Handbook of Thermal Science and Engineering

Handbook of Thermal Science and Engineering Francis A. Kulacki Editor-in-Chief Sumanta Acharya • Yaroslav Chudnovsky Renato Machado Cotta • Ram Devireddy Vijay K. Dhir • M. Pinar Mengüç Javad Mostaghimi • Kambiz Vafai Section Editors Handbook of Thermal Science and Engineering With 1375 Figures and 184 Tables Editor-in-Chief Francis A. Kulacki Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Minnesota Minneapolis, MN, USA Section Editors Sumanta Acharya Armour College of Engineering Department of Mechanical, Materials and Aerospace Engineering Illinois Institute of Technology Chicago, IL, USA Yaroslav Chudnovsky Gas Technology Institute Des Plaines, IL, USA Renato Machado Cotta Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro – UFRJ Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil Ram Devireddy Department of Mechanical Engineering Louisiana State University Baton Rouge, LA, USA Vijay K. Dhir Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering University of California Los Angeles Los Angeles, CA, USA M. Pinar Mengüç Cekmeköy Campus Özyegin University Çekmeköy - Istanbul, Turkey Javad Mostaghimi Centre for Advanced Coating Technologies Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Faculty of Applied Science + Engineering University of Toronto Toronto, ON, Canada Kambiz Vafai Department of Mechanical Engineering University of California Riverside, CA, USA ISBN 978-3-319-26694-7 ISBN 978-3-319-26695-4 (eBook) ISBN 978-3-319-28573-3 (print and electronic bundle) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-26695-4 Library of Congress Control Number: 2018935388 # Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2018 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer International Publishing AG part of Springer Nature. The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland In memoriam: Professor Emil Pfender We dedicate the section on plasma heat transfer to the memory of Professor Emil Pfender (1925–2016) of the Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, for his outstanding and lasting contributions to the field of thermal plasma heat transfer and materials processing by thermal plasmas. During his lifetime, Professor Pfender spearheaded pioneering studies on particle heat and mass transfer in thermal plasmas, anode boundary layer, and free burning arcs including the electrode regions, as well as nonequilibrium effects in arc plasma torches. He studied extensively plasma synthesis of ultrafine powders, later called “nanoparticles,” and developed processes for deposition of thin films, e.g., diamond films, by thermal plasma technology. His extensive research on plasma spray coating process has had applications ranging from jet engine turbine blades and combustors to medical hip implants. Professor Pfender received a Diploma in Physics in 1953, followed by Dr. Ing. in Electrical Engineering in 1959 at the Technical University of Stuttgart. He then became Chief Assistant and Lecturer at the Institute for Gaseous Electronics at the same university. He spent a year (1961) as a Visiting Scientist at the Plasma Physics Branch of the Air Force Research Laboratories, at Wright Patterson Air Force Base in Ohio. In 1964, Professor Pfender was recruited by Professor Ernst R.G. Eckert and joined the Department of Mechanical Engineering at the University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA. There, he established the High Temperature Laboratory (HTL), which quickly became one of the highest regarded laboratories in the field. Professor Pfender was the recipient of many honors and awards. In 1986, he was elected as a member of the US National Academy of Engineering. He was a Fellow of the ASME, the recipient of the Alexander von Humboldt Award of the German Government, the Gold Honorary F. Krizik Medal for Merits in the Field of Technical Sciences of the Czech Academy of Sciences, the Honorary Doctor’s degree from the Technical University of Ilmenau, Germany, and the Plasma Chemistry Award from the International Union for Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC). In 1980, he co-founded the Journal of Plasma Processing and Plasma Chemistry and remained its co-Editor-in-Chief until 2005. On a personal level, it was an honor to have been his student (1976–1982) and to have learned from his vast knowledge. He was generous, courteous, amiable, and a true gentleman. Preface Thermal engineering and science touches almost all branches of modern industrial activity, from the production and refining of mineral resources, to processing and production of basic food stuffs, to manufacturing processes, to energy conversion devices and systems, to environmental engineering, and to biological engineering. In all of these fields, technologies involve the transport of thermal energy, or heat, and in many cases mass transfer. I cannot think of an area of human activity that does not involve either the removal of thermal energy or the addition of thermal energy to an engineering process or manufactured product. The applied thermal sciences and engineering now apply to processes and systems from the near-atomic scale to the familiar macro-scales of industry and the environment. The topics in this handbook have been selected with this view in mind, and the goal has been to include topics that hitherto have not appeared in similar handbooks on heat and mass transfer in the past. The theory of heat on the macroscale is now well developed. This development began haltingly in the sixteenth century and blossomed in the nineteenth century with the expansion of process industries and the perfection of energy conversion devices and systems. The design of familiar thermal systems and equipment – heat exchangers, heat-treating equipment, and gas turbines for power and propulsion, refrigeration systems, conventional electronic cooling equipment, and energy conversion devices – all rest on this foundation. Nowadays, we have highly developed theoretical and empirical foundations for describing and reducing to practice knowledge of the basic modes of thermal energy transport: diffusion or heat conduction; convection; thermal radiation; and phase-change processes, principally boiling and condensation. Various levels of analysis and empiricism pertain to each, and some subfields remain resistant to complete mathematical description. We continue to rely on ad hoc closure models for predicting turbulent convective heat transfer coefficients, and heat at the nano-scale is a subject of fundamental investigation on the dominant transport mechanisms in various applications. But what is different today is the co-mingling of our understanding of the fundamental modes of heat and mass transfer and thermal physics with knowledge from widely different disciplines. In a real sense, the necessity of determining thermal effects across a range of processes and applications has brought transdisciplinarity to the forefront of thermal engineering. The applied thermal sciences at the micro- and nanoscales have also advanced vii viii Preface rapidly from their theoretical and empirical foundations established in the twentieth century to where engineering applications – devices and manufactured products – are an emergent reality. While thermal energy transport at the nanoscale is certainly a focus of much applied and fundamental research today, the development of submicron sized devices means that thermal engineering of a wholly different character may well be needed, and a chapter focusing on thermal transport in micro- and nanoscale systems is included. The handbook is intended for researchers, practitioners, and graduate students. A good number of chapters are focused on fundamental descriptions of all modes of thermal energy transport, and this makes the handbook a general reference and introduction to the field. Applications to new and developing technologies and applied topics are also included. The section on heat transfer in biology and biological systems elaborates the techniques and several active topical areas at the intersection of biology and medicine with heat and mass transfer. A section on heat transfer in plasmas provides a comprehensive picture of contemporary industrial applications of ionized gases and their use in materials engineering. I extend my appreciation and thanks to all of those who have contributed to this handbook. The section editors have superbly managed an extraordinary wide range of topics, and authors of the chapters have skillfully summarized both classical and contemporary developments of their subjects. We hope the range of topics will serve not only current thermal engineers and scientists but also those to come in the years ahead. We have dedicated the section on heat transfer in plasmas to the memory of Dr. Emil Pfender. He was a colleague and friend to his colleagues and the many students who studied under him at the University of Minnesota. His research and professional contributions continue to have a major influence on the field of plasma heat transfer. University of Minnesota Francis A. Kulacki Editor-in-Chief Contents Volume 1 Part I Heat Transfer Fundamentals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 Macroscopic Heat Conduction Formulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Leandro A. Sphaier, Jian Su, and Renato Machado Cotta 3 2 Analytical Methods in Heat Transfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Renato Machado Cotta, Diego C. Knupp, and João N. N. Quaresma 61 3 Numerical Methods for Conduction-Type Phenomena . . . . . . . . . Bantwal R. Baliga, Iurii Lokhmanets, and Massimo Cimmino 127 4 Thermophysical Properties Measurement and Identification . . . . . Helcio R. B. Orlande and Olivier Fudym 179 5 Design of Thermal Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Yogesh Jaluria 219 6 Thermal Transport in Micro- and Nanoscale Systems . . . . . . . . . . Tanmoy Maitra, Shigang Zhang, and Manish K. Tiwari 277 7 Constructal Theory in Heat Transfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Luiz A. O. Rocha, S. Lorente, and A. Bejan 329 Part II 8 9 Convective Heat Transfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Single-Phase Convective Heat Transfer: Basic Equations and Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sumanta Acharya Turbulence Effects on Convective Heat Transfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Forrest E. Ames 361 363 391 ix x 10 Contents Full-Coverage Effusion Cooling in External Forced Convection: Sparse and Dense Hole Arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Phil Ligrani 425 11 Enhancement of Convective Heat Transfer Raj M. Manglik .................. 447 12 Electrohydrodynamically Augmented Internal Forced Convection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Michal Talmor and Jamal Seyed-Yagoobi 479 13 Free Convection: External Surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Patrick H. Oosthuizen 527 14 Free Convection: Cavities and Layers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Andrey V. Kuznetsov and Ivan A. Kuznetsov 603 15 Heat Transfer in Rotating Flows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stefan aus der Wiesche 647 16 Natural Convection in Rotating Flows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Peter Vadasz 691 17 Visualization of Convective Heat Transfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pradipta K. Panigrahi and K. Muralidhar 759 Volume 2 Part III Single-Phase Heat Transfer in Porous and Particulate Media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Applications of Flow-Induced Vibration in Porous Media . . . . . . . Khalil Khanafer, Mohamed Gaith, and Abdalla AlAmiri 19 Imaging the Mechanical Properties of Porous Biological Tissue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . John J. Pitre Jr. and Joseph L. Bull 20 21 Nanoparticles and Metal Foam in Thermal Control and Storage by Phase Change Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bernardo Buonomo, Davide Ercole, Oronzio Manca, and Sergio Nardini Modeling of Heat and Moisture Transfer in Porous Textile Medium Subject to External Wind: Improving Clothing Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nesreen Ghaddar and Kamel Ghali 805 807 831 859 885 Contents Part IV 22 xi Thermal Radiation Heat Transfer .................... A Prelude to the Fundamentals and Applications of Radiation Transfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M. Pinar Mengüç 917 919 23 Radiative Transfer Equation and Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Junming M. Zhao and Linhua H. Liu 933 24 Near-Field Thermal Radiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mathieu Francoeur 979 25 Design of Optical and Radiative Properties of Surfaces . . . . . . . . . 