. Yao R, Zhang W, Evans R, Cao G, Rui T, Shen L. Inequities in Health Care Services Caused by the Adoption of Digital Health Technologies: Scoping Review. J Med Internet Res. 2022;24(3):e34144. 246. Mittelstadt BD. The Ethics of Biomedical ‘Big Data’ Analytics. Philosophy & Technology. 2019;32:1721. 247. Pearse C, Scott S. A Review of Clinical Laboratory Education, Training and Progression: Historical Challenges, the Impact of COVID-19 and Future Considerations. Br J Biomed Sci. 2023;80:11266. 248. Maity S. Identifying opportunities for artificial intelligence in the evolution of training and development practices. Journal of Management Development. 2019. 249. Smolinski TG. Computer literacy for life sciences: helping the digital-era biology undergraduates face today's research. CBE Life Sci Educ. 2010;9(3):357-63. 250. Sever R. Biomedical publishing: Past historic, present continuous, future conditional. PLOS Biology. 2023;21. 251. Misra DP, Agarwal V. Present-day tools for assessing publishing integrity in biomedical science represent valuable work in progress. Clinical Rheumatology. 2021;40:2111 - 2. 252. Beck S, Bergenholtz C, Bogers M, Brasseur T-M, Conradsen ML, Di Marco D, et al. The Open Innovation in Science research field: a collaborative conceptualisation approach. Industry and Innovation. 2022;29(2):136-85. 253. Brady J, Katre A. Innovating at the nexus of world languages and cultures and design thinking. Pedagogies: An International Journal. 2021;16:378 - 96. 254. Tan RYK, Wu D, Day S, Zhao Y, Larson HJ, Sylvia SS, et al. Digital approaches to enhancing community engagement in clinical trials. NPJ Digital Medicine. 2022;5. 255. Welch L, Lewitter F, Schwartz R, Brooksbank C, Radivojac P, Gaeta B, et al. Bioinformatics curriculum guidelines: toward a definition of core competencies. PLoS Comput Biol. 2014;10(3):e1003496. 256. Magana AJ, Taleyarkhan M, Alvarado DR, Kane M, Springer J, Clase K. A survey of scholarly literature describing the field of bioinformatics education and bioinformatics educational research. CBE Life Sci Educ. 2014;13(4):607-23. 257. Dow EG, Wood-Charlson EM, Biller SJ, Paustian TD, Schirmer AE, Sheik CS, et al., editors. Bioinformatic Teaching Resources – For Educators, by Educators – Using KBase, a Free, User-Friendly, Open Source Platform. Frontiers in Education; 2021. 258. Kruchten AE. A Curricular Bioinformatics Approach to Teaching Undergraduates to Analyze Metagenomic Datasets Using R. Front Microbiol. 2020;11:578600. 259. Vasylevkyi V, Stepanov I, Koval R, Soputnyak M, Liutianska N, Sheyko V, et al. MACHINE LEARNING ALGORITHMS IMPLEMENTATION IN THE HEALTHCARE SYSTEM AS A PROSPECTIVE AREA FOR SCIENCE, HEALTHCARE, AND BUSINESS. Medical Science of Ukraine (MSU). 2021. 260. Hack CJ, Kendall G. Bioinformatics: Current practice and future challenges for life science education. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Education. 2005;33. E-ISSN: 3025-8839 Copyright ⓒ 2023 Authors Multicultural Islamic Education Review Vol.1, No.2, 2023, pp. 109-179 261. Aron S, Chauke PA, Ras V, Panji S, Johnston K, Mulder N. The Development of a Sustainable Bioinformatics Training Environment Within the H3Africa Bioinformatics Network (H3ABioNet). Frontiers in Education. 2021;6. 262. Madamanchi A, Thomas M, Magana A, Heiland R, Macklin P. Supporting Computational Apprenticeship Through Educational and Software Infrastructure: A Case Study in a Mathematical Oncology Research Lab. PRIMUS. 2022;32(3):446-67. 263. Touré V, Flobak Å, Niarakis A, Vercruysse S, Kuiper M. The status of causality in biological databases: data resources and data retrieval possibilities to support logical modeling. Briefings in Bioinformatics. 2020;22(4). 264. Wee Y, Bhyan SB, Liu Y, Lu J, Li X, Zhao M. The bioinformatics tools for the genome assembly and analysis based on third-generation sequencing. Briefings in Functional Genomics. 2018;18(1):1-12. 265. Via A, Blicher T, Bongcam-Rudloff E, Brazas MD, Brooksbank C, Budd A, et al. Best practices in bioinformatics training for life scientists. Brief Bioinform. 2013;14(5):528-37. 266. Garzón A, Rubio A, Pérez-Pulido AJ. E-learning strategies from a bioinformatics postgraduate programme to improve student engagement and completion rate. Bioinform Adv. 2022;2(1):vbac031. 267. Machluf Y, Gelbart H, Ben-Dor S, Yarden A. Making authentic science accessible—the benefits and challenges of integrating bioinformatics into a high-school science curriculum. Briefings in Bioinformatics. 2016;18(1):145-59. 268. Banimfreg BH. A comprehensive review and conceptual framework for cloud computing adoption in bioinformatics. Healthcare Analytics. 2023;3:100190. 269. Amatore Z, Gunn S, Harris LK. An Educational Bioinformatics Project to Improve Genome Annotation. Front Microbiol. 2020;11:577497. 270. Mccormick NJ, Clark L, Raines JM. Engaging Students in Critical Thinking and Problem Solving: A Brief Review of the Literature. Journal of Studies in Education. 2015;5:100-13. 271. Alkhatib OJ. An Effective Assessment Method of Higher-Order Thinking Skills (Problem-Solving, Critical Thinking, Creative Thinking, and Decision-Making) in Engineering and Humanities. 2022 Advances in Science and Engineering Technology International Conferences (ASET). 2022:1-6. 272. Hilbert S, Coors S, Eb K, Bischl B, Frei M, Lindl A, et al. Machine Learning for the Educational Sciences. Review of Education. 2021. 273. Burgess A, Roberts C, Lane AS, Haq I, Clark T, Kalman E, et al. Peer review in team-based learning: influencing feedback literacy. BMC Medical Education. 2021;21(1):426. 274. Singhal K, Azizi S, Tu T, Mahdavi SS, Wei J, Chung HW, et al. Large language models encode clinical knowledge. Nature. 2023;620(7972):172-80. 275. Lee VH, Higgins K, Schneider BL. Formative Assessments in Anatomy: Promoting Self‐Directed Learning with Self‐Assessment. The FASEB Journal. 2017;31. 276. Johnston IG, Slater M, Cazier J-B. Interdisciplinary and Transferable Concepts in Bioinformatics Education: Observations and Approaches From a UK MSc Course. Frontiers in Education. 2022;7. 277. Williams JJ, Drew JC, Galindo-Gonzalez S, Robic S, Dinsdale E, Morgan WR, et al. Barriers to integration of bioinformatics into undergraduate life sciences education: A national study of US life sciences faculty uncover significant barriers to integrating bioinformatics into undergraduate instruction. PLoS One. 2019;14(11):e0224288. 278. Emery LR, Morgan SL. The application of project-based learning in bioinformatics training. PLoS Comput Biol. 2017;13(8):e1005620. 279. Sharma P. Industry-Academia Collaboration in India: Recent Initiatives, Issues, Challenges, Opportunities and Strategies. Vidhyayana-An International Multidisciplinary Peer-Reviewed E-JournalISSN 2454-8596. 2023;8(si6):888-909. 280. Onu P, Pradhan A, Mbohwa C. Potential to use metaverse for future teaching and learning. Education and Information Technologies. 2023:1-32. 281. Malakar Y, Lacey J, Twine NA, McCrea R, Bauer DC. Balancing the safeguarding of privacy and data sharing: perceptions of genomic professionals on patient genomic data ownership in Australia. European Journal of Human Genetics. 2023. 282. Attwood TK, Blackford S, Brazas MD, Davies A, Schneider MV. A global perspective on evolving bioinformatics and data science training needs. Briefings in Bioinformatics. 2017;20(2):398-404. E-ISSN: 3025-8839 Copyright ⓒ 2023 Authors Multicultural Islamic Education Review Vol.1, No.2, 2023, pp. 109-179 283. Alenoghena CO, Ohize HO, Adejo AO, Onumanyi AJ, Ohihoin EE, Balarabe AI, et al. Telemedicine: A Survey of Telecommunication Technologies, Developments, and Challenges. Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks. 2023;12(2):20. 284. Omboni S, Padwal RS, Alessa T, Benczúr B, Green BB, Hubbard I, et al. The worldwide impact of telemedicine during COVID-19: current evidence and recommendations for the future. Connect Health. 2022;1:7-35. 285. Bajwa J, Munir U, Nori A, Williams B. Artificial intelligence in healthcare: transforming the practice of medicine. Future Healthc J. 2021;8(2):e188-e94. 286. Gao J, Fan C, Chen B, Fan Z, Li L, Wang L, et al. Telemedicine Is Becoming an Increasingly Popular Way to Resolve the Unequal Distribution of Healthcare Resources: Evidence From China. Front Public Health. 2022;10:916303. 287. Houser SH, Flite CA, Foster SL. Privacy and Security Risk Factors Related to Telehealth Services - A Systematic Review. Perspect Health Inf Manag. 2023;20(1):1f. 288. Abouelmehdi K, Beni-Hessane A, Khaloufi H. Big healthcare data: preserving security and privacy. Journal of Big Data. 2018;5(1):1. 289. Solimini R, Busardò FP, Gibelli F, Sirignano A, Ricci G. Ethical and Legal Challenges of Telemedicine in the Era of the COVID-19 Pandemic. Medicina (Kaunas). 2021;57(12). 290. Nittari G, Khuman R, Baldoni S, Pallotta G, Battineni G, Sirignano A, et al. Telemedicine Practice: Review of the Current Ethical and Legal Challenges. Telemed J E Health. 2020;26(12):1427-37. 291. Jin MX, Kim SY, Miller LJ, Behari G, Correa R. Telemedicine: Current Impact on the Future. Cureus. 2020;12(8):e9891. 292. Liu X, Faes L, Kale AU, Wagner SK, Fu DJ, Bruynseels A, et al. A comparison of deep learning performance against health-care professionals in detecting diseases from medical imaging: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet Digital Health. 2019;1(6):e271-e97. 293. Vobugari N, Raja V, Sethi U, Gandhi K, Raja K, Surani SR. Advancements in Oncology with Artificial Intelligence-A Review Article. Cancers (Basel). 2022;14(5). 294. Johnson KB, Wei WQ, Weeraratne D, Frisse ME, Misulis K, Rhee K, et al. Precision Medicine, AI, and the Future of Personalized Health Care. Clin Transl Sci. 2021;14(1):86-93. 295. Alowais SA, Alghamdi SS, Alsuhebany N, Alqahtani T, Alshaya AI, Almohareb SN, et al. Revolutionizing healthcare: the role of artificial intelligence in clinical practice. BMC Med Educ. 2023;23(1):689. 296. Ueda D, Kakinuma T, Fujita S, Kamagata K, Fushimi Y, Ito R, et al. Fairness of artificial intelligence in healthcare: review and recommendations. Japanese Journal of Radiology. 2023. 