1023 Bo Zhao and Zhuomin M. Zhang 26 Radiative Properties of Gases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1069 Vladimir P. Solovjov, Brent W. Webb, and Frederic Andre 27 Radiative Properties of Particles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1143 Rodolphe Vaillon 28 Radiative Transfer in Combustion Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1173 Pedro J. Coelho 29 Monte Carlo Methods for Radiative Transfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1201 Hakan Ertürk and John R. Howell 30 Inverse Problems in Radiative Transfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1243 Kyle J. Daun Part V Heat Transfer Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1293 . . . . 1295 31 Introduction and Classification of Heat Transfer Equipment Yaroslav Chudnovsky and Dusan P. Sekulic 32 Heat Exchanger Fundamentals: Analysis and Theory of Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1315 Ahmad Fakheri 33 Heat Transfer Media and Their Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1353 Igor L. Pioro, Mohammed Mahdi, and Roman Popov 34 Single-Phase Heat Exchangers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1447 Sunil S. Mehendale 35 Two-Phase Heat Exchangers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1473 Vladimir V. Kuznetsov 36 Compact Heat Exchangers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1501 Dusan P. Sekulic xii Contents 37 Evaporative Heat Exchangers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1521 Takahiko Miyazaki 38 Process Intensification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1535 Anna Lee Tonkovich and Eric Daymo 39 Energy Efficiency and Advanced Heat Recovery Technologies . . . 1593 Helen Skop and Yaroslav Chudnovsky 40 Heat Exchangers Fouling, Cleaning, and Maintenance . . . . . . . . . 1609 Thomas Lestina Volume 3 Part VI Heat Transfer with Phase Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1643 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1645 41 Nucleate Pool Boiling Vijay K. Dhir 42 Transition and Film Boiling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1695 S. Mostafa Ghiaasiaan 43 Boiling on Enhanced Surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1747 Dion S. Antao, Yangying Zhu, and Evelyn N. Wang 44 Mixture Boiling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1795 Mark A. Kedzierski 45 Boiling in Reagent and Polymeric Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1823 Raj M. Manglik 46 Fundamental Equations for Two-Phase Flow in Tubes . . . . . . . . . 1849 Masahiro Kawaji 47 Flow Boiling in Tubes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1907 Yang Liu and Nam Dinh 48 Boiling and Two-Phase Flow in Narrow Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1951 Satish G. Kandlikar 49 Single- and Multiphase Flow for Electronic Cooling . . . . . . . . . . . 1973 Yogendra Joshi and Zhimin Wan 50 Film and Dropwise Condensation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2031 John W. Rose 51 Internal Annular Flow Condensation and Flow Boiling: Context, Results, and Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2075 Amitabh Narain, Hrishikesh Prasad Ranga Prasad, and Aliihsan Koca Contents xiii 52 Heat Pipes and Thermosyphons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2163 Amir Faghri 53 Phase Change Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2213 Navin Kumar and Debjyoti Banerjee Volume 4 Part VII Heat Transfer in Biology and Biological Systems . . . . . . . 2277 54 Thermal Properties of Porcine and Human Biological Systems . . . 2279 Shaunak Phatak, Harishankar Natesan, Jeunghwan Choi, Robert Sweet, and John Bischof 55 Microsensors for Determination of Thermal Conductivity of Biomaterials and Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2305 Xin M. Liang, Praveen K. Sekar, and Dayong Gao 56 Heat Transfer In Vivo: Phenomena and Models Alexander I. Zhmakin 57 Heat and Mass Transfer Processes in the Eye Arunn Narasimhan 58 Heat and Mass Transfer Models and Measurements for Low-Temperature Storage of Biological Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2417 Shahensha M. Shaik and Ram Devireddy 59 Gold Nanoparticle-Based Laser Photothermal Therapy Navid Manuchehrabadi and Liang Zhu 60 Thermal Considerations with Tissue Electroporation . . . . . . . . . . 2489 Timothy J. O’Brien, Christopher B. Arena, and Rafael V. Davalos Part VIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2333 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2381 . . . . . . . . 2455 Heat Transfer in Plasmas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2521 61 Heat Transfer in DC and RF Plasma Torches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2523 Javad Mostaghimi, Larry Pershin, and Subramaniam Yugeswaran 62 Radiative Plasma Heat Transfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2599 Alain Gleizes 63 Heat Transfer in Arc Welding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2657 Anthony B. Murphy and John J. Lowke 64 Heat Transfer in Plasma Arc Cutting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2729 Valerian Nemchinsky xiv Contents 65 Synthesis of Nanosize Particles in Thermal Plasmas . . . . . . . . . . . 2791 Yasunori Tanaka 66 Plasma Waste Destruction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2829 Milan Hrabovsky and Izak Jacobus van der Walt 67 Plasma-Particle Heat Transfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2885 Pierre Proulx 68 Heat Transfer in Suspension Plasma Spraying . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2923 Mehdi Jadidi, Armelle Vardelle, Ali Dolatabadi, and Christian Moreau 69 Droplet Impact and Solidification in Plasma Spraying Javad Mostaghimi and Sanjeev Chandra . . . . . . . . . 2967 Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3009 About the Editor Dr. Francis A. Kulacki is Professor of Mechanical Engineering at the University of Minnesota. He received his education in mechanical engineering at the Illinois Institute of Technology and the University of Minnesota. His research and scholarly interests include coupled heat and mass transfer in porous media, two-phase flow in micro-channels and micro-gaps, boiling of dilute emulsions, natural convection heat transfer, heat transfer in metal foams, hybrid renewable energy systems, thermal energy storage technology, energy policy, and management of technology. He is widely recognized for his development of fundamental knowledge of the natural convection in heat-generating fluids, and a wide range of fundamental experiments on convection in saturated porous media. His advisees include 20, 47 master’s degree students, and 14 undergraduate research scholars. He is Editor of the SpringerBriefs in Thermal Engineering and Applied Science, and the Springer Mechanical Engineering Series. His administrative work includes appointments as department Chair at the University of Delaware, Dean of engineering at the Colorado State University, and Dean of the Institute of Technology (now the College of Science and Engineering) at the University of Minnesota. In each of these positions, he was instrumental in initiating and expanding computer-aided engineering and technology-based instructional activities, increasing research funding, and establishing new multidisciplinary degree programs, research initiatives, centers, and specialized research facilities. He had served as Chair of the Heat Transfer Division of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers and was member of the ASME Board on Professional Development, Board xv xvi About the Editor on Engineering Education, and Board of the Center for Education. He chaired an ASME Task Force on Graduate Education and was a member of the ASME Vision 2030 project, which addressed the body of knowledge for mechanical engineers in the twenty-first century. He also chaired the Education Advisory Group of the National Society for Professional Engineers and was a member of the NSPE Task Force on Education and Registration. Dr. Kulacki has served on the advisory boards of engineering programs at Swarthmore College, the University of Kentucky, the University of Maryland Baltimore County, and Florida International University. In 1996, he was a member of the DOE Peer Review Panel on Thermal and Hydrological Impacts of the Yucca Mountain Repository. From 1998 to 2001, he was an ASME Distinguished Lecturer. From 1996 to 1998, he served as the Executive Director of the TechnologyBased Engineering Education Consortium, an initiative of the William C. Norris Institute. In 2002, he served as the Director of graduate studies for the MS in Management of Technology program at Minnesota and has lectured on energy policy and related issues in the MOT program and at the Hubert H. Humphrey Institute for Public Affairs. Dr. Kulacki is a Fellow of ASME and the American Association for the Advancement of Science. He has received the ASME Distinguished Service Award and the George Taylor Distinguished Service Award of the Institute of Technology at the University of Minnesota. In 2015, he received the ASME’s Heat Transfer Memorial Award. In 2017, he received ASME’s E. F. Church Award, which recognized his scholarly and administrative achievements in engineering education. Section Editors Sumanta Acharya received his Ph.D. from the University of Minnesota and his Bachelor’s degree from the Indian Institute of Technology in Mechanical Engineering. He is currently Professor and Department Chair of Mechanical, Materials and Aerospace Engineering at the Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago. From 2010 to 2014, he served as the Program Director of the Thermal Transport Program in the Directorate of Engineering at the National Science Foundation (NSF). From 2014 to 2016, he was the Ring Companies Chair and Department Chair of the Mechanical Engineering Department at the Herff College of Engineering. His academic career prior to 2014 was at Louisiana State University (LSU) where he was the L. R. Daniel Professor and the Fritz & Francis Blumer Professor in the Department of Mechanical Engineering. He was the Founding Director in 2003 of the Center for Turbine Innovation and Energy Research (TIER), which focused on energy generation and propulsion research. His scholarly contributions include mentoring nearly 85 postdoctoral researchers and graduate students, and publishing nearly 200 refereed journal articles and book chapters and over 230 refereed conference/proceedings papers. Professor Acharya was awarded the 2015 AIAA Thermophysics Award, the 2014 AIChE Donald Q. Kern Award, the 75th ASME Heat Transfer Division Medal in 2013, and the 2011 ASME Heat Transfer Memorial Award in the Science category. He served as the Chair of the Heat Transfer Division (HTD) at ASME in 2016–2017 and currently serves in the HTD’s Executive Committee. He has served as the Associate Technical Editor (ATE) of the ASME Journal of Heat xvii xviii Section Editors Transfer, ASME Journal of Energy Resources Technology, and currently is the ATE of the ASME Journal of Validation, Verification and Uncertainty Quantification. Yaroslav Chudnovsky is a senior member of the R&D Staff at the Gas Technology Institute (GTI), an independent not-for-profit R&D organization serving research, development, and training needs of industrial and energy markets since 1941. For over three decades, he successfully developed and led comprehensive R&D programs combined with teaching in enhanced heat transfer, process heating and cooling, power generation and energy harvesting, waste heat recovery and energy efficiency, wastewater reuse, advanced clean combustion, and product quality improvement, related to cost-effective industrial and commercial innovations and advanced technical solutions. He has been working for GTI Energy Utilization Group since 1995 and has a diversified practical experience in thermal-fluid and energy systems, energy efficiency, and clean environmental and industrial technologies. Prior to joining GTI Dr. Chudnovsky was a Director of Heat and Mass Transfer Research laboratory at Moscow Bauman Technical University. During his professional career, he has earned an extensive record of federal, state, and private industry funded high-risk innovative research, early-stage development, pre-commercial demonstration, cost-effective deployment, and successful commercialization of a wide spectrum of technologies. Dr. Chudnovsky earned a Ph.D. in Thermal Sciences (1990), an M.S. in Cryogenic Engineering (1982), and a B.S. in Mechanical Engineering (1980) from the Bauman Technical University. He is an Editorial Board member of a number of professional journals, Fellow of ASME, Member of ASTFE, ABS, AIChE, AIAA, and AFRC, as well as author/coauthor of over 200 professional publications including books, archival articles, conference proceedings, technical reports, and patents. Section Editors xix Renato Machado Cotta received his B.Sc. in Mechanical/Nuclear Engineering from the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in 1981, and the Ph.D. in Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, from the North Carolina State University, Raleigh, in 1985. He joined the Mechanical Engineering Department at the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro in 1987. He has authored 500 technical papers, 9 books, and supervised 80 Ph.D. and M.Sc. theses. Dr. Cotta is a member of the Honorary Advisory Board of International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer, International Journal of Thermal Sciences, International Journal of Numerical Methods in Heat and Fluid Flow, and Computational Thermal Sciences. He is a Regional Editor of High Temperatures - High Pressures and Associate Editor of the Annals of the Brazilian Academy of Sciences. He served as President of Brazilian Association of Mechanical Sciences, ABCM, 2000–2001, Member of Scientific Council of the International Centre for Heat and Mass Transfer, since 1993, Executive Committee of ICHMT since 2006, presently Chairman of the Executive Committee of ICHMT, Congress Committee member of the International Union of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics (IUTAM) since 2010, and Executive Committee member of the Brazilian Academy of Sciences from 2012 to 2015. Dr. Cotta received the ICHMT Hartnett-Irvine Award in 2009 and 2015 and was elected member of the National Order of Scientific Merit, Brazil, 2009. He is an elected member of the Brazilian Academy of Sciences, 2009, National Engineering Academy of Brazil, 2011, and the World Academy of Sciences, Trieste, Italy, 2012. Dr. Cotta served as the President of the National Commission of Nuclear Energy, CNEN/Brazil, 2015–2017, and presently is Technical Counselor to the General Directorate for Nuclear and Technological Development of the Brazilian Navy. xx Section Editors Ram Devireddy is the DeSoto Parish Chapter University Alumni Professor and the Louisiana Land and Exploration Company Endowed Chair Professor of Mechanical Engineering at Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge. Dr. Devireddy received his Ph.D. from the University of Minnesota, M.S. from the University of Colorado, Boulder, and his bachelor’s degree from the University of Madras, India, in Mechanical Engineering. He is interested in a wide variety of biological phenomena at low temperatures with emphasis on phase-change phenomena with particular emphasis on conservation of endangered species, rational design of ovarian tissue cryopreservation protocols, adult stem cell bio-preservation, tissue engineering, macro- and micro-scale simulation of bio-membrane-cryoprotective agent interactions, and nano- and macroscale heat transfer phenomena. Dr. Devireddy has coauthored several book chapters, over 80 archival journal publications, and 80 conference proceedings and abstracts. The quality of his publications has been recognized by best paper awards from the ASME Journal of Heat Transfer, Mid-West Thermal Analysis Forum, the Society of Cryobiology, and the Material Research Society. He has served as Co-chair (2008–2010) and Chair (2010–2012) of the American Society of Mechanical Engineering (ASME) Biotransport Committee, as well as the Technical Program Chair for the 2013 ASME Summer Bioengineering Conference. In 2011, he was inducted as a Fellow of the ASME. Dr. Devireddy has received numerous honors and awards including a Brains (back) to Brussels Fellowship to visit Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels (2009), and a Japan Society for Promotion of Science (JSPS) Fellowship to visit the Yokohama National University, Tokyo (2016). Dr. Devireddy is also the recipient of the Louisiana Alumni Association Faculty Excellence Award (2013) for outstanding teaching, research, and service. Section Editors xxi Vijay K. Dhir is Distinguished Professor of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering and served as Dean of UCLA’s Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science from 2003 to 2016. He received his Bachelor of Science degree from Punjab Engineering College in Chandigarh, India, and his Master of Technology degree from the Indian Institute of Technology in Kanpur, India. He received his Ph.D. from the University of Kentucky and joined the faculty at UCLA in 1974. In 2006, he was elected to the National Academy of Engineering for his work in boiling heat transfer and nuclear reactor thermal hydraulics and safety. He received the 2004 Max Jakob Memorial Award of ASME and AIChE and was delivered the 2008 ASME Thurston Lecture. He is a Fellow of ASME and the American Nuclear Society. In 2004, he was selected as an inductee into the University of Kentucky’s Engineering Hall of Distinction. He has also received the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) Heat Transfer Memorial Award in the Science category and the Donald Q. Kern