297. Chen Y, Clayton EW, Novak LL, Anders S, Malin B. Human-Centered Design to Address Biases in Artificial Intelligence. J Med Internet Res. 2023;25:e43251. 298. Paranjape K, Schinkel M, Nannan Panday R, Car J, Nanayakkara P. Introducing Artificial Intelligence Training in Medical Education. JMIR Med Educ. 2019;5(2):e16048. 299. Lambert SI, Madi M, Sopka S, Lenes A, Stange H, Buszello CP, et al. An integrative review on the acceptance of artificial intelligence among healthcare professionals in hospitals. NPJ Digit Med. 2023;6(1):111. 300. Kazemzadeh K, Akhlaghdoust M, Zali A. Advances in artificial intelligence, robotics, augmented and virtual reality in neurosurgery. Front Surg. 2023;10:1241923. 301. Kalinov T, Zlatarov A, Hadzhiveli M. The application of virtual reality simulators in laparoscopic surgery training (a review). Scripta Scientifica Medica. 2021. 302. Nassar AK, Al-Manaseer F, Knowlton LM, Tuma F. Virtual reality (VR) as a simulation modality for technical skills acquisition. Ann Med Surg (Lond). 2021;71:102945. 303. Ullah M, Hamayun S, Wahab A, Khan SU, Rehman MU, Haq ZU, et al. Smart Technologies used as Smart Tools in the Management of Cardiovascular Disease and their Future Perspective. Current Problems in Cardiology. 2023;48(11):101922. 304. Campbell K, Louie P, Levine B, Gililland J. Using Patient Engagement Platforms in the Postoperative Management of Patients. Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med. 2020;13(4):479-84. 305. Patelis N, Bisdas T, Jing Z, Feng J, Trenner M, Tri Nugroho N, et al. Vascular e-Learning During the COVID-19 Pandemic: The EL-COVID Survey. Ann Vasc Surg. 2021;77:63-70. E-ISSN: 3025-8839 Copyright ⓒ 2023 Authors Multicultural Islamic Education Review Vol.1, No.2, 2023, pp. 109-179 306. Cardoso SA, Suyambu J, Iqbal J, Cortes Jaimes DC, Amin A, Sikto JT, et al. Exploring the Role of Simulation Training in Improving Surgical Skills Among Residents: A Narrative Review. Cureus. 2023;15(9):e44654. 307. Varas J, Coronel BV, Villagrán I, Escalona G, Hernandez R, Schuit G, et al. Innovations in surgical training: exploring the role of artificial intelligence and large language models (LLM). Rev Col Bras Cir. 2023;50:e20233605. 308. Lin JC, Welle N, Ding J, Chuen J. A look to the future: Pandemic-induced digital technologies in vascular surgery. Semin Vasc Surg. 2021;34(3):139-51. 309. Kneuertz PJ, Jagadesh N, Perkins A, Fitzgerald M, Moffatt-Bruce SD, Merritt RE, et al. Improving patient engagement, adherence, and satisfaction in lung cancer surgery with implementation of a mobile device platform for patient reported outcomes. J Thorac Dis. 2020;12(11):6883-91. 310. Sun T, He X, Li Z. Digital twin in healthcare: Recent updates and challenges. Digit Health. 2023;9:20552076221149651. 311. Davenport T, Kalakota R. The potential for artificial intelligence in healthcare. Future Healthc J. 2019;6(2):94-8. 312. Akinola S, Telukdarie A. Sustainable Digital Transformation in Healthcare: Advancing a Digital Vascular Health Innovation Solution. Sustainability. 2023;15(13):10417. 313. Turkmani S, Smith RM, Tan A, Kamkong CB, Anderson R, Sakulku S, et al. An evaluation of the introduction of telehealth for remote antenatal and postnatal contacts in Bangladesh and Lao People's Democratic Republic during the COVID-19 pandemic. PLOS Glob Public Health. 2023;3(5):e0000786. 314. Chow DJX, Wijesinghe P, Dholakia K, Dunning KR. Does artificial intelligence have a role in the IVF clinic? Reprod Fertil. 2021;2(3):C29-c34. 315. Bankar GR, Keoliya A. Robot-Assisted Surgery in Gynecology. Cureus. 2022;14(9):e29190. 316. Sommer GM, Broschewitz J, Huppert S, Sommer CG, Jahn N, Jansen-Winkeln B, et al. The role of virtual reality simulation in surgical training in the light of COVID-19 pandemic: Visual spatial ability as a predictor for improved surgical performance: a randomized trial. Medicine (Baltimore). 2021;100(50):e27844. 317. Paripoorani D, Gasteiger N, Hawley-Hague H, Dowding D. A systematic review of menopause apps with an emphasis on osteoporosis. BMC Women's Health. 2023;23(1):518. 318. Latha K, Meena KS, Pravitha MR, Dasgupta M, Chaturvedi SK. Effective use of social media platforms for promotion of mental health awareness. J Educ Health Promot. 2020;9:124. 319. Clare CA. Telehealth and the digital divide as a social determinant of health during the COVID-19 pandemic. Netw Model Anal Health Inform Bioinform. 2021;10(1):26. 320. Brall C, Schröder-Bäck P, Maeckelberghe E. Ethical aspects of digital health from a justice point of view. Eur J Public Health. 2019;29(Supplement_3):18-22. 321. Kim HY, Cho GJ, Kwon HS. Applications of artificial intelligence in obstetrics. Ultrasonography. 2023;42(1):2-9. 322. Alim A, Imtiaz MH. Wearable Sensors for the Monitoring of Maternal Health-A Systematic Review. Sensors (Basel). 2023;23(5). 323. Dinh A, Yin AL, Estrin D, Greenwald P, Fortenko A. Augmented Reality in Real-time Telemedicine and Telementoring: Scoping Review. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth. 2023;11:e45464. 324. Lowery C. What Is Digital Health and What Do I Need to Know About It? Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am. 2020;47(2):215-25. 325. Iftikhar P, Kuijpers MV, Khayyat A, Iftikhar A, DeGouvia De Sa M. Artificial Intelligence: A New Paradigm in Obstetrics and Gynecology Research and Clinical Practice. Cureus. 2020;12(2):e7124. 326. Chiruvella V, Guddati AK. Ethical Issues in Patient Data Ownership. Interact J Med Res. 2021;10(2):e22269. 327. Vollbrecht H, Arora V, Otero S, Carey K, Meltzer D, Press VG. Evaluating the need to address digital literacy among hospitalized patients: cross-sectional observational study. Journal of Medical Internet Research. 2020;22(6):e17519. 328. Gianfrancesco MA, Tamang S, Yazdany J, Schmajuk G. Potential Biases in Machine Learning Algorithms Using Electronic Health Record Data. JAMA Intern Med. 2018;178(11):1544-7. 329. Tertulino R, Antunes N, Morais H. Privacy in electronic health records: a systematic mapping study. Journal of Public Health. 2023:1-20. E-ISSN: 3025-8839 Copyright ⓒ 2023 Authors Multicultural Islamic Education Review Vol.1, No.2, 2023, pp. 109-179 330. Holčapek T, Šolc M, Šustek P. Telemedicine and the standard of care: a call for a new approach? Front Public Health. 2023;11:1184971. 331. Farhud DD, Zokaei S. Ethical Issues of Artificial Intelligence in Medicine and Healthcare. Iran J Public Health. 2021;50(11):i-v. 332. Theodos K, Sittig S. Health Information Privacy Laws in the Digital Age: HIPAA Doesn't Apply. Perspect Health Inf Manag. 2021;18(Winter):1l. 333. Syed-Abdul S, Li YC. Empowering Patients and Transforming Healthcare in the Post-COVID-19 Era: The Role of Digital and Wearable Technologies. J Pers Med. 2023;13(5). 334. Hägglund M, McMillan B, Whittaker R, Blease C. Patient empowerment through online access to health records. Bmj. 2022;378:e071531. 335. Chan J. Exploring digital health care: eHealth, mHealth, and librarian opportunities. J Med Libr Assoc. 2021;109(3):376-81. 336. Janjua S, Carter D, Threapleton CJ, Prigmore S, Disler RT. Telehealth interventions: remote monitoring and consultations for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021;7(7):Cd013196. 337. Elahraf A, Afzal A, Akhtar A, Shafiq B, Vaidya J. A Service-oriented Framework for Developing Personalized Patient Care Plans for COVID-19. Proc Int Conf Digit Gov Res. 2021;2021:234-41. 338. Rueger J, Dolfsma W, Aalbers R. Perception of peer advice in online health communities: Access to lay expertise. Social Science & Medicine. 2021;277:113117. 339. Senbekov M, Saliev T, Bukeyeva Z, Almabayeva A, Zhanaliyeva M, Aitenova N, et al. The Recent Progress and Applications of Digital Technologies in Healthcare: A Review. Int J Telemed Appl. 2020;2020:8830200. 340. Dwivedi YK, Hughes L, Baabdullah AM, Ribeiro-Navarrete S, Giannakis M, Al-Debei MM, et al. Metaverse beyond the hype: Multidisciplinary perspectives on emerging challenges, opportunities, and agenda for research, practice and policy. International Journal of Information Management. 2022;66:102542. 341. Ramalho A, Petrica J. Knowledge in Motion: A Comprehensive Review of Evidence-Based Human Kinetics. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023;20(11):6020. 342. Betz UAK, Arora L, Assal RA, Azevedo H, Baldwin J, Becker MS, et al. Game changers in science and technology - now and beyond. Technological Forecasting and Social Change. 2023;193:122588. 343. Seçkin AÇ, Ateş B, Seçkin M. Review on Wearable Technology in Sports: Concepts, Challenges and Opportunities. Applied Sciences. 2023;13(18):10399. 344. Rueda Márquez de la Plata A, Cruz Franco PA, Ramos Sánchez JA. Applications of Virtual and Augmented Reality Technology to Teaching and Research in Construction and Its Graphic Expression. Sustainability. 2023;15(12):9628. 345. Seshadri DR, Li RT, Voos JE, Rowbottom JR, Alfes CM, Zorman CA, et al. Wearable sensors for monitoring the physiological and biochemical profile of the athlete. npj Digital Medicine. 2019;2(1):72. 346. Blank C, Petróczi A. From learning to leading: Making and evaluating the impact of anti-doping education with a competency approach. Societal Impacts. 2023;1(1):100010. 347. Ritson AJ, Hearris MA, Bannock LG. Bridging the gap: Evidence-based practice guidelines for sports nutritionists. Front Nutr. 2023;10:1118547. 348. Mutz M, Müller J, Reimers AK. Use of Digital Media for Home-Based Sports Activities during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Results from the German SPOVID Survey. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(9). 349. Perin C, Vuillemot R, Stolper CD, Stasko JT, Wood J, Carpendale S, editors. State of the art of sports data visualization. Computer Graphics Forum; 2018: Wiley Online Library. 350. Haugen T, Seiler S, Sandbakk Ø, Tønnessen E. The Training and Development of Elite Sprint Performance: an Integration of Scientific and Best Practice Literature. Sports Medicine - Open. 2019;5(1):44. 351. Tavares MC, Azevedo G, Marques RP. The Challenges and Opportunities of Era 5.0 for a More Humanistic and Sustainable Society—A Literature Review. Societies. 2022;12(6):149. 352. Raja Santhi A, Muthuswamy P. Industry 5.0 or industry 4.0S? Introduction to industry 4.0 and a peek into the prospective industry 5.0 technologies. International Journal on Interactive Design and Manufacturing (IJIDeM). 2023;17:947 - 79. E-ISSN: 3025-8839 Copyright ⓒ 2023 Authors Multicultural Islamic Education Review Vol.1, No.2, 2023, pp. 109-179 353. Enoiu R-S, Găinariu I, Mîndrescu V. Implementing Modern Technology for Vital Sign Monitoring to Enhance Athletic Training and Sports Performance. Sustainability. 2023;15(3):2520. 354. Huhn S, Axt M, Gunga HC, Maggioni MA, Munga S, Obor D, et al. The Impact of Wearable Technologies in Health Research: Scoping Review. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth. 2022;10(1):e34384. 355. Yunchao M, Mengyao R, Xingman L. Application of virtual simulation technology in sports decision training: a systematic review. Front Psychol. 2023;14:1164117. 356. Greve S, Thumel M, Jastrow F, Krieger C, Schwedler A, Süßenbach J. The use of digital media in primary school PE – student perspectives on product-oriented ways of lesson staging. Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy. 2022;27(1):43-58. 357. Kaleem S, Sohail A, Tariq MU, Asim M. An Improved Big Data Analytics Architecture Using Federated Learning for IoT-Enabled Urban Intelligent Transportation Systems. Sustainability. 2023;15(21):15333. 358. Bai Z, Bai X. Sports Big Data: Management, Analysis, Applications, and Challenges. Complex. 2021;2021:6676297:1-:11. 359. Lee EC, Fragala MS, Kavouras SA, Queen RM, Pryor JL, Casa DJ. Biomarkers in Sports and Exercise: Tracking Health, Performance, and Recovery in Athletes. J Strength Cond Res. 2017;31(10):2920-37. 360. Chmait N, Westerbeek H. Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning in Sport Research: An Introduction for Non-data Scientists. Frontiers in Sports and Active Living. 2021;3. 361. Rajšp A, Fister I. A Systematic Literature Review of Intelligent Data Analysis Methods for Smart Sport Training. Applied Sciences. 2020;10(9):3013. 362. Hussain T, Wang D, Li B. Psychological resilience in athletes during the COVID-19 pandemic: A qualitative insight. Acta Psychologica. 2023;240:104050. 363. Passos J, Lopes SI, Clemente FM, Moreira PM, Rico-González M, Bezerra P, et al. Wearables and Internet of Things (IoT) Technologies for Fitness Assessment: A Systematic Review. Sensors (Basel). 2021;21(16). 364. Osama M, Ateya AA, Sayed MS, Hammad M, Pławiak P, Abd El-Latif AA, et al. Internet of Medical Things and Healthcare 4.0: Trends, Requirements, Challenges, and Research Directions. Sensors (Basel). 2023;23(17). 365. Molavian R, Fatahi A, Abbasi H, Khezri D. Artificial Intelligence Approach in Biomechanics of Gait and Sport: A Systematic Literature Review. J Biomed Phys Eng. 2023;13(5):383-402. 366. Denche-Zamorano A, Rodriguez-Redondo Y, Barrios-Fernandez S, Mendoza-Muñoz M, CastilloParedes A, Rojo-Ramos J, et al. Rehabilitation Is the Main Topic in Virtual and Augmented Reality and Physical Activity Research: A Bibliometric Analysis. Sensors (Basel). 2023;23(6). 367. Xie B, Liu H, Alghofaili R, Zhang Y, Jiang Y, Lobo FD, et al. A review on virtual reality skill training applications. Frontiers in Virtual Reality. 2021;2:645153. 368. Tao Q, Chao H, Fang D, Dou D. Progress in neurorehabilitation research and the support by the National Natural Science Foundation of China from 2010 to 2022. Neural Regen Res. 2024;19(1):22632. 369. Cheeseman N, Lynch G, Willis J. Digital dilemmas: The unintended consequences of election technology. Democratization. 2018;25(8):1397-418. 370. Berdik D, Otoum S, Schmidt N, Porter D, Jararweh Y. A survey on blockchain for information systems management and security. Information Processing & Management. 2021;58(1):102397. 371. Islam SR, Kwak D, Kabir MH, Hossain M, Kwak K-S. The internet of things for health care: a comprehensive survey. IEEE access. 2015;3:678-708. 372. Bodemer O. Empowering Athletes with AI and Blockchain: A New Era of Personalized Training, Secure Data Management, and User Engagement. 2023. 373. Xiang C, Tengku Kamalden TF, Liu H, Ismail N. Exploring the Multidisciplinary Factors Affecting Sports Talent Identification. Frontiers in Psychology. 2022;13. 374. Rodgers W, Murray JM, Stefanidis A, Degbey WY, Tarba SY. An artificial intelligence algorithmic approach to ethical decision-making in human resource management processes. Human Resource Management Review. 2023;33(1):100925. 375. Furrer R, Hawley JA, Handschin C. The molecular athlete: exercise physiology from mechanisms to medals. Physiol Rev. 2023;103(3):1693-787. E-ISSN: 3025-8839 Copyright ⓒ 2023 Authors Multicultural Islamic Education Review Vol.1, No.2, 2023, pp. 109-179 376. Rodrigues F, Monteiro D, Ferraz R, Branquinho L, Forte P. The Association between Training Frequency, Symptoms of Overtraining and Injuries in Young Men Soccer Players. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023;20(8):5466. 377. Sellami M, Elrayess MA, Puce L, Bragazzi NL. Molecular Big Data in Sports Sciences: State-of-Art and Future Prospects of OMICS-Based Sports Sciences. Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences. 2022;8. 378. Guest NS, Horne J, Vanderhout SM, El-Sohemy A. Sport Nutrigenomics: Personalized Nutrition for Athletic Performance. Front Nutr. 2019;6:8. 379. Ginevičienė V, Utkus A, Pranckevičienė E, Semenova EA, Hall ECR, Ahmetov, II. Perspectives in Sports Genomics. Biomedicines. 2022;10(2). 380. Dalmeida KM, Masala GL. HRV Features as Viable Physiological Markers for Stress Detection Using Wearable Devices. Sensors (Basel). 2021;21(8). 381. Stahl BC, Eke D. The ethics of ChatGPT – Exploring the ethical issues of an emerging technology. International Journal of Information Management. 2024;74:102700. 382. McNamee M, Olivier S, Wainwright P, editors. Research Ethics in Exercise, Health and Sports Sciences2006. 383. Bormida MD. The Big Data World: Benefits, Threats and Ethical Challenges. Ethical Issues in Covert, Security and Surveillance Research: Emerald Publishing Limited; 2021. p. 71-91. 384. Fortuna C. Digital Media Literacy in a Sports, Popular Culture, and Literature Course. Journal of Media Literacy Education. 2015. 385. Parra-Martinez FA, Wai J. Talent identification research: a bibliometric study from multidisciplinary and global perspectives. Frontiers in Psychology. 2023;14. 386. Chetty K, Qigui L, Gcora N, Josie J, Li W, Fang C. Bridging the digital divide: measuring digital literacy. Economics. 2018;12. 387. Sarva E, Lāma G, Oļesika A, Daniela L, Rubene Z. Development of Education Field Student Digital Competences—Student and Stakeholders’ Perspective. Sustainability. 2023. 388. Haugen T. Key Success Factors for Merging Sport Science and Best Practice. International journal of sports physiology and performance. 2019:1. 389. Baerg A. Big data, sport, and the digital divide: Theorizing how athletes might respond to big data monitoring. Journal of Sport and Social Issues. 2017;41(1):3-20. 390. National Academies of Sciences E, Medicine. Optimizing the Patient Journey by Leveraging Advances in Health Care. Crossing the Global Quality Chasm: Improving Health Care Worldwide: National Academies Press (US); 2018. 391. Gorączko A, Żurek A, Lachowicz M, Kujawa K, Żurek G. The Relationship between Cognitive Performance and Quality of Life in Elite Athletes after Spinal Cord Injury. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022;19. 392. Jonvik KL, King ME, Rollo I, Stellingwerff T, Pitsiladis YP. New Opportunities to Advance the Field of Sports Nutrition. Frontiers in Sports and Active Living. 2022;4. 393. Turner AN, Bishop C, Cree JA, Carr PB, McCann A, Bartholomew B, et al. Building a HighPerformance Model for Sport: A Human Development-Centered Approach. Strength and Conditioning Journal. 2019;41:100–7. 394. Cortsen KH, Rascher D. The Application of Sports Technology and Sports Data for Commercial Purposes. The Use of Technology in Sport - Emerging Challenges. 2018. 395. Frevel N, Beiderbeck D, Schmidt SL. The impact of technology on sports – A prospective study. Technological Forecasting and Social Change. 2022;182:121838. 396. Grassini S. Shaping the Future of Education: Exploring the Potential and Consequences of AI and ChatGPT in Educational Settings. Education Sciences. 2023. 397. Afzal A, Khan SS, Daud S, Ahmad Z, Butt A. Addressing the Digital Divide: Access and Use of Technology in Education. Spring 2023. 2023. 398. Dwivedi YK, Hughes L, Baabdullah AM, Ribeiro-Navarrete S, Giannakis M, Al-Debei MM, et al. Metaverse beyond the hype: Multidisciplinary perspectives on emerging challenges, opportunities, and agenda for research, practice and policy. Int J Inf Manag. 2022;66:102542. 399. Fakhruroji M. Muslims Learning Islam on the Internet. Handbook of Contemporary Islam and Muslim Lives. 2019. E-ISSN: 3025-8839 Copyright ⓒ 2023 Authors Multicultural Islamic Education Review Vol.1, No.2, 2023, pp. 109-179 400. Laar Ev, Deursen Av, Dijk Jv, Haan Jd, editors. Determinants of 21st-century digital skills : A systematic literature review2018. 401. van Tubergen F, Cinjee T, Menshikova A, Veldkamp J. Online activity of mosques and Muslims in the Netherlands: A study of Facebook, Instagram, YouTube and Twitter. PLoS ONE. 2021;16. 402. Araniri N, Nahriyah S, Nurhidayat, Jamaludin GM, Jatisunda MG, editors. The Impact of Digital Literacy Ability of Islamic Religious Education Students on FIQH Learning Achievements2021. 403. Adnan G, Fadhli M, Ashal FF. Digital Trail Awareness in Islamic Perspective. Elkawnie. 2022. 404. Razab R, Nanda I, Suganda MW, editors. The Role of Indonesia’s Digital Citizenship Generation in the Realization of Ethics in Cyberspace2023. 405. Duc AL, editor Responsibility as a Primary Environmental Virtue in Islam2023. 406. Díaz-Meneses G, Estupinán-Ojeda M. The Outbreak of Digital Detox Motives and Their Public Health Implications for Holiday Destinations. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022;19(3):1548. 407. Umashankar RR. Defending Sufism, Defining Islam: Asserting Islamic Identity in India. 2012. 408. Abdullah SFS, Jamal IH. Conceptual Analysis On Islamic Philanthropy: Towards A Contemporary Approach. al-Qanatir: International Journal of Islamic Studies. 2022;26(2):143-52. 409. Bergaudas P. Digitalization of Knowledge in the Islamic Civilization: A History. Journal of Comparative Study of Religions. 2022;3(1):5-21. 410. Zaluchu SE, editor The Impacts of Internet of Things and Digital Culture on Contemporary IslamicChristian Dialogue. International Conference on Religion, Spirituality and Humanity; 2020. 411. Bejaković P, Mrnjavac Ž. The importance of digital literacy on the labour market. Employee Relations: The International Journal. 2020;42(4):921-32. 412. Kursuncu U, Gaur M, Castillo C, Alambo A, Thirunarayan K, Shalin V, et al. Modeling islamist extremist communications on social media using contextual dimensions: religion, ideology, and hate. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction. 2019;3(CSCW):1-22. 413. Usman U, Halifah S, Abbas AV, Syamsidar S. RELIGIOUS DIGITAL LITERACY IN ISLAMIC HIGHER EDUCATION: STUDENT-PERCEIVED BENEFIT. Sosiohumaniora. 2023. 414. Panjwani AA. Perspectives on Inclusive Education: Need for Muslim Children’s Literature. Religions. 2020;11(9):450. 415. Setiadi D, Nurhayati S, Ansori A, Zubaidi M, Amir R. Youth’s digital literacy in the context of community empowerment in an emerging society 5.0. Society. 2023;11(1):1-12. 416. Elias A, Mansouri F. Towards a critical transformative approach to inclusive intercultural education. Journal of Multicultural Discourses. 2023:1-18. 417. Papadopoulou K, Palaiologou N, Karanikola Z. Insights into Teachers’ Intercultural and Global Competence within Multicultural Educational Settings. Education Sciences. 2022;12(8):502. 418. Asrianti A, Iskandar I, Patak AA. The implementation of multicultural-based English language teaching in a language institution. International Journal of Humanities and Innovation (IJHI). 2022;5(2):67-73. 419. Chambers F, Sandford R. Learning to be human in a digital world: a model of values fluency education for physical education. Sport, Education and Society. 2018. 420. Rusydiyah EF, Purwati E, Prabowo A, editors. HOW TO USE DIGITAL LITERACY AS A LEARNING RESOURCE FOR TEACHER CANDIDATES IN INDONESIA2020. 421. Abacioglu CS, Epskamp S, Fischer AH, Volman MLL. Effects of multicultural education on student engagement in low- and high-concentration classrooms: the mediating role of student relationships. Learning Environments Research. 2023;26:951 - 75. 422. Engström E, Eriksson K, Björnstjerna M, Strimling P. Global variations in online privacy concerns across 57 countries. Computers in Human Behavior Reports. 2023. 423. Edwards DB, Sustarsic M, Chiba M, McCormick M, Goo M, Perriton S. Achieving and Monitoring Education for Sustainable Development and Global Citizenship: A Systematic Review of the Literature. Sustainability. 2020;12(4):1383. 424. Surur M, Dian Nurtjahyani S, Agusti A, Yana I. The Effect of Project Based Learning on Digital Literacy Skills and Conceptual Understanding in an Online-Based Flipped Classroom Environment. Edumaspul: Jurnal Pendidikan. 2023. E-ISSN: 3025-8839 Copyright ⓒ 2023 Authors Multicultural Islamic Education Review Vol.1, No.2, 2023, pp. 109-179 425. Gutierrez SC, editor Integrating intercultural telecollaboration in foreign language learning programmes: The case of video communication and virtual worlds2020. 426. Skidmore M. Effects of participation in an online intercultural exchange on drivers of L2 learning motivation. Language Teaching Research. 2023. 427. Ali F, Haapasalo H. Development levels of stakeholder relationships in collaborative projects: challenges and preconditions. International Journal of Managing Projects in Business. 2023. 428. Ifenthaler D, Schumacher C. Reciprocal issues of artificial and human intelligence in education. Journal of Research on Technology in Education. 2023;55:1 - 6. 429. Elsayary A. The impact of a professional upskilling training programme on developing teachers' digital competence. J Comput Assist Learn. 2023;39:1154-66. 430. Ben-Atar E, Ben-Asher S. Teachers’ transformative learning on digital afterlife. Journal of Digital Learning in Teacher Education. 2023;39:76 - 86. 431. Rivas SF, Saiz C, Almeida LdS. The Role of Critical Thinking in Predicting and Improving Academic Performance. Sustainability. 2023. 432. Alshammary FM, Alhalafawy WS. Digital Platforms and the Improvement of Learning Outcomes: Evidence Extracted from Meta-Analysis. Sustainability. 2023. 433. Walkowska A, Przymuszała P, Marciniak-Stępak P, Nowosadko M, Baum E. Enhancing Cross-Cultural Competence of Medical and Healthcare Students with the Use of Simulated Patients—A Systematic Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023;20. 434. Zort Ç, Karabacak E, Öznur Ş, Dagli G. Sharing of cultural values and heritage through storytelling in the digital age. Frontiers in Psychology. 2023;14. 435. Aranda DA, Mohammadi L, Blasco MM, Estanyol E, Fernández-de-Castro P. A dataset about Spanish young people’s digital skills, use of technology and online platforms. F1000Research. 2023. 436. Hoyos Muñoz JA, Cardona Valencia D. Trends and challenges of digital divide and digital inclusion: A bibliometric analysis. Journal of Information Science. 2023. 437. Shi Y, Cheng Q, Wu Y, Lin Q, Xu A, Zheng Q. Promoting or Inhibiting? Digital Inclusive Finance and Cultural Consumption of Rural Residents. Sustainability. 2023. 438. Friederich F, Palau-Saumell R, Matute J, Meyer J-H. Digital natives and streaming TV platforms: an integrated perspective to explain continuance usage of over-the-top services. Online Information Review. 2023. 439. Clark J, Lischer-Katz Z. (In)accessibility and the technocratic library: Addressing institutional failures in library adoption of emerging technologies. First Monday. 2023. 440. Yu W, Huang H, Kong X, Zhu K. Can Digital Inclusive Finance Improve the Financial Performance of SMEs? Sustainability. 2023. 441. Castañeda LJ, Villar-Onrubia D. Beyond functionality: Building critical digital teaching competence among future primary education teachers. Contemporary Educational Technology. 2023. 442. Mathiassen L, Jonsson K, Holmstrom J. Tensions in transfer, translation, and transformation of information: A sociomaterial perspective on heterogeneous work arrangements. Journal of Information Technology. 2023;38:334 - 50. 443. Zulu SL, Saad AM, Gledson BJ. Individual Characteristics as Enablers of Construction Employees’ Digital Literacy: An Exploration of Leaders’ Opinions. Sustainability. 2023. 444. Gupta R, Iyengar R, Sharma M, Cannuscio CC, Merchant RM, Asch DA, et al. Consumer Views on Privacy Protections and Sharing of Personal Digital Health Information. JAMA Network Open. 2023;6. 445. Díaz D, Boj C. A critical approach to Machine Learning forecast capabilities: creating a predictive biography in the age of the Internet of Behaviour (IoB). Artnodes. 2023. 446. Bhattamisra SK, Banerjee P, Gupta P, Mayuren J, Patra S, Candasamy M. Artificial Intelligence in Pharmaceutical and Healthcare Research. Big Data Cogn Comput. 2023;7:10. 447. Bingaman KA. Religion in the Digital Age: An Irreversible Process. Religions. 2023. 448. Chang L, Wang Y, Liu J, Feng Y, Zhang X. Study on factors influencing college students’ digital academic reading behavior. Frontiers in Psychology. 2023;13. 449. Wang B, Dai L, Liao B. System Architecture Design of a Multimedia Platform to Increase Awareness of Cultural Heritage: A Case Study of Sustainable Cultural Heritage. Sustainability. 2023. E-ISSN: 3025-8839 Copyright ⓒ 2023 Authors Multicultural Islamic Education Review Vol.1, No.2, 2023, pp. 109-179 450. Mendoza MAD, De La Hoz Franco E, Gómez JEG. Technologies for the Preservation of Cultural Heritage—A Systematic Review of the Literature. Sustainability. 2023. 451. Park J-R, Feng Y. Trajectory tracking of changes digital divide prediction factors in the elderly through machine learning. PLOS ONE. 2023;18. 452. Maiti M, Ghosh U. Next-Generation Internet of Things in Fintech Ecosystem. IEEE Internet of Things Journal. 2023;10:2104-11. 453. Yu W, Zhang L, Yang C. The impact of the digital economy on enterprise innovation behavior: Based on CiteSpace knowledge graph analysis. Frontiers in Psychology. 2023;14. 454. Liu YD, Chung HFL, Zhang ZJ, Wu M. When and how digital platforms empower professional services firms: an agility perspective. Journal of Service Theory and Practice. 2023. 455. Lin Q. The theoretical framework of enterprise digital innovation: insights from a qualitative metaanalysis. European Journal of Innovation Management. 2023. 456. Hall J, Hiebert B, Facca D, Donelle L. ‘Putting all my eggs into the app’: Self, relational and systemic surveillance of mothers’ use of digital technologies during the transition to parenting. Digital Health. 2023;9. 457. Castillo-Martínez IM, Cerros Regalado CP, Glasserman-Morales L-D, Ramírez-Montoya MS. Academic literacy among the university students in Mexico and Spain: A holistic perspective. Frontiers in Psychology. 2023;13. 458. Janeway WH. High-Tech Modernism: Limits & Extensions. Daedalus. 2023;152:241-4. 459. Rodowı̇ ck DN, editor The Crisis of Political Modernism2023. 460. Bitto Urbanova L, Madarasová Gecková A, Dankulincova Veselska Z, Capíková S, Holubcikova J, van Dijk JP, et al. Technology supports me: Perceptions of the benefits of digital technology in adolescents. Frontiers in Psychology. 2023;13. 461. Li J, Wang L, Nutakor F, editors. Empirical research on the influence of corporate digitalization on green innovation. Frontiers in Environmental Science; 2023. 462. Grote-Garcia SA, Ortlieb E. What’s Hot in Literacy: The Duality of Explicit Instruction & Cultural And Linguistic Considerations. Literacy Research and Instruction. 2023;62:1 - 15. 463. Yan S, Zhang L. Trends and hot topics in linguistics studies from 2011 to 2021: A bibliometric analysis of highly cited papers. Frontiers in Psychology. 2023;13. 464. Urakova FK, Ishmuradova II, Kondakchian NA, Akhmadieva RS, Torkunova JV, Meshkova IN, et al. Investigating digital skills among Russian higher education students. Contemporary Educational Technology. 2023. 465. Butt AN, Dimitrijević B. Developing and Testing a General Framework for Conducting Transdisciplinary Research. Sustainability. 2023. E-ISSN: 3025-8839 Copyright ⓒ 2023 Authors