Award from the American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE). He is recipient of the Technical Achievement Award of the Thermal Hydraulics Division of the American Nuclear Society and twice has received the Best Paper Award for papers published in ASME Journal of Heat Transfer. He received an honorary Ph.D. in Engineering from University of Kentucky and a Lifetime Achievement Award at the ICCES conference. He is also an honorary member of ASME and received the 75th Anniversary Medal from the Heat Transfer Division of ASME. He was recognized in 2013 as Educator of the Year by the Engineering Council. Dr. Dhir leads the Boiling Heat Transfer Laboratory at UCLA, which conducts research on boiling including flow boiling, micro-gravity boiling, and nuclear reactor thermal hydraulics. More than 45 Ph.D. students and 40 M.S. students have graduated under Dhir’s supervision. He is author or coauthor of over 350 papers published in archival journals and proceedings of conferences. xxii Section Editors M. Pinar Mengüç completed his B.S. and M.S. degrees at the Middle East Technical University in Ankara, Turkey. He received his Ph.D. in Mechanical Engineering from Purdue University in 1985 and joined the faculty at the University of Kentucky the same year. He was promoted to the rank of Professor in 1993, and in 2008 was named as the Engineering Alumni Association Chair Professor. He was a Visiting Professor at the Universita degli Studi “Federico II,” in Napoli, Italy, in 1991, and at the Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard University in Boston during 1998–1999. He served as an Associate Editor of the ASME Journal of Heat Transfer and is currently the Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer. He was the Chair of five International Symposia on Radiation Transfer, organized by the International Center for Heat and Mass Transfer. Dr. Mengüç has authored/coauthored more than 125 refereed journal articles and more than 180 conference papers, book chapters, and two books, including the Sixth Edition of Thermal Radiation Heat Transfer, with Jack Howell and Robert Siegel, which appeared in 2016. He has five patents and has guided more than 65 M.S. and Ph.D. students and postdoctoral fellows. Dr. Mengüç served as the Founding Director of the Nano-Scale Engineering Certificate Program at the University of Kentucky. Since early 2009, he is at Ozyegin University in Istanbul as the Founding Director of Center for Energy, Environment, and Economy (CEEE-EÇEM) and the Founding Head of Mechanical Engineering Program. He is a Fellow of ASME and ICHMT, a Senior Member of OSA, and an elected member of the Science Academy of Turkey. Javad Mostaghimi is the Distinguished Professor in Plasma Engineering in the Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering at the University of Toronto and the Director of Centre for Advanced Coating Technologies (CACT). He received a B.Sc. degree from Sharif University, Iran, in 1974, and M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from the University of Minnesota in 1978 and 1982, respectively. Before joining University of Toronto in 1990, he held positions at Pratt & Whitney Canada, Longueil, Quebec, and the Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec. His main research Section Editors xxiii interests are the study of thermal spray coatings, and transport phenomena and electromagnetics in thermal plasma sources, in particular, the flow, temperature, and electromagnetic fields within arcs and RF inductively coupled plasmas. He has also done extensive simulation of the dynamics of droplet impact and solidification in thermal spray processes. He is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada, ASME, ASM, CSME, EIC, CAE, AAAS, and IUPAC. He is a recipient of the 75th Anniversary Medal of the ASME Heat Transfer Division, 2013 Robert W. Angus Medal of the CSME, 2012 Heat Transfer Memorial Award of the ASME, 2011 Jules Stachiewicz Medal of the CSME, 2010 NSERC Brockhouse Canada Prize, and 2009 Engineering Medal in R&D from the Professional Engineers of Ontario. He is a member of the Editorial Board of Plasma Chemistry and Plasma Processing and a member of the International Review Board of the Journal of Thermal Spray. Kambiz Vafai received his B.S. in Mechanical Engineering from the University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, and M.S. and Ph.D. degrees from the University of California, Berkeley. He is a Fellow of ASME, AAAS, and WIF and Associate Fellow of AIAA. He has one of the highest number of citations and h indices in several of the research areas that he has worked on in both ISI and Google Scholar metrics. He has authored over 350 journal publications, book chapters, and symposium volumes. He is currently a Distinguished Professor at the University of California, Riverside, where he started as the Presidential Chair in the Department of Mechanical Engineering. While he was at the Ohio State University, he won the Outstanding Research Awards in the assistant, associate, and full professor categories. He is the recipient of the ASME Classic Paper Award and received the ASME Memorial Award for Outstanding Contributions to and Leadership in Research on convection in porous media, convection in enclosed fluids, and flat-shaped heat pipes. He was given the International Society of Porous Media (InterPore) Highest Award in recognition of outstanding and extraordinary contributions to porous media science. He is also the recipient of the 75th Anniversary Medal of ASME Heat Transfer Division. He holds 13 US patents associated with xxiv Section Editors electronic cooling and medical applications. Dr. Vafai has worked in many technical and scientific areas including multiphase transport, porous media, innovative heat pipes, electronics cooling, innovative microchannels, innovative biosensors, aircraft braking systems, innovative nano-fluid applications, biomedical advances, polymerase chain reaction, land mine detection, innovative high heat flux, thermal/fluid flow regulation and control, and discovery of a new set of fluid flow instabilities. Contributors Sumanta Acharya Armour College of Engineering, Department of Mechanical, Materials and Aerospace Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, USA Abdalla AlAmiri Mechanical Engineering Department, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, UAE Forrest E. Ames Mechanical Engineering Deptartment, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, USA Frederic Andre Centre de Thermique et d’Energétique de Lyon, INSA de Lyon, Villeurbanne, France Dion S. Antao Device Research Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA Christopher B. Arena Laboratory for Therapeutic Directed Energy, Department of Physics, Elon University, Elon, NC, USA Bantwal R. Baliga Department of Mechanical Engineering, Heat Transfer Laboratory, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada Debjyoti Banerjee Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA A. Bejan Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA John Bischof Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA Joseph L. Bull Biomedical Engineering Department, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA Bernardo Buonomo Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale e dell’Informazione, Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Aversa (CE), Italy Sanjeev Chandra Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada xxv xxvi Contributors Jeunghwan Choi Department of Engineering, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA Yaroslav Chudnovsky Gas Technology Institute, Des Plaines, IL, USA Massimo Cimmino Department of Mechanical Engineering, Heat Transfer Laboratory, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada Pedro J. Coelho LAETA, IDMEC, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal Renato Machado Cotta Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro – UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil Kyle J. Daun Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada Rafael V. Davalos Bioelectromechanical Systems Laboratory, ICTAS Center for Engineered Health, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech - Wake Forest School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Blacksburg, VA, USA Eric Daymo Tonkomo LLC, Gilbert, AZ, USA Ram Devireddy Department of Mechanical Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA Vijay K. Dhir Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA Nam Dinh North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA Ali Dolatabadi Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada Davide Ercole Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale e dell’Informazione, Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Aversa (CE), Italy Hakan Ertürk Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boğaziçi University, Istanbul, Turkey Amir Faghri Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA Ahmad Fakheri Department of Mechanical Engineering, Bradley University, Peoria, IL, USA Mathieu Francoeur Radiative Energy Transfer Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA Olivier Fudym CNRS Office for Brazil and the South Cone, Avenida Presidente Antônio Carlos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil Contributors xxvii Mohamed Gaith Department of Mechanical Engineering, Australian College of Kuwait, Kuwait City, Kuwait Dayong Gao Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA Nesreen Ghaddar Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon Kamel Ghali Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon S. Mostafa Ghiaasiaan George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA Alain Gleizes Institute LAPLACE Laboratory, CNRS and Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France John R. Howell Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA Milan Hrabovsky Institute of Plasma Physics ASCR, Prague, Czech Republic Mehdi Jadidi Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada Yogesh Jaluria Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA Yogendra Joshi George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA Satish G. Kandlikar Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, USA Masahiro Kawaji City College of New York, New York, NY, USA University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada Mark A. Kedzierski National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA Khalil Khanafer Department of Mechanical Engineering, Australian College of Kuwait, Kuwait City, Kuwait Diego C. Knupp Laboratory of Experimentation and Numerical Simulation in Heat and Mass Transfer, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Energy, Polytechnic Institute, Rio de Janeiro State University, IPRJ/UERJ, Nova Friburgo, RJ, Brazil Aliihsan Koca Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA Navin Kumar Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA Andrey V. Kuznetsov Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA xxviii Contributors Ivan A. Kuznetsov Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA Vladimir V. Kuznetsov Department of Thermophysics of Multiphase Systems, Kutateladze Institute of Thermophysics of Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia Thomas Lestina Heat Transfer Research, Inc., Navasota, TX, USA Xin M. Liang Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA Department of Medicine, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA Phil Ligrani Propulsion Research Center, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL, USA Linhua H. Liu School of Energy Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China Yang Liu North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA Iurii Lokhmanets Department of Mechanical Engineering, Heat Transfer Laboratory, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada S. Lorente Departement de Genie Civil, Institut National des Sciences Appliquées, Toulouse, France John J. Lowke CSIRO Manufacturing, Lindfield, NSW, Australia Mohammed Mahdi Faculty of Energy Systems and Nuclear Science, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Oshawa, ON, Canada Tanmoy Maitra Nanoengineered Systems Laboratory, UCL Mechanical Engineering, University College London, London, UK Oronzio Manca Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale e dell’Informazione, Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Aversa (CE), Italy Raj M. Manglik Thermal-Fluids and Thermal Processing Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA Navid Manuchehrabadi Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota at Minneapolis, Minneapolis, MN, USA Sunil S. Mehendale Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA Contributors xxix M. Pinar Mengüç Cekmeköy Campus, Özyegin University, Çekmeköy - Istanbul, Turkey Takahiko Miyazaki Faculty of Engineering Sciences, Kyushu University, Kasugashi, Fukuoka, Japan Christian Moreau Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada Javad Mostaghimi Centre for Advanced Coating Technologies, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Applied Science + Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada K. Muralidhar Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, India Anthony B. Murphy CSIRO Manufacturing, Lindfield, NSW, Australia Amitabh Narain Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA Arunn Narasimhan Department of Mechanical Engineering, Heat Transfer and Thermal Power Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India Sergio Nardini Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale e dell’Informazione, Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Aversa (CE), Italy Harishankar Natesan Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA Valerian Nemchinsky Physics Department, Keiser University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA Timothy J. O’Brien Bioelectromechanical Systems Laboratory, ICTAS Center for Engineered Health, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech - Wake Forest School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Blacksburg, VA, USA Patrick H. Oosthuizen Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada Helcio R. B. Orlande Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil Pradipta K. Panigrahi Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, India Larry Pershin University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada Shaunak Phatak Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA xxx Contributors Igor L. Pioro Faculty of Energy Systems and Nuclear Science, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Oshawa, ON, Canada John J. Pitre Jr. Biomedical Engineering Department, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA Roman Popov Faculty of Energy Systems and Nuclear Science, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Oshawa, ON, Canada Pierre Proulx Department of Chemical and Biotechnological Engineering, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada João N. N. Quaresma School of Chemical Engineering, Universidade Federal do Pará, FEQ/UFPA, Campus Universitário do Guamá, Belém, PA, Brazil Hrishikesh Prasad Ranga Prasad Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA Luiz A. O. Rocha Departamento de Engenharia Mec^anica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil John W. Rose School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK Praveen K. Sekar Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA Dusan P. Sekulic Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, PR, China Jamal Seyed-Yagoobi Multi-Scale Heat Transfer Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, USA Shahensha M. Shaik Department of Mechanical Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA Helen Skop Smart Heat Corporation, Skokie, IL, USA Vladimir P. Solovjov Mechanical Engineering Department, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA Leandro A. Sphaier Laboratory of Thermal Sciences – LATERMO, Department of Mechanical Engineering – TEM/PGMEC, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niteroi, RJ, Brazil Jian Su Nuclear Engineering Department – PEN and Nanoengineering Department – PENT, COPPE, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil Robert Sweet Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA Contributors xxxi Michal Talmor Multi-Scale Heat Transfer Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, USA Yasunori Tanaka Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kakuma, Kanazawa, Japan Manish K. Tiwari Nanoengineered Systems Laboratory, UCL Mechanical Engineering, University College London, London, UK Anna Lee Tonkovich Tonkomo LLC, Gilbert, AZ, USA Peter Vadasz Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA Rodolphe Vaillon CETHIL, UMR 5008, Univ Lyon, CNRS, INSA-Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France Radiative Energy Transfer Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA Izak Jacobus van der Walt R&D Plasma Development, The South African Nuclear Energy Corporation, Plelindaba, North West Province, South Africa Armelle Vardelle European Ceramic Center, Laboratoire Sciences des Procédés Céramiques et de Traitements de Surface, University of Limoges, Limoges Cedex, France Zhimin Wan George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA Evelyn N. Wang Device Research Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA Brent W. Webb Mechanical Engineering Department, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA Stefan aus der Wiesche Department of Mechanical Engineering, Muenster University of Applied Sciences, Steinfurt, Germany Subramaniam Yugeswaran University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada Shigang Zhang Nanoengineered Systems Laboratory, UCL Mechanical Engineering, University College London, London, UK Zhuomin M. Zhang George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA Bo Zhao George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA xxxii Contributors Junming M. Zhao School of Energy Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China Alexander I. Zhmakin SoftImpact Ltd., St. Petersburg, Russia Ioffe Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia Liang Zhu Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA Yangying Zhu Device Research Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA