BIBLICAL HEBREW TO ENGLISH DICTIONARY 20240701

A STUDENT’S BIBLICAL HEBREW TO ENGLISH DICTIONARY Karl W. Randolph. 1 Copyright 2024 Karl W. Randolph. At this time, this dictionary is free to use for personal study. For commercial interests, please contact Karl W. Randolph at [email protected] . Thanks must be accorded Ken Penner for recoding this dictionary from that used by Online Bible to unicode. 2 Contents: How to use this dictionary ................................................................................4 Biblical Hebrew to English Dictionary...............................................................8 Biblical Aramaic to English Dictionary. .........................................................331 Appendices ....................................................................................................342 Grammar .......................................................................................................366 Patterns of Noun Derivations from Verbs ......................................................392 Philosophy behind the Development of this Dictionary .................................401 History of this dictionary ..............................................................................406 My lexicographer technique ..........................................................................408 Masoretic Points ?? .......................................................................................410 3 How to use this Dictionary: Except for the difference between the sin and shin, none of the dots used by the Masoretes are listed. The only reason that the sin and shin are differentiated is because of the tradition that they are different letters, so that even in unpointed texts, they are usually differentiated. Were it not for that, I wouldn’t include those dots. (Actually I maintain three versions of this dictionary: one to remain compatible with an old program, pre-unicode, that has some unique search capabilities that I haven’t found in newer programs, one for a text that I often use that doesn’t differentiate between sin and shin, and this one that does differentiate between sin and shin. Usually it’s just a quick copy and paste to update all three within seconds.) Other Masoretic points I don’t include because 1) they do not represent Biblical era pronunciation. Historical indications in Ezra and Nehemiah indicate that Hebrew had ceased to be natively spoken before their time. By the time the Masoretes invented the pointing system to represent vowels, there had been over a thousand years of pronunciation change driven by the languages Jews actually spoke, mainly Aramaic and Greek. The Masoretic points represent the tradition of Hebrew pronunciation as it existed in the Masoretic time and place. 2) Even assuming the Masoretic tradition as the working pronunciation, the points are not always accurate as far as meaning is concerned. Even if the error rate were as little as 1%, that averages out to about one error every three to five verses. For these two reasons, I prefer not to lock my readers into the Masoretic points by including them. This dictionary does not list all grammatical constructs, or Binyamim, the use of it presupposes the reader's recognition of basic Hebrew grammar. This requires the recognition of the forms, both prefixes and suffixes, because they will not be listed in this dictionary except for some irregular forms. The definite article and interrogative ‫ה‬ (prefix) will not be listed here. The prefixed ‫ ל‬,‫ כ‬,‫ ו‬,‫ ב‬and ‫ מ‬will almost always not be listed, except in cases where the same spelling can be understood as deriving from more than one root or they are recognized as making up a noun, so again using this dictionary requires basic understanding of Hebrew. Where the final ‫ ה‬of a feminine is changed to a ‫ ת‬or plural ‫ות‬, they are listed using a final ‫ ה‬except many cases where the noun is never found ending in a final ‫( ה‬though one needs to be careful here, as there are several nouns that end with a ‫)ת‬. Where a word is found in Tanakh ending only in a ‫ת‬, it is 4 listed with a ‫ ת‬and not a ‫ה‬. This dictionary also usually doesn’t include the accusative final ‫ ה‬indicating motion towards a goal. Again it’s expected that the reader recognize the from from the context. One way to find entries is to copy the word to be found in the unpointed text that one is reading, copy it to the clipboard, then paste it into the find function of the program that has opened this document. Another way to use the dictionary is to type in the word that one wants to look up in the find function, then hit return. While each entry is listed alphabetically, where applicable, all entries are also tied together by root which, according to tradition, are listed under verbs. Where there are known synonyms, either pointers are made to the synonyms, or they are listed at the end of the entries. Alternate spellings for one listing are usually listed before the definitions. Warning! Just because a word appears to have come from a certain root does NOT mean that it did so. There are a few reason that that could be the case. 1) The “derived” word is a loan word from another language. 2) The “derived” word actually comes from a different root, often one which at first glance appears to have a different form. I recognize verbal roots if and only if there is a commonality of action as well as form. 3) The word is a homonym, or more accurately, a homograph, and 4) just because tradition claims that all nouns and adjectives had verbal roots, does not mean that they did so in practice. Tanakh has only a subset of the spoken language, and not all nouns and adjectives have verbal roots listed in Tanakh, nor do I invent them for the purposes of this dictionary. Therefore, all words are listed alphabetically, with listings of verbal roots only where they’re found in Tanakh. Having given that warning above, yet listing words according to roots can be a powerful tool to understanding Biblical Hebrew words. In this dictionary I try to steer a middle path, neither overdoing it, as is the practice of some and I think happened in tradition, nor ignoring the connections as is more popular in modern times. I list all words according to how they are found in Tanakh. So, for example, if a noun is normally understood as a feminine noun, but is found in Tanakh only as a plural noun and never as singular one, I list it with the waw-tau suffix without “normalizing” it to a heh ending, as is the practice in other dictionaries. 5 Where Bible verse numbers are listed, they are listed according to the Hebrew numbering tradition. Where the Hebrew numbering is different from the English, the English is usually but not always listed following the Hebrew numbering with the English in parentheses. Symbols used: ⇐ pointing towards a derivative or secondary meaning of a word. → ← pointing towards a derivative of the root. For nouns, this points to the verbal root under which it is listed. σ pointer indicating synonym(s). Some of the entries list all the synonyms at the end of the listing, others the root under which the synonyms are listed. An electronic count gives 2091 pointers to synonyms listed. β this word is a grammatical or irregular construct from one or more following words. This dictionary does not list all the grammatical constructs, just those that are very irregular, an alternate spelling or ones that can be derived from two or more words. 1398 are listed αλ from the Greek ἁπαξ λεγοµενον meaning that this term is used only once in Tanakh. ?? definition given is either not known or questioned. Let’s be honest: the meanings of some words have been forgotten, even before the Septuagint was written. This is particularly true of words that have been used once or only a few times in the Bible. Since this is a study dictionary and not a translator’s dictionary, I admit where words are unknown or uncertain, and let translators lose hair on how to translate them. || Used in poetic parallel with another term. K a Kethib reading Q a Qere reading <name> name of a person and/or place. I don’t try to translate names, frankly some can’t be translated. 6 Bible books: Gn = Genesis Ex = Exodus Lv = Leviticus Nu = Numbers Dt = Deuteronomy Js = Joshua Jd = Judges 1S = 1 Samuel 2S = 2 Samuel 1K = 1 Kings 2K = 2 Kings Is = Isaiah Jr = Jeremiah Ez = Ezekiel Hs = Hosea Jl = Joel Am = Amos Ob = Obadiah Jn = Jonah Mc = Micah Nh = Nahum Hb = Habakuk Zp = Zephaniah Hg = Haggai Zc = Zachariah Ml = Malachi Ps = Psalms Jb = Job Pr = Proverbs So = Song of Songs, Song of Solomon Ru = Ruth Lm = Threnody, Lamentations Ko = Kohelet, Ecclesiastes Es = Esther Dn = Daniel Ezr = Ezra Ne = Nehemiah 1C = 1 Chronicles 2C = 2 Chronicles 7 θορυβος, ‫ אביון‬needy (person), ‫אביונה‬ neediness, want Ko 12:5 αλ σ ‫ נדב‬to make willing to be generous with time and materials given freely Ex 25:2, 35:21, 29, Ezr 2:68 to volunteer ‫ אבה‬papyrus reed, many ancient Egyptian ships were made of papyrus reeds, they were light and quick Jb 9:26 αλ σ ‫גמא‬ ‫< אבוגל‬name> ‫ אבוי‬pity ?? seen as one who is in need ?? Pr 23:29 αλ LXX θορυβος ← ‫אבה‬ ‫ אבוס‬β ‫ בוס‬,‫אבוס‬ ‫ אבוס‬silo, where grain is stored ?? Is 14:25, Pr 14:4 crib, for feeding grain to animals Is 1:3, Jb 39:9, “[animal] of a crib” animal fed grain at a crib rather than free ranging, making for softer meat, “feedlot fattened” 1K 5:3 (4:23), Pr 15:17 ← ‫אבס‬ ‫ אבות‬β ‫אב אוב‬ ‫ אבטחים‬melons Nu 11:5 αλ ‫ אבחת‬fright ?? Ez 21:20 (15) αλ σ ‫ירא‬ ‫ אבי‬oh that! ‫< אבי‬name> ‫< אבי העזרי‬name> ‫< אבי עלבון‬name> ‫< אביאל‬name> ‫< אביאסף‬name> ‫ אביב‬green ears of grain Ex 9:31, Lv 2:14, also the first month of the year in which is found Passover Ex 13:4, 23:15, 34:18, Dt 16:1 ‫< אביגיל‬name> ‫< אביגל‬name> ‫< אבידן‬name> ‫< אבידע‬name> ‫< אביה‬name> ‫ א‬first letter of the alphabet, comes from the meaning of ox (in the archaic alphabet one can see the head, ears and horns), where letters are used as numbers, it refers to the number one. ‫ אב‬father, or ancestor, also used metaphorically ‫ אב‬setting forth buds Jb 8:12, bud So 6:11 ← ‫אנב‬ ‫< אבגתא‬name> ‫ אבד‬to be(come) lost, with the idea of not being able to be found to destroy utterly so that it no longer can be found, sometimes a euphemism for to die for the one who is dead is lost to us → ‫אבד‬ being lost Nu 24:20, 24, ‫ אבדה‬anything that is lost Ex 22:8, Lv 5:22–3, Dt 22:3, place of the lost Pr 27:20, ‫ אבדון‬place of the lost, used as a euphemism for the grave Jb 26:6, 28:22, 31:12, Ps 88:12 (11), Pr 15:11, ‫ אבדן‬making lost, euphemism for death Ps 119:95, Es 8:6 σ ‫מות‬ ‫ אבד‬being lost Nu 24:20, 24 ← ‫אבד‬ ‫ אבדה‬anything that is lost Ex 22:8, Lv 5:22–3, Dt 22:3, place of the lost Pr 27:20 ← ‫אבד‬ ‫ אבדון‬place of the lost, used as a euphemism for the grave Jb 26:6, 28:22, 31:12, Ps 88:12 (11), Pr 15:11 ← ‫ אבד‬σ ‫שׁאל‬ ‫ אבדן‬making lost, euphemism for death Ps 119:95, Es 8:6 ← ‫ אבד‬σ ‫מות‬ ‫ אבה‬to be willing, even to want to, ready to fill a need → ‫ אבוי‬pity ?? seen as one who is in need ?? Pr 23:29 αλ LXX 8 ‫< אביהו‬name> ‫< אביהוא‬name> ‫< אביהוד‬name> ‫< אביהיל‬name> ‫ אביון‬needy (person) ← ‫אבה‬ ‫ אביונה‬neediness, want Ko 12:5 αλ ← ‫אבה‬ ‫< אביחיל‬name> ‫< אביטוב‬name> ‫< אביטל‬name> ‫< אבים‬name> ‫< אבימאל‬name> ‫< אבימלך‬name> ‫< אבינדב‬name> ‫ אבינים‬β ‫אביון‬ ‫< אבינעם‬name> ‫< אבינר‬name> ‫< אביסף‬name> ‫< אביעזר‬name> ‫ אביר‬mighty one ← ‫אבר‬ ‫< אבירם‬name> ‫< אבישׁג‬name> ‫< אבישׁוע‬name> ‫< אבישׁור‬name> ‫< אבישׁי‬name> ‫< אבישׁלום‬name> ‫< אביתר‬name> ‫ אבך‬to billow up Is 9:18 αλ ‫ אבל‬to mourn for someone who has died (lost to us) or over a lost opportunity → ‫ אבל‬act and/or time of mourning a reference to after when a person dies, a person who mourns, ‫ אבלות‬in state of mourning ?? Lm 1:4 αλ σ ‫כעס‬ ‫ אבל‬act and/or time of mourning a reference to after when a person dies, a person who mourns ← ‫אבל‬ ‫ אבל‬qanat ?? an artificial spring made by tunneling horizontally into an alluvial fan Dn 8:3, 6 ‫ אבל‬however, though sometimes used in the sense of on the contrary, but ‫< אבל‬name> ‫< אבל בית המעכה‬name> ‫< אבל בית מעכה‬name> ‫< אבל השׁטים‬name> ‫< אבל כרמים‬name> ‫< אבל מחולה‬name> ‫< אבל מצרים‬name> ‫< אבל שׁטים‬name> ‫ אבלות‬in state of mourning ?? Lm 1:4 αλ ← ‫אבל‬ ‫ אבן‬β ‫ בנה‬,‫ בון‬,‫אבן‬ ‫ אבן‬stone something made of stone something made to be like stone Gn 11:3 potter’s wheel, traditionally made of two stones connected by a shaft, the lower one kicked to impart speed and inertia, the upper one whereupon pottery is thrown Jr 18:3 αλ ( pl. euphemism for sex organs ?? Ex 1:16 αλ) σ ‫חצץ‬ gravel, of stones Pr 20:17, Lm 3:16 of ice, hail Ps 77:18 (17) ‫< אבן העזר‬name> ‫< אבנה‬name> ‫ אבנט‬waistband, a long cloth wrapped around the body Ex 28:4, Lv 8:7, Is 22:21 σ ‫בגד‬ ‫“ אבני מלאים‬stones of filling” precious stones for setting (to fill settings) Ex 25:7, 35:9 ← ‫מלא‬ ‫< אבנר‬name> ‫ אבס‬to feed at a crib (instead of making go out to forage) 1K 5:3, Pr 15:17 → 9 ‫ אבוס‬silo, where grain is stored ?? Is 14:25, Pr 14:4 crib, for feeding grain to animals Is 1:3, Jb 39:9, “[animal] of a crib” animal fed grain at a crib rather than free ranging, making for softer meat, “feedlot fattened” 1K 5:3 (4:23), Pr 15:17, ‫ מאבס‬silo, to store feed for animals Jr 50:26 αλ ‫ אבעבעת‬flowing pus Ex 9:9–10, apparently with a continuous flowing of a great amount of pus ← ‫נבע‬ ‫< אבץ‬name> ‫< אבצן‬name> ‫ אבק‬to get dusty (from fighting, traveling) Nh 1:3 to wrestle Gn 32:24 → ‫אבק‬ fine dust Ex 9:9, Dt 28:24, Is 29:5, ‫אבקת‬ anything made into a fine powder So 3:6 αλ ‫ אבק‬fine dust Ex 9:9, Dt 28:24, Is 29:5 ← ‫ אבק‬σ ‫עפר‬ ‫ אבקת‬anything made into a fine powder So 3:6 αλ ← ‫אבק‬ ‫ אבר‬to soar as in flight Jb 39:13, 26 → ‫ אביר‬mighty one, ‫ אבר‬act of soaring ?? Is 40:31, Ez 17:3, Ps 55:7, ‫ אברה‬wing feather used for soaring, flying Dt 32:11, Ps 68:14 (13), 91:4 σ ‫עוף‬ ‫ אבר‬act of soaring ?? Is 40:31, Ez 17:3, Ps 55:7 ← ‫אבר‬ ‫ אברה‬wing feather used for soaring, flying Dt 32:11, Ps 68:14 (13), 91:4 ← ‫אבר‬ ‫< אברהם‬name> ֿ‫ ?? אברך‬something Egyptian criers called out to make way for a VIP chariot Gn 41:43 αλ ‫< אברם‬name> ‫< אבשׁי‬name> ‫< אבשׁלום‬name> ‫ אבת‬fatherdom, status of being from the time of the fathers, ancestor ?? ‫< אבת‬name> ‫( אגאלתי‬DSS ‫)גאלתי‬ ‫< אגג‬name> ‫< אגגי‬name> ‫ אגדה‬band that ties things together Is 58:6 group of objects held together Ex 12:22, Am 9:6 group of people banded together, troop 2S 2:25 σ ? ‫שׁרשׁרת‬ ‫ אגוז‬nut So 6:11 αλ ‫< אגור‬name> ‫ אגורת‬offering donated to the sanctuary ?? 1S 2:36 αλ ← ‫אגר‬ ‫ אגל‬droplet (of dew, water) Jb 38:28 αλ σ ‫נטף‬ ‫< אגלים‬name> ‫ אגם‬to sink down, as in a marsh, to become mired down Is 19:10 αλ → ‫ אגם‬marsh, place where a person can become mired down Ex 7:19, 8:1 (5), Is 14:23, 35:7, 41:18, 42:15, Jr 51:32, Ps 107:35, 114:8, ‫ אגמון‬rush, marsh reed Is 9:14, 19:15, Jb 40:26 (41:2), ‫ אגמן‬sinking down ?? Is 58:5, Jb 41:12 (20) σ ‫טבע‬ ‫ אגם‬marsh, place where a person can become mired down Ex 7:19, 8:1 (5), Is 14:23, 35:7, 41:18, 42:15, Jr 51:32, Ps 107:35, 114:8 ← ‫ אגם‬σ ‫ בצה‬marsh, where the ground is mire Jb 8:11, 40:21 ‫ אגמון‬rush, marsh reed Is 9:14, 19:15, Jb 40:26 (41:2) ← ‫ אגם‬σ ‫גמא‬ ‫ אגמן‬sinking down ?? Is 58:5, Jb 41:12 (20) ← ‫אגם‬ 10 ‫ אגן‬goblet, small round cup, or is this referring to a small bottle, as for perfume ?? Ex 24:6, Is 22:24, So 7:3 σ ‫כוס‬ ‫ אגף‬allie(d army) Ez 12:14, 38:6, 9, 22, 39:4 ‫ אגר‬to gather in as a farmer brings in the harvest Dt 28:39, Pr 6:6, 10:5 → ‫אגורת‬ offering donated to the sanctuary ?? 1S 2:36 αλ, ‫ אגרת‬letter, written as correspondence ⇐ to collect one’s thoughts Es 9:26, 29, Ne 2:7–9, 6:19 σ ‫אסף‬ ‫ אגרטל‬basin Ezr 1:9 ‫ אגרף‬fist Ex 21:18, Is 58:4 ← ‫גרף‬ ‫ אגרת‬letter, written as correspondence ⇐ to collect one’s thoughts Es 9:26, 29, Ne 2:7–9, 6:19 ← ‫ אגר‬σ ‫ נשתון‬letter, correspondence (Aramaic loan word) Ezr 7:11 ‫ אד‬water vapor Gn 2:6, Jb 36:27 σ ‫שׁחק‬ ‫ אדב‬to languish, comfort ?? 1S 2:33 αλ σ ‫?דוב‬ ‫< אדבאל‬name> ‫< אדד‬name> ‫ אדדה‬β ‫דדה‬ ‫ אדדם‬β ‫ דדה‬Ps 42:5 (4) ?? LXX θαυµαστης ‫ אדם‬,‫ אדום‬Edom, name of place ‫ אדון‬lord, master, someone who has authority over other people, both privately as a slave holder or in government σ ‫מלך‬ ‫< אדון‬name> ‫< אדורים‬name> ‫ אודת‬,‫ אדות‬circumstances, all but once preceded by ‫ על‬together meaning because of ‫ אדיר‬splendid, great (one) ← ‫אדר‬ ‫< אדליה‬name> ‫ אדם‬β ‫ דמה‬,‫ דום‬,‫ איד‬,‫אדם‬ ‫ אדם‬to be red Is 1:18, Pr 23:31, Th 4:7 → ‫ אדם‬man, person (everyone’s skin is reddish, even though our eyes may not notice it), mankind Gn 1:26–7, 2:5, 5:2, 7:21, 23 (similar to the use of the Greek word ανθρωπος), ‫ אדם‬red Nu 19:2, 2K 3:22, Zc 1:8, ‫ אדם‬ruby, a precious stone Ex 28:17, 39:10, Ez 28:13, ‫ אדם‬red lentil soup ?? Gn 25:30 (see vs. 34), ‫אדמדם‬ reddish Lv 13:42, 49, ‫ אדמדמת‬redness ?? Lv 13: 19, 24, 43, 14:37, ‫ אדמה‬soil, where there is some intersection with the meaning of ‫ ארץ‬where it can refer to land, usually somewhat poetic, ,‫אדמוני‬ ‫ אדמני‬red haired Gn 25:25, 1S 16:12, 17:42 ‫ אדם‬man, person (everyone’s skin is reddish, even though our eyes may not notice it), mankind Gn 1:26–7, 2:5, 5:2, 7:21, 23 (similar to the use of the Greek word ανθρωπος) ← ‫ אדם‬σ ‫ אישׁ‬man, a male of the human species: though occasionally it refers to a generalized individual in a use similar to a pronoun, not necessarily human, e.g. gods 2K 18:33, animals Gn 7:2, ‫ אשׁה‬woman, a female of the human species, though occasionally refers to a generalized object in a use similar to a pronoun, e.g. to animals Gn 7:2, to a connector Ex 26:17, ‫ שׁדה‬lady, courtier ‫ אדם‬red Nu 19:2, 2K 3:22, Zc 1:8 ← ‫ אדם‬σ ‫ שׁני‬scarlet 11 ‫ אדם‬ruby, a precious stone Ex 28:17, 39:10, Ez 28:13 ← ‫אדם‬ ‫ אדם‬red lentil soup ?? Gn 25:30 (see vs. 34) ← ‫אדם‬ ‫< אדם‬name> ‫ אדמדם‬reddish Lv 13:42, 49 ← ‫אדם‬ ‫ אדמדמת‬redness ?? Lv 13: 19, 24, 43, 14:37 ← ‫אדם‬ ‫ אדמה‬soil, where there is some intersection with the meaning of ‫ ארץ‬where it can refer to land, usually somewhat poetic ← ‫ אדם‬σ ‫ארץ‬ ‫< אדמה‬name> ‫ אדמני‬,‫ אדמוני‬red haired Gn 25:25, 1S 16:12, 17:42 ← ‫אדם‬ ‫< אדמי‬name> ‫< אדמים‬name> ‫< אדמתא‬name> ‫ אדן‬footing, base of a pole where based Is 21:8 ‫< אדן‬name> ‫ אדני‬β ‫ אדן‬,‫אדון‬ ‫ אדניה‬β ‫ אדניה‬,‫ אדן‬,‫אדון‬ ‫< אדניה‬name> ‫< אדניקם‬name> ‫< אדנירם‬name> ‫ אדר‬to have splendor Is 42:21 αλ → ‫אדיר‬ splendid, great (one), ‫ אדר‬splendor Mc 2:8, Zc 11:13, ‫ אדרת‬splendor Zc 11:3 splendid Ez 17:8, cloak (which may have sleeves) that indicates status Gn 25;25, Js 7:21, 24, 2K 2:8, 13–4, ‫נאדר‬ splendid Ex 15:6, 11 σ ‫הדר‬ ‫ אדר‬splendor Mc 2:8, Zc 11:13 ← ‫ אדר‬σ ‫הדר‬ ‫< אדר‬name> ‫ אדרכמון‬daric, a Persian coin Ezra 8:27, 2C 29:7 cf. ‫דרכמון‬ ‫ אדרם‬β ‫ אדרם‬,‫ דור‬,‫אדר‬ ‫< אדרם‬name> ‫< אדרמלך‬name> ‫< אדרעי‬name> ‫ אדרת‬splendor Zc 11:3 splendid Ez 17:8, cloak (which may have sleeves) that indicates status Gn 25;25, Js 7:21, 24, 2K 2:8, 13–4 ← ‫ אדר‬σ ‫בגד‬ ‫ אהב‬to love in both emotion and action, referring to both the Platonic love between friends and the physical love of a married couple → ‫ אהב‬love, a person who is loved: lover, friend, ‫ אהבה‬love, referring to the emotion of love, ‫ מאהב‬lover, close friend σ ‫ חסד‬to show undeserved favor, which the recipient cannot justifiably expect or the recipient knows that it’s not deserved (NT αγαπαω) to show favor, ‫ ידד‬to love, yearn for ‫ אהב‬love, a person who is loved: lover, friend ← ‫אהב‬ ‫ אהבה‬love, referring to the emotion of love ← ‫ אהב‬σ ‫ דוד‬love, referring to the action (making love) and the object of that love (lover) (the two words have some crossover in meaning), ‫חסד‬ undeserved favor (NT αγαπη) ability to show undeserved favor ‫ אהבהו‬β ‫ יהב‬,‫אהב‬ ‫< אהד‬name> ‫ אהה‬ah! ‫< אהוא‬name> ‫< אהוד‬name> ‫ אהי‬ha! 12 ‫ אהל‬to tent (as in to dwell in a tent, camping), pitch a tent to cover as with a tent Jb 25:5 → ‫ אהל‬tent ‫ אהל‬tent ← ‫ אהל‬σ ‫ מלונה‬temporary structure for lodging temporarily Is 1:8, the act of temporarily living in a place Is 24:20, ‫ משׁכן‬place for dwelling, which can be a tent, building or even a neighborhood, city or territory, ‫ סכה‬a place that is overspread e.g. with storm clouds 2S 22:12, Ps 18:12, Jb 36:29, hiding place Jb 38:40 awning, lean-to (temporary dwelling) 2S 11:11. 1K 20: 12, 16 the festival of Succoth Lv 23:32, 43–4, Ne 8:14, 17, ‫ שׁפרור‬pavilion (royal tent) Jr 43:10 αλ, ‫ אהל‬and ‫משׁכן‬ are used pretty much interchangeably, both used for portable structures readily taken down and moved. The difference appears that a ‫ משׁכן‬has a self standing frame, while an ‫ אהל‬is made up of cloths stretched out and held in place by stakes or other mechanical means Ex 40:19 σ ‫בית‬ ‫< אהל‬name> ‫< אהלה‬name> ‫ אהלים‬,‫ אהלות‬aloe Ps 45:9 (8), Pr 7:17, So 4:14 ‫< אהליאב‬name> ‫< אהליבה‬name> ‫< אהליבמה‬name> ‫< אהרן‬name> ‫ או‬or ‫< אואל‬name> ‫ אוב‬leather bottle Jb 32:19 αλ σ ‫ נבל‬,‫נאד‬ ‫ אוב‬medium, one who has contact with the spirits Lv 20:27, Dt 18:11, 1S 28:7, 2K 21:6 σ ‫ענן‬ ‫< אוביל‬name> ‫ אובל‬β ‫ יבל‬,‫אובל‬ ‫ אובל אולי‬name of a qanat ?? an artificial spring made by tunneling horizontally into an alluvial fan Dn 8:2 αλ σ ‫אבל‬ ‫ אוד‬β ‫ ידה‬,‫אוד‬ ‫ אוד‬wooden poker that can catch fire when poking in a fire Is 7:4, Am 4:11, Zc 3:2 ‫ אודה‬β ‫ידה‬ ‫ אוה‬to desire, a generalized desire that can be satisfied with a generic object, without demanding a solitary, unique object → ‫ אות‬that which is desired Dt 12:19–21, 19:6, 1S 23:20, Jr 2:24, Hs 10:10, ‫ מאוי‬that which is continuously desired Ps 140:9 (8) αλ, ‫ נאוה‬desirous Ps 33:1, Pr 17:7, So 1:5, 6:4, ‫תאוה‬ generalized desiring that which is desired σ ‫ חמד‬to desire a particular, unique person or object, not to be satisfied with a substitute, ‫ חפץ‬to stretch out (hand) to delight in, such that one wants a person as a friend, spouse or that one wants (to do what the following verb states) (think of the action when one wants something, that he tends to stretch out to touch and/or caress what is desired), ‫ ערג‬to yearn for Jl 1:20, Ps 42:1 ‫< אוזה‬name> ‫< אוזל‬name> ‫ אי‬,‫ אוי‬Woe! (oy) Nu 21:29, Pr 23:29 σ ‫ אללי‬,‫ אלל‬,‫ אלי‬woe!, ‫ הוי‬Woe! ‫< אוי‬name> 13 ‫ איב‬,‫ אויב‬enemy, a general term that includes personal as well as national enemies ← ‫ איב‬σ ‫ יריב‬one who argues (against), brings a (law)suit (against) Is 49:25, Jr 18:19, Ps 35:1, ‫ ער‬enemy, those who destroy ?? 1 S 28:16, Ps 139:20, ‫צר‬ enemy, from the concept of closing in, such as cornering a person, restricting a person’s freedom to do things through hostile actions, being in-your-face hostile, ‫ צרר‬enemy, one who straightens us, ‫שׂטן‬ attacker, enemy ‫( אויה‬something bad) Ps 120:5 αλ ‫ אויל‬fool(ish) person Jr 4:22, Pr 1:7, 7:22, 29:9, ‫ אול‬fool(ish) person Is 19:11, Ps 107:17 thing, speech Pr 14:9 ‫אולי‬ foolishness, ‫ אולת‬folly σ ‫ כסיל‬foolish as in twisted as intestines, ‫ נבל‬bag (made of skin), used for holding workers’ tools Lm 4:2 as well as wine 1S 1:24; 10:3; 25:18, Jr 13:12 bagpipe 1S 10:5, Ps 92:4, 2C 29:25 windbag i.e. bellows used in a forge Is 30:14 also in referring to a fool as a windbag Dt 32:6, 21, Ps 14:1, Pr 17:21, wind blown cloud Jb 38:37, ‫ פשׁ‬foolish arrogance ?? Jb 35:15 αλ ‫< אויל מרדך‬name> ‫ אוכל‬β ‫ יכל‬,‫אכל‬ ‫ אוכיל‬β ‫ יכל‬,‫ ?? אכל‬Hs 11:4 αλ ‫ אוכלה‬consuming Is 29:6, 30:30, 33:14 ← ‫אכל‬ ‫ אול‬advance(d person) (a person with special training or skills, advanced beyond his peers) 2K 24:15, Ps 73:4 ?? ‫ אולי‬foolishness σ ‫אויל‬ ‫ אולי‬such that, if that, used often as a conditional, no exact equivalent in English σ ‫אם‬ ‫< אולי‬name> ‫ אולם‬however ‫ אלם‬,‫ אולם‬gallery, supported by pillars and open 1K 6:3 or refer to a large hall supported by pillars that is like a gallery 1K 7:6–7 σ ‫ אילם‬portico ‫< אולם‬name> ‫ אולת‬folly σ ‫אויל‬ ‫< אומר‬name> ‫ און‬hypocrisy, pretense, pretending to be one thing while doing another (this is not just saying one thing and doing another, but doing it in such a way that it causes injury) Ps 10:7, Pr 17:4 injury caused by hypocrisy, pretense Pr 12:21, those who practice hypocrisy, pretender Is 41:29, Pr 11:7 σ ‫שׁקר‬ ‫ אן‬,‫ און‬potency, potent adulthood (⇐ to come into potency) σ ‫כח‬ ‫< און‬toponym> ‫< אונו‬name> ‫ אונים‬status of being potent, powerful Is 40:26, 29, Hs 4:9, Ps 78:51, Pr 11:7 σ ‫כח‬ ‫< אונם‬name> ‫< אונן‬name> ‫< אופז‬name> ‫< אופיר‬toponym, where was found fine gold> ‫ אופן‬wheel 1K 7:30–3, Ez 1:15–6, 19–21, Pr 20:26 ← ‫ אפן‬σ ‫גלגל‬ ‫ אוץ‬to press on, in the sense of herding (together crowd together), hurrying along → ‫ אץ‬pushy, forceful, hurried, crowded 14 ‫ אוצר‬treasury often that which is stored in it, treasures ← ‫ אצר‬σ ‫ גנזים‬treasury, ‫ גנזך‬treasury (a feature of the temple 1C 28:11 αλ), ‫ מכמן‬treasure ?? Dn 11:43 αλ, ‫ נכתה‬stockpile, not only of treasures, but also of grains, trade goods, etc. 2K 20:13, Is 39:2 ‫ אור‬to give light light come up (sunrise) 2S 2:32 → ‫ אור‬light lamp (which gives light) Ez 5:2, ‫ אור‬oracle, ‫ אורה‬light, prosperity Ps 139:12, Es 8:16, ‫ מאור‬light giver (object that gives light, like a lamp and/or its fuel) Gn 1:16, Ex 35:8, 14, Lv 24:2, ‫ מאורת‬light givers ?? Gn 1:15, Is 11:8 LXX φαυσιν, κοιτην εκγονων, ‫ נאור‬brilliant Ps 76:5 αλ σ ‫יפע‬ to shine forth, illuminate, used for both physical light and teaching (enlightenment) Dt 33:2, Jb 3:4, 10:3, 22 ‫ אור‬light lamp (which gives light) Ez 5:2 ← ‫אור‬ ‫ אור‬oracle ← ‫אור‬ ‫< אור‬name> ‫ אורב‬ambusher, those who lie in wait to ambush Js 8:7, 19, Ezr 8:31 ← ‫ארב‬ ‫ אורה‬β ‫ ירה‬,‫אורה‬ ‫ אורה‬light, prosperity Ps 139:12, Es 8:16 ← ‫אור‬ ‫ אורה‬mallow, a family of plants including okra, cotton, hollyhock 2K 4:39, 2C 32:28 ‫ אורו‬β ‫ ארר‬,‫אור‬ ‫ אורות‬β ‫ארות‬ ‫< אורי‬name> ‫< אוריאל‬name> ‫< אוריה‬name> ‫< אוריהו‬name> ‫ אורים‬together with the ‫ תמים‬are now unknown objects attached to the ‫חשׁן‬ ornament(al breastplate) worn by the priests Ex 28:30, Lv 8:8, Nu 27:21, Ezr 2:63, Ne 7:65 ‫ אורך‬β ‫ ירה‬,‫אור‬ ‫< אורנה‬name> ‫ אות‬β ‫ את‬,‫אות‬ ‫ אות‬to signal, to indicate to (⇐ to give a sign) Gn 34:15, 22–3, 2K 12:9 → ‫אות‬ (pl. ‫ )אתות‬sign, often used of God’s signs (miraculous actions) as he acts into history, ‫ אותת‬sign, but an indirect one, indication ?? Dt 6:22, Ps 65:9 (8), 74:4, 9 ‫ אות‬that which is desired Dt 12:19–21, 19:6, 1S 23:20, Jr 2:24, Hs 10:10 ← ‫אוה‬ ‫( אות‬pl. ‫ )אתות‬sign, often used of God’s signs (miraculous actions) as he acts into history ← ‫ אות‬σ ‫ דגל‬standard, military sign Nu 1:52, 10:25, So 2:2, ‫ מפת‬,‫ מופת‬portent ‫ אותה‬β ‫ אותה‬,‫אוה‬ ‫ אותה‬her (personal pronoun) ‫ אותם‬β ‫ את‬,‫אותם‬ ‫ אותם‬them (personal pronoun) ‫ אותת‬sign, but an indirect one, indication ?? Dt 6:22, Ps 65:9 (8), 74:4, 9 ← ‫אות‬ ‫ אזי‬,‫ אז‬then ‫< אזבי‬name> ‫ אזוב‬hyssop Ex 12:22, Nu 19:6, 18, 1K 5:13 (4:33), Ps 51:9 (7) ‫ אזור‬a belt to hold up pants 2K 1:8, Is 5:27, 11:5, Jr 13:1–11, Ez 23:18, Jb 12:18 ← ‫ אזר‬σ ‫בגד‬ 15 ‫ אזכרה‬portion of an offering (made of grain, cooked or raw) to be burned on the altar as a remembrance Lv 2:2, 9, 16, 24:7, Nu 5:26 ← ‫ זכר‬σ ‫זבח‬ ‫ אזל‬to go out Pr 20:14, Jb 14:11 to run out of (⇐ went out hence is no more) 1S 9:7 → ‫ אזלת‬running out ?? Dt 32:26 αλ, ‫ מאוזל‬export, that which has gone out Ez 27:19 αλ σ ‫יצא‬ ‫ אזל‬name of a stone ?? 1S 20:19 ‫ אזלת‬running out ?? Dt 32:26 αλ ← ‫אזל‬ ‫ אזן‬to give ear → ‫ אזן‬shovel for digging, part of the camp equipment for an army (⇐ being ear shaped) Dt 23:14 αλ, ‫אזן‬ ear σ ‫שׁמע‬ ‫ אזן‬shovel for digging, part of the camp equipment for an army (⇐ being ear shaped) Dt 23:14 αλ ← ‫ אזן‬σ ‫יעים‬ ‫ אזן‬ear ← ‫אזן‬ ‫< אזן שׁארה‬name> ‫< אזנות תבור‬name> ‫< אזני‬name> ‫< אזניה‬name> ‫ אזקים‬shackles, handcuffs Jr 40:1, 4 ‫ אזר‬to gird about 1S 2:4, Is 8:9 → ‫ אזור‬a belt to hold up pants 2K 1:8, Is 5:27, 11:5, Jr 13:1–11, Ez 23:18, Jb 12:18 ‫ אזרע‬,‫ אזרוע‬lower arm ?? Jr 32:21, Jb 31:22 ‫ אזרח‬native, referring to a person born and grown up in an area ‫ אח‬brother ‫ אח‬woe actions deserving of judgment Ez 18:10,18 Mal 1:2. Pr 18:19 ‫ אח‬hibachi, a small, portable cooking device carrying coals for heating Jr 36:22–3 ‫ אח‬eagle owl Is 13:21 αλ σ ‫עוף‬ ‫< אחאב‬name> ‫< אחב‬name> ‫< אחבן‬name> ‫ אחד‬β ‫ חדה‬,‫ חדד‬,‫אחד‬ ‫ אחד‬to be one Ez 21:21 (16) → ‫ אחת‬,‫אחד‬ one (adj): when the feminine form stands alone as a noun, can also be used for “one moment”, as in “suddenly” or “for a short time” 1K 19:5, Pr 28:18, in plural: few Gn 11:1, 27:44, 29:20, Dn 11:20, joining together Ez 37:17 ‫ אחת‬,‫ אחד‬one (adj): when the feminine form stands alone as a noun, can also be used for “one moment”, as in “suddenly” or “for a short time” 1K 19:5, Pr 28:18, in plural: few Gn 11:1, 27:44, 29:20, Dn 11:20, joining together Ez 37:17 ← ‫אחד‬ ‫ אחו‬β ‫ אחוה‬,‫אחו‬ ‫ אחו‬rush, any of various monocotyledonous often tufted marsh plants (as of the genera Juncus and Luzula of the family Juncaceae, the rush family) with cylindrical often hollow stems which are used in bottoming chairs and plaiting mats Gn 41:2, 18, Jb 8:11 σ ‫גמא‬ ‫< אחוד‬name> ‫ אחיה‬,‫ אחוה‬declaration ← ‫חוה‬ ‫< אחוח‬name> ‫< אחוחי‬name> ‫< אחומי‬name> ‫ אחור‬behind, after ← ‫אחר‬ ‫ אחות‬sister (this noun doesn’t conjugate, is singular and plural) ‫ אחז‬to hold → ‫ אחזה‬holding σ ‫קנה‬ ‫< אחז‬name> ‫ אחזה‬holding ← ‫אחז‬ 16 ‫< אחזי‬name> ‫< אחזיה‬name> ‫< אחזיהו‬name> ‫< אחזם‬name> ‫< אחזת‬name> ‫ אחטנה‬β ‫חטט‬ ‫< אחי‬name> ‫< אחיאם‬name> ‫ אחיה‬β ‫אחוה‬ ‫< אחיה‬name> ‫< אחיהוד‬name> ‫< אחיו‬name> ‫< אחיחד‬name> ‫< אחיטוב‬name> ‫ אחילה‬β ‫חיל‬ ‫< אחילוד‬name> ‫< אחימות‬name> ‫< אחימלך‬name> ‫< אלחמן‬name> ‫< אחימעץ‬name> ‫< אחין‬name> ‫< אחינדב‬name> ‫< אחינעם‬name> ‫< אחיסמך‬name> ‫< אחיעזר‬name> ‫< אחיקם‬name> ‫< אחירם‬name> ‫< אחירמי‬name> ‫< אחירע‬name> ‫< אחישׁחר‬name> ‫ אחישׁנה‬β ‫חושׁ‬ ‫< אחישׂר‬name> ‫< אחיתפל‬name> ‫< אחלב‬name> ‫ אחלי‬Oh that! 2K 5:3, Ps 119:5, 1C 2:31, 11:41 ‫< אחלי‬name> ‫ אחלמה‬amethyst Ex 28:19, 39:12 ‫< אלמתא‬name> ‫< אחסבי‬name> ‫ אחר‬β ‫ חרה‬,‫אחר‬ ‫ אחר‬to delay, make behind where I want to be → ‫ אחור‬behind, after, ‫ אחר‬if before the word it modifies, it means “after as in later than” or “behind, on the other side”, if after the word it modifies, it means “another in addition” or in time, an event “following” the event mentioned immediately preceding this following event, ‫ אחרון‬hinder, future (just as what’s behind is not seen, so the future is also not seen), ‫אחרית‬ afterwards, ‫ אחרונית‬backwards, ‫אחרת‬ (an)other, something that is different from others, ‫ מאחר‬one who goes after, pursues after Is 5:11, Pr 23:30 σ ‫יחל‬ ‫ אחר‬if before the word it modifies, it means “after as in later than” or “behind, on the other side”, if after the word it modifies, it means “another in addition” or in time, an event “following” the event mentioned immediately preceding this following event ← ‫אחר‬ ‫< אחר‬name> ‫ אחרון‬hinder, future (just as what’s behind is not seen, so the future is also not seen) ← ‫אחר‬ ‫ אחרונית‬backwards ← ‫אחר‬ ‫< אחרח‬name> ‫< אחרחל‬name> ‫ אחרי‬refers to an action that follows and is often the result of a listed previous action, there’s no exact equivalent in English 17 ‫( אחרת‬an)other, something that is different from others ← ‫אחר‬ ‫ אחשׁדרפנים‬satraps (Aramaic loan word) Es 3:12, 8:9, 9:3, Ezr 8:36 σ ‫מלך‬ ‫< אחשׁורושׁ‬name> ‫< אחשׁורשׁ‬name> ‫< אחשׁרשׁ‬name> ‫< אחשׁתר‬name> ‫ אחשׁתרנים‬royal Es 8:10, 14 σ ‫מלך‬ ‫ אחת‬β ‫ אחת‬,‫אחד‬ ‫ אחת‬one (moment) Jr 10:8 Pr 28:18 ?? ← ‫?? אחד‬ ‫ אט‬β ‫ נטה‬,‫אט‬ ‫ אט‬quiet(ness), not forceful → ‫אטים‬ necromancer (⇐ quiet ones) ?? Is 19:3 αλ ‫ אטד‬buckthorn Jd 9:14–5, Ps 58:10 (9) σ ‫שׁמיר‬ ‫ אטה‬β ‫נטה‬ ‫ אטון‬a sort of aromatic that gives off a sweet smell when chopped? the Egyptian lotus flower that is an aphrodisiac? Pr 7:16 αλ ‫ אטים‬necromancer (⇐ quiet ones) ?? Is 19:3 αλ ← ‫אט‬ ‫ אטם‬to shut tightly Is 33:15, Ps 58:5, Pr 17:28, 21:13 → ‫ אטם‬shut Ez 40:16, 21:16, 26 σ ‫סגר‬ ‫ אטף‬β ‫נטף‬ ‫ אטר‬to restrict, prevent access to Ps 69:16 αλ → ‫ אטר‬restricted (‫אטר יד ימינו‬ “restricted in the use of his right hand” meant that the person was left-handed Jd 3:15, 20:16) σ ‫עצר‬ ‫ אטר‬restricted (‫“ אטר יד ימינו‬restricted in the use of his right hand” meant that the person was left-handed Jd 3:15, 20:16) ← ‫אטר‬ ֿ‫< אטר‬name> ‫ אי‬where? ‫ אי‬jackal ?? Is 13:22, 34:14, Jr 50:39 ‫ אי‬β ‫ אוי‬woe! ‫ אי‬inhabited land σ ‫ארץ‬ ‫ אי‬not ‫ איב‬to be an enemy → ‫ אויב‬enemy, a general term that includes personal as well as national enemies, ‫ איב‬enemy, a general term that includes personal as well as national enemies, ‫ איבה‬enmity, ‫ איבת‬enemy (in general, not specific) Mc 7:8, 10 ‫ איב‬enemy, a general term that includes personal as well as national enemies ← ‫איב‬ ‫ איבה‬enmity ← ‫איב‬ ‫ איבת‬enemy (in general, not specific) Mc 7:8, 10 ← ‫איב‬ ‫ איד‬to make misfortune ?? Ps 31:12 → ‫איד‬ misfortune Dt 32:25, Jr 26:21, Pr 24:22, ‫ מאד‬source of misfortune Ps 31:12, 46:2 ‫ איד‬misfortune Dt 32:25, Jr 26:21, Pr 24:22 σ ‫ פיד‬calamity Pr 24:22, Jb 30:24, 31:29 ‫ איה‬black kite, a type of rapacious bird Lv 11:14, Dt 14:13, Jb 28:7 σ ‫עוף‬ ‫ איה‬where? ‫< איה‬name> ‫< איובֿ‬name> ‫< איזבל‬name> ‫ איככה‬,‫ איכה‬,‫ איך‬how? ‫< איכבוד‬name> ‫ איל‬male of cattle, sheep, male mountain sheep Nu 7, Dt 14:5, Jb 39:5 σ ,‫עתד‬ ‫ עתוד‬ram, male sheep Gn 31, Nu 7 18 ‫ איל‬a type of large tree ‫ איל‬portal, a decorated doorway extending out of the wall σ ‫שׁער‬ ‫ איל‬strength, forcefulness σ ‫אמץ‬ ‫< איל פארן‬name> ‫ אילה‬power ?? Gn 49:21, Ps 22:20 (19), Pr 5:19 σ ‫אמץ‬ ‫ אילו‬ß ‫אי לו‬Ko 4:10 ‫< אילון‬name> ‫ אילות‬ß ‫ אילת‬,‫ אילות‬,‫אילה‬ ‫ אילת‬,‫( אילות‬city name) ‫ אילם‬ß ‫ אטלם‬,‫איל‬ ‫ אילם‬portico σ ‫אולם‬ ‫< אילם‬name> ‫ אילת‬ß ‫ אילת‬,‫אילה‬ ‫ אילת‬generalization for female wild sheep ?? Jr 14:5 αλ ‫< אילמה‬name> ‫< אילנה‬name> ‫ אילת‬a musical instrument?? a type of song ?? Ps 22:1, Pr 5:19 ‫ אילת‬female mountain sheep 2S 22:34, Jr 14:5, So 2:7, 3:5 ‫< אילת‬name> ‫ אים‬to cause unease So 6:4, 10 → ‫אימה‬ unease, ‫ אימים‬idol or demon ?? Jr 50:38 αλ, ‫ אמים‬people or things that cause unease Jr 50:38, Hb 1:7, Jb 20:24 σ ‫ירא‬ ‫ אימה‬unease ← ‫ אים‬σ ‫ירא‬ ‫ אימים‬idol or demon ?? Jr 50:38 αλ ← ‫אים‬ ‫< אימים‬name> ‫ אין‬This is the negation of ‫ ישׁ‬and like ‫ישׁ‬ can take suffixes like a noun. It can stand alone as a negative answer to a question also with the meaning of “none / no one”. When prefixed with a ‫מ‬ and followed by a noun, it has the meaning of “without” as in none of the following noun present. σ ‫“ ישׁ‬there is” This appears to be a participle, in other words, a gerund, noun. It can take suffixes like a noun. It always precedes the subject noun to which it’s attached, though once it stands alone, Is 43:8. The basic meaning seems to be “existing” or “being”, but when the subject noun is preceded with a prefixed ‫ ל‬the combination indicates possession or ownership, can be a stand alone noun meaning already existing object or possession Pr 8:21. One word of warning, because Biblical Hebrew syntax is fluid, with what’s considered most important often appearing first in the sentence, rather than a fixed subject, verb, object as in English, sometimes the object comes first in a sentence, even preceding the gerund. Rarely used as an introduction to a question Rt 1:12, Jd 6:13 ‫< איעזר‬name> ‫< איעזרי‬name> ‫ איפה‬a dry measurement, for grain, flour, etc. σ ‫מדה‬ ‫ איפה‬where? ‫ איר‬β ‫אור‬ ‫ אישׁ‬β ‫ ישׁ‬,‫אישׁ‬ ‫ אישׁ‬man, a male of the human species: though occasionally it refers to a generalized individual in a use similar to a pronoun, not necessarily human, e.g. gods 2K 18:33, animals Gn 7:2 σ ‫אדם‬ ‫< אישׁ בשׁת‬name> ‫אחהןד‬ ּ <name> 19 ‫ אישׁון‬point of darkness, just as it becomes dark Pr 7:9, 20:20 pupil, the darkest point of the eye Dt 32:10, Ps 17:8, Pr 7:2 ‫< אישׁ טוב‬name> ‫< אישׁי‬name> ‫< איתי‬name> ‫< איתיאל‬name> ‫ איתם‬β ‫איה‬ ‫ איתן‬pl. ‫ אתנים‬permanent(ly) ‫< איתן‬name> ‫ אך‬even only, sort of a combination of these two meanings, sometimes also in the optative sense as in even if only ‫< אכד‬name> ‫ אכזב‬ß ‫ כזב‬,‫אכזב‬ ‫ אכזב‬untrustworthy lying Jr 15:18, Mc 1:14 ← ‫כזב‬ ‫< אכזיב‬city name> ‫< אכזיבה‬name> ‫ אכזר‬one who acts cruelly, like an enemy Dt 32:33, Jb 30:21, Lm 4:3 ‫ אכזרי‬cruel(ness) Is 13:9, Jr 6:23, Pr 5:9, 17:11 ‫ אכזריות‬cruelness Pr 27:4 αλ ‫ אכילה‬food 1K 19:8 αλ ← ‫אכל‬ ‫ אכיר‬β ‫נכר‬ ‫< אכישׁ‬name> ‫ אכל‬β ‫ כלה‬,‫אכל‬ ‫ אכל‬to eat to consume → ‫אוכלה‬ consuming Is 29:6, 30:30, 33:14, ‫אכילה‬ food 1K 19:8 αλ, ‫ אכלה‬,‫ אכל‬food, ‫מאכל‬ food, specific items normally eaten, ‫ מאכלת‬knife Gn 22:6, 10, Jd 19:29, Pr 30:14 σ ‫ ארה‬to nibble So 5:1 αλ, ‫ בלע‬to swallow Nu 26:10, Dt 11:6 to consume Is 25:7–8, Pr 21:20 to consume as an act of destruction 2S 17:16, 20:19–20, Jb 2:3, ‫ ברא‬to create, set up to make sleek (well fed) (set up with good food), ‫ ברה‬to be fed, ‫ חסל‬to devour Dt 28:38 αλ, ‫ כפשׁ‬to feed, in the sense of giving bread to Lm 3:16 αλ, ‫ כשׂה‬to become plump Dt 32:15 αλ, ‫ לחם‬to feed “give bread to”, ‫ לעט‬to give to eat ?? Gn 25:30 αλ, ‫ לקשׁ‬to browse, send animals out to graze Jb 24:6 αλ, ‫ רעה‬to feed (on) ‫ אכלה‬,‫ אכל‬food ← ‫אכל‬ ‫< אכל‬name> ‫ אכלה‬β ‫ כלה‬,‫ אכלה‬,‫אכל‬ ‫ אכלך‬β ‫ כלה‬,‫אכל‬ ‫ אכלם‬β ‫ כלל‬,‫אכל‬ ‫ אכן‬surely Gn 28:16, Is 40:7, Zp 3:7 ‫ אכנה‬β ‫כון‬ ‫ אכנו‬β ‫נכה‬ ‫ אכסך‬β ‫כסה‬ ‫ אכף‬β ‫ כפף‬,‫אכף‬ ‫ אכף‬to press, as in put on pressure to get one going Mc 6:6, Pr 16:26 → ‫אכף‬ pressure Jb 33:7 αλ σ ‫מיץ‬ ‫ אכף‬pressure Jb 33:7 αλ ← ‫אכף‬ ‫ אכר‬field-hand, farm-worker Is 61:5, Jr 14:4, 31:23, 51:23, Jl 1:11, Am 5:16, 2C 26:10 ‫ אל‬β ‫ אל‬,‫איל‬ ‫ אל‬not, often used in negative commands “Don’t …” σ ‫לא‬ ‫ אל‬to as in towards ‫ אל‬god σ ‫אלוה‬ ‫< אלא‬name> ‫ אלגבישׁ‬hail Ez 13:11, 13, 38:22 σ ‫ברד‬ ‫< אלדד‬name> ‫< אלדעה‬name> ‫ אלה‬to make an oath containing a curse of what will happen if the oath is not kept 20 αλ Ju 17:2 → ‫ אלה‬oath, ‫ תאלת‬curse ?? Lm 3:65 αλ σ ‫שׁבע‬ ‫ אלה‬oath ← ‫אלה‬ ‫ אלה‬these ‫ אלה‬terebinth, a species of tree ‫< אלה‬name> ‫ אלו‬β ‫ אלו‬,‫איל‬ ‫ אלו‬if only Es 7:4 αλ ‫ אלהים‬,‫ אלה‬,‫ אלוה‬god(s) σ ‫ אליל‬idol, made of gold and silver Is 2:20, 31:7, apparently connected to some sort of oracle Is 19:3, Ez 30:13, Hb 2:18, ,‫גלול‬ ‫ גלל‬idol, ‫( מסכה‬cast) statue, often used as an idol Ex 32:4, 8, Hs 13:2, Ne 9:18, ‫ סמל‬idol, referring to an object that is worshipped Dt 4:16, Ez 8:3, 5, 2C 33:7, 15, ‫ עצב‬idol (what object that causes the most sorrow and heavy labor in idolatrous societies if not the worship of their gods?) 1S 31:9, 2S 5:21, Zc 13:2, Ps 106:38, 1C 10:9, 2C 24:18 ‫ אלול‬a type of divination ?? Jr 14:14 αλ LXX οιωνισµα divination from observing the flight of birds ‫< אלול‬name> ‫ אלון‬oak ‫< אלון‬name> ‫ אלוף‬familiar as in close friend, confidant Mc 7:5, Pr 16:28, familiar object Jr 11:19, Pr 2:17; leader, a title in Edom Gn 36, Ex 15:15, 1C 1 ← ‫אלף‬ ‫< אלושׁ‬name> ‫< אלות‬name> ‫< אלזבד‬name> ‫ אלח‬to corrupt Ps 14:3, 53:3, Jb 15:16 σ ‫שׁחת‬ ‫< אלחנן‬name> ‫ אלי‬β ‫ אלי‬,‫ אל‬,‫אל‬ ‫ אללי‬,‫ אלי‬woe! σ ‫אוי‬ ‫< אליאב‬name> ‫< אליאל‬name> ‫< אליאתה‬name> ‫< אלידד‬name> ‫< אלידע‬name> ‫ אליה‬β ‫ אליה‬,‫אל‬ ‫ אליה‬tail, in sheep often where fat is stored Ex 29:22, Lv 3:9, 7:3, 8:25, 9:19 σ ‫זנב‬ ‫< אליה‬name> ‫< אליהו‬name> ‫< אליהוא‬name> ‫< אל יהועינ ֿי‬name> ‫ אליהמה‬architectural element found in the temple Ez 40:16 αλ ‫< אליועיני‬name> ‫< אליחבא‬name> ‫< אליחרף‬name> ‫ אליל‬idol, made of gold and silver Is 2:20, 31:7, apparently connected to some sort of oracle Is 19:3, Ez 30:13, Hb 2:18 σ ‫אלוה‬ ‫< אלימלך‬name> ‫< אליסף‬name> ֿ‫< אליעזר‬name> ‫< אליעם‬name> ‫< אליעני‬name> ‫< אליפז‬name> ‫< אליפל‬name> ‫< אליפלהו‬name> ‫< אליפלט‬name> ‫< אליצור‬name> ‫< אליצפן‬name> ‫< אליקא‬name> ‫< אליקים‬name> 21 ‫< אלישׁבע‬name> ‫< אלישׁה‬name> ‫< אלישׁוע‬name> ‫< אלישׁיב‬name> ‫< אלישׁמע‬name> ‫< אלישׁע‬name> ‫< אלישׁפט‬name> ‫< אליתה‬name> ‫ אלך‬β ‫ הלך‬,‫אל‬ ‫ אלל‬no one Jb 13:4 αλ ‫ אללי לי‬woe is me Mc 7:1, Jb 10:15 ‫ אלם‬β ‫ אלם‬,‫ אל‬,‫ אילם‬,‫אולם‬ ‫ אלם‬to bind (used of binding sheaves in the field, also of binding one’s lips so as not to (be able to) speak, similar to ‫אטר‬ restricted (‫“ אטר יד ימינו‬restricted in the use of his right hand” meant that the person was left-handed Jd 3:15, 20:16) → ‫ אלם‬mute, ‫ אלמה‬sheaf, to stand in the field until dry, ready to be threshed ‫ אלם‬mute ← ‫אלם‬ ‫( אלמגים‬in 1K 10:11–12), ‫( אלגומים‬in 2Ch 2:7, 9:10–11) sandal-wood, ebony ?? a tree found in Lebanon and Ophir σ ‫עץ‬ ‫ אלמה‬sheaf, to stand in the field until dry, ready to be threshed σ ‫עמר‬ ‫< אלמודד‬name> ‫< אלמלך‬name> ‫ אלמן‬widower, widowhood ‫ אלמנה‬widow ‫ אלמנות‬widowhood Gn 38:14, 19, Is 54:4 though most of the time this form is the plural of ‫אלמנה‬ ‫ אלמנות‬misspelling for ‫ ארמנות‬Is 13:22 ?? already so spelled in the DSS, not translated in the LXX possibly connected with quiet places ?? αλ ‫ אלמני‬β ‫פלני‬ ‫< אלן‬name> ‫< אלני‬name> ‫< אלנעם‬name> ‫< אלנתן‬name> ‫< אלסר‬name> ‫< אלעד‬name> ‫< אלעדה‬name> ‫< אלעוזי‬name> ‫< אלעזר‬name> ‫< אלעלא‬name> ‫< אלעלה‬name> ‫< אלעשׂה‬name> ‫ אלף‬to become familiar with, to familiarize Pr 22:25, Jb 15:5, 33:33 → ‫ אלוף‬familiar as in close friend, confidant Mc 7:5, Pr 16:28, familiar object Jr 11:19, Pr 2:17; leader, a title in Edom Gn 36, Ex 15:15, 1C 1, ‫ אלף‬domesticated animal Dt 7:13, 28:4, 18, 51, Is 30:24, Pr 14:4, ‫אלף‬ thousand (in business and social circles, it has been shown that the average person knows about a thousand people. In business, after it grows to about one thousand workers, diseconomies of scale start to enter in. Though some say that ‫ אלף‬can refer to “clan”, I doubt it, rather it stands for a thousand, an administrative unit.) Nu 1:16, 10:4, 36, 1S 10:19, 23:23, Mc 5:1 ‫ אלף‬domesticated animal Dt 7:13, 28:4, 18, 51, Is 30:24, Pr 14:4 ← ‫אלף‬ ‫ אלף‬thousand (in business and social circles, it has been shown that the average person knows about a thousand people. In business, after it grows to about one thousand workers, 22 ‫ אמה‬female slave, a more general term σ ‫שׁפחה‬ ‫ אמה‬cubit ‫ אמה‬district ?? Nu 25:15, 2S 8:1 ‫< אמה‬name> ‫ אמהות‬sisterhood of female slaves 2S 6:20, 22 ‫ אמון‬trustworthy one, trustworthy worker 2S 20:19, Ps 12:2, 31:24, Lm 4:5 ← ‫אמן‬ ‫< אמון‬name> ‫ אמונה‬firmness, steadiness Ex 17:12 trustworthiness Jr 5:1; work one is entrusted with 1C 9:22, ‫“ באמונה‬in trustworthiness” trustworthily 2K 22:7, 2C 19:9 ← ‫אמן‬ ‫ אמונות‬trustworthiness Pr 28:20 αλ ← ‫אמן‬ ‫< אמוץ‬name> ‫ אמות‬β ‫ מות‬,‫אמה‬ ‫< אמי‬name> ‫ אמיך‬β ‫ אמים‬,‫אם‬ ‫ אמים‬β ‫< אימים‬name>, ‫אמים‬ ‫ אמים‬people or things that cause unease Jb 20:24 ← ‫אים‬ ‫< אמינון‬name> ‫ אמיץ‬strong Am 2:16 ← ‫אמץ‬ ‫ אמיר‬β ‫ מור‬,‫אמיר‬ ‫ אמיר‬crown (of a tree) Is 17:6, 9 ‫ אמלל‬to be barren, fruitless (as in crop failure) Is 16:8, 24:4, 7, 33:9, Jl 1:10, 12, Nh 1:4 to be dejected, without power Is 19:8, Jr 14:2, Hs 4:3, Lm 2:8 → ‫אמלל‬ barren powerless Ps 6:3 (2), Ne 3:34 (4:2), ‫ אמללה‬barren woman childless 1S 2:5, Jr 15:9 σ ‫ נבל‬,‫כעס‬ ‫ אמלל‬barren powerless Ps 6:3 (2), Ne 3:34 (4:2) ← ‫אמלל‬ diseconomies of scale start to enter in. Though some say that ‫ אלף‬can refer to “clan”, I doubt it, rather it stands for a thousand, an administrative unit.) Nu 1:16, 10:4, 36, 1S 10:19, 23:23, Mc 5:1 ← ‫אלף‬ ֿ‫< אלף‬name> ‫< אלפלט‬name> ‫< אלפעל‬name> ‫ אלץ‬to nag, as a woman her man Jd 16:16 αλ ‫< אלצפן‬name> ‫ אלקום‬forces ?? Pr 30:31 αλ LXX δηµηγορος ‫< אלקנה‬name> ‫< אלקשׁי‬name> ‫< אלתולד‬name> ‫< אלתקא‬name> ‫< אלתקה‬name> ‫< אלתקן‬name> ‫ אם‬β ‫ אם‬,‫אים‬ ‫ אם‬mother, ‫ אם הדרך‬fork in the road (mother of the road) Ez 21:26 ‫ אם‬people of a district ?? Gn 25:16, Ps 117:1 ‫ אם‬if sometimes used as a negation, that something will not happen again 1S 3:14, ‫ בלתי אם‬except, apart from, ‫ אם לא‬if not … that … (if part of a promise or oath), if not … then … (showing the consequences of an action), ‫ כי אם‬Gn 15:4, 28:17, “if not”, often translated as “except”, ‫ עד אם‬Gn 24:8, 33, “until when” in English σ ‫ אולי‬such that, if that, used often as a conditional, no exact equivalent in English ‫ אמה‬β ‫ אמה‬,‫ אם‬,‫אימה‬ 23 ‫ אמללה‬barren woman childless 1S 2:5, Jr 15:9 ← ‫אמלל‬ ‫< אמם‬name> ‫ אמן‬to trust, to make trustworthy → ‫אמון‬ trustworthy one, trustworthy worker 2S 20:19, Ps 12:2, 31:24, Lm 4:5, ‫אמונה‬ firmness, steadiness Ex 17:12 trustworthiness Jr 5:1; work one is entrusted with 1C 9:22, ‫“ באמונה‬in trustworthiness” trustworthily 2K 22:7, 2C 19:9, ‫ אמונות‬trustworthiness Pr 28:20 αλ, ‫ אמן‬guardian (of children), educator, Amen, ‫ אמנה‬truly Gn 20:12, Js 7:20, brace (once, 2K 18:16) (⇐ to make trustworthy), education Es 2:20, fixed (trustworthy) wages Ne 10:1, 11:23, trustworthy actions 1S 26:23, 2S 4:4, 2K 12:16 (15), Ps 143:1, toponym So 4:8, ‫ אמנם‬truly, indeed Gn 18:13, Rt 3:12, ‫ אמנת‬caretaker ?? Rt 4:16 αλ, ‫ אמת‬truth ⇐ trustworthiness, ‫ נאמן‬true, as in genuine, firm, trusty Nu 12:7, Is 22:23, 25, Ne 9:8 σ ‫ בטח‬to have confidence (in) to feel safe with, to trust Is 26:4, Jr. 17:7, 39:18, Pr 3:5 ‫ אמן‬guardian (of children), educator, Amen ← ‫אמן‬ ‫ אמנה‬truly Gn 20:12, Js 7:20, brace (once, 2K 18:16) (⇐ to make trustworthy), education Es 2:20, fixed (trustworthy) wages Ne 10:1, 11:23, trustworthy actions 1S 26:23, 2S 4:4, 2K 12:16 (15), Ps 143:1, toponym So 4:8 ← ‫אמן‬ ‫< אמנה‬name> ‫< אמנון‬name> ‫ אמנם‬truly, indeed Gn 18:13, Rt 3:12, Jb 36:4 ← ‫אמן‬ ‫ אמנת‬caretaker ?? Rt 4:16 αλ ← ‫אמן‬ ‫ אמסה‬β ‫מסס‬ ‫ אמץ‬to make strong → ‫ אמיץ‬strong Am 2:16, ‫ אמצה‬,‫ אמץ‬strength σ ‫ חזק‬to be firm, ‫ חיל‬to be powerful, used of forces (an army) to be a powerful person, ‫ נחשׁ‬to become powerful as knowledge is power, so one who can divine the future is powerful, ‫ עודד‬to strengthen, refresh with new strength ?? Ps 20:9 (8), 146:9, ‫ עזז‬to be strong, ‫ עצם‬to become mighty numerical strength, ‫ קשׁה‬to become hard, unyielding ‫ אמצה‬,‫ אמץ‬strength ← ‫ אמץ‬σ ‫ איל‬strength, forcefulness, ‫ אילה‬power ?? Gn 49:21, Ps 22:20 (19), Pr 5:19 ‫< אמצי‬name> ‫< אמציה‬name> ‫< אמציהו‬name> ‫ אמר‬to say, specifically referring to the spoken word → ‫ אמרת‬,‫ אמר‬saying, ‫לאמר‬ similar to the English word "quote" indicating the words shouted, murmured, expressed, etc., ‫ מאמר‬saying σ ‫דבר‬ ‫ אמרת‬,‫ אמר‬saying ← ‫אמר‬ ‫< אמר‬name> ‫< אמרי‬name> ‫< אמריה‬name> ‫< אמריהו‬name> ‫< אמרפל‬name> ‫ אמשׁ‬β ‫ משׁשׁ‬,‫ משׁה‬,‫אמשׁ‬ ‫ אמשׁ‬recently 2K 9:26, Jb 30:3 last night Gn 19:34, 31:29, 42 ‫ אמשׁך‬β ‫ משׁשׁ‬,‫משׁך‬ ‫ אמת‬β ‫ מות‬,‫ אמת‬,‫ אמה‬,‫אם‬ ‫ אמת‬truth ⇐ trustworthiness ← ‫ אמן‬σ ‫קשׁט‬ stark truth Ps 60:6 (4), Pr 22:21 24 ‫ אמתחת‬gunny sack, a piece of cloth that is laid on the ground, its load placed on it, then the cloth is closed up around its load making a sack Gn 42:27–28, 44:11– 12 ← ‫ מתח‬σ ‫שׂק‬ ‫< אמתי‬name> ‫ אנה‬,‫ אן‬here or there ‫< אן‬name> ‫ אנא‬pray! ‫ אנב‬to be budding out → ‫ אב‬setting forth buds Jb 8:12, bud So 6:11 ‫ אנה‬β ‫אנה‬, ‫ אנא‬,‫אן‬ ‫ אנה‬to experience, in particular going through an unpleasant experience or occurrence that is not entirely by chance (hit) to make oneself an unpleasant experience, i.e. to seek a pretext 2K 5:7 → ‫ אני‬distress(ed), ‫ אניה‬unpleasant experience, distress Is 29:2, 43:14, Lm 2:5, ‫ תאן‬distress Is 29:2 Ez 24:12 Lm 2:5, ‫ תאנה‬occasion for an unpleasant experience, not a chance occurrence Jd 14:4, Jr 2:24, ‫ תאניה ואניה‬phrase sort of like “toil and trouble” in English ?? Is 29:2, Lm 2:5 σ ‫ קרה‬,‫כעס‬ ‫ אנו‬β ‫ און‬Dt 21:17, Jb 18;12, 40:16, ,‫ אנה‬,‫אן‬ ‫ אנן‬,‫אנו‬ ‫ אנו‬we Jr 42:6 αλ ‫ אנושׁ‬β ‫ נושׁ‬,‫אנושׁ‬ ‫ אנשׁ‬,‫ אנושׁ‬incurable, malignant Jr 15:18, 30:15 mortal, human, referring to his mortality Jr 17:9 ← ‫אנשׁ‬ ‫< אנושׁ‬name> ‫ אנח‬to sigh in sorrow Ex 2:23, Ez 21:11–2, Pr 29:2, Lm 1:4, 8, 11, 21 → ‫אנחה‬ sorrowful sigh Is 21:2, 35:10, Ps 6:7, Jb 21:2, Lm 1:22 σ ‫כעס‬ ‫ אנחה‬sorrowful sigh Is 21:2, 35:10, Ps 6:7, Jb 21:2, Lm 1:22 ← ‫אנח‬ ‫ אנחמך‬DSS ‫ינחמך‬ ‫ אנחנו‬we ‫< אהחרת‬name> ‫ אני‬β ‫ נוה‬,‫ אני‬,‫ אנה‬,‫און‬ ‫ אני‬I σ ‫ אנכי‬I. While there seems to be a certain amount where the terms are interchangeable, it appears that there is a difference in emphasis between the two terms: ‫ אני‬appears to have the emphasis on the action while stressing the author of the action, while ‫ אנכי‬seems to emphasize the actor with the action being the secondary subject. ‫ אני‬merchant ship 1K 9:26–7, 10:11, 22, Is 33:21 σ ‫אניה‬ ‫ אני‬distress(ed) ← ‫אנה‬ ‫ אניה‬β ‫ אניה‬,‫אן‬ ‫ אניה‬shipping in general, usually referring to merchant ships, possibly small enough to come up on shore Jn 1:3–5, Pr 30:19 σ ‫ אני‬merchant ship 1K 9:26–7, 10:11, 22, Is 33:21, ‫ צי‬warship, not used in trade Nu 24:24, Is 33:21, Dn 11:30, ‫תבה‬ boat ?? used only in two contexts, that of Noah and Moses, to refer to a floating container designed to carry a cargo ‫ אניה‬unpleasant experience, distress Is 29:2, 43:14, Lm 2:5 ← ‫אנה‬ ‫< אניעם‬name> ‫ אנך‬plum-bob, plumb (of wall) Am 7:7–8 ‫ אנכי‬I β ‫אני‬ ‫ אנן‬to grumble ?? this is griping among themselves, not lodging a formal complaint Nu 11:1, Lm 3:39 σ ‫לון‬ ‫ אנס‬to compel Es 1:8 αλ 25 ‫ אנסנו‬β ‫נסה‬ ‫ אנף‬to be angry, used only with God → ‫אף‬ anger, nose ‫ אפים‬temper ‫ארך אפים‬ patient, slow to anger Ex 34:6, Nu 14:1, Jn 4:2, Ps 86:15, Pr 25:15, Ne 9:17, ‫קצר‬ ‫ אפים‬short tempered Pr 14:17, ‫ אפים‬used when bowing down with the nose towards the ground Gn 19:1, 42:6, 1S 24:8, 25:41, 28:14, 1K1:31, Is 49:23, Ne 8:6, 1C 21:21, 2C 7:3, 20:18 σ ‫קצף‬ ‫ אנפה‬heron, parrot ?? Lv 11:19, Dt 14:18 σ ‫ עוף‬LXX ερωδιον χαραδριον ‫ אנק‬to choke as in sobbing Jr 51:52, Ez 9:4, 24:17, 26:15 → ‫ אנקה‬choking sob, choking sound Ml 2:13, Ps 12:6, 79:11, 102:21 ‫ אנקה‬choking sob, choking sound Ml 2:13, Ps 12:6, 79:11, 102:21 ← ‫אנק‬ ‫ אנקה‬gecko ?? Lv 11:30 αλ σ ‫ חיה‬LXX µυγαλη field mouse ‫ אנשׁ‬to sicken 2S 12:15 αλ → ‫ אנשׁ‬,‫אנושׁ‬ incurable, malignant Jr 15:18, 30:15 mortal, human, referring to his mortality Jr 17:9 σ ‫חלה‬ ‫ אנשׁים‬β ‫אישׁ‬ ‫< אסא‬name> ‫ אסוך‬small jar, such as used to hold oil for anointing 2K 4:2 αλ ‫ אסון‬injury or loss Gn 42:4, 38, 44:29, 21:22–3 ‫ אסור‬ropes used in tying up a person Jd 15:14 αλ ← ‫אסר‬ ‫ אסיך‬β ‫נסך‬ ‫ אסיף‬β ‫ יסף‬,‫אסיף‬ ‫ אסיף‬harvest, gathered from the croplands Ex 34:22, Jr 8:13 ← ‫אסף‬ ‫ אסיר‬β ‫ סור‬,‫אסיר‬ ‫ אסיר‬prisoner ← ‫אסר‬ ‫< אסיר‬name> ‫ אסם‬store house Dt 28:8, Pr 3:10 ‫< אסנה‬name> ‫< אסנפר‬name> ‫< אסנת‬name> ‫ אסף‬to gather up (in order to move to another place, in passive meaning to be taken away, brought to one’s place, of stars “to gather their light” means no longer to shine, become dark) to harvest (⇐ to gather up and move from the field), to remove 2K 5:3, 6–7, 11 → ‫ אסיף‬harvest, gathered from the croplands Ex 34:22, Jr 8:13, ‫ אסף‬one who gathers in Mc 7:1, plural place where something is gathered in Ne 12:25, 1C 26:15, 17, ‫ אספה‬collection Is 24:22, ‫ אספסף‬riffraff, accumulation of people Nu 11:4 αλ σ ‫ אגר‬gather in as a farmer brings in the harvest, ‫ יסף‬to add more of the same, ‫ כמס‬to store up ?? Dt 32:34 αλ ‫ כנס‬to gather together, referring to the group or pile gathered in Ko 2:8, 25, 3:5. Es 4:16 to wrap oneself Is 28:20 (⇐ the action of gathering oneself into the blanket), ‫לקט‬ to gather (up) (stones, gold, crops, arrows, wood to burn, etc.) to glean (gather up what’s left behind), ‫ ספה‬to deliver up, hand over (sometimes for the purpose of to add (to), dissimilar objects), ‫ קבץ‬to collect, ‫ קהל‬to group (together), which can be in close physical proximity Ex 32:1, Nu 16:19 or groupings by classification Gn 28:3, 26 25:11, ‫ קשׁשׁ‬to glean, picking up stuff fallen on the ground ‫ אסף‬one who gathers in Mc 7:1, plural place where something is gathered in Ne 12:25, 1C 26:15, 17 ← ‫ אסף‬σ ‫עדה‬ congregation, referring to the people swarm (of bees) Jd 14:8 ‫< אסף‬name> ‫ אספה‬collection Is 24:22 ← ‫אסף‬ ‫ אספסף‬riffraff, accumulation of people Nu 11:4 αλ ← ‫אסף‬ ‫< אספתא‬name> ‫ אסק‬β ‫נסק‬ ‫ אסר‬to tie on (clothing) Jb 12:18, to bind up (as a prisoner) Jd 15:12–3, 16:5–8, 10–3, 2S 3:34, Ez 3:25, to bind up (with fetters) Jd 16:21, 2K 25:7, 2C 33:11, 36:6, Ps 149:8, Jr 39:7, 52:11 to imprison Gn 42:16, 19, 24, 2K 17:4, 23:33, to tie to (crops to a tribe) Gn 49:11, to hitch up (tie horses to a wagon or chariot) (horses understood, not mentioned) Gn 46:29, Ex 14:6, 1K 18:44, 2K 9:21, (horses mentioned) Jr 46:4, (cows to a wagon) 1S 6:7, 10, to initiate (battle) (the first step is to hitch horses to chariots) 1K 20:14, 2C 13:3, to make an obligation (to tie oneself down to an action) Nu 30:2–14, (princes to Israel) Ps 105:22, (a festival) Ps 118:27 → ‫ אסור‬ropes used in tying up a person Jd 15:14 αλ, ‫ אסיר‬prisoner, ‫אסר‬ obligation (⇐ to be tied to a task) Nu 30:2–14, ‫ מוסרות‬,‫ מוסר‬band(s) that tie one to a yoke Is 52:2, Jr 2:20, 5:5, 27:2, 30:8, Nh 1:13, Ps 2:3, 107:14, 116: 16, Jb 12:8 σ ‫חבל‬ ‫ אסר‬obligation (⇐ to be tied to a task) Nu 30:2–14 ← ‫אסר‬ ‫< אסר‬name> ‫ אסרה‬β ‫ סור‬,‫אסר‬ ‫ אסרו‬β ‫ סור‬,‫אסר‬ ‫< אסר חדן‬name> ‫< אסתר‬name> ‫ אעיל‬β ‫עלל‬ ‫ אף‬even! ‫ אף כי‬even so, more so σ ‫גם‬ ‫ אף‬anger, nose ‫ אפים‬temper ‫ארך‬ ‫ אפים‬patient, slow to anger Ex 34:6, Nu 14:1, Jn 4:2, Ps 86:15, Pr 25:15, Ne 9:17, ‫ קצר אפים‬short tempered Pr 14:17 ← ‫ אנף‬σ ‫ חמה‬heat sun, poison, anger, rage, as a hot, poisonous feeling that leads to cruelty, ‫ חרה‬to become hot (in anger, heat of emotion, “hot under the collar”, throat hot and dry), ‫ קצף‬anger with a desire for vengeance ‫ אפד‬to vest, put on a vestment → ,‫אפד‬ ‫ אפוד‬vest, ‫ אפדת‬vestment Ex 28:8, 29:5, 39:5, Is 30:22 ‫ אפוד‬,‫ אפד‬vest ← ‫אפד‬ ‫< אפד‬name> ‫ אפדן‬royal pavilion (tents) ?? Dn 11:45 αλ LXX εφαδανω ‫ אפגת‬vestment Ex 28:8, 29:5, 39:5, Is 30:22 ← ‫ אפד‬σ ‫בגד‬ ‫ אפה‬β ‫ אפה‬,‫איפה‬ ‫ אפה‬to bake → ‫( אפה‬pl. ‫ )אפים‬baker Gn 40:4:1–2, 4, Jr 37:21, Hs 7:6, ‫ מאפה‬baked goods Lv 2:4, Hs 7:4 ‫( אפה‬pl. ‫ )אפים‬baker Gn 40:4:1–2, 4, Jr 37:21, Hs 7:6 ← ‫אפה‬ ‫ אפוא‬,‫ אפו‬now! then! ‫ אפונה‬Ps 88:16 27 ‫ אפז‬to make decorations from gold ?? 1K 10:18, Jr 10:9, Dn 10:5 → ‫ פז‬gold made into decorative shapes ?? Is 13:12, Pr 8:19, Jb 28:17 ‫< אפיח‬name> ‫ אפילת‬ears (of grain) not out yet ?? Ex 9:32 αλ ← ‫אפל‬ ‫ אפים‬β ‫ אפים‬,‫ אפה‬,‫אף‬ ‫ אפים‬used when bowing down with the nose towards the ground Gn 19:1, 42:6, 1S 24:8, 25:41, 28:14, 1K1:31, Is 49:23, Ne 8:6, 1C 21:21, 2C 7:3, 20:18 ← ‫אנף‬ ‫< אפים‬name> ‫ אפיק‬someone who or something that causes restraint Jb 12:21, 41:7 (15) earthworks to control water, as in dams, channels or dikes Is 8:7, Jb 6:15, Ps 18:16 (15), 42:1 (2), So 5:12 often built up Ez 6:3, 34:13, 35:8, 36:4 (dammed) pond, holding tank Jl 1:20, Ps 42:2, 126:4 ← ‫ אפק‬σ ‫ברכה‬ ‫ אפיק‬cast, as in cast in a mold (restrained by the shape of the mold) ?? Jb 40:18 αλ ← ‫אפק‬ ‫< אפיק‬name> ‫ אפל‬β ‫ נפל‬,‫אפל‬ ‫ אפל‬to obscure, make obscure → ‫אפילת‬ ears (of grain) not out yet ?? Ex 9:32 αλ, ‫ אפל‬dark and obscure (place) Ps 11:2, 91:6, Jb 10:22, 30:20 where no light shines Am 5:20, ‫ אפלה‬dark(ness), obscurity Ex 10:22, Is 8:22, Pr 4:19, 7:9, ‫ מאפל‬obscurity, made obscure Js 24:7, Is 29:18, Jr 2:31 σ ‫חשׁך‬ ‫ אפל‬dark and obscure (place) Ps 11:2, 91:6, Jb 10:22, 30:20 where no light shines Am 5:20 ← ‫ אפל‬σ ‫חשׁך‬ ‫ אפלה‬dark(ness), obscurity Ex 10:22, Is 8:22, Pr 4:19, 7:9 ← ‫ אפל‬σ ‫חשׁך‬ ‫< אפלל‬name> ‫ אפן‬to turn → ‫ אופן‬wheel 1K 7:30–3, Ez 1:15–6, 19–21, Pr 20:26, ‫ אפן‬turn (also used where we use “time” as in number of times an action was done) Pr 25;11 σ ‫הלך‬ ‫ אפן‬turn (also used where we use “time” as in number of times an action was done) Pr 25;11 σ ‫עת‬ ‫ אפס‬to become none, come to an end → ‫ אפס‬limit, end, border (⇐ the idea of where it becomes none) ‫אפסי ארץ‬ where the land meets the sea, shoreline Zc 9:10, Ps 72:8 and the lands within those shores Is 45:22, Ps 22:28, 67:8, ‫אפס‬ none none but, i.e. only, except in the sense of only that, ‫ אפס כי‬however Nu 13:38, Dt 15:4, Jd 4:9, 2S 12:14, Am 9:8, ‫ אפסי עוד‬none like me “my none again” Is 47:8, 10, Zp 2:15, ‫ אפסים‬so little as to be almost none ‫ אפס‬limit, end, border (⇐ the idea of where it becomes none) ‫אפסי ארץ‬ where the land meets the sea, shoreline Zc 9:10, Ps 72:8 and the lands within those shores Is 45:22, Ps 22:28, 67:8 ← ‫אפס‬ ‫ אפס‬none none but, i.e. only, except in the sense of only that, ‫אפס כי‬ however Nu 13:38, Dt 15:4, Jd 4:9, 2S 12:14, Am 9:8, ‫ אפסי עוד‬none like me “my none again” Is 47:8, 10, Zp 2:15 ← ‫אפס‬ ‫< אפס דמים‬name> 28 ‫ אפסים‬so little as to be almost none ← ‫אפס‬ ‫ ?? אפע‬context indicates that this refers to something insignificant, like a moment, short time Is 41:24 ‫ אפעה‬β ‫ פעה‬,‫אפעה‬ ‫ אפעה‬viper Is 30:6, 42:14, 59:5, Jb 20:16 σ ‫נחשׁ‬ ‫ אפף‬to beset, hem in σ ‫סבב‬ ‫ אפק‬to (get under) control → ‫אפיק‬ someone who or something that causes restraint Jb 12:21, 41:7 (15) earthworks to control water, as in dams, channels or dikes Is 8:7, Jb 6:15, Ps 18:16 (15), 42:1 (2), So 5:12 often built up Ez 6:3, 34:13, 35:8, 36:4 (dammed) pond, holding tank Jl 1:20, Ps 42:2, 126:4, ‫ אפק‬low place (into which things tend to go down and not come out) 2S 22:16, Ez 32:6 σ ‫ חטם‬to restrain oneself ?? Is 48:9 αλ ‫ אפק‬low place (into which things tend to go down and not come out) 2S 22:16, Ez 32:6 ← ‫אפק‬ ‫< אפק‬name> ‫< אפקה‬name> ‫ אפר‬β ‫ פור‬,‫אפר‬ ‫ אפר‬ashes σ ‫ דשׁן‬fat (oil), sometimes used for the fatty ashes left over from the sacrifices, ‫ פיח‬fine ash as remains from a very hot fire, as from a forge Ex 9:8, 10 ‫ אפרח‬nestling, young bird Dt 22:6, Ps 84:4, Jb 39:30 ‫ אפריון‬litter, for carrying So 3:9 αλ ‫< אפרים‬name> ‫< אפרת‬name> ‫< אפרתה‬name> ‫< אפרתי‬name> ‫ אץ‬pushy, forceful, hurried, crowded ← ‫אוץ‬ ‫< אצבון‬name> ‫< אצבן‬name> ‫ אצבע‬finger ← ‫צבע‬ ‫ אציגה‬β ‫יצג‬ ‫ אציל‬β ‫ נצל‬,‫אציל‬ ‫ אציל‬side Ez 41:8 ??, used in the sense of from the ends and beyond i.e. farthest reaches Ex 24:11, Is 41:9, Ez 13:18 ← ‫אצל‬ ‫ אציתנה‬β ‫ צות‬,‫ ?? נצה‬Is 27:4 ‫ אצל‬β ‫ נצל‬,‫אצל‬ ‫ אצל‬to hold aside, at one’s side to hold back → ‫ אציל‬side Ez 41:8 ??, used in the sense of from the ends and beyond i.e. farthest reaches Ex 24:11, Is 41:9, Ez 13:18, ‫ אצל‬beside Pr 7:8, Ez 40:7, Ne 4:6 (12), ‫ אצלות‬armpits ?? Jr 38:12 αλ σ ‫מנע‬ ‫ אצל‬beside Pr 7:8, Ez 40:7, Ne 4:6 (12) ← ‫אצל‬ ‫< אצל‬name> ‫ אצלות‬armpits ?? Jr 38:12 αλ ← ‫אצל‬ ‫< אצליהו‬name> ‫< אצם‬name> ‫( אצעדה‬arm) bracelet Nu 31:50, 2S 1:10 ‫ אצר‬β ‫ נצר‬,‫ יצר‬,‫אצר‬ ‫ אצר‬to treasure up → ‫ אוצר‬treasury often that which is stored in it, treasures ‫< אצר‬name> ‫ אצרה‬β ‫ נצר‬,‫ יצר‬,‫אצר‬ ‫ אקדח‬beryl Is 54:12 αλ ‫ אקו‬wild goat Dt 14:5 αλ σ ‫עז‬ ‫ אקוב‬β ‫נקב‬ ‫ אר‬β ‫ יאר‬,‫אור‬ ‫< ארא‬name> 29 ‫ אראיל‬alter hearth ?? Ez 43:15–16 ‫ אראל‬outpost, people posted as an outpost ?? 2S 23:20, Is 33:7 ‫< אראלי‬name> ‫ ארב‬to lie in wait, as in hunting → ‫אורב‬ ambusher, those who lie in wait to ambush Js 8:7, 19, Ezr 8:31, ‫ארב‬ ambush, lying in wait to ambush, ‫מארב‬ place of ambush, from where an ambush is launched Js 8:9, Jd 9:35, Ps 10:8, 2C 13:13 ‫ ארב‬ambush, lying in wait to ambush ← ‫ארב‬ ‫< ארב‬name> ‫< ארבאל‬name> ‫ ארבה‬β ‫ רבה‬,‫ארבה‬ ‫ ארבה‬σ ‫ סלעם‬,‫ ילק‬,‫ חרגל‬,‫ חסיל‬,‫ חגב‬,‫גזם‬ types of grasshoppers, locusts σ ‫עוף‬ ‫ ארבה‬sluice-gate of an irrigation ditch, which usually has constant standing water around it because of water turbulence at gate causing washing out σ ‫תעלה‬ ‫ ארבות‬β ‫ ארבה‬,‫ארב‬ ‫< ארבות‬name> ‫< ארבי‬name> ‫ ארבע‬four, ‫ הולך על ארבע‬refers to the action of crawling, not the number of legs ‫< ארבע‬name> ‫ ארבעים‬forty ‫ ארג‬to weave, with a ‫ מסכת‬warp Jd 16:13– 4 and ‫ ערב‬woof → ‫ ארג‬weaver, (weaver’s) shuttle ‫< ארגב‬name> ‫ ארגון‬β variant spelling for ‫ארגמן‬ ‫ ארגז‬container of some sort for traveling 1S 6:8, 11, 15 ← ‫רגז‬ ‫ ארגיעה‬pausing, hesitant ← ‫רגע‬ ‫ ארגמן‬reddish purple, the royal color, also cloth dyed with that color ‫< ארד‬name> ‫< ארדון‬name> ‫< ארדי‬name> ‫ ארה‬to nibble So 5:1 αλ → ‫ ארות‬stall, for feeding and taking care of animals 1K 5:6 (4:26), 2C 32:28 σ ‫אכל‬ ‫< ארוד‬name> ‫< ארודי‬name> ‫ ארוה‬β ‫ארר‬ ‫ ארוז‬solid (← cedar ??) Ez 27:24 αλ ‫ ארוכה‬measured building materials ?? Ne 4:1, 2C 24:13 ← ‫ארך‬ ‫< ארומה‬name> ‫ ארון‬chest, ark, box ‫< ארונה‬name> ‫ ארור‬β ‫ארר‬ ‫ ארות‬stall, for feeding and taking care of animals 1K 5:6 (4:26), 2C 32:28 ← ‫ארה‬ ‫ ארות‬city name Js 9:17, Ezr 2:25 ‫ ארז‬cedar, a type of tree and wood σ ‫עץ‬ ‫ ארזה‬paneling made of cedar wood ?? Zp 2:14 αλ ‫ ארח‬to travel → ‫ ארח‬traveler Jd 19:17, 2S 12:4, ‫ ארח‬trail, a way for travelers going from city to city, for long distances Gn 49:17 used as a metaphor for the path of life, doing actions Gn 18:11, Is 26:7–8, Jb 24:11, ‫ ארחה‬food for travelers (daily) ration, portion of food Jr 40:5, 52:34, Pr 15:17, ‫ ארחת‬caravan, a group traveling together Gn 37:25, ‫ ארחת‬act of traveling, action of going down the road 30 ‫< אריסי‬name> ‫ ארך‬to draw out (time, measurement, anger) to make long → ‫ארוכה‬ measured building materials ?? Ne 4:1, 2C 24:13, ‫ ארך‬length, long, drawn out (distance, time), ‫ ארכה‬drawn out period of time Jr 29:28, 30:17, 33:6, 30:17, 33:6 ‫ ארך‬length, long, drawn out (distance, time) ← ‫ארך‬ ‫< ארך‬name> ‫ ארכה‬β ‫ ארך‬,‫ארכה‬ ‫ ארכה‬drawn out period of time Jr 29:28, 30:17, 33:6 ← ‫ארך‬ ‫< ארכוי‬name> ‫< ארכי‬name> ‫ ארכת‬β ‫ ארכת‬,‫ארך‬ ‫ ארכת‬something that grows and causes healing ?? Is 58:8, Jr 8:22 ‫< ארם‬name> ‫ ארמון‬fortification, when part of the king’s dwelling, the equivalent of a medieval dungeon of a castle 1K 16:18, 2K 15:25, Is 25:2, 32:14, Jr 30:18, Pr 18:19 σ ‫בית‬ ‫ ארמנת‬collection, system or number of fortifications Is 34:13, Hs 8:14, Am 1:7, 6:8 ‫ ארמי‬Aramean ‫ ארמית‬Aramaic language ‫< ארמני‬name> ‫ ארן‬laurel Is 44:19 αλ σ ‫עץ‬ ‫< ארן‬name> ‫ ארנבת‬hare Lv 11:6, Dt 14:7 ‫< ארנון‬name> ‫< ארניה‬name> ‫< ארנן‬name> ‫< ארפד‬name> ‫< ארפכשׁד‬name> of life, road of one’s choice Is 2:3, Pr 2:15, Jb 33:11 σ ‫הלך‬ ‫ ארח‬traveler Jd 19:17, 2S 12:4 ← ‫ארח‬ ‫ ארח‬trail, a way for travelers going from city to city, for long distances Gn 49:17 used as a metaphor for the path of life, doing actions Gn 18:11, Is 26:7–8, Jb 24:11 ← ‫ ארח‬σ ‫דרך‬ ‫< ארח‬name> ‫ ארחה‬food for travelers (daily) ration, portion of food Jr 40:5, 52:34, Pr 15:17 ← ‫ארח‬ ‫ ארחת‬β ‫ ארחת‬,‫ארחה‬ ‫ ארחת‬caravan, a group traveling together Gn 37:25 ← ‫ארח‬ ‫ ארחת‬act of traveling, action of going down the road of life, road of one’s choice Is 2:3, Pr 2:15, Jb 33:11 ← ‫ארח‬ ‫ ארי‬lion pl. ‫ אריים‬1K 10:20 σ ‫ כפיר‬maned, male lion idiom: a rapacious, violent person Ez 38:13, Ps 35:17 ‫< ארי‬name> ‫ אריאל‬misspelling for ‫ אראל‬in 1C 11:22 ?? ‫< אריאל‬name Is 29:1–2, 7> ‫ אריד‬β ‫רוד‬ ‫< ארידי‬name> ‫< אריגתא‬name> ‫ אריה‬pl. ‫ אריות‬this is not the same as a single lion, possibly a pride of lions or another set or group of lions. The addition of the final heh indicates a group. ‫ אריה‬Is 21:8 Great Isaiah Scroll indicates is a copyist error for ‫ראה ← ראה‬ ‫< אריה‬name> ‫< אריוך‬name> ‫ ארים‬β ‫אור‬ 31 ‫ ארץ‬β ‫ רצה‬,‫ רוץ‬,‫ארץ‬ ‫ ארץ‬land, this term is used broadly from land = world to land = ground. It is never used alone as a toponym, rather every time it is used to denote a specific land, the land is named either directly or in context ‫ אפסי ארץ‬where the land meets the sea, shoreline Zc 9:10, Ps 72:8 and the lands within those shores Is 45:22, Ps 22:28, 67:8, ‫ ארצת‬generalized plural for “lands”, not specific lands Gn 10:5, 20, 31, 26:3–4, Lv 26:36, 39, Ne 9:30 σ ‫ אדמה‬soil, where there is some intersection with the meaning of ‫ארץ‬ where it can refer to land, usually somewhat poetic, ‫ אי‬inhabited land, ‫תבל‬ (used mostly poetically) dry land that can be inhabited, not including the sea ‫< ארצא‬name> ‫ ארצה‬β ‫ רצה‬,‫ארץ‬ ‫ ארצת‬generalized plural for “lands”, not specific lands Gn 10:5, 20, 31, 26:3–4, Lv 26:36, 39, Ne 9:30 ‫ ארר‬to curse → ‫ מארה‬curse Dt 28:20, Ml 2:2, 3:9, Pr 3:33, 28:27 σ ‫ זעם‬to execrate, call down destruction on Nu 23:7–8, Ml 1:4, Pr 24:24, ‫ טמה‬to debase ?? Lv 11:43, Jb 18:3, ‫ לעע‬to consume treat as valueless or worth nothing Ob 16, Pr 20:25, Jb 6:3, ‫ קבה‬to make a hollow space Jb 5:3 or chamber to execrate, call down a curse on such that something or someone becomes hollowed out, without strength or resources Nu 23: ,Jb 3:8, Pr 11:26, 24:24, ‫ קלל‬to treat lightly, as unimportant σ ‫שׁבע‬ ‫< אררט‬name> ‫< אררי‬name> ‫ ארשׂ‬to become engaged (to be married) Ex 22:15 (16), Dt 20:7, 22:23, 25, 27–8, 2S 3:14, used metaphorically of God’s connection to his people, as if preparing for a wedding Hs 2:21–2 ‫ ארשׁת‬petition Ps 21:3 αλ σ ‫שׁאלה‬ ‫ ארת‬β ‫אורה‬ ‫< ארתחשׁסתא‬name> ‫< ארתחשׁשׂת‬name> ‫< ארתחשׁשׂתא‬name> ‫ אשׁ‬β (DSS 2S 14:19) ‫ ישׁ‬, ‫אשׁ‬ ‫ אשׁ‬fire σ ‫ אשׁוית‬fireplace for a signal fire ?? Jr 50:15 αλ, ‫ כוה‬to brand, ‫כידוד‬ spark ?? Jb 41:11 (19) αλ, ‫ לבת‬hot, flaring flame Ex 3:2 αλ, ‫ להבה‬flame, ‫ להט‬flash, flame Gn 3:24 sorcery Ex 7:11, ‫ לפד‬,‫ לפיד‬torch bright flames like a torch, ‫ שׁביב‬ember, something that burns ?? Jb 18:5 αλ, ‫ שׂרף‬to burn, ‫תנור‬ oven Ex 7:28 (8:3), Lv 2:4, 7:9 smoke as from an oven Gn 15:17, Is 31:9 ‫< אשׁבל‬name> ‫< אשׁבלי‬name> ‫< אשׁבן‬name> ‫< אשׁבע‬name> ‫< אשׁבעל‬name> ‫ אשׁדת‬,‫ אשׁד‬slope σ ‫הר‬ ‫< אשׁדודי‬name> ‫ אשׁה‬woman, a female of the human species, though occasionally refers to a generalized object in a use similar to a pronoun, e.g. to animals Gn 7:2, to a connector Ex 26:17 σ ‫אדם‬ ‫ אשׁה‬what is burned (an offering upon the altar) σ ‫זבח‬ 32 ‫ אשׁוית‬fireplace for a signal fire ?? Jr 50:15 αλ σ ‫אשׁ‬ ‫ אשׁון‬time ?? Q Pr 20:20 αλ σ ‫עת‬ ‫ אשׁור‬β ‫ שׁור‬,‫ אשׁר‬,‫אשׁור‬ ‫ אשׁור‬name of country, Assyria ‫< אשׁורי‬name> ‫< אשׁורם‬name> ‫< אשׁחור‬name> ‫ אשׁי‬β ‫אשׁה‬ ‫< אשׁימא‬name> ‫ אשׁירה‬,‫ אשׁיר‬β ‫אשׁרה‬ ‫ אשׁישׁ‬vine branch ?? clinging to a wall Is 16:7, bearing grapes Hs 3:1 ← ‫ אשׁשׁ‬σ ‫דלית‬ ‫ אשׁישׁה‬sweet cake, containing raisins, dried fruit? fruitcake? 2S 6:19, So 2:5, 1C 16:3 ← ‫ אשׁשׁ‬σ ‫לחם‬ ‫ אשׁך‬testicle Lv 21:20 αλ ‫ אשׂכיל‬giving discernment Ps 32:8 αλ ← ‫שׂכל‬ ‫ אשׁכול‬,‫ אשׁכל‬bunch of grapes ‫ אשׁכל‬,‫< אשׁכול‬name> ‫< אשׁכנז‬name> ‫ אשׁכר‬tribute ?? Ez 27:15, Ps 72:10 (← ‫)?? שׂכר‬ ‫ אשׁל‬tamarisk tree ‫ אשׁם‬β ‫ שׁמם‬,‫ אשׁם‬,‫אשׁ‬ ‫ אשׁם‬to become guilty, can be from a deliberate action and/or inadvertently through an error or ignorance treat as guilty → ‫ אשׁם‬guilty, guilt offering, ‫אשׁמה‬ guilt σ ‫חטא‬ ‫ אשׁם‬guilty (person, adj.), guilt offering ← ‫אשׁם‬ ‫ אשׁמה‬guilt ← ‫אשׁם‬ ‫ אשׁמרת‬,‫ אשׁמורה‬watch (of the night) Ex 14:24, Jd 7:19, 1S 11:11, Ps 90:4 ← ‫שׁמר‬ ‫ אשׁמנים‬oily, slippery places ?? Is 59:10 αλ ← ‫שׁמן‬ ‫ אשׁמת‬β ‫ אשׁמה‬,‫אשׁם‬ ‫ אשׁנב‬latticed window, where one can look out without easily being seen Jd 5:28, Pr 7:6 σ ‫חלון‬ ‫< אשׁנה‬name> ‫< אשׁען‬name> ‫ אשׁף‬conjurer Dn 1:20, 2:2 σ ‫חרטם‬ ‫ אשׁפה‬quiver (for arrows), sometimes used metaphorically Is 22:6, 49:2, Jr 5:16, Ps 127:5, Jb 39:23, Lm 3:13, 4:5 ‫< אשׁפנז‬name> ‫ אשׁפר‬date cake 2S 6:19, 1C 16:3 ‫ אשׁפת‬β ‫ אשׁפת‬,‫אשׁפה‬ ‫ אשׁפת‬dunghill 1S 2:8, Ps 113:7 ‫ אשׁקך‬β ‫שׁקה‬ ‫< אשׁקלון‬name> ‫< אשׁקלוני‬name> ‫ אשׁקנה‬β ‫שׁוק‬ ‫ אשׁר‬to have joyful contentment from doing the right thing → ‫ אשׁר‬joyful contentment σ ‫שׂמח‬ ‫ אשׁר‬to proceed, go down a path ?? Pr 4:14, 9:6 → ‫ אשׁר‬proceeding, going down a path ?? Is 3:12, Ps 37:31, Jb 31:7, ‫אשׁר‬ steering oar on ship ?? Ez 27:6 αλ, ‫מאשׁר‬ one who makes a person proceed down a way Is 9:15 a guide Pr 3:18 σ ‫הלך‬ ‫ אשׁר‬which, conjunction pointing to subject ‫ אשׁר‬joyful contentment ← ‫אשׁר‬ ‫ אשׁר‬proceeding, going down a path ?? Is 3:12, Ps 37:31, Jb 31:7 ← ‫אשׁר‬ ‫ אשׁר‬steering oar on ship ?? Ez 27:6 αλ ← ‫אשׁר‬ ‫< אשׁר‬name> ‫< אשׂראל‬name> 33 ‫< אשׂראלה‬name> ‫< אשׂראלי‬name> ‫< אשׁרי‬name> ‫< אשׂריאל‬name> ‫ אשׁרה‬Asherah, sacred pole set up in worship of the goddess Asherah ‫ אשׁשׁ‬to pull (oneself) up ?? Is 46:8 αλ → ‫ אשׁישׁ‬vine branch ?? clinging to a wall Is 16:7, bearing grapes Hs 3:1, ‫ אשׁישׁה‬sweet cake, containing raisins, dried fruit? fruitcake? 2S 6:19, So 2:5, 1C 16:3 ‫ אשׁת‬β ‫ שׁית‬,‫ אשׁת‬,‫אשׁה‬ ‫ אשׁת‬woman in general, a masculine noun, not a specific woman when not in construct Dt 21:11, Ps 58:9, Pr 6:24, 25:24, Rt 3:11 ‫< אשׁתאול‬name> ‫< אשׁתאולי‬name> ‫ אשׁתוללו‬despoiled (by their own actions) ?? Ps 76:6 (5) αλ ← ‫שׁלל‬ ‫< אשׁתון‬name> ‫< אשׁתמה‬name> ‫< אשׁתמע‬name> ‫( את‬particle, the sign of the accusative) ‫ את‬with, at the side of (‫ אות‬in 2K 1:15, 6:16) σ ‫( עם‬together) with ‫ את‬plow 1S 13:20–1, Is 2:4, Jl 4:10, Mc 4:3 σ ‫ מחרשׁה‬tool made by an artisan, blacksmith 1S 13:20–1 ‫ אתה‬,‫ את‬you (singular) ‫< אתבעל‬name> ‫ אתה‬to arrive Is 41:5, 25, Mc 4:8, Pr 1:27 → ‫ אתיות‬future events ?? Is 41:23, 44:7, 45:11, ‫ יאתון‬place of arrival, entrance ?? Ez 40:15 αλ σ ‫הלך‬ ‫ אתון‬donkey mare σ ‫חמור‬ ‫ אתיק‬,‫ אתוק‬arch, decorative frieze ?? Ez 41:15, 16, 42:3, 5 ‫ אתות‬β ‫אות‬ ‫ אתי‬β ‫ אתה‬,‫( אתה‬fem sing imp), ‫אתי‬ ‫ אתי‬with me ‫ אתי‬me (direct object) ‫< אתי‬name> ‫ אתיות‬future events ?? Is 41:23, 44:7, 45:11 ← ‫אתה‬ ‫ אתן‬,‫ אתם‬you (plural) ‫“ אתם‬their sign” ?? Is 30:8 used || ‫חקה‬ ‫< אתם‬name> ‫ אתמול‬yesterday, previous(ly) σ ‫תמול‬ ‫ אתן‬β ‫ נתן‬,‫ אתם‬,‫ אתון‬,‫איתן‬ ‫ אתנה‬β ‫ נתן‬,‫אתנה‬ ‫ אתנה‬you (fem, pl.) Gn 31:6, Ez 13:20, 34:17 ‫ אתנה‬spontaneous gift, ?? as from a close friend Hs 2:14 (12), as a freewill offering Ps 51:18 ← ‫נתן‬ ‫ אתנות‬β ‫אתון‬ ‫< אתני‬name> ‫ אתנים‬seventh month in which is found Yom Kippur 1K 8:2 αλ ‫ אתנים‬places that are long lasting Mc 6:2, Jb 12:19 ‫“ אתנן‬lover’s” gift, in return for sexual favors Dt 23:19, Is 23:17–8, Ez 16:31, 34, 41, Hs 9:1, Mc 1:7 ← ‫נתן‬ ‫< אתנן‬name> ‫ אתננה‬β ‫ נתן‬,‫אתנן‬ ‫ אתקנך‬β ‫נתק‬ ‫< אתרים‬name> ‫ אתת‬β ‫אות‬ ‫( ב‬prefix) in, but in a very broad usage, broader than English to include location (where in English we sometimes use 34 ‫< בבלי‬name> ‫ בבת‬eyeball, pupil ?? Zc 2:12 αλ ‫ בג‬Ez 25:7 ?? considered a copyist error for ‫ בז‬αλ ‫( בג‬part of ‫ )פתבג‬β ‫פת‬ ‫ בגד‬to act under cover, act underhandedly, under the table (doing things under one’s clothes) Jr 3:20, Ml 2:14 → ‫בגד‬ covering clothing, underhanded actions, ‫ בגדות‬treachery, underhandedness Zp 3:4 αλ, ‫בגוד‬ treacherous (acting underhandedly) σ ‫ שׁקר‬,‫כפר‬ ‫ בגד‬covering clothing, underhanded actions ← ‫ בגד‬σ ‫ אבנט‬waistband, a long cloth wrapped around the body Ex 28:4, Lv 8:7, Is 22:21, ‫ אדרת‬splendor Zc 11:3 splendid Ez 17:8, cloak (which may have sleeves) that indicates status Gn 25;25, Js 7:21, 24, 2K 2:8, 13–4, ‫ אזור‬a belt to hold up pants 2K 1:8, Is 5:27, 11:5, Jr 13:1–11, Ez 23:18, Jb 12:18, ‫ אפוד‬,‫ אפד‬vest, ‫ אפדת‬vestment Ex 28:8, 29:5, 39:5, Is 30:22, ‫ גלום‬mantle Ez 27:24 αλ, ‫ גלין‬diaphanous clothing ?? Is 3:23 αλ, ‫ חגרה‬,‫ חגורה‬something girded on, clothing or weapons 2S 18:11, 2K 3:21, Is 3:24, ‫ כתנת‬tunic Greek (χιτων), ‫ לבושׁ‬clothing, clothed, ‫ מגבעה‬miter, tall head gear Lv 8:13 αλ, ‫ מד‬clothing, measured to fit, ‫ מזח‬a type of clothing, loose fitting sign of luxury, toga ?? Is 23:10, Ps 109:19, ‫ מחלצות‬clothing for special occasions, “Sunday best” stripped off for daily work Is 3:22, Zc 3:4, ‫מטפחת‬ cape, warm cloak spread on over other clothing Rt 3:15, Is 3:22, ‫ מכנס‬trousers “near”, “beside”, “on” and “upon”), as an indicator of instrumentality “by means of” or “by use of” or “(by) cost of”, an indicator of possession, used by many verbs to indicate the object of the verb including ‫ ראה‬and its synonyms, ‫חפץ‬, where letters are used as numbers, it refers to the number two. ‫ בא‬one who comes 1K 15:17, Pr 23:30 ← ‫בוא‬ ‫ באה‬entrance Ez 8:5 αλ ← ‫בוא‬ ‫ באר‬to draw out (both physically as in water from a well, and figuratively, as in drawing out a meaning, explaining) → ‫ באר‬well, from which water is drawn out ‫ באר‬well, from which water is drawn out ← ‫באר‬ ‫< באר‬name> ‫< באר אילים‬name> ‫< באר לחי ראי‬name> ‫< באר שׁבע‬name> ‫< בארא‬name> ‫< בארה‬name> ‫ בארך‬β ‫ באר‬,‫ארך‬ ‫< בארת‬name> ‫ באשׁ‬β ‫ באשׁ‬, ‫אשׁ‬ ‫ באשׁ‬to stink → ‫ באשׁ‬stench Am 4:10, ,‫באשׁ‬ ‫ באשׁה‬stinky plant, plants that give off a bad smell ?? Is 5:2, 4 ‫ באשׁ‬stench Am 4:10 ← ‫באשׁ‬ ‫ באשׁ‬plants that give off a bad smell ?? Is 5:2, 4 ← ‫באשׁ‬ ‫ באשׁה‬foul weeds, generalized term for bad smelling, useless plants ?? Jb 31:40 αλ ← ‫באשׁ‬ ‫< בבי‬name> ‫< בבל‬name> 35 ‫ בגדות‬treachery, underhandedness Zp 3:4 αλ ← ‫בגד‬ ‫ בגדי‬β ‫ גדי‬,‫בגד‬ ‫ בגוד‬treacherous (acting underhandedly) ← ‫בגד‬ ‫< בגוי‬name> ‫ בגלל‬β ‫גלל‬ ‫ בגפו‬single, unmarried state ‫< בגתא‬name> ‫< בגתן‬name> ‫ בד‬piece, part Ex 30:34, Jb 18:13 ‫ בד‬staff (as in big stick, often referring to a carrying pole) σ ‫שׁבט‬ ‫ בד‬in the phrase ‫“ לבד‬to aloneness” meaning alone, ‫“ מלבד‬from to aloneness” meaning “by himself” ← ‫בדד‬ ‫ בד‬linen σ ‫שׁשׁ‬ ‫ בד‬one who makes a proclamation, announcement Is 16:6, 44:25, Hs 11:6 pl. proclamation Jr 36:18, 48:30 ← ‫בדא‬ ‫ בדא‬to proclaim, announce ?? 1K 12:33, Ne 6:8 → ‫ בד‬one who makes a proclamation, announcement Is 16:6, 44:25, Hs 11:6 pl. proclamation Jr 36:18, 48:30 σ ‫דבר‬ ‫ בדד‬to become alone Is 14:31, Hs 8:9, Ps 102:8 → ‫ בד‬in the phrase ‫“ לבד‬to aloneness” meaning alone, ‫ בדד‬alone, ‫“ מלבד‬from to aloneness” meaning “by himself” ‫ בדד‬alone ← ‫בדד‬ ‫< בדד‬name> ‫ בדי‬β ‫ די‬,‫בד‬ ‫< בדיה‬name> ‫ בדיו‬β ‫ די‬,‫בד‬ ‫ בדיך‬β ‫ די‬,‫בד‬ Ex 28:42, 39:28, Lv 6:3, 16:4, Ez 44:18, ‫ מעטפות‬something draped on, stole ?? Is 3:22 αλ, ‫ מעיל‬poncho, a cloth draped over the body with a hole in the center for the head to poke through Ex 28:31–5, worn under the vest Lv 8:7, ‫מצנפת‬ turban, used as a badge of authority Ex 28:4, 37, 39, Lv 8:9, Ez 21:31 (26), ‫ משׁבצת‬,‫ משׁבצות‬wrapping, used of a wide border on clothing Ex 28:11, 13–4, Ps 45:14, a border setting a jewel on clothing Ex 18:11, 39:6, 13, ‫משׁפחת‬ sleeveless, may be hooded, possibly a large, hooded, felt, almost weatherproof cloak or mantel worn by shepherds, ‫נקפה‬ being encircled by a simple cloth that merely covers a person, like a towel ?? Is 3:24 αλ, ‫ סדין‬under garment (σινδων) Jd 14:12–3, Is 4:23, Pr 31:24, ‫סות‬ garment αλ, ‫ פתיגיל‬embroidered clothing ?? (something beautiful) Is 3:24 αλ, ‫צניף‬ turban for decoration Is 3:23, Zc 3:5, Jb 29:14, ‫ רדיד‬shawl worn by women Is 3:23, So 5:7, ‫ רעלה‬long, loose fitting garment, in a day when everything was hand made, was a sign of wealth and luxury Is 3:19 αλ, ‫ שׂלמה‬garment, as far as I can tell, identical to ‫( שׂמלה‬found 10 times), ‫ שׂמלה‬covering, apparently a flat piece of cloth that can be worn by wrapping around (as a kilt, dress) though can be spread out as a blanket Gn 9:25, Ex 22:26 (27), wrapped around other objects Ex 12:34, lain on as a sheet Dt 22:17, laid flat Jd 8:25 garment (found 28 times) 36 ‫ בדיל‬slag, the dross left after smelting and refining metal, at times can be pretty in its own right and usable for decoration σ ‫ סיג‬dross, slag Is 1:22, 25, Pr 25:4, 26:23 ‫ בדל‬to part, indicative of a physical removal, put a distance between σ ‫כרת‬ ‫ בדל‬part ← ‫בדל‬ ‫ בדלח‬bdellium ?? apparently a precious stone Gn 2:12, mentioned for its appearance Nu 11:7 ‫ בדמי‬β ‫ דמה‬,‫ דם‬,‫דום‬ ‫ בדמך‬β ‫ דמה‬,‫ דם‬,‫דום‬ ‫< בדן‬name> ‫ בדק‬to repair 2C 34:10 → ‫ בדק‬place needing repair ‫ בדק‬place needing repair ← ‫בדק‬ ‫< בדקר‬name> ‫ בהו‬still(ness) from not having life or any motion Gn 1:2, Is 34:11, Jr 4:23, always found in context with ‫תהו‬ ‫< בהן‬name> ‫ בהט‬an unknown type of (semi-)precious stone Es 1:6 αλ ‫ בהיר‬noticeable ?? Jb 37:21 αλ ‫ בהל‬move quickly Pr 28:22, 2C 26:20 to alarm as in to frighten (⇐ those who are frightened move quickly) Dn 11:44, 2C 32:18 Ni be alarmed, frightened Gn 45:3, Ez 26:18 → ‫ בהלה‬start, alarm Lv 26:16, Is 65:23, Ps 78:33 σ ‫ מהר‬,‫ירא‬ ‫ בהלה‬start, alarm Lv 26:16, Is 65:23, Ps 78:33 ← ‫בהל‬ ‫ בהלו‬β ‫ הלה‬,‫בהל‬ ‫ בהמה‬β ‫ המה‬,‫בהמה‬ ‫ בהמה‬animal ‫ בהמות‬dinosaur Jb 40:15 αλ ‫( בהמות‬sing. fem. noun) status of being a beast Jr 12:4, Jl 1:20, Jb 12:7, 35:11, status of being like a beast Ps 73:22 ‫( בהן‬pl ‫ )בהנות‬thumb, big toe Ex 29:20, Lv 8:23–4, Jd 1:6–7 ‫ בהצותו‬β ‫נצה‬ ‫ בהק‬white spot, pimple ?? Lv 13:39 αλ ‫ בהרת‬spot, blotch Lv 13:2,4, 38–9 14:56 ‫ בוא‬to come to come in, to enter → ‫בא‬ one who comes 1K 15:17, Pr 23:30, ‫באה‬ entrance Ez 8:5 αλ, ‫ לבא‬coming, ,‫מבוא‬ ‫ מובא‬entrance, ‫ מביא‬one who causes to come, ‫ תבוא‬arrival, coming in Jb 6:8, ‫ תבואה‬yield, in the sense of produce of the field, vineyard Gn 47:24, Is 30:23, 2C 32:28 σ ‫הלכ‬ ‫ בוז‬to have contempt → ‫ בוז‬contemptible person or thing, ‫ בוזה‬contempt, one who has contempt σ ‫שׂנא‬ ‫ בוז‬contemptible person or thing ← ‫בוז‬ ‫< בוז‬name> ‫ בוזה‬contempt, one who has contempt ← ‫בוז‬ ‫< בוזה‬name> ‫ בוטה‬β ‫בטה‬ ‫< בוי‬name> ‫ בוך‬to be thrown into confusion Es 3:15 αλ → ‫ מבוכה‬confusion Is 22:5, Mc 7:4 ‫ בול‬large piece, hunk ?? Is 44:19, Jb 40:20 σ ‫מבול‬ ‫ בול‬eighth month 1K 6:38 ‫< בול‬name> ‫ בולס‬one who cares for, watches over Am 7:14 ?? αλ ‫ בולק‬devasting Is 24:1 αλ ← ‫בלק‬ ‫ בון‬to have insight, to understand in the sense of getting between the surface 37 do heavy labor, ‫ פחת‬pit, sinkhole, natural pit ?? 2S 17:9, 18:17, Is 24:18, ‫שׁיחה‬ pit ?? Jr 18:22, Ps. 57:7 (6) ‫< בור הסרה‬name> ‫< בור עשׁן‬name> ‫ בושׁ‬to be ashamed → ‫( בושׁה‬visible) shame, ‫ בשׁנה‬shame, ‫ בשׁת‬shame, ‫מביש‬ causing shame Pr 10:5, 12:4, 14:25, 17:2, 19:26, 29:15, ‫ מבשׁ‬privates Dt 25:11 αλ σ ‫ זמה‬shameful action, that causes shame, ‫ חגא‬apprehension, shame ?? Is 19:17 αλ ‫ חפר‬to hide one’s face (in shame) Is 54:4, Ps 34:6, 35:4, Pr 13:5, ‫ חרף‬to reproach, accuse of a fault, rebuke shame, disgrace, ‫ כלם‬to be disgraced, ‫ קלל‬to treat lightly (unimportant) ‫( בושׁה‬visible) shame ← ‫ בושׁ‬σ ‫קלון‬ lightness dishonor, opposite of ,‫כבוד‬ ‫ כבד‬heaviness riches, honor ‫ בז‬β ‫ בזז‬,‫ בזה‬,‫ בז‬,‫בוז‬ ‫ בז‬plunder ← ‫בזז‬ ‫ בז‬disdainment, contempt ← ‫בזה‬ ‫ בזא‬to drain ?? Is 18:2, 7 σ ‫מצה‬ ‫ בזה‬β ‫זה‬,‫ בזז‬,‫בזה‬ ‫ בזה‬to disdain → ‫ בז‬disdainment, contempt, ‫ בזה‬one who disdains, ‫בזוי‬ disdained, contemptible, ‫בזיון‬ disdainment, contempt Es 1:18 αλ σ ‫שׂנא‬ ‫ בזה‬one who disdains ← ‫בזה‬ ‫ בזה‬fruit of plundering ← ‫בזז‬ ‫ בזוי‬disdained, contemptible ← ‫בזה‬ ‫ בזז‬to plunder → ‫ בז‬plunder, ‫ בזה‬fruit of plundering σ ‫גנב‬ ‫ בזיון‬disdainment, contempt Es 1:18 αλ ← ‫בזה‬ ‫< בזיותיה‬name> ‫ בזק‬lightning Ez 1:14 ?? αλ appearances underneath to the essential nature of what is known → ‫ בין‬between, among (very much like the German word ‘unter’), ‫ בינה‬insight, which is deep understanding "among" instead of looking from afar, ‫ נבון‬insightful, ‫תבונה‬ practical insight leading to action, such as making things skill Ex 31:3, 35:31, Pr 24:3 σ ‫ידע‬ ‫< בונה‬name> ‫< בוני‬name> ‫ בונן‬to give recognition to Dt 32:10 to recognize (within oneself) (this is a hithpael that sometimes takes an object) 1K 3:21, Jr 23:20, Ps 37:10, Jb 37:14 ‫ בוס‬to kick aside, as an act of contempt → ‫ מבוסה‬kicking aside, with contempt Is 18:2, 7, 22:5, ‫ תבוסת‬kicking aside rejection 2C 22:7 αλ σ ‫שׂנא‬ ‫ בוץ‬byssus σ ‫שׁשׁ‬ ‫< בוצץ‬name> ‫ בוק‬to depopulate Is 24:3 αλ → ‫בוקה‬ depopulation Nh 2:11 αλ, ‫ מבוקה‬causing to be depopulated Nh 2:11 αλ σ ‫שׁחת‬ ‫ בוקה‬depopulation Nh 2:11 αλ ← ‫בוק‬ ‫ בוקק‬laying waste that empties Is 24:1, Hs 10:1 ← ‫בקק‬ ‫ בוקר‬one who looks after herdsman Am 7:14 αλ ← ‫בקר‬ ‫ בור‬to dig out (metaphorically, to search out) Ko 9:1 αλ → ‫ בור‬digging pit (with a suffix the spelling is changed to ‫ )בר‬σ ‫בקשׁ‬ ‫ בור‬digging pit (with a suffix the spelling is changed to ‫ )בר‬σ ‫ גומץ‬pit ?? Ko 10:8 αλ, ‫ סהר‬pit, mine (for extracting ore), often where prisoners were sent to 38 ‫< בזק‬name> ‫ בזר‬β ‫ זור‬,‫בזר‬ ‫ בזר‬to allot Dn 11:24 → ‫ בזר‬allotment Ps 68:31 σ ‫מנה‬ ‫ בזר‬allotment Ps 68:31 ← ‫ בזר‬σ ‫מן‬ ‫< בזתא‬name> ‫ בחון‬assayer, tester Jr 6:27 αλ ← ‫בחן‬ ‫ בחור‬chosen young man, from concept of fine young man that anyone would choose ← ‫בחר‬ ‫ בחורות‬,‫ בחורים‬youth(ful age) ← ‫בחר‬ ‫< בחורים‬name> ‫< בחורימי‬name> ‫ בחין‬tested, approved person Is 23:13 αλ ← ‫בחן‬ ‫ בחיר‬chosen, elect ← ‫בחר‬ ‫ בחל‬β ‫ חל‬,‫בחל‬ ‫ בחל‬to loathe ?? Zc 11:8 αλ → ‫ מבחלת‬a place that is loathed ?? Pr 20:21 αλ σ ‫שׂנא‬ ‫ בחן‬to test, assay → ‫ בחון‬assayer, tester Jr 6:27 αλ, ‫ בחין‬tested, approved person Is 23:13 αλ, ‫ בחן‬one who tests, assays Jr 11:20, 17:10, 20:12, Pr 17:3, action of testing, assaying Is 28:16, 32:14 σ ‫נסה‬ ‫ בחן‬one who tests, assays Jr 11:20, 17:10, 20:12, Pr 17:3, action of testing, assaying Is 28:16, 32:14 ← ‫בחן‬ ‫ בחר‬to choose → ‫ בחור‬chosen young man, from concept of fine young man that anyone would choose, ,‫בחורים‬ ‫ בחורות‬youth(ful age), ‫ בחיר‬chosen, elect, ‫ מבחר‬,‫ מבחור‬choice ‫ בחרות‬β ‫ חרה‬,‫בחורה‬ ‫ בטה‬,‫ בטא‬to babble → ‫ מבטא‬rash utterance σ ‫דבר‬ ‫ בטוח‬reason for confidence Is 26:3, 59:4 ← ‫בטח‬ ‫ בטח‬β ‫ טח‬,‫בטח‬ ‫ בטח‬to have confidence (in) to feel safe with, to trust Is 26:4, Jr. 17:7, 39:18, Pr 3:5 → ‫ בטוח‬reason for confidence Is 26:3, 59:4, ‫ בטח‬confidently, safely, ‫בטחה‬ confidence based on safety Is 30:15, Pr 21:22, ‫ בטחון‬safety 2K 18:19, Is 26:4, Ko 9:4, ‫ בטחות‬status of being in confidence, safety ?? Is 32:9–11, ‫ מבטח‬confidence, person, object or place in which one puts his trust Jr 2:37, 17:7, Pr 22:19, 25:19 σ ‫אמן‬ ‫ בטח‬confidently, safely ← ‫בטח‬ ‫< בטח‬name> ‫ בטחה‬confidence based on safety Is 30:15, Pr 21:22 ← ‫בטח‬ ‫ בטחון‬safety 2K 18:19, Is 26:4, Ko 9:4 ← ‫בטח‬ ‫ בטחות‬β ‫ טחות‬,‫ טוח‬,‫ בטחות‬,‫בטחה‬ ‫ בטחות‬status of being in confidence, safety ?? Is 32:9–11 ← ‫בטח‬ ‫ בטל‬to cease working Ko 12:3 αλ σ ‫שׁבת‬ ‫ בטן‬belly, mother’s womb, central (inner) hollow area use of an architectural feature 1K 7:20 σ ‫ מעי‬body in general 2S 16:11, Ps 22:15 (14), So 5:4, 2C 32:21, more specifically womb Rt 1:11, Is 49:1, Ps 71:6, belly Ez 7:19, Jb 20:14, intestines 2S 20:10, 2C 21:18–9, involved with emotions Jr 4:19, 31:20, So 5:4 ‫< בטן‬name> ‫ בטנים‬pistachio nuts Gn 43:11 αλ ‫< בטנים‬name> ‫( בי‬The beginning of a sentence that has a request from a subordinate to his boss) 39 ‫ בין‬β ‫בון‬ ‫ בין‬between, among (very much like the German word ‘unter’) ← ‫בון‬ ‫ בינה‬insight, which is deep understanding "among" instead of looking from afar ← ‫ בון‬σ ‫דע‬ ‫ ביצה‬egg ‫ בירה‬edifice σ ‫בית‬ ‫ בירניה‬fortified structure for refuge for people living in the surrounding area 2C 17:12, 27:4 σ ‫בית‬ ‫ בית‬house a family which in traditional societies often has many generations living in the same house hence ‫בית‬ refers to all those living together as a unit (family + servants/slaves) Gn 35:2 also those connected by ancestry Jr 21:12, housing (such as a box housing an object); adjective to refer to being inside ‫ מבית‬inside Gn 6:14, Ex 25:11, 26:33, Ez 7:15, ‫ מביתה‬interior, inside 1K 6:15 αλ σ ‫ ארמון‬fortification, when part of the king’s dwelling, the equivalent of a medieval dungeon of a castle 1K 16:18, 2K 15:25, Is 25:2, 32:14, Jr 30:18, Pr 18:19, ‫ בירה‬edifice, ‫ בירניה‬fortified structure for refuge for people living in the surrounding area 2C 17:12, 27:4, ‫ ביתן‬palace, ‫ בניה‬building, ‫ היכל‬large meeting room (of a tent structure 1Sa 1:9, of a building 1Ki 6:3) palace (large building for royalty) temple (large building for the greatest of royalty, God), ‫ משׁפחה‬family σ ‫ תוך‬,‫אהל‬ ‫< בית און‬name> ‫< בית אל‬name> ‫< בית ארבאל‬name> ‫< בית בעל מעון‬name> ‫< בית בראי‬name> ‫< בית ברה‬name> ‫< בית גדר‬name> ‫< בית גמול‬name> ‫< בית דבלתים‬name> ‫< בית דגון‬name> ‫< בית האכי‬name> ‫< בית האצל‬name> ‫< בית הגלגל‬name> ‫< בית הישׁמת‬name> ‫< בית הכרם‬name> ‫< בית הלחמי‬name> ‫< בית העמק‬name> ‫< בית הערבה‬name> ‫< בית הרן‬name> ‫< בית השׁעה‬name> ‫< בית השׁמשׁי‬name> ‫< בית חגלה‬name> ‫< בית חורון‬name> ‫< בית חורן‬name> ‫< בית חנן‬name> ‫< בית חרן‬name> ‫< בית יואב‬name> ‫< בית כר‬name> ‫< בית לבאות‬name> ‫ בית לחם‬Bethlehem, the name of two towns (at least), the more famous the Bethlehem of Ephratah, where King David was born, which is almost always identified as being in Ephratah of Judea; and another in the tribe of Zebulun Jo 19:15 ‫< בית לעפרה‬name> ‫< בית מעון‬name> ‫< בית מעכה‬name> ‫< בית מרלבות‬name> 40 ‫< בית נמרה‬name> ‫< בית עדן‬name> ‫< בית עזמות‬name> ‫< בית עמות‬name> ‫< בית ענת‬name> ‫< בית עקר‬name> ‫< בית פלט‬name> ‫< בית פעור‬name> ‫< בית פצץ‬name> ‫< בית צור‬name> ‫< בית רחוב‬name> ‫< בית שׁאן‬name> ‫< בית שׁן‬name> ‫< בית שׁמשׁ‬name> ‫< בית תפוח‬name> ‫ ביתן‬palace σ ‫בית‬ ‫ בך‬β ‫בוך‬, -‫( ב‬prefix) ‫ בכא‬baka shrub, balsam tree ?? apparently a plant well taller than a man 2S 5:23, Ps 84:7 (6) ‫ בכה‬to weep for (sorrowfully) → ,‫בכה‬ ‫ בכית‬,‫ בכי‬,‫( בכות‬sorrowful, bitter) weeping σ ‫כעס‬ ‫ בכית‬,‫ בכי‬,‫ בכות‬,‫( בכה‬sorrowful, bitter) weeping ‫ בכור‬β ‫ כור‬,‫בכר‬ ‫ בכורה‬early fruits Is 28:4, Hs 9:10, Mc 7:1 ← ‫בכר‬ ‫ בכורים‬first fruits (a festival and the offering given) ← ‫בכר‬ ‫< בכורת‬name> ‫ בכי‬name of town in Moab Jr 48:5 ?? ‫< בכים‬name> ‫ בכירה‬status of being firstborn ← ‫בכר‬ ‫ בכר‬to be first born → ‫ בכורה‬early fruits Is 28:4, Hs 9:10, Mc 7:1, ‫ בכורים‬first fruits (a festival and the offering given), ‫ בכירה‬status of being firstborn, ‫ בכר‬first born, ‫ בכרה‬rights of firstborn Gn 25:32 αλ σ ‫ילד‬ ‫ בכר‬first born ← ‫בכר‬ ‫< בכר‬name> ‫ בכרה‬β ‫ כר‬,‫בכרה‬ ‫ בכרה‬rights of firstborn Gn 25:32 αλ ← ‫בכר‬ ‫< בכרו‬name> ‫ בכרי‬β ‫ כר‬,‫ בכרי‬,‫בכר‬ ‫< בכרי‬name> ‫ בכרת‬β ‫ כרת‬,‫ כרה‬,‫ בכרה‬,‫בכר‬ ‫ בל‬not, without, without which, this is a term indicating negation with no exact equivalent in English ‫ בל‬bel, name of a false god ‫אמים‬-‫ בל‬β ‫( לאם‬usually taken as a typo Ps 44:15 (14), 57:10 (9), 108:4 (3), 149:7) though could it be a phrase “without unease” i.e. fearlessly ?? ‫< בלאדן‬name> ‫< בלאשׁצר‬name> ‫ ?? בלג‬to ?? (a destructive action) (always found in hiphil) Ps 39:14 (13), Jb 9:27, 10:20 → ‫ מבליג‬one who destroys ?? Am 5:9 αλ, ‫ מבליגית‬that which is destroying ?? Jr 8:18 αλ ‫ בלגי‬,‫ בלגה‬personal names ‫< בלדד‬name> ‫ בלה‬to wear out or away to dishearten → ‫ בלה‬worn out, ‫ בלהה‬troubles that wear out Is 17:14, Ez 26:21, Ps 73:19, ‫ בלהות‬wearing out troubling Ez 27:26, 28:19, Jb 18:11, 14, ‫ בלוי‬rags Jr 38:11, ‫ תבלית‬wearing away ?? Is 10:25 αλ σ ‫יאשׁ‬ ‫ בלה‬worn out ← ‫בלה‬ 41 ‫< בלה‬name> ‫ בלהה‬wearing away ← ‫בלה‬ ‫< בלהה‬name> ‫ בלהות‬wearing out troubling Ez 27:26, 28:19, Jb 18:11, 14 ← ‫בלה‬ ‫< בלהן‬name> ‫ בלו‬β ‫בלה‬ ‫ בלוי‬rags Jr 38:11 ← ‫בלה‬ ‫ בלול‬mixed ← ‫בלל‬ ‫ בלולים‬circular stairs ?? (picture of the circular motion while mixing) 1 Kg 6:8 αλ ← ‫בלל‬ ‫ בלחמו‬β ‫ לחם‬,‫לח‬ ‫< בלטשׁאצר‬name> ‫ בלי‬β ‫ בלל‬,‫ בלי‬,‫בלה‬ ‫ בלי‬indicating negation as in “not”, “without” ‫ בליל‬β ‫ ליל‬,‫בליל‬ ‫ בליל‬causing mixing up Is 15:1 mash (food for animals) Is 30:24, Jb 6:5, 24:6 ← ‫ בלל‬σ ‫מאכל‬ ‫ בלימה‬nothing, nothingness Jb 26:7 αλ ‫ בליעל‬useless (a contraction of ‫ בל‬not, without and ‫ יעל‬to benefit, be of use) σ ‫הבל‬ ‫ בלל‬to mix up to contaminate (mixing up that which is not supposed to be mixed together) → ‫ בלול‬mixed, ‫בלולים‬ circular stairs ?? (picture of the circular motion while mixing) 1 Kg 6:8 αλ, ‫בליל‬ causing mixing up Is 15:1 mash (food for animals) Is 30:24, Jb 6:5, 24:6, ‫ מבליל‬that which causes to contaminate Jb 18:15 αλ in Aleppo text, in WLC ‫מבלי‬ ‫“ לו‬there is not his”, ‫ תבל‬contamination, mixing up what ought not be mixed up Lv 18:23, 20:12, ‫ תבלל‬contaminated, wandering eye ?? Lv 21:20 αλ σ ‫ דוך‬to mix a batter, ‫ מהל‬to mix as in adulterating Is 1:22 αλ, ‫ מסך‬to mix drinks Is 5:22, Ps 102:10, Pr 9:2, ‫ רקח‬to mix spices together (as drugs) Ex 30:25, 33, Ez 24:10 ‫ בלם‬to rein in ?? Ps 32:9 αλ ‫ בלע‬β ‫ לעע‬,‫ לע‬,‫בלע‬ ‫ בלע‬to swallow Nu 26:10, Dt 11:6 to consume Is 25:7–8, Pr 21:20 to consume as an act of destruction 2S 17:16, 20:19–20, Jb 2:3 → ‫ בלע‬thing swallowed σ ‫ שׁחת‬,‫אכל‬ ‫< בלע‬name> ‫ מבלעדי‬,‫ בלעדי‬besides, except without the knowledge or approval of σ ‫זולת‬ except, besides Dt 1:36, Is 45:5, 1C 17:20 ‫< בלעי‬name> ‫< בלעם‬name> ‫ בלק‬to devastate (unused root) → ‫בולק‬ devasting Is 24:1 αλ, ‫ מבלקה‬making devastated ?? Nh 2:11 (10) αλ σ ‫שׁחת‬ ‫< בלק‬name> ‫< בלשׁאצר‬name> ‫< בלשׁן‬name> ‫ בלתי‬besides → ‫ בלתי אם‬except, apart from, ‫ לבלתי‬in order not, that should not (followed by an infinitive verb), ‫עד‬ ‫ בלתי‬until not ‫ בלתך‬besides you 1S 2:2 αλ ‫ במה‬high place (of idol worship) ‫< במהל‬name> ‫“ במו‬even in”, (‫ ב‬prefix with a ‫ מו‬suffix) an emphatic (??) used mostly poetically in nine verses Is 43:2, 44:16, 19, Ps 11:2, Jb 9:30, 16:4–5, 19:16, 37:8 ‫< במות‬name> 42 ‫< במות בעל‬name> ‫ בן‬β ‫ בן‬,‫בון‬ ‫ בן‬son, though also includes those counted as sons and even descendants several generations later ‫ בן שׁנה‬born this year (used of lambs, kids, calves, livestock) σ ‫ זרע‬seed offspring, descendant, usually counted as direct descendants, though Gn 38:8–9 shows that’s not always the case, rather who are counted as descendants, ‫ נין‬offspring Gn 21:23, Is 14:22, Ps 74:7, Jb 18:19, ‫ניר‬ descendant ?? Nu 21:30, 2S 22:29, 1K 11:36, 15:4, 2K 8:19, 2C 21:7, ‫נכד‬ progeny Gn 21:23, Is 14:22, Jb 18:19, ‫ שׁגר‬calving, offspring of animals Ex 13:12, Dt 7:13, 28:4, 18, 51 ‫< בן‬name> ‫< בן אוני‬name> ‫< בן הדד‬name> ‫< בן חיל‬name> ‫< בן חנן‬name> ‫< בן ימין‬name> ‫< בן ימיני‬name> ‫< בן עמי‬name> ‫ בנה‬to build (up, upon), not only used referring to construct a physical structure, but also of a person Gn 2:22 or a family Gn 16:2 → ‫ בנה‬builder, ,‫בניה‬ ‫ בנין‬building, ‫ מבנה‬structure Ez 40:2 αλ, ‫ תבן‬straw, used in making adobe bricks, also to feed animals, ‫ תבנית‬model, used to plan a construction Ex 25:9, 40, Dt 4:16–8, 1C 28:11–2, 18–9 ‫ בנה‬builder ← ‫ בנה‬σ ‫ גדר‬carpenter 2K 12:13 (12), 22:6, Is 58:12 ‫< בנוי‬name> ‫ בנות‬β ‫ נוה‬,‫ בת‬,‫בנה‬ ‫< בני‬name> ‫< בני ברק‬name> ‫< בני יעקן‬name> ‫< בניה‬name> ‫ בנין‬,‫ בניה‬building σ ‫בית‬ ‫ בנים‬used only of Goliath as a ‫אישׁ בנים‬ hero? a person who has worked out to build himself up to great strength? ← ‫בנן‬ ‫< בניצין‬name> ‫< בנינו‬name> ‫ בנן‬β ‫ בנן‬,‫בון‬ ‫ בנן‬to strengthen ?? Dt 32:10, Is 10:13 → ‫ בנים‬used only of Goliath as a ‫אישׁ בנים‬ hero? a person who has worked out to build himself up to great strength? ‫< בנעא‬name> ‫ בסבך‬β ‫סב‬ ‫< בסודיה‬name> ‫< בסי‬name> ‫ בסס‬β ‫בוס‬ ‫ בסר‬β ‫ סור‬,‫בסר‬ ‫ בסר‬unripe grapes Is 18:5, Jr 31:29–30, Ez 18:2, Jb 15:33 σ ‫ענב‬ ‫ בעד‬on behalf of, for the sake of; through ‫ בעה‬to discover Is 21:12, 30:13, 64:1, Ob 6 σ ‫מצא‬ ‫< בעור‬name> ‫ בעותי‬β ‫בעותים‬ ‫ בעולה‬β ‫ עולה‬,‫בעולה‬ ‫( בעולה‬of a woman) married ← ‫בעל‬ ‫ בעותים‬terrors Jb 6:4 ← ‫בעת‬ ‫< בעז‬name> ‫ בעט‬β ‫ עט‬,‫בעט‬ ‫ בעט‬to neglect Dt 32:15, 1S 2:29 σ ‫שׁכח‬ ‫ בעי‬β ‫עי‬ ‫ בעיר‬β ‫ עיר‬,‫בעיר‬ 43 ‫ בעירם‬β ‫ עירם‬,‫בעיר‬ ‫ בעיר‬beast of burden Gn 45:17, Nu 20:4, 8, 11, Ps 78:48 σ ‫חיה‬ ‫ בעירה‬act of causing burning Ex 22:4 αλ ← ‫בער‬ ‫ בעל‬to be master to be a husband of a wife → ‫( בעולה‬of a woman) married, ‫ בעל‬master, ‫ בעלה‬mistress σ ‫ חקק‬to establish (authority) to make a statute, law, ‫ מלך‬to rule as king, ‫ משׁל‬to rule, as in making rules to say a rule (proverb), ‫ רדה‬to have authority, to boss, ‫ שׁלט‬to have authority, more in the sense of having power, ability, prestige Ps 119:133, Ko 2:19, 5:18, 6:2,, 8:9, Es 9:1, ‫ שׂרר‬to chain in ?? to be a head of a department to rule, this is a rule that is not law making, which the king did, but the enforcement of rules and laws, keeping the people in line metaphorically chaining them in, a more modern understanding: to be in charge of, a sheriff or policeman Nu 16:13, Jd 9:22, Is 32:1, Ho 8:4, Pr 8:16, ‫ תקף‬to have authority more in the sense of judicial, appointed power. ‫ בעל‬master ← ‫ בעל‬σ ‫מלך‬ ‫< בעל‬name> ‫< בעל גד‬name> ‫< בעל המון‬name> ‫< בעל חנן‬name> ‫< בעל חצור‬name> ‫< בעל חרמון‬name> ‫< בעל מעון‬name> ‫< בעל פעור‬name> ‫< בעל פרצים‬name> ‫< בעל צפון‬name> ‫< בעל שׁלשׁה‬name> ‫< בעל תמר‬name> ‫ בעלה‬mistress ← ‫בעל‬ ‫< בעלה‬name> ‫< בעלות‬name> ‫ בעלי‬β ‫ עלי‬,‫ עלה‬,‫בעל‬ ‫< בעלי יה‬name> ‫< בעלידע‬name> ‫< בעליס‬name> ‫ בעלתי‬,‫ בעלת‬β ‫ עלה‬,‫בעל‬ ‫< בעלת‬name> ‫< בעלת באר‬name> ‫< בען‬name> ‫< בענא‬name> ‫< בענה‬name> ‫ בער‬to burn, but not necessarily to consume Dt 3:2–3 Nu 11:1, Dt 4:11 though most of the time it’s understood that the burning consumes what is burned → ‫ בעירה‬act of causing burning Ex 22:4 αλ ‫ בער‬to remove, used in removing that which is displeasing Dt 13:6, 17:7, 12, Jd 29:13 and idols 2C 19:3, removing bad actors 2S 4:11, 1K 22:47, 2k 23:24, removing items to be given to those who need it Dt 26:13–4 σ ‫הלך‬ ‫ בער‬to be ignorant, stupid Is 19:11, Jr 10:8, 14, 21, 51;17 → ‫ בער‬ignorant, stupid Ps 49:11, 73:22, 92:7, 94:8, Pr 12:1, 30:2 ‫ בער‬ignorant, stupid Ps 49:11, 73:22, 92:7, 94:8, Pr 12:1, 30:2 ← ‫בער‬ ‫< בערא‬name> ‫< בעשׁא‬name> ‫< בעשׂיה‬name> ‫< בעשׁתרה‬name> 44 7:4, ⇐ something that swells in preparation ‫ בצק‬dough for unleavened bread Ex 12:34, 39, for speciality baking 2S 13:8, Jr 7:18, for sourdough bread Hs 7:4, ⇐ something that swells in preparation ← ‫ בצקת‬β ‫ צקתבצק‬,‫בצקת‬ ‫< בצקת‬name> ‫ בצר‬β ‫ צר‬,‫ בצר‬,‫בציר‬ ‫ בצר‬to remove, be removed, e.g. grapes from a vine, abilities to make or be inaccessible, fortify (inaccessible place) → ‫ בציר‬,‫ בצור‬inaccessible,‫ בציר‬vintage, ‫ בצרה‬inaccessible (places) hidden, unknown Jr 33:3, Mc 2:12, ‫בצרון‬ fortress, place that’s inaccessible from the outside Zc 9:12 αλ, ‫ בצרות‬status of fortification ?? Jr 14:1 αλ, ‫בצרת‬ drought, withdrawing of water ?? Jr 17:8 αλ, ‫ מבצר‬fortification, fortified ‫ בצר‬gold ore ?? Jb 22:24–25 ‫< בצר‬name> ‫ בצרה‬inaccessible (places) hidden, unknown Jr 33:3, Mc 2:12 ← ‫בצר‬ ‫ בצרה‬name of a city in Edom ‫ בצרון‬fortress, place that’s inaccessible from the outside Zc 9:12 αλ ← ‫ בצר‬σ ‫ מלוא‬fortress, a fortified building within a walled city, a refuge of last resort or fortification of an occupying force Jd 9:6, 20, 2S 5:9, 1K 9:15, 24, ‫ מצדה‬fortress, fortified place Jd 6:2, 2S 5:7, 9, Is 33:16, 1C 11:5, ‫ מצודה‬defendable hiding place for refuge 1S 22:4–5, 23:14, 2S 5:17 ‫ בצרות‬status of fortification ?? Jr 14:1 αλ ← ‫בצר‬ ‫ בעת‬β ‫ עת‬,‫בעת‬ ‫ בעת‬to terrify 1S 16:14–5, Es 7:6, Dn 8:17 → ‫ בעותים‬terrors Jb 6:4, ‫ בעתה‬terror Jr 8:15, 14:19, ‫ מבעת‬one who causes to be terrified 1S 18:15 αλ σ ‫ירא‬ ‫ בעתה‬β ‫ עת‬,‫בעתה‬ ‫ בעתה‬terror Jr 8:15, 14:19 ← ‫בעת‬ ‫ בץ‬mire Jr 38:22 αλ ‫ בצה‬marsh, where the ground is mire Jb 8:11, 40:21 σ ‫אגם‬ ‫ בצור‬β ‫ צור‬,‫בצור‬ ‫ בציר‬,‫ בצור‬inaccessible ← ‫בצר‬ ‫< בצי‬name> ‫ בציר‬vintage ← ‫בצר‬ ‫ בצל‬β ‫ צל‬,‫בצל‬ ‫ בצל‬onion Nu 11:5 αλ ‫< בצלאל‬name> ‫< בצלות‬name> ‫ בצע‬β ‫ צע‬,‫בצע‬ ‫ בצע‬to take a cut (out of something) Jb 6:9, 27:8 to get (unjust) gain Jl 2:8. It is used for both legitimate taking a cut out of the gross income (profit) and a cut of the loot, the context tells which is meant → ‫ בצע‬cut (of the loot, profits), (unjust) gain Gn 37:26, Ex 18:21, Pr 1:19 ‫ בצע‬cut (of the loot, profits), (unjust) gain Gn 37:26, Ex 18:21, Pr 1:19 ← ‫בצע‬ ‫ בצעם‬β ‫ צע‬,‫בצע‬ ‫< בצענים‬name> ‫ בצק‬to swell (up) Dt 8:4, Jb 38:38, Ne 9:21 (corns and calluses are swellings on the feet) → ‫ בצק‬dough for unleavened bread Ex 12:34, 39, for speciality baking 2S 13:8, Jr 7:18, for sourdough bread Hs 45 ‫ בצרת‬drought, withdrawing of water ?? Jr 17:8 αλ ← ‫בצר‬ ‫< בקבוק‬name> ‫( בקבק‬earthenware) jar (called such by its glug-glug sound when emptied, or because it is easily shattered ??) 1K 14:3, Jr 19:1, 10 ← ‫בקק‬ ‫< בקבקיה‬name> ‫< בקבקר‬name> ‫ בקו‬β ‫בקק‬ ‫< בקי‬name> ‫< בקיהו‬name> ‫ בקיע‬breach, cracks or openings that don’t belong in walls, fortifications ← ‫בקע‬ ‫ בקע‬to split (open) to break (open, into, apart) → ‫ בקיע‬breach, cracks or openings that don’t belong in walls, fortifications, ‫ בקע‬object that is split open (houses) Am 6:11 half (split) shekel Gn 24:22, Ex 38:26, ‫ בקעה‬river valley that splits open the mountains or plateau σ ‫ שׁסע‬to split in the sense of spreading apart, not necessarily into pieces Lv 1:17, 11:7, 26, Jd 14:6, used metaphorically to indicate scolding, disapproval, similar to how “flay” can sometimes be used in English 1S 24:8 (7) ‫ בקע‬object that is split open (houses) Am 6:11 half (split) shekel Gn 24:22, Ex 38:26 ← ‫בקע‬ ‫ בקעה‬river valley that splits open the mountains or plateau ← ‫ בקע‬σ ‫נחל‬ ‫ בקעה‬a type of nesting animal ?? Is 34:15 αλ ‫< בקעת און‬name> ‫ בקק‬to lay waste such that the land is emptied Jr 19:7, 51:2, Nh 2:3 (2) → ‫( בקבק‬earthenware) jar (called such by its glug-glug sound when emptied, or because it is easily shattered ??) 1K 14:3, Jr 19:1, 10, ‫ בוקק‬laying waste that empties Is 24:1, Hs 10:1, ‫ בקק‬person who lays waste i.e. destroyer Nh 2:3 (2) ?? σ ‫שׁחת‬ ‫ בקק‬person who lays waste i.e. destroyer Nh 2:3 (2) ?? ← ‫בקק‬ ‫ בקר‬β ‫ קר‬,‫בקר‬ ‫ בקר‬to look after to take care of → ‫ בוקר‬one who looks after herdsman Am 7:14 αλ, ‫ בקר‬morning, ‫ בקרים‬being watched over, under guard Is 33:2, Am 6:12, Ps 73:14, Jb 7:18, ‫ בקרת‬the action of looking after as in taking care of Lv 19:20, Ez 34:12 σ ‫ראה‬ ‫ בקר‬cattle σ ‫ עגלה‬,‫( עגל‬male, female) calf σ ‫חיה‬ ‫ בקר‬morning ← ‫בקר‬ ‫ בקרים‬being watched over, under guard Is 33:2, Am 6:12, Ps 73:14, Jb 7:18 ← ‫בקר‬ ‫ בקרת‬the action of looking after as in taking care of Lv 19:20, Ez 34:12 ← ‫בקר‬ ‫ בקשׁ‬to look (for), this has the idea of searching for, both in action and in questioning another, with the hope to find an object or answer → ‫בקשׁת‬ request, what is looked for Es 5:3, 6–8, 7:2–3, 9:12, Ezr 7:6 σ ‫ בור‬to dig out (metaphorically, to search out) Ko 9:1 αλ, ‫ דרשׁ‬to look for, to investigate, to demand from, this is stronger than just a simple searching for something, but often includes the idea that a payback is being 46 looked for or demanded, ‫ חפר‬to delve, unearth, both the digging out and finding meanings to spy Js 2:2–3, ‫ חקר‬to investigate, search throughout, ‫ שׁחר‬to look for in sense of really searching Is 26:9, Hs 5:15, Pr 1:28, 7:15, 11:27, 13:24, ‫ תור‬to go around, as in exploring to explore ‫ בקשׁת‬request, what is looked for Es 5:3, 6– 8, 7:2–3, 9:12, Ezr 7:6 ← ‫בקשׁ‬ ‫ בקתי‬β ‫בקק‬ ‫ בר‬β ‫ בר‬,‫בור‬ ‫ בר‬son Ps 2:12, Pr 31:2 (This is the Aramaic meaning, but is this what was meant in Hebrew? Or did this use come from the root ‫ ברר‬indicating the one selected, chosen one, which fits the two contexts where it is found in Tanakh?) ← ‫ברה‬ ‫ בר‬pure (selected moral quality), selected out, also used in the sense of being clean Ps 24:4, 73:1, Jb 11:4, So 6:9–10 ← ‫ברר‬ ‫ בר‬feed (feedlot, pasture) ← ‫ברה‬ ‫ ברא‬to create, set up to make sleek (well fed) (set up with good food) → ‫ בריא‬,‫ ברי‬fat, well fed, ‫ בריאה‬created object Nu 16:30 αλ σ ‫ שׂים‬,‫אכל‬ ‫< בראדן‬name> ‫< בראי‬name> ‫< בראיה‬name> ‫ ברבר‬fattened 1K 5:3 αλ ← ‫ברה‬ ‫ ברד‬β ‫ ירד‬,‫ברד‬ ‫ ברד‬to hail → ‫ ברד‬hail speckled, with small spots ‫ ברד‬hail speckled, with small spots ← ‫ ברד‬σ ‫ אלגבישׁ‬hail Ez 13:11, 13, 38:22 ‫< ברד‬name> ‫ ברה‬to be fed → ‫ בר‬son Ps 2:12, Pr 31:2 (This is the Aramaic meaning, but is this what was meant in Hebrew? Or did this use come from the root ‫ ברר‬indicating the one selected, chosen one, which fits the two contexts where it is found in Tanakh?), ‫ בר‬feed (feedlot, pasture), ‫ ברבר‬fattened 1K 5:3 αλ, ‫ ברות‬food, what is fed Ps 69:22, Lm 4:10, ‫ בריה‬food to feed someone 2S 13:5, 7, 10, well fed Ez 34:20, ‫ ברית‬treaty, covenant, the making of which often accompanied by feasting, ‫ ברית מלח‬indicates a very solemn treaty, covenant Nu 18:19, 2C 13:5 σ ‫אכל‬ ‫< ברה‬name> ‫ ברוך‬β ‫ רכך‬,‫ ברך‬,‫ברוך‬ ‫ ברוך‬blessed ← ‫ברך‬ ‫ ברוך‬leaving behind Ez 3:12 ← ‫ברך‬ ‫< ברוך‬name> ‫ ברור‬β ‫ רור‬,‫ברור‬ ‫ ברור‬select, chosen pure ← ‫ברר‬ ‫ ברושׁ‬pine 2S 6:5, Is 60:13, 2C 3:5 σ ‫עץ‬ ‫ ברות‬food, what is fed Ps 69:22, Lm 4:10 ← ‫ ברה‬σ ‫מאכל‬ ‫ ברות‬a type of decorative stone or wood ?? Ko 1:17, Ne 9:25 ‫< ברותה‬name> ‫< ברזית‬name> ‫ ברזל‬iron, also used of iron alloys and iron treated to become steel ‫< ברזלי‬name> ‫ ברח‬β ‫ לויתן נחשׁ ברח‬,‫ברח‬ ‫ ברח‬to pass through to become a refugee → ‫ בריח‬bar that passes through a hole to act as a lock, carrying bar, ‫ בריח‬causing to be a refugee ?? Is 43:14, 47 Pr 18:19, ‫ מברח‬refugee Ez 17:21 αλ σ ‫ עבר‬,‫פלט‬ ‫< ברחמי‬name> ‫ בריא‬,‫ ברי‬fat, well fed ← ‫ברא‬ ‫< ברי‬name> ‫ בריאה‬created object Nu 16:30 αλ ← ‫ברא‬ ‫ בריה‬food to feed someone 2S 13:5, 7, 10, well fed Ez 34:20 ← ‫ברה‬ ‫ בריח‬bar that passes through a hole to act as a lock, carrying bar ← ‫ברח‬ ‫ בריח‬causing to be a refugee ?? Is 43:14, Pr 18:19 ← ‫ברח‬ ‫< בריח‬name> ‫ בריחה‬β ‫ ריח‬Is 15:5 ‫< ברים‬name> ‫< בריעה‬name> ‫< בריעי‬name> ‫ ברית‬treaty, covenant, the making of which often accompanied by feasting, ‫ ברית מלח‬indicates a very solemn treaty, covenant Nu 18:19, 2C 13:5 ← ‫ברה‬ ‫ ברית‬soap, made by mixing ashes with oil Jr 2:22, Ml 3:2 ← ‫ברר‬ ‫ ברך‬to kneel down (to) Gn 24:11, Ps 95:6, 2C 6:13 to bless, not only as a superior blesses an inferior, but also as a form of greeting and to gain honor → ‫ ברוך‬blessed, ‫ ברך‬knee, ‫ ברכה‬blessing ‫ ברך‬to leave behind, neglect ?? 1K 21:10, 13, Ez 3:12, Jb 1:5, 2:9 → ‫ ברוך‬leaving behind Ez 3:12 ‫ ברך‬knee ← ‫ברך‬ ‫< ברכאל‬name> ‫ ברכה‬β ‫ רכה‬,‫ברכה‬ ‫ ברכה‬blessing ← ‫ברך‬ ‫ ברכה‬pool 2S 2:13, 2K 22:38, often artificial made by bringing water to a hollowed out spot 2K 20:20, Ko 2:6, Ne 3:16 σ ‫ אפיק‬someone who or something that causes restraint Jb 12:21, 41:7 (15) earthworks to control water, as in dams, channels or dikes Is 8:7, Jb 6:15, Ps 18:16 (15), 42:1 (2), So 5:12 often built up Ez 6:3, 34:13, 35:8, 36:4 (dammed) pond, holding tank Jl 1:20, Ps 42:2, 126:4 ‫< ברכה‬name> ‫< ברכיה‬name> ‫< ברכיהו‬name> ‫ ברמים‬multicolored cloth ?? Ez 27:24 αλ ‫< ברנע‬name> ‫ ברעה‬β ‫ רע‬,‫רוע‬ ‫ ברצי‬β ‫רצה‬ ‫ ברק‬β ‫ ריק‬,‫ברק‬ ‫ ברק‬to flash Nh 3:3, Hb 3:11 → ‫ ברק‬flash as of lightning Ex 19:16, Jr 51:16, Ps 97:4 ‫ ברק‬flash as of lightning Ex 19:16, Jr 51:16, Ps 97:4 ← ‫ברק‬ ‫< ברק‬name> ‫< ברקוס‬name> ‫ ברקנים‬cactus ?? Jd 8:7, 16 σ ‫שׁמיר‬ ‫ ברקת‬emerald Ex 28:17, 39:10, Ez 28:13 ‫ ברר‬to select out, removing the inferior, in the sense of selecting out superior quality, among humans selecting for moral quality → ‫ בר‬pure (selected moral quality), selected out, also used in the sense of being clean Ps 24:4, 73:1, Jb 11:4, So 6:9–10, (‫ בר‬son Ps 2:12, Pr 31:2 (This is the Aramaic meaning, but is this what was meant in Hebrew? Or did this use come from the root ‫ ברר‬indicating the one selected, chosen one, which fits 48 ‫ בשׁנה‬shame ← ‫בושׁ‬ ‫ בשׁס‬to lay heavy duty (monetary) Am 5;11 αλ σ ‫ענשׁ‬ ‫ בשׂר‬to report, often a good report → ‫ בשׂורה‬report 2S 18:22, 25, 27, ‫בשׂרה‬ reporting 2S 4:10, 18:20, 2K 7:9, ‫מבשׂר‬ ‫ מבשׂרת‬reporter, one who gives a report 1S 4:17, 2S 4:10, 18:26, Is 41:27, 52:7, Nh 2:1, ‫ מבשׂרת( מבשׂרה‬in construct) reporting Is 40:9, Ps 68:12 σ ‫דבר‬ ‫ בשׂר‬flesh, meat ‫ בשׁשׁ‬to tarry, be delayed σ ‫יחל‬ ‫ בשׁת‬shame ← ‫בושׁ‬ ‫ בת‬β ‫ בת‬,‫בית‬ ‫ בת‬daughter ‫ בת‬a liquid measure σ ‫מדה‬ ‫ בת אשׁרים‬a fixture on a ship ?? Ez 27:6 ‫ בת יענה‬an unclean bird, ostrich ?? Lv 11:16, Jr 50:39, Jb 30:29 σ ‫עוף‬ ‫< בת שׁבע‬name> ‫ בתה‬wild, uncontrolled growth, such vines tend to be fruitless Is 5:6, 7:19 ‫< בתואל‬name> ‫ בתולה‬maiden, often implying virginity hence often used interchangeably with virgin, though in Is 62:5, Jl 1:8 refers to a married young woman σ ‫עלמה‬ ‫ בתולים‬maidenhood which implies virginity Lv 21:13, Jd 11:37–8, Ez 23:3, 8 tokens of maidenhood Dr 22:14–5, 17, 20 ‫ בתולת‬generalization for maidens Ex 22:16, 2S 13:18, Ez 44:22, Am 8:13 ‫ בתות‬places choked with wild growth Is 7:19 αλ ‫ בתי הנפשׁ‬a type of adornment, locket Is 3:20 ?? the two contexts where it is found in Tanakh?)), ‫ ברור‬pure ⇐ selected out, ‫ ברית‬soap, made by mixing ashes with oil Jr 2:22, Ml 3:2 σ ‫ צרף‬to refine, getting the metal out of the rocks and removing impurities Zc 13:9, figuratively used for moral refining, purity Is 48:10, Zc 13:9, Ps 26:2, 66:10 also figuratively “to refine” a group of people so that only the best remain Jd 7:4 ‫ ברשׁ‬standard poles ?? Nah 2:4 σ ‫ברושׁ‬ ‫< ברשׁע‬name> ‫< ברתי‬name> ‫ ברתיקות‬β ‫רתיקות‬ ‫ בשׁו‬β ‫ שׁוא‬,‫בושׁ‬ ‫< בשׂור‬name> ‫ בשׂרה‬,‫ בשׂורה‬report 2S 18:22, 25, 27 ← ‫בשׂר‬ ‫ בשׁל‬β ‫ שׁל‬,‫בשׁל‬ ‫ בשׁל‬to cook, often by boiling, though also roasting by fire 2C 35:13 (⇐ from concept of softening, so it can be eaten), also used of fruits ripening (softening) so they can be eaten → ‫ מבשׁלות‬cooking places σ ‫ רתח‬to stew Ez 24:5, Jb 30:27 ‫ בשלי‬β ‫ שלי‬,‫לי‬ ‫ בשׁלם‬β ‫ שׁלם‬,‫ בשׁלם‬,‫בשׁל‬ ‫< בשׁלם‬name> ‫( בשלמי‬Jon 1:7) β ‫מי‬ ‫ בשׂם‬spice σ ‫ זן‬a type of spice ?? Ps 144:13, 2C 16:14, ‫ מרקחת‬mixed spices Ex 30:25, 1C 9:30, 2C 16:14, ‫ קדה‬cassia (buds) used as a spice Ex 30:24, Ez 27:19, ‫ ראשׁ מר דרור‬a type of spice Ex 30:23 αλ, ‫ רקח‬mixed spices ‫< בשׂצת‬name> ‫< בשׁן‬name> 49 ‫< בתיה‬name> ‫ בתק‬to stab Ez 16:40 αλ σ ‫ חלל‬,‫הרג‬ ‫ בתר‬to section, cut into pieces Gn 15:10 → ‫ בתר‬portion, piece Gn 15:10, Jr 34:18– 19, ‫ בתר‬mountain sectioned by ravines, gullies ravine, gully So 2:17 αλ, ‫בתרון‬ division (of troops) 2S 2;29 αλ ‫ בתר‬portion, piece Gn 15:10, Jr 34:18–19 ← ‫בתר‬ ‫ בתר‬mountain sectioned by ravines, gullies ravine, gully So 2:17 αλ ← ‫בתר‬ ‫ בתרון‬division (of troops) 2S 2;29 αλ ← ‫בתר‬ ‫ ג‬third letter, has no meaning on its own in Hebrew, where letters are used as numbers, it refers to the number three. ‫ גא‬haughty Is 16:6 αλ ← ‫ גאה‬σ ‫יהיר‬ ‫ גאה‬to become prominent, deep (of waters) to become haughty, arrogant, proud → ‫ גא‬haughty Is 16:6 αλ, ‫גאה‬ prominent, haughty (person, place), ‫גאוה‬ prominence, haughtiness, ‫ גאן‬,‫גאון‬ prominence pride, ‫ גאות‬highness, as in prominence Dt 33:26, Is 26:10, Ps 68:32, haughtiness in a bad sense Is 13:11, Ps 10:2, Pr 29:23, ‫ גאיון‬arrogant ones Ps 123:4 αλ σ ‫גבה‬ ‫ גאה‬prominent, haughty (person, place) ← ‫גאה‬ ‫גאואל‬ ֿ <name> ‫ גאוה‬prominence, haughtiness ← ‫גאה‬ ‫ גאול‬payback ?? Is 63:4 αλ ← ‫גאל‬ ‫ גאול‬one who has been redeemed Is 35:9, 51:10, 62:12, Ps 107:2 ← ‫גאל‬ ‫ גאן‬,‫ גאון‬prominence pride ← ‫גאה‬ ‫ גאות‬highness, as in prominence Dt 33:26, Is 26:10, Ps 68:32, haughtiness in a bad sense Is 13:11, Ps 10:2, Pr 29:23 ← ‫גאה‬ ‫ גאיון‬arrogant ones Ps 123:4 αλ ← ‫גאה‬ ‫ גאיות‬β ‫גיא‬ ‫ גאל‬to requite, in sense of repaying, paying back in order to balance the books, to pay the cost of buying back someone or something, redeeming, avenging as a act of payment for the loss of someone → ‫ גאול‬payback ?? Is 63:4 αλ, ‫ גאול‬one who has been redeemed Is 35:9, 51:10, 62:12, Ps 107:2, ‫ גאל‬redeemer, one who pays the price of redemption or avenging, ‫( גאלה‬right of) redemption, ‫ מגאל‬redeemer, the one who has the responsibility to redeem Rt 2:20 ‫ גאל‬to pollute in the sense of making unclean, dirty, unsuitable, yucky Is 59:3, Ml 1:7, Dn 1:8 → ‫ מגאל‬polluted Ml 1:7, 12 ‫ גב‬β ‫ גוב‬,‫גב‬ ‫( גב‬refers to a hollow) hollow, depressed area of an altar where the fire is burned Ez 43:13, pit, cistern to hold water 2K 3:16, Jr 14:3, panelling on wooden supports, leaving a hollow between the panelling and the stone wall 1K 6:9, from the viewpoint of the one carrying a shield, a boss is a hollow where the handle for carrying the shield is placed Jb 15:26, for a wheel, it is the hollow for the axle 1K 7:33 ‫< גב‬name> ‫ גבא‬salt marsh (as part of a delta?) ?? Is 30:14 (salt water was used in tempering, case hardening of steel tools), Ez 47:11 50 ‫ גבה‬to be(come) high, in the sense of being higher than others or what should be to be proud → ‫ גבה‬height Ez 1:18, high haughty, ‫ גבהה‬haughtiness 1S 2:3, used in plural ‫ גבהות‬Is 2:11, 17 where English has only singular, ‫גבת עין‬ eyebrow Lv 14:9 σ ‫ גאה‬to become prominent to become haughty, arrogant, ‫סבל‬ ‫ גבה‬height Ez 1:18, high haughty ← ‫גבה‬ ‫ גבהא‬β ‫גבה‬ ‫ גבהה‬haughtiness 1S 2:3, used in plural ‫ גבהות‬Is 2:11, 17 where English has only singular ← ‫גבה‬ ‫ גבל‬,‫ גבול‬bounds what’s insides bounds, bounded region ← ‫גבל‬ ‫ גבולה‬used of a region possessed by a tribe with its variety ← ‫ גבל‬σ ‫פאה‬ ‫ גבר‬,‫ גבור‬hero, overpowering mighty one ← ‫גבר‬ ‫ גבורה‬strength, force ← ‫גבר‬ ‫ גבח‬one who has a receding hairline Lv 13:41 αλ σ ‫קרחת‬ ‫ גבחת‬place where there’s a receding hairline Lv 13:42–3, 53 σ ‫קרחת‬ ‫ גבי‬β ‫ גבי‬,‫גב‬ ‫< גבי‬name> ‫ גבים‬β ‫ גבים‬,‫גב‬ ‫< גבים‬name> ‫ גבינה‬β ‫גבנה‬ ‫ גביע‬chalice Gn 44:2, 12, 16–7 σ ‫כוס‬ ‫ גביע‬decorative swelling (on the menorah) Ex 25:31, 37:17 ← ‫גבע‬ ‫ גביר‬chief, master Gn 27:29, 37 ← ‫גבר‬ ‫ גבירה‬female chief, mistress ← ‫גבר‬ ‫ גבישׁ‬rock crystal ?? Jb 28:18 αλ ‫ גבל‬to set bounds → ‫ גבל‬,‫ גבול‬bounds what’s insides bounds, bounded region, ‫ גבולה‬used of a region possessed by a tribe with its variety, ‫ גבל‬stone dresser, one who puts edges on dressed stones ?? 1K 5:32 (18) αλ, ‫ גבלת‬bordering, setting bounds, ‫ מגבלת‬having the status of being a border around an object Ex 28:14 αλ ‫ גבל‬stone dresser, one who puts edges on dressed stones ?? 1K 5:32 (18) αλ ← ‫גבל‬ ‫< גבל‬name> ‫< גבלי‬name> ‫ גבן‬to hump, be humped ?? Lv 21:20 αλ → ‫ גבן‬humped, humpback Lv 21:20 αλ, ‫ גבנה‬cheese that bubbles up, becomes lumpy Jb 10:10 αλ, ‫ גבנן‬humped up (of mountains) Ps 68:16–7 (15–6) ‫ גבן‬humped, humpback Lv 21:20 αλ ← ‫גבן‬ ‫ גבנה‬cheese that bubbles up, becomes lumpy Jb 10:10 αλ ← ‫גבן‬ ‫ גבנן‬humped up (of mountains) Ps 68:16–7 (15–6) ← ‫גבן‬ ‫ גבע‬β ‫ גבע‬,‫גביע‬ ‫ גבע‬to pile up ?? Hs 10:9 → ‫גביע‬ decorative swelling (on the menorah) Ex 25:31, 37:17, ‫ גבע‬bump, swelling out Ex 25:33–35, ‫ גבעה‬hill ‫ גבע‬bump, swelling out Ex 25:33–35 ← ‫גבע‬ ‫< גבע‬name> ‫< גבעא‬name> ‫ גבעה‬hill ← ‫ גבע‬σ ‫הר‬ ‫< גבעה‬name> ‫< גבעון‬name> ‫< גבעוני‬name> 51 ‫ גבעל‬soft, used of flax before it made its fibers Ex 9:31 αλ ‫< גבעת‬name> ‫< גבעתי‬name> ‫ גבר‬to overpower, master → ‫ גבר‬,‫גבור‬ hero, overpowering mighty one, ‫גבורה‬ strength, force ‫ גביר‬chief, master Gn 27:29, 37, ‫ גבירה‬female chief, mistress, ‫ גבר‬hero, mighty one σ ‫ רעץ‬to overpower, ride roughshod over (in war) Ex 15:6, Jd 10:8 ‫ גבר‬hero, overpowering mighty one ← ‫גבר‬ ‫< גבר‬name> ‫< גבריאל‬name> ‫ גבת עין‬eyebrow Lv 14:9 ← ‫גבה‬ ‫< גבתון‬name> ‫ גג‬roof, top ‫ גד‬coriander Nu 11:7 αλ ‫< גד‬name> also of Babylonian idol of good luck Is 65:11 ‫< גדגדה‬name> ‫ גדד‬to cut out, incise, apparently also a self mutilation as an act of worship 1K 18:28, Jr 5:7, 41:5 or of mourning Dt 14:1, Jr 16:6, 48:37, Mc 4:14 (5:1) → ‫גדוד‬ clump that has been cut out clod (clump of earth), division, squad (cut out or divided off group of people, soldiers) σ ‫כרת‬ ‫ גדוד‬clump that has been cut out clod (clump of earth), division, squad (cut out or divided off group of people, soldiers) ‫ גדל‬,‫ גדול‬great, not only in the sense of physical size, but also in reputation and spirituality ← ‫גדל‬ ‫ גדלה‬,‫ גדולה‬greatness ← ‫גדל‬ ‫< גדולים‬name> ‫ גדוף‬he who reviles Is 43:28, Zp 2:8 ← ‫גדף‬ ‫ גדפה‬,‫ גדופה‬reviling words Is 51:7, Ez 5:15 ← ‫גדף‬ ‫< גדוד‬name> ‫ גדות‬β ‫גדיה‬ ‫ גדיה‬,‫( גדי‬m), (f) kid, young goat ‫< גדי‬name> ‫< גדיאל‬name> ‫ גדישׁ‬a pile of grain in the field, before being brought into the barn ?? Ex 22:5, Jd 15:5, Jb 5:26, 21:32 ‫ גדית‬flood plain (of a river) (that can be used for grazing when dry) ?? So 1:8, 1C 12:16 β ‫גדיה‬ ‫ גדל‬to become great → ‫ גדל‬,‫ גדול‬great, not only in the sense of physical size, but also in reputation and spirituality, ‫גדולה‬ greatness, ‫ גדל‬enlargement, ‫ גדלת‬status of being great Dt 7:19, Ps 138:2, ‫מגדל‬ actions that make great 2K 10:6, Is 33:18, Ps 18:50, 61:4 (3), ‫ מגדל‬tower, ‫מגדלות‬ silos, granaries ?? Ez 27:11, So 5:13, 8:10, 1C 27:25, 2C 32:5 ‫ גדל‬enlargement ← ‫גדל‬ ‫< גדל‬name> ‫< גדליה‬name> ‫< גדליהו‬name> ‫ גדלת‬status of being great Dt 7:19, Ps 138:2 ← ‫גדל‬ ‫ גדע‬to cut down σ ‫כרת‬ ‫< גדעון‬name> ‫< גדעוני‬name> ‫< גדעם‬name> ‫< גדעני‬name> ‫ גדף‬to revile 2K 19:6, 22, Is 37:6, 23, Ez 20:27 → ‫ גדוף‬he who reviles Is 43:28, Zp 52 2:8, ‫ גדפה‬,‫ גדופה‬reviling words Is 51:7, Ez 5:15, ‫ מגדף‬action of reviling Nu 15:30, Ps 44:17 (16) σ ‫יכח‬ ‫ גדר‬to fence around Ez 13:5, Hs 2:8, Am 9:11, Lm 3:7, 9 → ‫ גדר‬carpenter 2K 12:13 (12), 22:6, Is 58:12, ‫ גדר‬a low wall or fence, not for defense in war rather security from casual dangers such as wildlife, to surround a field, vineyard or fold sheep fold, ‫ גדרת‬,‫גדרה‬ protection, security Ps 89:41 (40) place of security Nu 32:16, 24, 36, 1S 24:4 ‫ גדר‬carpenter 2K 12:13 (12), 22:6, Is 58:12 ← ‫ גדר‬σ ‫בנה‬ ‫ גדר‬a low wall or fence, not for defense in war rather security from casual dangers such as wildlife, to surround a field, vineyard or fold sheep fold ← ‫ גדר‬σ ‫קיר‬ ‫< גדר‬name> ‫ גדרת‬,‫ גדרה‬protection, security Ps 89:41 (40) place of security Nu 32:16, 24, 36, 1S 24:4 ← ‫גדר‬ ‫< גדרה‬name> ‫< גדרות‬name> ‫< גדרי‬name> ‫< גדרתי‬name> ‫< גדרתים‬name> ‫ גה‬β ‫( זה‬Ez 47:13) ‫ גהה‬to heal Hs 5:13 αλ → ‫ גהה‬healing ?? Pr 17:22 αλ σ ‫רפא‬ ‫ גהה‬healing ?? Pr 17:22 αλ ← ‫גהה‬ ‫ גהר‬to prostrate oneself 1K 18:42, 2K 4:34– 5 σ ‫שׁחה‬ ‫ גו‬back 1K 14:9, Is 38:17, Pr 10:13, Jb 30:5 ‫ גובי‬,‫ גוב‬swarm (of locusts) ‫< גוב‬name> ‫< גוג‬name of a country> ‫ גוד‬to despoil ?? Gn 49:19, Ha 3:16 (Ps 94:21?) σ ‫גנב‬ ‫ גוה‬elimination destruction, ruination ?? Jr 13:17, Jb 20:25, 22:29, 33:17 ← ‫ הגה‬σ ‫שׁחת‬ ‫ גוז‬to carry off Nu 11:31, Nh 1:12, Ps 90:10 → ‫ גוז‬one who carries off Ps 71:6 σ ‫סבל‬ ‫ גוז‬one who carries off Ps 71:6 ← ‫גוז‬ ‫ גוזל‬young bird Gn 15:9, Dt 32:11 ← ‫גזל‬ ‫< גוזן‬name> ‫< גוחי‬name> ‫ גוי‬β ‫ גוי‬,‫גו‬ ‫ גוי‬nation, a political entity (note: though often used in the plural to denote nonIsraelis, it is used for Abraham’s descendants Gn 12:3, the people of Israel Ex 19:6, 33:13 and Judah Jr 7:28) σ ‫עם‬ body (anatomically, referring to the physical object) both living Gn 47:18, Ez 1:11, 23, Dn 10:6, Ne 9:37 and dead Jd 14:8–9, 1S 31:10, 12, Nh 3:3, Ps 110:6 σ ‫ גופת‬body 1C 10:12 used only here to refer to the dead bodies of Saul and his sons, ‫ נבלה‬corpse (⇐ like a leather bag, without strength) a euphemism?, ‫פגר‬ corpse of an animal or person who has died or been killed ‫ גול‬β ‫ גלל‬,‫ גלה‬,‫גיל‬ ‫ גולה‬exile, status of being removed from one’s land ← ‫גלה‬ ‫ גולה‬one to whom is revealed Pr 20:19 ← ‫גלה‬ ‫< גולן‬name> ‫ גומץ‬pit ?? Ko 10:8 αλ σ ‫בור‬ 53 ‫ גוע‬to expire, just as one who breathes, lives, so one that breathes his last (expires) dies σ ‫מות‬ ‫ גוף‬to lock up Ps 89:23, Ne 7:3 σ ‫סגר‬ ‫ גופהגופת‬body 1C 10:12 used only here to refer to the dead bodies of Saul and his sons σ ‫גויה‬ ‫ גור‬to sojourn, live temporarily in a place → ‫ גר‬sojourner, ‫ גרות‬sojourning ?? Jr 41:17 αλ, ‫ מגור‬sojourning, as in place Ps 55:15, 119:54, as in time Gn 47:9, ‫מגורים‬ state of being a sojourner Gn 36:7, 37:1, Ez 20:38, Jb 18:19 σ ‫ישׁב‬ ‫ גור‬to be intimidated → ‫ מגור‬a person who continuously intimidates others Jr 20:3– 4, or the act of intimidating Jr 6:25, Ps 31:14 (13), ‫ מגורה‬a condition or state which makes one feel intimidated Is 66:4, Ps 31:14 (13), Pr 10:24 σ ‫ירא‬ ‫ גור‬cub (of a lion, other animal) Gn 49:9, Dt 33:22 Ez 19:3, 5, Lm 4:3 ‫< גור‬name> ‫< גור בעל‬name> ‫ גורל‬lot used in portioning out land, loot, blame, etc. also refers to the portion (land, loot) upon which the lot is cast ← ‫ גרל‬σ ‫ פור‬lot, a special type used by Haman Es 3:7, 9:24, 26, after which the holiday of Purim is named Es 9:26, 28–9 ‫ גורנך‬β ‫גרון‬ ‫ גושׁ‬β ‫גישׁ‬ ‫ גז‬β ‫ גזז‬,‫ גזה‬,‫ גז‬,‫גוז‬ ‫ גז‬prepared field (plowed and sown) Am 7:1, Ps 72:6 ?? ← ‫גזה‬ ‫ גזה‬,‫ גז‬fleece, shorn wool ← ‫ גזז‬σ ‫צמר‬ ‫ גזבר‬treasurer (Persian ?) Ezr 1:8, 7:21 σ ‫מלך‬ ‫ גזה‬an unused root, connected with preparation ?? → ‫ גז‬prepared field (plowed and sown) Am 7:1, Ps 72:6 ??, ‫ גזית‬prepared (dressed) stone(s) Ex 20:25, 1K 7:9, 11–2, Is 9:9 (10), Am 5:11 ‫< גזוני‬name> ‫ גזז‬to shear → ‫ גזה‬,‫ גז‬fleece, shorn wool ‫< גזז‬name> ‫ גזית‬prepared (dressed) stone(s) Ex 20:25, 1K 7:9, 11–2, Is 9:9 (10), Am 5:11 ← ‫גזה‬ ‫ גזל‬to take away using force, to plunder Gn 21:25, 31:31, Mc 2:2. 1C 11:23 → ‫גוזל‬ young bird Gn 15:9, Dt 32:11, ‫ גזל‬act of taking by force, plundering Is 61:8, Ez 18:12, 18, 22:29,Ps 62:11, Ec 5:7, ‫גזל‬ plunderer, one who takes by force Mc 3:2, Ps 35:10, ‫ גזלה‬plunder, that which has been taken away by force Is 3:14, Ez 18:7, 16, 33:15 σ ‫גנב‬ ‫ גזל‬act of taking by force, plundering Is 61:8, Ez 18:12, 18, 22:29,Ps 62:11, Ec 5:7 ← ‫גזל‬ ‫ גזל‬plunderer, one who takes by force Mc 3:2, Ps 35:10 ← ‫גזל‬ ‫ גזלה‬plunder, that which has been taken away by force Is 3:14, Ez 18:7, 16, 33:15 ← ‫גזל‬ ‫ גזם‬type of grasshopper, locust σ ‫ארבה‬ ‫< גזם‬name> ‫ גזע‬stock, the trunk or woody stem of a living tree or shrub Is 11:1, 40:24, Jb 14:8 ‫ גזר‬to part off, sever Is 53:8, Ps 88:6 to cut off (grain, to eat; trees) 2K 6:4, Is 9:19 (18), to part off words, hence decree Jb 22:28, Es 2:1, to cut into parts 1K 3:25–6 → ‫ גזר‬severed part Gn 54 15:17, Ps 136:13, ‫ גזרה‬cut off land Lv 16:22 room divider Ez 41:12–5, 42:1, 10, 13, ‫ מגזרת‬breaking out used only in connection with severing iron from slag in the sponge iron production in use at that time, this was heavy work requiring a lot of heating and hammering to separate the iron from the slag ?? 2S 12:31 αλ σ ‫כרת‬ ‫ גזר‬to decree (this word is not Hebrew, but from Aramaic Esther 2:1) αλ σ ‫חתך‬ ‫ גזר‬severed part Gn 15:17, Ps 136:13 ← ‫גזר‬ ‫< גזר‬name> ‫ גזרה‬cut off land Lv 16:22 room divider Ez 41:12–5, 42:1, 10, 13 ← ‫גזר‬ ‫< גזרה‬name> ‫< גזרי‬name> ‫ גח‬the one who makes to come forth ?? Ps 22:10 (9) αλ ← ‫גיח‬ ‫ גחן‬,‫ גחון‬abdomen, exterior of belly σ ‫חמשׁ‬ abdomen 2S 2:23, 3:27, 4:6, 20:10 ‫< גחון‬name> ‫< גחזי‬name> ‫ גחי‬β ‫גיח‬ ‫ גחל‬ember, glowing coal Lv 16:12, Is 44:19, Ez 1:13, Pr 25:22, 26:21, ‫ גחלת‬ember, glowing coal used figuratively to indicate offspring, descendants 2S 14:7, Is 47:14 σ ‫( פחם‬char)coal Is 44:12, 54:16, Pr 26:21 ‫ גחלת‬ember, glowing coal used figuratively to indicate offspring, descendants 2S 14:7, Is 47:14 ‫< גחם‬name> ‫< גחר‬name> ‫ גיא‬valley, ravine σ ‫נחל‬ ‫< גיא בן חנם‬name> ‫ גיד‬sinew σ ‫ שׁריר‬muscle, sinew ?? Jb 40:16 αλ ‫ גיח‬to flow forth Mc 4:10, Ps 22:10, Jb 38:8, 40:23 → ‫ גח‬the one who makes to come forth ?? Ps 22:10 (9) αλ σ ‫פרץ‬ ‫< גיח‬name> ‫< גיחון‬name> ‫< גיחזי‬name> ‫ גיל‬to be cheerful → ‫ גילה‬,‫ גיל‬cheer σ ‫שׂמח‬ ‫ גילה‬,‫ גיל‬cheer ← ‫גיל‬ ‫ גיל‬age, generation Dn 1:10 αλ ← ‫גלל‬ ‫< גילני‬name> ‫< גינת‬name> ‫ גיר‬β ‫גור‬ ‫ גישׁ‬to crust over ?? Jb 7:5 αλ ‫< גישׁן‬name> ‫ גל‬β ‫ גלל‬,‫ גלה‬,‫ גל‬,‫גיל‬ ‫ ⇐( גל‬to roll into a pile) pile of stones (cairn) Gn 31:46, 48, Js 8:29 or soil Jb 8:17 water (waves “rollers”) Ps 65:8, 89:10, Is 51:15 billowing forth water (gushing spring), dung (of sheep, people) ← ‫גלל‬ ‫ גלב‬barber Ez 5:1 αλ ‫< גלבע‬name> ‫ גלגל‬to roll away, remove by rolling ?? Jr 51:25, Jb 30:14 ← ‫גלל‬ ‫ גלגל‬round object that can be rolled wheel Ez 10:2, 6, 10, tumble weed Is 17:13 Ps 83:13 ← ‫ גלל‬σ ‫ אופן‬wheel 1K 7:30–3, Ez 1:15–6, 19–21, Pr 20:26 ‫< גלגל‬name> ‫ גלגלת‬skull ← ‫ גלל‬σ ‫ קשׂתה‬cranium, top of skull ‫ גלד‬skin, referring to soft, human skin ?? Jb 16:15 αλ σ ‫עור‬ 55 ‫ גלה‬to remove (a covering) to reveal by removing (a covering), to remove, exile → ‫ גולה‬exile, status of being removed from one’s land, ‫ גולה‬one to whom is revealed Pr 20:19, ‫ גלה‬a person who reveals 1S 22:8, ‫ גלוי‬public document, official notice Jr 32:11, 14, Es 3:14, 8:13, ‫ גלות‬exile, exiles, ‫גלין‬ mirror ?? Is 8:1 αλ, ‫ גלין‬diaphanous clothing ?? Is 3:23 αλ, ‫ גלת‬a place where there is surface water Js 15:19, Jd 1:15, ‫ מגל‬some sort of harvest tool, that removes Jr 50:16, Jl 4:13 (3:13), ‫מגלה‬ revealing, uncovering Pr 11:13, 27:5 σ ‫הלך‬ ‫ גלה‬a person who reveals 1S 22:8 ← ‫גלה‬ ‫ גלה‬roll cylinder 1K 7:41–2, Ko 12:6, Zc 4:2–3, 1C 4:12–3 ← ‫גלל‬ ‫ גלוי‬public document, official notice Jr 32:11, 14, Es 3:14, 8:13 ← ‫גלה‬ ‫< גלה‬name> ‫ גלל‬,‫ גלול‬idol σ ‫אלוה‬ ‫ גלום‬mantle Ez 27:24 αλ ← ‫ גלם‬σ ‫בגד‬ ‫< גלון‬name> ‫ גלות‬exile, exiles ← ‫גלה‬ ‫ גלח‬to shave ‫ גלין‬mirror ?? Is 8:1 αλ ← ‫גלה‬ ‫ גלין‬diaphanous clothing ?? Is 3:23 αλ ← ‫ גלה‬σ ‫בגד‬ ‫ ?? גליל‬apparently some sort of decorative, cylindrical object made of gold So 5:14 or silver Es 1:6 ← ‫גלל‬ ‫< גליל‬name> ‫ גלילה‬district, where one can go around, used of Philistia Js 13:2, Jl 4:4 (3:4) ← ‫גלל‬ ‫ ?? גלילים‬some sort of treatment given to doors ?? 1K 6:34 ‫< גלים‬name> ‫< גלית‬name> ‫ גלל‬to roll Gn 29:3, 8, Pr 26:27, go around Hit. to make themselves go around as in surrounding Gn 43:18, to roll oneself, wallow 2S 20:12 → ‫ בגלל‬on account of, always ‫ ב‬prefixed, ‫ גיל‬age, generation Dn 1:10 αλ, ‫ ⇐( גל‬to roll into a pile) pile of stones (cairn) Gn 31:46, 48, Js 8:29 or soil Jb 8:17 water (waves “rollers”) Ps 65:8, 89:10, Is 51:15 billowing forth water (gushing spring), dung (of sheep, people), ‫ גלגל‬round object that can be rolled wheel Ez 10:2, 6, 10, tumble weed Is 17:13 Ps 83:13, ‫ גלגלת‬skull, ‫גלה‬ roll cylinder 1K 7:41–2, Ko 12:6, Zc 4:2–3, 1C 4:12–3, ‫ ?? גליל‬apparently some sort of decorative, cylindrical object made of gold So 5:14 or silver Es 1:6, ‫ גלילה‬district, where one can go around, used of Philistia Js 13:2, Jl 4:4 (3:4), ‫ גלל‬used to refer to idols Dt 29:16 (17), 2K 17:12, 21:21, dung, excrement 1K 14:10, Ez 4:15, Zp 1:17 ??, ‫ מגלה‬roll (of cloth, leather) book ‫ גלל‬on account of, always ‫ ב‬prefixed ← ‫ גלל‬σ ‫מען‬ ‫ גלל‬used to refer to idols Dt 29:16 (17), 2K 17:12, 21:21, dung, excrement 1K 14:10, Ez 4:15, Zp 1:17 ?? σ ‫ צפוע‬dried dung used for fuel Ez 4:15 αλ ← ‫גלל‬ ‫< גלל‬name> ‫< גללי‬name> ‫ גלם‬to wrap around ?? 2K 2:8 αλ → ‫גלום‬ mantle Ez 27:24 αλ, ‫ גלם‬body, referring 56 ‫ גמול‬accomplishment, completed action Jd 9:16, Ps 103:2, Pr 12:14, weaned child Is 11:8, 28:9 ← ‫גמל‬ ‫< גמול‬name> 1C 24:17 ‫< גמזו‬name> ‫ גמולה‬that which has been done (to me) 2S 19:36 αλ ← ‫גמל‬ ‫ גמל‬to affect, bring to fruition (fruit, nuts, child, action) to wean (a child) (basic idea is to bring an action to its completion, to finish: for a child―to finish being fed by mother’s milk, for fruit―become ready to be plucked) → ‫ גמול‬accomplishment, completed action Jd 9:16, Ps 103:2, Pr 12:14, weaned child Is 11:8, 28:9, ‫ גמולה‬that which has been done (to me) 2S 19:36 αλ, ‫ תגמול‬action that affects (e.g. benefit) Ps 116:12 αλ ‫ גמל‬camel, an animal that has no hooves, rather two toes that are joined together and tipped with toenails σ ‫ כרכרה‬swift she camel Is 66:20 αλ σ ‫חיה‬ ‫< גמלי‬name> ‫< גמליאל‬name> ‫ גמר‬to make a cessation once and for all Ps 7:10 (9), 12:2 (1), 138:8 → ‫ גמר‬one who makes cessation Ps 57:3 αλ σ ‫שבת‬ ‫ גמר‬one who makes cessation Ps 57:3 αλ ← ‫גמר‬ ‫< גמר‬name> ‫< גמריה‬name> ‫< גמריהו‬name> ‫ גן‬garden (for growing fruits, vegetables) σ ‫ פרדס‬garden (of pleasure) (loan word) So 4:13, Ko 2:5, Ne 2:8 ‫ גנב‬to steal Gn 31:19–20, Ex 20:15, Pr 30:9 → ‫ גנב‬thief Dt 24:7, Is 1:23, Pr 6:30, ‫גנבה‬ to all its inward parts ?? Ps 139:16 αλ σ ‫עטה‬ ‫ גלם‬body, referring to all its inward parts ?? Ps 139:16 αλ ← ‫גלם‬ ‫ גלמוד‬fruitless Is 49:21, Jb 3:7, 15:34, 30:3 ‫ גלע‬to set up ?? Pr 17:14, 18:1, 20:3 σ ‫שׂים‬ ‫< גלעד‬name> ‫< גלעדי‬name> ‫ גלשׁ‬to climb down So 4:1, 6:5 σ ‫ירד‬ ‫ גלת‬a place where there is surface water Js 15:19, Jd 1:15 ← ‫גלה‬ ‫ גם‬even, yet, also σ ‫ אף‬even! ‫ אף כי‬even so, more so ‫ גמא‬to drink down σ ‫שׁתה‬ ‫ גמא‬papyrus reed Is 18:2, 35:7, Jb 8:11, used to make light, quick vessels Is 18:2 σ ‫ אבה‬papyrus reed, many ancient Egyptian ships were made of papyrus reeds, they were light and quick Jb 9:26 αλ, ‫ אגמון‬rush, marsh reed Is 9:14, 19:15, Jb 40:26 (41:2), ‫ אחו‬rush, any of various monocotyledonous often tufted marsh plants (as of the genera Juncus and Luzula of the family Juncaceae, the rush family) with cylindrical often hollow stems which are used in bottoming chairs and plaiting mats Gn 41:2, 18, Jb 8:11, ‫ סוף‬water plants reed, seaweed Ex 2:3, 5, Js 19:6, Jn 2:6, 2C 20:16, ‫( קנה‬plural ‫ )קנים‬stalk of a grain plant Gn 41:5, 22, cane, like bamboo, used of the arms of the menorah Ex 25:32–3, 35, as a measurement Ez 42:16–9 ‫ גמד‬half a cubit ?? Jd 3:16 αλ ‫ גמדים‬those who measure out rations ?? <name> ?? Ez 27:11 αλ 57 thing stolen, loot Ex 22:3 (4) αλ, ‫גנבת‬ act of stealing, status of being a thief Gn 31:32, 39, Ex 22:2 (3), Jb 21:18, 27:20 σ ‫ בזז‬to plunder, ‫ גזל‬to take away using force, to plunder Gn 21:25, 31:31, Mc 2:2. 1C 11:23, ‫ גוד‬to despoil ?? Gn 49:19, Ha 3:16 (Ps 94:21?), ‫ חטף‬to kidnap Jd 21:21, Ps 10:9, ‫ שׁלל‬to despoil, take spoils, ‫ שׁסה‬to loot 1S 17:53, Is 13:16, Hs 13:15, Zc 14:2, Ps 44:11, 89:42 ‫ גנב‬thief Dt 24:7, Is 1:23, Pr 6:30 ← ‫ גנב‬σ ‫( חתף‬purse) snatcher Pr 23:28 αλ ‫ גנבה‬thing stolen, loot Ex 22:3 (4) αλ ← ‫גנב‬ ‫ גנבת‬act of stealing, status of being a thief Gn 31:32, 39, Ex 22:2 (3), Jb 21:18, 27:20 ← ‫גנב‬ ‫< גנבת‬name> ‫ גנה‬generalized garden, not any specific one Is 1:30, 61:11 ‫ גנותי‬β ‫גנן‬ ‫ גנזים‬treasury σ ‫אוצר‬ ‫ גנזך‬treasury (a feature of the temple 1C 28:11 αλ) σ ‫אוצר‬ ‫ גנן‬to protect 2K 19:34, 20:6, Is 31:5, 37:35, 38:6, Zc 9:15, 12:8 → ‫ מגן‬shield 2S 1:21, 22:3, 36 place of protection Ps 7:11 (10) one who protects Jd 5:8, 2S 22:31 ‫ אישׁ מגן‬warrior, one who owns a shield Pr 6:11, 24:34, ‫ מגנות‬protective gear 2C 23:9 αλ σ ‫שׁמר‬ ‫ גנת‬unenclosed garden, parklike area ?? status of a place like a garden Nu 24:6, Job 8:16, So 6:11, Ex 1:5, 7:7–8 ‫< גנתון‬name> ‫ גע‬β ‫נגע‬ ‫ געה‬to low (of cattle) 1S 6:12, Jb 6:5 ‫< געה‬name> ‫ געל‬to spurn Lv 26:11, 15, 30, Jr 14:19 σ ‫שׂנא‬ ‫< גען‬name> ‫ גער‬to rebuke → ‫ גערה‬rebuke, ‫מגערת‬ rebuke Dt 28:20 αλ σ ‫יכח‬ ‫ געשׁ‬to set in motion σ ‫רגז‬ ‫< געשׁ‬name> ‫< געתה‬name> ‫< געתם‬name> ‫ גף‬prominent place ?? Pr 9:3 αλ ‫ גפן‬vine σ ‫ שׂרקה‬grape vine that produces a dark, almost black, grapes that make a specialty, dark red wine Gn 49:11 αλ ‫ גפר‬laminated, a species of wood, waterproofed (3 possible meanings?) ?? Gn 6:14 αλ ‫ גפרית‬mineral oil ?? (this is a liquid that not only rains Gn 19:24, Ez 38:22, Ps 11:6, but flows Is 30:33 and readily burns Dt 29:22 (23), Is 30:33, mineral oil is usually sulfurous hence is this mineral oil? Dt 29:22 (23)) σ ‫חמר‬ ‫ גר‬β ‫ גר‬,‫גור‬ ‫ גר‬sojourner ← ‫גור‬ ‫ גר‬lime ?? Is 27:9 αλ σ ‫שׂיד‬ ‫< גרא‬name> ‫ גרב‬scurvy ?? Lv 21:20, 22:22 σ ‫דבר‬ ‫< גרב‬name> ‫ גרגר‬olive ?? Is 17:6 αλ in this context indicating that there are so few olives on the tree that there is enough for only a few crushings to extract the oil, hardly enough to make the effort worth while ← ‫גרר‬ ‫( גרגרות‬figurative) neck Pr 3:3 αλ σ ‫גרון‬ 58 ‫ גרגרת‬neck, around which a necklace may be clasped or tied Pr 1:9, 3:22, 6:21 σ ‫גרון‬ ‫< גרגשׁי‬name> ‫ גרד‬to scrape, scratch Jb 2:8 αλ σ ‫מחה‬ ‫ גרה‬to provoke, as in inciting, stirring up trouble → ‫ נגרות‬provoked Jb 20:28 αλ, ‫ תגרת‬provoking, stirring up trouble Ps 39:11 (10) αλ σ ‫ כפה‬to excite, inflame Pr 21:14 αλ, ‫ גרגרת‬neck, around which a necklace may be clasped or tied Pr 1:9, 3:22, 6:21 ‫ גרה‬repeatedly chewed food, e.g. cud, cecotrope Lv 11:3–7, Dt 14:6–8 ← ‫גרר‬ ‫ גרה‬one twentieth of a shekel Ex 30:13, Nu 3:47, 18:16, Ez 45:12 ‫ גרון‬throat, the inside of the neck σ ‫גרגרות‬ (figurative) neck Pr 3:3 αλ, ‫ גרגרת‬neck, around which a necklace may be clasped or tied Pr 1:9, 3:22, 6:21, ‫ לע‬throat Pr 23:2 αλ ‫ גרות‬sojourning ?? Jr 41:17 αλ ← ‫גור‬ ‫ גרז‬to trim away, as part of dressing stone, preparing lumber → ‫( גרזן‬pick)ax, used to chop wood or stone Dt 19:5, 20:19, 1K 6:7, Is 10:15 ‫< גרזי‬name> ‫< גרזים‬name> ‫( גרזן‬pick)ax, used to chop wood or stone Dt 19:5, 20:19, 1K 6:7, Is 10:15 ← ‫גרז‬ ‫ גרל‬β ‫ גרל‬,‫גורל‬ ‫ גרל‬to apportion, portion out, often by use of lots → ‫ גורל‬lot used in portioning out land, loot, blame, etc. also refers to the portion (land, loot) upon which the lot is cast, ‫ גרל‬portion Dn 12:13, (of land) Nu 36:3, Jd 1:3 one who portions out Pr 19:19 ‫ גרל‬portion Dn 12:13, (of land) Nu 36:3, Jd 1:3 one who portions out Pr 19:19 ← ‫גרל‬ ‫ גרם‬to gnaw, chew on Nu 24:8, Ez 23:34, Zp 3:3 → ‫ גרם‬molar, flat tooth Gn 49:14, Pr 25:15, Jb 40:18 flat step of stairs 2K 19:13, also poetic for that which is gnawed, namely bones Pr 17:22 ‫ גרם‬molar, flat tooth Gn 49:14, Pr 25:15, Jb 40:18 flat step of stairs 2K 19:13, also poetic for that which is gnawed, namely bones Pr 17:22 ← ‫גרם‬ ‫< גרמי‬name> ‫ גרן‬threshing floor ‫< גרן האטד‬name> ‫ גרס‬to grind down Ps 119:20, Lm 3:16 σ ‫חדד‬ ‫ גרע‬to diminish Ex 5:8, 11, 19 by plucking out (beards) Jr 48:37, removing Nu 27:4, 36:3–4 also in the sense of taking out for oneself Jb 15:8 → ‫ מגרעות‬sockets in wall to accept flying buttresses ?? 1K 6:6 αλ σ ‫עדר‬ ‫ גרף‬to grip, as mud grips chariot wheels Jd 5:21 αλ → ‫ אגרף‬fist Ex 21:18, Is 58:4, ‫ מגרפת‬those that grip, take hold of Jl 1:17 αλ ‫ גרר‬to grind repeatedly by crushing → ‫ גרגר‬olive ?? Is 17:6 αλ in this context indicating that there are so few olives on the tree that there is enough for only a few crushings to extract the oil, hardly enough to make the effort worth while, ‫ גרה‬repeatedly chewed food, e.g. cud, cecotrope Lv 11:3–7, Dt 14:6–8, ‫מגרה‬ 59 ‫ גת‬winepress σ ‫יקב‬ ‫< גת‬name> ‫< גת החפר‬name> ‫< גת חפר‬name> ‫< גת רמון‬name> ‫< גתה‬name> ‫< גתי‬name> ‫< גתים‬name> ‫ גתית‬type of musical instrument ?? used three times in connection with music Ps 8:1, 81:1, 84:1 ‫< גתר‬name> ‫ ד‬fourth letter, has no meaning in Hebrew on its own, where letters are used as numbers, it refers to the number four. ‫ דאב‬to despair → ‫ דאבון‬,‫ דאבה‬despair σ ‫ירא‬ ‫ דאבון‬,‫ דאבה‬despair ← ‫ דאב‬σ ‫ירא‬ ‫ דאג‬β ‫ דג‬,‫דאג‬ ‫ דאג‬to be anxious 1S 9:5, 10:2, Is 57:11, Jr 17:8, Ps 38:19 (18) → ‫ דאגה‬anxiety Jr 49:23, Ez 4:16, 12:18–9, Pr 12:25 σ ‫ירא‬ ‫< דאג‬name> ‫ דאגה‬anxiety Jr 49:23, Ez 4:16, 12:18–9, Pr 12:25 ← ‫ דאג‬σ ‫ירא‬ ‫ דאה‬to swoop down Dt 28:49, Jr 48:40, 49:22 σ ‫עוף‬ ‫ דאה‬red kite, a type of rapacious bird ?? Lv 11:14 αλ σ ‫עוף‬ ‫< דאר‬name> ‫ דוב‬,‫ דב‬bear ‫ דבא‬ease ?? Dt 33:25 αλ ‫ דבב‬to snore, buzz ?? (of sleeping lips) So 7:10 (9) αλ (or pilel of ‫)דוב‬ ‫ דבה‬bad report, defamation Gn 37:2, Nu 13:32, 14:36, Jr 20:10, Pr 10:18, 25:10 σ ‫דבר‬ (ore) crusher, grain grinder, rock carving chisel ?? 2S 12:31, 1K 7:9, Jl 1:17, Hg 2:19, 1C 20:3, ‫ ממגרות‬places where metal ores were crushed to remove the metals for refining Jl 1:17 αλ σ ‫חדד‬ ‫< גרר‬name> ‫< גררה‬name> ‫ גרשׂ‬grits ?? Lv 2:14, 16 ‫ גרשׁ‬to drive out → ‫ גרשׁת‬action that causes people to be expelled ?? Ez 45:9 αλ, ‫ מגרשׁה‬,‫ מגרשׁ‬pasture land, close enough that cattle may be driven out to it during the day and return by night ‫< גרשׁום‬name> ‫< גרשׁון‬name> ‫< גרשׁם‬name> ‫< גרשׁן‬name> ‫ גרשׁת‬action that causes people to be expelled ?? Ez 45:9 αλ ← ‫גרשׁ‬ ‫ גשׁה‬β ‫נגשׁ‬ ‫< גשׁור‬name> ‫< גשׁורה‬name> ‫ גשׁם‬to rain → ‫ גשׁם‬rain σ ‫ רעף‬to precipitate Ps 65:12–3, Pr 3:20, Jb 36:28 ‫ גשׁם‬rain σ ‫( זרזיף‬soaking in) rain, hiphil quadrilateral verb to soak in ?? Ps 72:6 αλ, ‫ יורה‬early rain Dt 11:14, Jr 5:24, Hs 6:3, ‫ מורה‬early rains Jl 2:23, Ps 84:7, ‫ מטר‬shower, ‫ מלקושׁ‬latter rain Dt 11:14, Jr 3:3, 5:24, Pr 16:15, ‫ סגריר‬steady rain, drizzle, ‫ עריפים‬downpour ‫< גשׁם‬name> ‫ גשׁמו‬β ‫נגשׁ‬ ‫< גשׁמו‬name> ‫< גשׁן‬name> ‫< גשׁפא‬name> ‫ גשׁשׁ‬to grope Is 59:10, 65:5 60 ‫( דבורה‬honey) bee Dt 1:44, Jd 14:8, Is 7:18, Ps 118:12 ← ‫דבר‬ ‫< דבורה‬name> ‫ דביונים‬pigeon droppings ?? Q αλ ‫ דביר‬small room, usually in Bible a special place in the tabernacle and temple where God expressed himself with people 1K 6, Ps 28:2, 2C 5:7, 9, referred to the hollow capital upon a pillar 2C 3:16 ← ‫ דבר‬σ ‫חדר‬ ‫< דביר‬name> ‫ דבל‬a type of fruit cake ?? 1C 12:41 αλ ‫ דבלה‬a type of fruit cake that is easily preserved ?? 1S 30:12 αλ ‫< דבלים‬name> ‫ דבלת‬poultice 2K 20:7, Is 38:21 ‫ דבלתה‬place name Ez 6:14 ‫ דבק‬to join to, stick to → ‫ דבק‬weld(ed joint) 1K 22:34, 2C 18:33 σ ‫שׂפק‬ ‫ דבק‬weld(ed joint) 1K 22:34, 2C 18:33 ← ‫דבק‬ ‫ דבר‬to sting, poke or injure with a sharp object??, to lay low as in causing injury or death?? Ps 18:48, 47:4, 2C 22:10 → ‫( דבורה‬honey) bee Dt 1:44, Jd 14:8, Is 7:18, Ps 118:12, ‫ דבר‬pestilence, thorn, ‫ מדבר‬wilderness (full of thorny plants) ‫ דבר‬to express in word or action → ‫דביר‬ small room, usually in Bible a special place in the tabernacle and temple where God expressed himself with people 1K 6, Ps 28:2, 2C 5:7, 9, referred to the hollow capital upon a pillar 2C 3:16, ‫דבר‬ expression in word, action, reason, event, matter, thing or object, ‫ דבר‬individual who expresses Zc 1:9, 13–4, 4:4–5, 6:4, act of expressing Jr 28:7, ‫ דברה‬matter to be considered Ps 110:4, Ko 3:18, 5:8, 7:14, 8:2, ‫ דברת‬expressing Nu 27:7 that which can be expressed (concerning), matter Ko 3:18, 7:14, 8:2, ‫ מדבר‬expressing Js 22:24 αλ, ‫מדברת‬ matters, expressions ?? Dt 33:3 αλ LXX λογων σ ‫ אמר‬to say, specifically referring to the spoken word, ‫ בדא‬to proclaim, announce ?? 1K 12:33, Ne 6:8, ‫ בטה‬,‫ בטא‬to babble, ‫ בשׂר‬to report, often a good report, ‫ דדה‬to recount, make memory of ?? Is 38:15, Ps 42:5 (4), ‫הגה‬ to mutter Is 16:8, Ps 2:1, Pr 15:28 to read (before silent reading came into practice, everyone spoke softly as they read) Js 1:8, Ps 1:2, ‫ זעק‬to cry out, ‫חוה‬ to declare, ‫ חפא‬to utter ?? 2K 17:9 αλ, ‫ ילל‬to howl Ez 21:17, Jl 1:5, Zc 11:2, ‫ליץ‬ to be outspoken to be a spokesperson, to be a fool (a wagging tongue is often the sign of a fool, babbler, gossip, but the wise knows when to still his voice), ‫ לעז‬to speak in a foreign tongue ?? Ps 114:1 αλ, ‫ לשׁן‬to wag the tongue, ‫ מלל‬to indicate, usually through words though also by actions Gn 21:7, Ps 106:2, Jb 8:2, 33:3, Pr 6:13, ‫ נאם‬to declare (from revelation), ‫ נגד‬to be(come) in front of (close enough for the possibility for personal communication or personal interaction) hi. to cause to be in front of as in making sure an object or message, verbal or written, is received, ‫ ספר‬to (re)count, give an account of, both with numbers and narration, often recorded in written form in a document, ‫ צעק‬to cry out, 61 ‫ צפצף‬to cheep to speak softly (as in divination, a bird) Is 29:4, 38:14, ‫ קרא‬to call (out) (used of public reading of a document), summon ‫ קראו לי‬summon to me, bring to me 1K 1:28, 32, 2K 10:19, ‫ רגן‬to murmur (as in complaining) Dt 1:27, Ps 106:25, ‫ רוע‬to sound forth (blowing a trumpet, shouting), ‫ רעם‬to agitate, a face Ez 27:35, the sea and what’s in it Ps 96:11, 98:7, 1C 16:32, using one’s voice Jb 37:4, 40:9, ‫ שׁיח‬,‫שׂיח‬ to talk to oneself, putting one’s thoughts into words, to speak softly (possibly Hiphil for ‫ )?? שׁוח‬Is 53:8, Ps 69:13 (12), 77:13, ‫ שׁוע‬to cry on the generosity of a greater for help, ‫ תנה‬to narrate, talk about Jd 5:11, 11:40, Hs 8:9–10, Ps 8:2 ‫ דבר‬pestilence, thorn ← ‫ דבר‬σ ‫ גרב‬scurvy ?? Lv 21:20, 22:22, ‫ דלקת‬a hot fever that kills quickly ?? Dt 28:22 αλ, ‫חלי‬ infirmity, softness, ‫ חרס‬scabies, dry, rough skin (sunburn?) Dt 28:27, ‫ילפת‬ pox Lv 21:20, 22:22 LXX λειχην, ‫מדוה‬ that which afflicts, characterized by flowing sores Dt 7:15, 28:60, ‫מדיבת‬ causing languishing Lv 26:16 αλ, ‫מחלה‬ softness, weakness, as in sickness, also soft place to dig into the ground, ‫נגף‬ affliction, ‫ עורון‬blindness Dt 28:28, Zc 12:4, ‫ עפל‬tumor Dt 28:17, swelling of bubonic plague 1S 5:6, 9, 12, 6:4–5; hill (swelling on the land) 2K 5:24, Is 32:14, 2C 33:14, ‫ קדחת‬lingering fever, illness Lv 26:16, Dt 28:22, ‫ שׁגעון‬insanity, ‫שׁחין‬ ulcer, that is infectious, flowing pus, ‫ שׁחפת‬consumption, where people waste away because of the disease Lv 26:16, Dt 28:22, ‫ תחלאים‬wasting away (from hunger or disease) Dt 29:22, Jr 14:18, 16:4, Ps 103:3, 2C 21:19 ‫ דבר‬expression in word, action, reason, event, matter, thing or object ← ‫ דבר‬σ ‫ דבה‬bad report, defamation Gn 37:2, Nu 13:32, 14:36, Jr 20:10, Pr 10:18, 25:10, ‫ הוה‬rumor, gossip, idle words that destroy, said to “set another in his place” in a negative sense, hence a cut, putdown, ‫ חך‬palate (gums?) used symbolically for speech, ‫ לשׁון‬tongue: used of the organ in the body Jd 7:5, an object about that size Js 7:21, something that is shaped like a tongue (of the sea Js 15:5, Is 11:15, of fire Is 5:24), use of the tongue in speaking Ex 4:10, Jb 6:30, language Ne 13:24, Es 3:12, ‫ מלין‬words of a statement, ‫ מליצה‬announcement Pr 1:6, Hb 2:6, ‫ נאם‬declaration, ‫ שׂפה‬lip (of a person, cup 1K 7:26, cloth (edge) Ex 26:10, river or sea (shore) Ex 7:15, 14:30, use of the lips in speech Ps 120:2, Pr 12:19 language Gn 11:1, 6, 7, 9, Is 19:18, Ps 81:6 (5)) ‫ דבר‬individual who expresses Zc 1:9, 13–4, 4:4–5, 6:4, act of expressing Jr 28:7 ← ‫דבר‬ ‫ דבר‬pasture, feedlot, goad, a pen made of thorny plants (sort of like ancient barbed wire?) ?? Is 5:17 Mi 2:12 ‫ דברה‬matter to be considered Ps 110:4, Ko 3:18, 5:8, 7:14, 8:2 ← ‫דבר‬ ‫< דברה‬name> ‫ דברות‬rafts 1K 5:18 (9) αλ σ ‫ רפסד‬raft 2C 2:15 (16) αλ ‫< דברי‬name> 62 ‫ דברת‬expressing Nu 27:7 that which can be expressed (concerning), matter Ko 3:18, 7:14, 8:2 ← ‫דבר‬ ‫< דברת‬name> ‫ דבשׁ‬honey, it is sweet with many uses. It contains yeast, therefore it is not to be brought to the altar (yeast is the only microorganism that can survive honey, however it is inactive until the honey is diluted) σ ‫ נפת‬nectar Ps 19:11 (10), Pr 5:3, 24:13, 27:7, So 4:11, ‫( צפיחת‬honey) comb (like a collection of little jugs) Ex 16:31 αλ ‫( דבשׁת‬camel) hump Is 30:6 αλ ‫< דבשׁת‬name> ‫ דגה‬,‫ דג‬fish ← ‫דוג‬ ‫ דגה‬to increase ?? Gn 48:16 αλ ‫< דגון‬name> ‫ דגל‬to raise a standard Ps 20:6 (5), military sign So 6:4, 10 → ‫ דגל‬standard, military sign Nu 1:52, 10:25, So 2:2 ‫ דגל‬standard, military sign Nu 1:52, 10:25, So 2:2 ← ‫ דגל‬σ ‫אות‬ ‫ דגן‬one who gathers new grain after threshing ?? Ho 14:8, Jl 1:17 ‫ דגן‬new grain (just after threshing Nu 18:27, Hs 9:1) ‫ דגר‬to sit (on a nest) Is 34:18 to luxuriate as in a nest Jr 17:11 σ ‫רחף‬ ‫ דד‬teat, breast ‫ דדה‬to recount, make memory of ?? Is 38:15, Ps 42:5 (4) σ ‫דבר‬ ‫< דדו‬name> ‫< דדן‬name> ‫< דדנה‬name> ‫< דדנים‬name> ‫< דהיא‬name> ‫ דהם‬β (‫נדה )נדהם‬ ‫ דהר‬to gallop Nh 3:2 αλ → ‫דהרות‬ galloping Jd 5:22 αλ ‫ דהרות‬galloping Jd 5:22 αλ ← ‫דהר‬ ‫< דואג‬name> ‫ דוב‬β ‫ דוב‬,‫דב‬ ‫ דוב‬to languish ‫ דוג‬to fish → ‫ דגה‬,‫ דג‬fish, ‫ דוג‬fisher, one who catches fish Jr 16:16, Ez 47:10, ‫דוגה‬ fishery Am 4:2 αλ ‫ דוג‬fisher, one who catches fish Jr 16:16, Ez 47:10 ← ‫דוג‬ ‫ דוגה‬fishery Am 4:2 αλ ← ‫דוג‬ ‫ דוד‬love, referring to the action (making love) and the object of that love (lover) ← ‫ ידד‬σ ‫אהבה‬ ‫ דוד‬love, uncle ← ‫ידד‬ ‫ דודי‬,‫ דוד‬a heavy duty basket, made of wood or wicker, can carry heavy loads and can also be lowered into boiling water holding things to be boiled 2K 10:7, Ps 81:7 (6), 2C 35:13 σ ‫סל‬ ‫< דוד‬name> ‫ דודא‬mandrake ?? Gn 30:14–6, So 7:14 (13) a poisonous plant of the nightshade family, has purple or white flowers and a thick root used in medicine for its narcotic and emetic properties ‫ דודאי‬β ‫ דודא‬,‫דוד‬ ‫ דודה‬aunt ← ‫ידד‬ ‫< דודה‬name> ‫< דודי‬name> ‫< דודוהו‬name> ‫ דוה‬to be afflicted characterized with flowing body fluids → ‫ דוה‬affliction characterized with flowing body fluids Lv 12:2 αλ, ‫ דוה‬afflicted person 63 ‫ דומם‬silently ← ‫דום‬ ‫< דומשׂק‬name> ‫ דון‬argue with, fight against ?? Gn 6:3 αλ → ‫ מדון‬strife, argumentation, fighting ?? ‫ דונג‬wax Ps 68:3 αλ ‫ דוץ‬to dance, leaping up ?? Jb 41:14 αλ ‫ דור‬to make a circle (of wood) Ez 24:5 go about as in cycling around Ps 84:11 (10) → ‫ דור‬circle Is 29:3 generation, lifespan Gn 7:1, Jd 2:10, Is 34:10, Jl 1:3, ‫דר‬ one who lives a generation ??, ‫הדור‬ obstacle, causing one to go in circles ?? Is 45:2 αλ, ‫ מדורה‬wood piled into a circular pyre for burning Ez 24:9 αλ ‫ דור‬circle Is 29:3 generation, life-span Gn 7:1, Jd 2:10, Is 34:10, Jl 1:3 ← ‫דור‬ ‫ דור‬toponym Jd 1:27, 1S 28:7 ‫< דורא‬name> ‫< דורא זהב‬name> ‫ דושׁ‬to thresh, by trampling under cattle and donkeys, or by dragging a sledge over it or by beating with flails treat enemies as one treats grain during threshing → ‫ דישׁ‬threshing Lv 26:5 αλ, ‫ מדשׁת‬threshing Is 21:10 αλ, ‫ דשׁה‬that which is threshed ‫ דחה‬to shove, trip → ‫ מדחה‬tripping up Pr 26:28 αλ ‫ דחי‬tripped, stumbling ‫ דחן‬millet Ez 4:9 αλ σ ‫כסמת‬ ‫ דחף‬to be in a rush, to hurry → ‫מדחפת‬ rush, hurry Ps 140:12 (11) αλ σ ‫מהר‬ ‫ דחק‬to bully around Jl 2:8 αλ → ‫דחק‬ bully Jd 2:18 αλ σ ‫נכה‬ ‫ דחק‬bully Jd 2:18 αλ ← ‫דחק‬ characterized with flowing body fluids Lv 15:33, Is 30:22, Lm 5:17, afflicted characterized with flowing body fluids Lv 20:18, Lm 1:13, ‫ דוי‬affliction characterized with flowing body fluids Is 1:5, Jr 8:19, Ps 41:4, Jb 6:7, Lm 1:22, ‫ מדוה‬that which afflicts, characterized by flowing sores Dt 7:15, 28:60 σ ‫חלה‬ ‫ דוה‬affliction characterized with flowing body fluids Lv 12:2 αλ ← ‫דוה‬ ‫ דוה‬afflicted person characterized with flowing body fluids Lv 15:33, Is 30:22, Lm 5:17, afflicted characterized with flowing body fluids Lv 20:18, Lm 1:13 ← ‫דוה‬ ‫ דוח‬to rinse off Is 4:4, Ez 40:38, 2C 4:6 ‫ דוי‬affliction characterized with flowing body fluids Is 1:5, Jr 8:19, Ps 41:4, Jb 6:7, Lm 1:22 ← ‫דוה‬ ‫< דויד‬name> ‫ דוך‬to mix a batter → ‫ מדכה‬mixing bowl, where batter mixed Nu 11:8 αλ σ ‫בלל‬ ‫ דוכיפת‬hoopoe Lv 11:19, Dt 14:18 σ ‫עוף‬ ‫ דמם‬,‫ דמה‬,‫ דום‬to be still (unmoving) to be silent (not speaking) → ‫דומה‬ place of stillness i.e. place of the dead Ps 94:17, 115:17, ‫ דומיה‬stillness as in rest Ps 22:3 (2), 39:2 (1), 62:2 (1), ‫דומם‬ silently, ‫ דממה‬stillness 1K 19:12, Ps 107:29, Jb 4:16, ‫ נדמה‬silently ?? Is 15:1 σ ‫שׁקט‬ ‫ דומה‬β ‫ דמה‬,‫דומה‬ ‫ דומה‬place of stillness i.e. place of the dead Ps 94:17, 115:17 ← ‫דום‬ ‫< דומה‬name> ‫ דומיה‬stillness as in rest Ps 22:3 (2), 39:2 (1), 62:2 (1) ← ‫דום‬ 64 ‫ די‬sufficiency, completeness, enough has the idea of making whole, having enough Lv 5:7, 12:8, Dt 15:8, Is 40:16 ‫< דיבו ֿן‬name> ‫< דיבן‬name> ‫ דיג‬β ‫דוג‬ ‫ דיה‬an unclean bird Dt 14:13, Is 34:15 σ ‫עוף‬ ‫ דיו‬ink Jr 36:18 this is a traditional meaning, but the context seems to indicate that the correct meaning is in “its completeness” i.e. wholly, completely αλ σ ‫די‬ ‫ דיות‬β ‫דיה‬ ‫< דימון‬name> ‫< דימונה‬name> ‫ דין‬to be a prosecutor, bring a lawsuit, accuse → ‫ דין‬lawsuit, prosecutor, ‫מדין‬ accusation Pr 18:18 (when done by a woman, nagging Pr 19:13, 21:9), place of judgment (where accusations are heard and adjudicated), ‫ מדינה‬place where judgment takes place Ko 2:8, 5:7 (8), (Aramaic loanword) jurisdiction, division of land into an administrative district (40 verses), ‫ מדן‬accusation ?? Pr 6:14, 19, 10:12 σ ‫שׁפט‬ ‫ דין‬lawsuit, prosecutor ← ‫דון‬ ‫< דינה‬name> ֿ‫< דימיא‬name> ‫< דיפת‬name> ‫ דיק‬palisade, to keep those inside from escaping ‫ דישׁ‬threshing Lv 26:5 αλ ← ‫דושׁ‬ ‫< דישׁון‬name> ‫ דישׁן‬antelope ?? a clean animal Dt 14:5 αλ ‫< דישׁן‬name> ‫ דך‬oppressed ?? Ps 9:10, 10:18, 74:21 ← ‫דכה‬ ‫ דכא‬to make low Ps 72:4, 143:3 as in to make humble Jr 44:10, to oppress Pr 22:22, Jb 19:2 → ‫ דכא‬that which is low, underfoot Ps 90:3, Lm 3:34, ‫( ?? דכא‬a part of the body that can be injured) LXX θλαδιας Dt 23:2 (1) ‫ דכא‬that which is low, underfoot Ps 90:3, Lm 3:34 ← ‫דכא‬ ‫( ?? דכא‬a part of the body that can be injured) LXX θλαδιας Dt 23:2 (1) ← ‫דכא‬ ‫ דכה‬to crush by pounding → ‫דך‬ oppressed ?? Ps 9:10, 10:18, 74:21, ‫דכי‬ roar, of many waters ?? Ps 93:3 αλ, ‫דכית‬ crushed Ps 51:10 (8) σ ‫ רטשׁ‬to kill by smashing with a blunt object e.g. rock 2K 8:12, Is 13:16, 18, Hs 10:14, 13:16, Nh 3:10 ‫ דכי‬roar, of many waters ?? Ps 93:3 αλ ← ‫דכה‬ ‫ דכית‬crushed Ps 51:10 (8) ← ‫דכה‬ ‫ דל‬lowly ← ‫דלל‬ ‫ דל‬usually taken for a copyist error in Ps 141:3 for ‫דלת‬ ‫ דלג‬to leap over 2S 22:30, Is 35:6, Ps 18:30 (29), So 2:8 ‫ דלה‬to suspend, hang Pr 26:7 to support as in holding up (like a puppet on a string) Ps 30:2, to draw water using a bucket suspended on a rope Ex 2:16, 19, Pr 20:5 → ‫ דלה‬fringe, thread off edge of cloth Is 38:12, ‫ דלי‬bucket suspended on a rope (to get water out of a well) Nu 24:7, Is 40:15, ‫ דלית‬bough, branch of a 65 tree, ‫ דלת‬door, the movable divider between two areas. In original tents was a hanging that could be moved aside (the earliest way to write the Hebrew letter dalet was as a picture of such a hanging), though later applied to heavy wooden doors on hinges even in the gates of cities to protect them from invaders σ ‫ סרח‬to drape (upon, over) (curtains Ex 26:12, vines Ez 17:6, people Am 6:4, wisdom (as in becoming weak, powerless) Jr 49:7), ‫ תלה‬to hang σ ‫שׁאב‬ ‫ דלה‬fringe, thread off edge of cloth Is 38:12 ← ‫דלה‬ ‫ דלה‬lowly people ← ‫דלל‬ ‫ דלח‬to splash ?? Ez 32:2, 13 ‫ דלי‬bucket suspended on a rope (to get water out of a well) Nu 24:7, Is 40:15 ← ‫דלה‬ ‫< דליה‬name> ‫< דליהו‬name> ‫< דלילה‬name> ‫ דלית‬bough, branch of a tree ← ‫ דלה‬σ ‫ אשׁישׁ‬vine branch ?? clinging to a wall Is 16:7, bearing grapes Hs 3:1, ‫ זלזל‬vine branch ?? Is 18:5 αλ, ‫ כפה‬frond, branch of a palm tree ?? Dt 25:12, Is 9:13 (14), 19:15, ‫ סעפת‬,‫ סעיף‬branch (of a rock Ju 15:8, 11, of a tree Ez 31:6, 8), ‫סרעפת‬ twig Ez 31:5 αλ, ‫ עבת‬,‫ עבות‬intertwined branches, ‫ ענף‬leafy branch, ‫ עפא‬foliage Ps 104:12 αλ, ‫ צמרת‬spray, a stem or small branch of a tree or plant, bearing flowers and foliage, ‫ שׂובך‬limb, large branch 2S 18:9 αλ σ ‫שׁבט‬ ‫ דלל‬to lower, wane Jd 6:6, Is 19:6, Ps 79:8 → ‫ דל‬lowly, ‫ דלת‬low place Jb 38:8 σ ‫ירד‬ ‫< דלען‬name> ‫ דלף‬to downcast (life, eyes, house) Ps 119:28, Jb 16:20, Ko 10:18 → ‫דלף‬ dripping Pr 19:13, 27:15 σ ‫נפל‬ ‫ דלף‬dripping Pr 19:13, 27:15 ← ‫דלף‬ ‫< דלפון‬name> ‫ דלק‬to burn quickly, as a fire on dry grassland Ez 24:10, Ob 18 to pursue hotly (like a raging range fire) Gn 31:36, 1S 17:53, Ps 10:2, Lm 4:19 → ‫דלק‬ pursuing 1S 17:53, Pr 28:23, pursuer, one who pursues hotly Ps 7:14, ‫ דלקת‬a hot fever that kills quickly ?? Dt 28:22 αλ σ ‫ שׂרף‬,‫רדף‬ ‫ דלק‬pursuing 1S 17:53, Pr 28:23, pursuer, one who pursues hotly Ps 7:14 ← ‫דלק‬ ‫ דלקת‬a hot fever that kills quickly ?? Dt 28:22 αλ σ ‫דבר‬ ‫ דלת‬door, the movable divider between two areas. In original tents was a hanging that could be moved aside (the earliest way to write the Hebrew letter dalet was as a picture of such a hanging), though later applied to heavy wooden doors on hinges even in the gates of cities to protect them from invaders ← ‫ דלה‬σ ‫שׁער‬ ‫ דלת‬low place Jb 38:8 ← ‫דלל‬ ‫ דם‬blood. As a plural, it’s sometimes used to refer to an abstract idea of “bloody” rather than to a multitude of “bloods” Ex 4:25–6, Ez 22:2, Nh 3:1. As an extension of the abstract idea, it’s used for “blood guilt” in the idea of guilty of murder Ex 66 ‫ דמי‬β ‫ דמי‬.‫דם‬ ‫ דמי‬still ← ‫דום‬ ‫ דמיה‬β ‫ דמה‬,‫דם‬ ‫< דמים‬name 1S 17:1> ‫ דמין‬likeness Ps 17:12 αλ ← ‫דמה‬ ‫ דמם‬β ‫דום‬ ‫ דממה‬stillness 1K 19:12, Ps 107:29, Jb 4:16 ← ‫דום‬ ‫ דמן‬manure, dung 2K 9:37, Jr 8:2, 9:21, 16:4, 25:33, Ps 83:11 → ‫ מדמנה‬dunghill, that which makes dung i.e. vermin ?? Is 25:10 αλ ‫ דמע‬to shed tears → ‫ דמעה‬tears ‫ דמעה‬tears ← ‫דמע‬ ‫ דמשׁק‬Damascus ‫< דן‬name> ‫< דנאל‬name> ‫< דנה‬name> ‫< דנהבה‬name> ‫< דני‬name> ‫< דניאל‬name> ‫ דעה‬,‫ דע‬knowledge ← ‫ ידע‬σ ‫ בינה‬insight, which is deep understanding "among" instead of looking from afar, ‫חכמה‬ wisdom, ‫ מזמות‬,‫ מזמה‬plan(ning), ‫סוד‬ consultation, often intimate or private Am 3:7, Pr 15:22, 20:19 group for consultation Jr 6:11, 15:17, Ps 111:1, ‫ עצה‬council, advice, ‫ ערמה‬prudence, craftiness, ‫ תבונה‬practical insight leading to action, such as making things skill Ex 31:3, 35:31, Pr 24:3, ‫תושׁיה‬ forethought, this is thinking ahead of time concerning concepts and ideas, considering options and making contingency plans where applicable 21:1–2, Dt 19:10, 22:8, etc. Used also as a general reference to blood Is 1:15, 9:4, Ez 9:9 and acts of unjust violence that result in the shedding of blood Is 33:15, Hb 2:12. ‫ דם‬likeness, pattern Ez 19:10, 27:32 ← ‫דמה‬ ‫ דמה‬β ‫ דמה‬,‫ דם‬,‫דום‬ ‫ דמה‬to liken, pattern after, to pattern (plan an action) → ‫ דם‬likeness, pattern Ez 19:10, 27:32, ‫ דמות‬likeness, pattern, ‫ דמין‬likeness Ps 17:12 αλ σ ‫ יצר‬to fashion to take raw material and make something out of it, e.g. the creation of mankind Gn 2:7–8, bronze pillar 1K 7:15, statue (idol) Is 44:9–10, etc., ‫ קצב‬to cut out as in carving, forming, shearing, ‫תאר‬ to outline ‫ דמה‬stillness ← ‫דום‬ ‫ דמו‬β ‫ דמה‬,‫ דם‬,‫דום‬ ‫ דמות‬likeness, pattern ← ‫ דמה‬σ ‫מסכה‬ (cast) statue, often used as an idol Ex 32:4, 8, Hs 13:2, Ne 9:18, ‫ פסל‬,‫פסיל‬ carved image, often used as a synonym for idol Ex 20:4, Lv 26:1, Is 44:9, ‫צלם‬ shadow shape (as a shadow is in the shape of an object, person, animal but is less than the object so the shape is different from the original, never to be confused with it, can even be made of different materials), ‫ קצב‬cut, i.e. form, shape 1K 6:25, 7:37 where the cut is made Jn 2:7, ‫ תאר‬outline, ‫ תבנית‬model, used to plan a construction Ex 25:9, 40, Dt 4:16–8, 1C 28:11–2, 18–9, ‫ תמונה‬form. a 3D object Ex 20:4, Dt 4:12, 15, 5:8, Jb 4:16 67 ‫< גרגע‬name> ‫ דרדר‬briar, bramble σ ‫שׁמיר‬ ‫ דרום‬south σ ‫נגב‬ ‫ דרור‬β ‫ ראשׁ מר דרור‬,‫דרור‬ ‫ דרור‬swallow ?? (bird) Ps 84:4, Pr 26:2 σ ‫עוף‬ ‫ דרור‬releasing, letting go Lv 25:10, Is 61:1, Jr 34:8, 15, 17, Ez 46:17 ‫< דריושׁ‬name> ‫ דרך‬β ‫ דרך‬,‫דור‬ ‫ דרך‬to range about (as in walking), to place with others in a cause, to put in line with a target → ‫ דרך‬path, not for wagons, one who ranges about, ‫מדרך‬ pace, one step Dt 2:5 αλ ‫ דרך‬path, not for wagons, one who ranges about ← ‫ דרך‬σ ‫ ארח‬trail, a way for travelers going from city to city, for long distances Gn 49:17 used as a metaphor for the path of life, doing actions Gn 18:11, Is 26:7–8, Jb 24:11, ‫ מסלה‬highway, an embanked road suitable for wheeled traffic Nu 20:19, 2S 20:12–13, Is 40:3, 1C 26:16, 18, ‫מעגל‬ cowpath (← ‫ עגל‬calf)? or rutted track Is 26:7, Pr 4:11, 26, ‫ נתיבה‬way, direction one should go, (by)way, ‫( רחב‬city) square, ‫ שׁביל‬hard walkway (hardened by many people treading on it) Jr 18:15, Ps 77:20 (19), ‫ שׁוק‬city street lined with stalls and shops market where people are out and about among the sales stalls and shops to acquire stuff Pr 7:8, So 3:2, Ko 12:4–5 ‫ דרכמון‬daric, a Persian coin cf. ‫אדרכמון‬ ‫< דרמשׂק‬name> ‫< דרע‬name> (arranging of thoughts ??) Is 28:29, Pr 18:1, Jb 11:6, 12:16 ‫< דעואל‬name> ‫ דעך‬to sputter out, die down of flame Is 43:17, Ps 118:12, Pr 13:9, 20:20, Jb 18:5– 6 σ ‫כבה‬ ‫ דעת‬knowledge ← ‫ידע‬ ‫ דפי‬offense ?? Ps 50:20 αλ ‫ דפק‬to drive hard Gn 33:13 to pound (on a door) Jd 19:22, So 5:2 ‫< דפקה‬name> ‫ דק‬something that is fine as in small Ex 16:14, Is 40:15, 22 ← ‫דקק‬ ‫ דקה‬,‫ דק‬fine, thin Gn 41, Lv 13:30, 1K 19:12, Is 29:5 from being ground Lv 16:12 ← ‫דקק‬ ‫< דקלה‬name> ‫ דקק‬to grind until fine, thin, to pulverize → ‫ דק‬something that is fine as in small Ex 16:14, Is 40:15, 22, ‫ דקה‬,‫ דק‬fine, thin Gn 41, Lv 13:30, 1K 19:12, Is 29:5 from being ground Lv 16:12 σ ‫חדד‬ ‫ דקר‬to stab → ‫ מדקר‬a person who has been stabbed Jr 37:10, 51:4, Lm 4:9, ‫ מדקרות‬stabbing Pr 12:18 αλ σ ‫חלל‬ ‫< דקר‬name> ‫ דר‬one who lives a generation ?? ← ‫דור‬ ‫ דר‬an unknown type of (semi-)precious stone Es 1:6 αλ ‫ דראון‬disapproval ?? (used only in connection with hell) Is 66:24, Dn 12:2 ‫ דרבן‬goad 1S 13:21,Ko 12:11 σ ‫מלמד‬ trainer (making learn) Is 48:17, Ps 119:99, Pr 5:13 cattle goad Jd 3:31, ‫ צפירה‬goad ?? something that causes one to spring into action Is 28:5, Ez 7:7, ‫ שׁטט‬spur ?? Js 23:13 αλ 68 ‫ דרץ‬duty, assignment ?? 1S 18:14 αλ ‫< דרקון‬name> ‫ דרשׁ‬to look for, to investigate, to demand from, this is stronger than just a simple searching for something, but often includes the idea that a payback is being looked for or demanded → ‫דרשׁ על מתים‬ to practice necromancy, ‫מדרשׁ‬ commentary σ ‫בקשׁ‬ ‫ דרשׁ על מתים‬to practice necromancy ← ‫ דרשׁ‬σ ‫ענן‬ ‫ דרת‬β ‫דור‬ ‫ דשׁא‬to sprout Gn 1:11, 2S 23:4, Jl 2:22 → ‫ דשׁא‬sprout as from vegetables Gn 1:11– 2, Is 15:6, Jr 14:5, Ps 23:2 σ ‫ חטר‬to sprout up a woody sprout from a tree stump or root which can grow into a full sized tree Pr 14:3, ‫ שׂגשׂג‬to sprout ?? Is 17:11 αλ ‫ דשׁא‬sprout as from vegetables Gn 1:11–2, Is 15:6, Jr 14:5, Ps 23:2 ← ‫ דשׁא‬σ ‫חטר‬ woody sprout from trees Is 11:1, Pr 14:3, ‫ חציר‬long, stalky grass 1K 18:5, Is 44:4, Pr 27:25, Jb 40:15, some of it edible (leeks) Nu 11:5, dried, can be used for thatch, ‫ ירק‬,‫ ירוק‬leaves, as in vegetative matter, ‫ נצר‬guard—a person guarding, shoot (in horticulture, sometimes carefully guarded to grow into a tree or large plant) Is 11:1, 14:19, 60:21, Dn 11:7, ‫ עלה‬leaves, ‫ עשׂב‬green plant, ‫שׂיח‬ shrub Gn 2:5, 21:15, Jb 30:4, 7 ‫ דשׁה‬that which is threshed ← ‫דושׁ‬ ‫ דשׁן‬to become fat (of people, sleek and well fed) Dt 31:20, Pr 11:25, 13:4, 15:30, 28:25, to smear on fat (oil) Nu 4:13, Ps 23:5, add fat to Is 34:6–7 → ‫ דשׁן‬fat (oil), sometimes used for the fatty ashes left over from the sacrifices ‫ דשׁן‬fat (oil), sometimes used for the fatty ashes left over from the sacrifices σ ‫שׁמן‬ oil olive tree (⇐ trees that produce oil) fat, ‫ חלב‬milk, fat, but sometimes includes a wider meaning than in English, often with the idea more of produce, production, as in the “fat of the land” Gn 45:18 or even the “produce of new wine” which is not fat Lv 18:12 “produce of wheat” Ps 81:17 (16), ‫אפר‬ ‫ דת‬to command (found only in infinitive ‫ )לדת‬Zp 2:2, Jb 39:1 → ‫ דת‬command as in law ‫ דת‬command as in law σ ‫חק‬ ‫< דתן‬name> ‫< דתינה‬name> ‫ ה‬fifth letter, where letters are used as numbers, it refers to the number five. ‫( ה‬prefix), for showing the definite article “the” or as a sign of the interrogative ‫ ה‬suffix, indicating the feminine indefinite article possessive, referring to the feminine of an object or adjective or direction towards the object appended to ‫ הא‬see! Behold! Gn 47:23, Ez 16:43 ‫ האדם‬β ‫ איד‬,‫אדם‬ ‫ האזכה‬β ‫זכה‬ ‫ האזניחו‬β ‫זנח‬ ‫ האשׁ‬β ‫ ישׁ‬,‫אשׁ‬ ‫ האתיות‬β ‫אתיות‬ ‫ הבו‬,‫ הבה‬β ‫ יהב‬,‫הבה‬ ‫ הבה‬to bring forth, go, come forth Gn 29:21, Jd 20:7, Hs 14:4 Let (going forth) ... (followed by a yiqtol verb) Gn 11:3, 4, 7, Ex 1:10, not from the root ‫יהב‬ 69 found in Aramaic → ‫הבהבים‬ contributions ?? Hs 8:13 αλ ‫ הבהבים‬contributions ?? Hs 8:13 αλ ← ‫הבה‬ ‫ הבט‬β ‫נבט‬ ‫ הבל‬to act futilely 2K 17:15, Jr 2:5, Jb 27:12 → ‫ הבל‬futility Dt 32:21, Zc 10:2, Ko 1:2 futile thing Jr 2:5, Ps 94:11 used as a synonym for idol 1K 16:13, 2K 17:15, Jr 10:15, futile Ps 94:11, Pr 31:30, futilely Ps 39:7 (6), Jb 35:16 ‫ הבל‬futility Dt 32:21, Zc 10:2, Ko 1:2 futile thing Jr 2:5, Ps 94:11 used as a synonym for idol 1K 16:13, 2K 17:15, Jr 10:15, futile Ps 94:11, Pr 31:30, futilely Ps 39:7 (6), Jb 35:16 ← ‫ הבל‬σ ‫בליעל‬ useless, ‫ ריק‬emptiness, ‫ תהו‬uninhabited Is 45:18, uninhabited area, wilderness Dt 32:10, Jb 6:18 uninhabited empty place Jb 26:7, uninhabited because depopulated Is 24:10, 34:11, uselessly (lifelessly) Is 45:19 lifeless Gn 1:2, lifeless object Is 49:4, 59:4, used also with idols formed by casting and carving in contrast with the living God Is 41:29, 44:9 ‫< הבל‬name> ‫ הבר‬β ‫ הבר‬,‫ ברר‬,‫ ברה‬,‫בור‬ ‫ הבר‬to observe Is 47:13 αλ σ ‫ראה‬ ‫< הגא‬name> ‫ הגה‬to mutter Is 16:8, Ps 2:1, Pr 15:28 to read (before silent reading came into practice, everyone spoke softly as they read) Js 1:8, Ps 1:2 → ‫ הגה‬muttering, ‫ הגות‬muttering meditation Ps 49:4 αλ, ‫ הגיג‬softly spoken thoughts Ps 5:2 (1), 39:4 (3), ‫ הגיון‬muttering, a soft sound Ps 9:17 (16), 19:15 (14), 92:4 (3), Lm 3:62, ‫ מהגים‬those who mutter, speak softly as in seances Is 8:19 αλ σ ‫דבר‬ ‫ הגה‬to eliminate to remove 2S 20:13, Pr 25:4–5 destroy, ruin Is 27:8, Ps 90:9 → ‫ גוה‬elimination destruction, ruination σ ‫שׁחת‬ ‫ הגה‬muttering ← ‫הגה‬ ‫ הגו‬β ‫ נהג‬,‫הגה‬ ‫ הגות‬muttering meditation Ps 49:4 αλ ← ‫הגה‬ ‫ הגיג‬softly spoken thoughts Ps 5:2 (1), 39:4 (3) ← ‫הגה‬ ‫ הגיון‬muttering, a soft sound Ps 9:17 (16), 19:15 (14), 92:4 (3), Lm 3:62 ← ‫הגה‬ ‫ הגינה‬convenient ?? Ez 42:12 αλ ‫ הגר‬β ‫ נגר‬,‫ הגר‬,‫ גר‬,‫גור‬ ‫< הגר‬name> ‫< הגרי‬name> ‫ הגרם‬β ‫ נגר‬,‫גרם‬ ‫ הד‬joyful shout (short for ‫ ?? )הידד‬Ez 7:7 αλ σ ‫שׂמחה‬ ‫< הדד‬name> ‫< הדד עזר‬name> ‫ הדה‬to direct (hand) Is 11:8 αλ ‫ הדה‬person who is a royal, majesty ?? Jr 22:18 αλ ← ‫ידה‬ ‫ הדור‬β ‫ הדר‬,‫ הדור‬,‫דור‬ ‫ הדור‬obstacle, causing one to go in circles ?? Is 45:2 αλ ← ‫דור‬ ‫ הדיח‬β ‫ נדח‬,‫דוח‬ ‫ הדך‬to trample ?? Jb 40:12 αλ β ‫?? דכה‬ ‫ הדם‬footstool Is 66:1, Ps 99:5, 110:1, 132:7, Lm 2:1, 1C 28:2 ‫ הדס‬myrtle (tree) ‫ הדף‬to push away Dt 6:19, 9:4, Pr 10:3 σ ‫ כפן‬to uproot ?? Ez 17:7 αλ 70 ‫ הדר‬to aggrandize → ‫ הדר‬grandeur, ‫ הדרות‬aggrandizement Is 41:4 αλ, ‫הדרת‬ grandeurness Ps 29:2, 96:9, Pr 14:28, 1C 16:29, 2C 20:21 σ ‫ אדר‬to have splendor Is 42:21 αλ ‫ הדר‬grandeur ← ‫ הדר‬σ ‫ אדר‬splendor Mc 2:8, Zc 11:13, ‫ הוד‬majesty ‫ הדרות‬aggrandizement Is 41:4 αλ ← ‫הדר‬ ‫ הדרך‬β ‫ הדר‬,‫דרך‬ ‫ הדרת‬grandeurness Ps 29:2, 96:9, Pr 14:28, 1C 16:29, 2C 20:21 ← ‫הדר‬ ‫ הה‬alas! Ez 30:2 ‫ ההימיר‬β ‫ימר‬ ‫ ההלכוא‬β ‫הלך‬ ‫ ההרמונה‬β ‫רום‬ ‫ הו‬ah! ‫ הוא‬to cover, lie (upon) Job 37:6, Ko 11:3 σ ‫כפר‬ ‫ הוא‬he, that one ‫ הובנים‬country name? Ez 27:15 ‫ הוגה‬β ‫יגה‬ ‫ הוד‬β ‫ ידה‬,‫הוד‬ ‫ הוד‬to make noise about ?? Ps 28:7 → ‫הוד‬ (forceful) sound ?? Is 30:30, Jb 39:20 ‫( הוד‬forceful) sound ?? Is 30:30, Jb 39:20 ← ‫הוד‬ ‫ הוד‬majesty ← ‫ ידה‬σ ‫ הדר‬grandeur ‫ הודו‬β ‫ידה‬ ‫< הודוה‬name> ‫< הודויה‬name> ‫< הודויהו‬name> ‫< הודיה‬name> ‫ הוה‬to put in one’s place, set up Gn 27:29, Is 16:4, Ko 2:22, Ne 6:6 → ‫ הוה‬rumor, gossip, idle words that destroy, said to “set another in his place” in a negative sense, hence a cut, putdown Is 47:11, Ez 7:26 σ ‫היה‬ ‫ הוה‬rumor, gossip, idle words that destroy, said to “set another in his place” in a negative sense, hence a cut, putdown Is 47:11, Ez 7:26 ← ‫ הוה‬σ ‫דבר‬ ‫< הוהם‬name> ‫ הוות‬hostility Ps 5:10 (9), 57:2 (1), 94:20 ← ‫הות‬ ‫ הוי‬Woe! σ ‫אוי‬ ‫ הויה‬generalized woe ?? Ex 9:3 αλ ‫ הולל‬to go around ??, confidently or like a chicken with its head cut off ?? to surround, an action that can be used either positively Na 2:4, Ps 78:63 or negatively Is 44:25, Jb 12:17, Ko 7:7 → ‫ הולל‬people who run around (to do bad things?), Ps 5:6 (5), 73:3, 75:5 (4), ‫ הוללות‬running around ??, apparently a type of forceful action ?? Ko 1:17 2:12, 7:25, 9:3, 10:13, ‫ מהולל‬continuous running around surrounding ?? Ps 102:9 (8), Ko 2:2 ‫ הולל‬people who run around (to do bad things?), Ps 5:6 (5), 73:3, 75:5 (4) ← ‫הולל‬ ‫ הוללות‬running around ??, apparently a type of forceful action ?? Ko 1:17 2:12, 7:25, 9:3, 10:13 ← ‫הולל‬ ‫ הולם‬sledgehammer ?? Is 41:7 αλ ← ‫הלם‬ ‫ המה‬,‫ הום‬to put into commotion, to stir making noise from motion, Pi to be in constant, restless motion → ‫ הם‬noise or turmoil ?? Ez 7:11 αλ, ‫ המה‬a person or object in constant, restless motion Pr 20:1, ‫ המון‬hubbub, a noisy crowd, ‫המיה‬ restless, constantly in motion, ‫המיות‬ 71 ‫ הזילוה‬β ‫נזל‬ ‫ הזים‬β ‫הזה‬ ‫ הזרתם‬β ‫זור‬ ‫ החלם‬β ‫ חלם‬,‫חל‬ ‫ הטו‬β ‫נטה‬ ‫ הטי‬β ‫נטה‬ ‫ הטף‬β ‫ נטף‬,‫ טפף‬,‫טף‬ ‫ הטתו‬β ‫נטה‬ ‫ היא‬,‫ הי‬lament Jr 45:4, Ez 2:10, 23:43 ← ‫נהה‬ ‫ היא‬she ‫ הידד‬joyful shout Is 16:9–10, Jr 25:30, 48:33, 51:14 σ ‫שׂמחה‬ ‫ הידות‬β ‫ יד‬,‫הידות‬ ‫ הידות‬hymn Ne 12:8 αλ ← ‫ידה‬ ‫ היה‬to become to be → ‫ היה‬being σ ‫הוה‬ to put in one’s place, set up Gn 27:29, Is 16:4, Ko 2:22, Ne 6:6 (is ‫ היה‬actually the hiphil form of ‫)?הוה‬ ‫ היום‬β ‫ יום‬,‫היה‬ ‫ היוצת‬β ‫?? יצא‬ ‫ היך‬β ‫איך‬ ‫ היכל‬large meeting room (of a tent structure 1Sa 1:9, of a building 1Ki 6:3) palace (large building for royalty) temple (large building for the greatest of royalty, God) σ ‫בית‬ ‫ הילכות‬β ‫ הליכה‬Q, ‫ ילכות‬K ‫ הילך‬β ‫הלכ‬ ‫ הילל‬to howl in sorrow ?? Jr 47:2, Ez 21:17, Jl 1:5, Zc 11:2 σ ‫כעס‬ ‫ הילל‬morning star Is 14:12 αλ ‫< הימם‬name> ‫< הימן‬name> ‫ הין‬a liquid measure σ ‫מדה‬ ‫ הכאות‬β ‫כאה‬ ‫ הכח‬β ‫ נכח‬,‫ כח‬,‫יכח‬ places where crowds gather ?? Pr 1:21 αλ, ‫ מהומה‬commotion, turmoil Dt 7:23, 28:20, Ez 22:5, Zc 14:13, ‫תהם‬ commotion, stirring (caused by unease) Ps 42:5, 12, 43:5, ‫ תהמת‬flowing turbulent waters ?? (masc noun) Ex 15:5, 8, Dt 8:7 (plural Is 63:13, Ps 71:20, 77:17 (16), 78:15, 106:9, 148:7, Pr 8:24) σ ‫ צוח‬to clamor Is 42:11 αλ ‫ הומיה‬commotion Is 22:2 ← ‫הום‬ ‫< הומם‬name> ‫ הון‬β ‫ ינה‬,‫הון‬ ‫ הון‬resources (fields, mines, factories) as a source of wealth, hence used as a synomyn for wealth Ps 119:14, Pr 13:11, 18:11, Enough! Pr 30:15–6 σ ‫עשׁר‬ ‫ הורד‬β ‫ירד‬ ‫ הורה‬someone who became pregnant with mother Gn 49:26, Hs 2:7, So 3:4 ← ‫הרה‬ ‫< הושׁמע‬name> ‫< הושׁע‬name> ‫< הושׁעיה‬name> ‫ הות‬β ‫ הות‬,‫הוה‬ ‫ הות‬to lay on (in a hostile manner) LXX επιτιθεσθε Ps 62:4 (3) αλ → ‫הוות‬ hostility Ps 5:10 (9), 57:2 (1), 94:20, ‫ הות‬enmity, from a feeling of hostility ?? Jb 30:13, Pr 17:4, 19:13 ‫ הות‬enmity, from a feeling of hostility ?? Jb 30:13, Pr 17:4, 19:13 ← ‫הות‬ ‫< הותיר‬name> ‫ הותל‬β ‫התל‬ ‫ יותרתי‬β ‫יתר‬ ‫ הזה‬β ‫ נזה‬,‫הזה‬ ‫ הזה‬to nap Is 56:10 αλ σ ‫ישׁן‬ ‫ הזידו‬β ‫זוד‬ 72 ‫ הכיח‬β ‫ נכח‬,‫יכח‬ ‫ הכיר‬β ‫נכר‬ ‫ הכיתה‬β ‫ נכה‬,‫כות‬ ‫ הכם‬β ‫נכה‬ ‫ הכר‬β ‫ נכר‬,‫הכר‬ ‫ הכר‬to pressure as in getting on one’s nerves Jb 19:3 αλ σ ‫מיץ‬ ‫ הכרת‬β ‫ נכר‬,‫ כרת‬,‫ כרה‬,‫הכר‬ ‫ הכתה‬β ‫נכה‬ ‫ הלא‬β ‫ לא‬,‫הלא‬ ‫ הלא‬to go to the other side Mi 6:3 → ‫הלא‬ on the other side Jd 14:16, ‫הלאה‬ beyond, the other side (in time (other side of the indicated time) Lv 22:27, Ez 39:22, 43:27, distance Gn 19:9, 1S 20:22, 37) ‫ מהלאה‬beyond, on the other side Gn 35:21, Jr 22:19, Am 5:27, ‫ נהלאה‬one considered to be on the other side, not “with us” Mc 4:7 αλ ‫ הלאה‬beyond, the other side (in time (other side of the indicated time) Lv 22:27, Ez 39:22, 43:27, distance Gn 19:9, 1S 20:22, 37) ‫ מהלאה‬beyond, on the other side Gn 35:21, Jr 22:19, Am 5:27 ← ‫הלא‬ ‫ הלאני‬β ‫לאה‬ ‫ הלאת‬β ‫לאה‬ ‫ הלה‬to become bright Is 13:9, Jb 29:3, 31:31 σ ‫זהר‬ ‫ הלה‬tall ?? Dt 3:11 LXX ακρα ‫ הלוך‬the action of going ← ‫הלך‬ ‫ הלולים‬festival Lv 19:24, Jd 9:27 ← ‫הלל‬ ‫ הלומי‬β ‫הלם‬ ‫ הלז‬this, found only seven times Jd 6:20, 1S 14:1, 17:26, 2K 4:25, 23:17, Zc 2:8, Dn 8:16, apparently denotes a particular or special “this one” compared to the more general ‫זה‬ ‫ הלזה‬β ‫זה‬ ‫ הליך‬walk, step Jb 29:6 αλ ← ‫הלך‬ ‫ הליכה‬goings about Ps 68:25, goings on operation Q Pr 31:27 ← ‫הלך‬ ‫ הליצני‬β ‫ליץ‬ ‫ הלך‬to go (to, about, around), travel (to, about) both physically (walking, riding or sailing 2S 13:34, 15:30, 1K 22:49) and metaphorically (journey of life Jos 23:14, 1K 14:8), used for change of numbers increasing 2S 15:12 or decreasing 2S 3:1 (the imperitive ‫ לכה‬is used literally for “go” Gn 37:13, Ex 3:10, 2K 10:16, also figuratively Gn 27:37, Ko 2:1 and even in places where English uses “come” Gn 19:32, 31:44, Nu 22:11, Jd 11:6) → ‫הלוך‬ the action of going, ‫ הליך‬walk, step Jb 29:6 αλ, ‫ הליכה‬goings about Ps 68:25, goings on operation Q Pr 31:27, ‫הלך‬ visitor, ‫ ילכות‬running, operation K Pr 31:27 αλ, ‫ מהלך‬journey, passage, time or distance travelled Jn 3:3–4, Ne 2:6, traveler Zc 3:7, Ps 104:3, Pr 6:11, Ko 4:15, ‫ מלך‬one who makes others go ?? Ps 68:13, ‫ תהלכת‬procession Ne 12:31 αλ σ ‫ אפן‬to turn, ‫ ארח‬to travel, ‫ אשׁר‬to proceed, go down a path ?? Pr 4:14, 9:6, ‫ אתה‬to arrive Is 41:5, 25, Mc 4:8, Pr 1:27, ‫ בוא‬to come to come in, to enter, ‫בער‬ to remove, used in removing that which is displeasing Dt 13:6, 17:7, 12, Jd 29:13 and idols 2C 19:3, removing bad actors 2S 4:11, 1K 22:47, 2k 23:24, removing items to be given to those who need it Dt 26:13–4, ‫ גלה‬to remove (a covering) 73 Pr 7:8, Jb 18:14, ‫ צעה‬to wander around Is 51:14, 63:1, Jr 2:20, 48:12, Ps 139:8, ‫ קצץ‬to remove by cutting off to remove (objects) Ex 39:3, Jd 1:6–7, 2C 28:24, ‫ קרב‬to come up (to), to approach, come near, ‫ רוץ‬to run, i.e. to go quickly to move (an object 2S 22:30), ‫ רמס‬to tread down underfoot, trample on 2K 7:17, 20, Ps 91:13, Dn 8:7, 10, ‫ רצא‬to send (forth) ?? Ez 43:27 αλ, ‫ שׂוח‬to walk about Gn 24:63 αλ (possibly Qal for a Hiphil ‫ ?? שׂיח‬see entry), ,‫שׂוט‬ ‫ שׂטט‬,‫ שׂטה‬,‫ שׁוט‬to go about (with a purpose, spreading lies Ps 40:5, in trade Ez 27:8, to visit a paramour Nu 5:19, etc.), ‫ שׂרך‬to run to and fro Jr 2:23 αλ , ‫ תעה‬to wander, go astray σ ‫ סור‬,‫ סבב‬,‫נוע‬ ‫ הלך‬visitor ← ‫הלך‬ ‫ הלכף‬β ‫כפף‬ ‫ הלל‬to boast, as a form of praise either for self or for others Gn 12:15, Jd 16:24, Ps 150:6 (hit.) boasting about oneself sometimes taken as a sign of madness 1S 21:13, Jr 51:7, ‫ הללו יה‬boast in the Lord → ‫ הלול‬, ‫ הלולים‬festival Lv 19:24, Jd 9:27, ‫ מהלל‬the act of boasting as a form of praise 2S 22:4, Ps 18:3, 1C 23:5, 2C 30:21 one who boasts, used of those giving praises Pr 27:21, 1C 29:13, 2C 20:21, 23:12, adj. something to be boasted about as a form of praise Ps 48:1 (2), 96:4, 113:3, 145:3, 1C 16:25, ‫תהלה‬ boast(ing) song of praise, Psalm σ ‫שׂמח‬ ‫< הלל‬name> ‫ הללו יה‬β ‫הלל‬ to reveal by removing (a covering), to remove, exile, ‫ כהה‬to fade Lv 13:6, 21, 26, 28, 56 in the sense of growing weak, leaving off Is 42:3–4, Zc 11:17, *‫כהה ב‬ to make someone leave off, i.e. remove them from where they are 1S 3:13, ‫ מגג‬to make go out ?? Nh 1:5, Ps 65:11 (10), Jb 30:22, ‫ מול‬to clip off, pluck off (e.g. grass, heads of grain) to circumcise, ‫ מחץ‬to trample underfoot Nu 24:8, 17, Ps 110:5–6, Jb 26:12, ‫ נבך‬to wander about Jl 1:18 αλ, ‫ נגשׁ‬to approach, draw near, ‫ נדח‬a motion outwards to go forth Dt 4:19, 30:4, thrust to swing (an ax) Dt 19:5, 20:19, to stray (animals) Dt 22:1, to push forwards Pr 7:21, ‫ נקף‬to go around Is 29:1, encircle 2K 6:14, 11:8, Is 10:34, Jb 19:26, ‫ נתס‬to turn aside ?? Jb 30:13 αλ, ‫ סבב‬to turn around, to go around, to surround (the action is to go around until one is facing the opposite direction and sometimes then again until one is back to the starting position) ‫ סבב אחר‬to turn back, ‫ סבה‬to go around as in circles, ‫ סוג‬to remove by moving back Is 59:13, Zp 1:6, Pr 14:14, ‫ סור‬to leave hiphil to cause to leave i.e. to remove, to turn aside, ‫ עסס‬to walk upon Ma 3:21 (4:3) αλ, ‫ עתק‬to go on, go further, continue on, go beyond Gn 12:8, 26:22, to advance, go forward Pr 8:18, Jb 21:7, hi to cause to go forward, further Pr 25:1 to cause to go beyond Jb 32:15, ‫ פוח‬to come forth Hb 2:3, Pr 29:8, So 2:17, 4:6, ‫ פשׁח‬to lead astray ?? Lm 3:11 αλ, ‫ פשׂע‬to make a step, ‫ צעד‬to stride, march 2S 6:13, Jr 10:5, Hb 3:12, 74 ‫ הלם‬to pound, feet while running, with a hammer, etc. Jd 5:22, 26, Is 16:8, Ps 74:6, 141:5, Pr 23:35 → ‫הולם‬ sledgehammer ?? Is 41:7 αλ, ‫הלמות‬ mallet, hammer for pounding tent stakes Jd 5:26 αλ, ‫ מהלמות‬strokes σ ‫כתת‬ ‫( הלם‬to) here, to this place ‫< הלם‬name> ‫ הלמות‬mallet, hammer for pounding tent stakes Jd 5:26 αλ ← ‫הלם‬ ‫ הם‬noise or turmoil ?? Ez 7:11 αλ ← ‫הום‬ ‫ הם‬they ‫< הם‬name> ‫ המבי‬understood as a misspelling for ‫ המביא‬in 2S 5:2 (see also 1C 11:2) ‫< המדתא‬name> ‫ המה‬β ‫ המה‬,‫הום‬ ‫ המה‬a person or object in constant, restless motion Pr 20:1 ← ‫הום‬ ‫ המה‬they, them ‫ המולה‬β ‫ מולה‬,‫ מול‬,‫המולה‬ ‫ המולה‬crowd, noisy crowd Jr 11:16 αλ ‫ המון‬hubbub, a noisy crowd ← ‫הום‬ ‫< המונה‬name> ‫ המות‬β ‫ מות‬,‫הום‬ ‫ המטים‬β ‫מוט‬ ‫ המיה‬restless, constantly in motion ← ‫הום‬ ‫ המיות‬places where crowds gather ?? Pr 1:21 αλ ← ‫הום‬ ‫ המיר‬β ‫מור‬ ‫ המית‬β ‫מות‬ ‫ המכו‬β ‫מוך‬ ‫ המלה‬noise, like that of a noisy crowd Ez 1:24 αλ ‫ המם‬to make cease, not to continue (all but twice used of war and that the losers are unable to carry on) σ ‫שׁבת‬ ‫< המן‬name> ‫ המנדים‬β ‫נוד‬ ‫ המנכם‬β ‫מן‬ ‫ המסים‬brushwood Is 64:1 αλ ‫ הן‬β ‫ הנה‬,‫הן‬ ‫ הן‬if ‫ הנה‬,‫ הן‬behold! ‫( הנה‬towards) here ‫ הנה‬they ‫ הנהלאה‬β ‫הלאה‬ ‫ הנחה‬rest, relaxation ?? Es 2:18 αλ LXX αφεσιν β ‫נחה‬ ‫< הנם‬name> ‫< הנע‬name> ‫ הנפה‬β ‫נפה‬ ‫ הס‬silence Am 8:3 ← ‫הסה‬ ‫ הסה‬to hush, silence Nu 13:30, Jd 3:19, Am 6:10, Hb 2:20, Zp 1:7, Zc 2:17 (13) → ‫ הס‬silence Am 8:3 σ ‫שקט‬ ‫ הסית‬β ‫סות‬ ‫ הסר‬β ‫סור‬ ‫ הסכת‬β ‫סכת‬ ‫ הסתו‬β ‫סתו‬ ‫ העז‬β ‫ עזז‬,‫עוז‬ ‫ העזו‬β ‫עוז‬ ‫ העיר‬β ‫ עיר‬,‫עור‬ ‫ העל‬β ‫עלה‬ ‫ הפגות‬stopping Lm 3:49 αλ ← ‫פוג‬ ‫ הפח‬β ‫פוח‬ ‫ הפחתם‬β ‫פוח‬ ‫ הפך‬to turn over, about to change ‫ הפך לראשׁ‬to overturn, turn upside down Am 6:12 → ‫ הפכה‬,‫הפך‬ overturning destruction, ‫הפכפך‬ crooked (turning about) Pr 21:8 αλ, ‫ מהפכת‬overturning destruction Dt 29:23, Is 1:7, 13:19, Jr 29:26, 49:18, 75 50:40, Am 4:11 place of punishment through torture ?? Jr 20:2–3, 2C 16:10, ‫ תהפכת‬,‫ תהפכות‬overturning perversity σ ‫ לפת‬to turn over Jd 16:29, Rt 3:8, Jb 6:18 ‫ הפכה‬,‫ הפך‬overturning destruction ← ‫הפך‬ ‫ הפכפך‬crooked (turning about) Pr 21:8 αλ ← ‫הפך‬ ‫ הפלתי‬β ‫ נפל‬,‫הפלתי‬ ‫ הפלתי‬heavily armed or professional soldier, a Philistine loanword? (hoplite?) (never used before David’s sojourn among the Philistines) 2S 8:18, 15:18, 20:7, 23, 1K 1:38, 44, 1C 18:17 σ ‫פלתי‬ ‫ הפר‬β ‫ פרה‬,‫ פר‬,‫ פורר‬,‫פור‬ ‫ הצב‬β ‫נצב‬ ‫ הצטידנו‬β ‫צוד‬ ‫ הציג‬,‫ הצג‬β ‫יצג‬ ‫ הצו‬β ‫נצה‬ ‫ הציף‬β ‫צוף‬ ‫< הציץ‬name> ‫ הציק‬β ‫צוק‬ ‫ הציקתני‬β ‫יצק‬ ‫ הצלה‬deliverance (taking away from danger) Es 4:14 αλ ← ‫נצל‬ ‫< הצלל פוני‬name> ‫ הצן‬armored (related to ‫ ?? )צנה‬Ez 23:24 αλ ‫ הקפתם‬β ‫נקף‬ ‫ הקצו‬β ‫קצץ‬ ‫ הקר‬β ‫יקר‬ ‫ הר‬mountain, which includes from a fairly insignificant hill all the way to the highest mountain σ ‫ אשׁד‬slope, ‫ גבעה‬hill, ‫ מדרגה‬steep slope Ez 38:20, So 2:14, ‫ סללה‬ramp, in ancient times a ramp was raised up over the moat and glacis to attack a wall directly, also often used of a place of refuge raised above and inaccessible, ‫ סלע‬cliff, often used as an inaccessible place of refuge ‫< הר‬name> ‫< הר חרס‬name> ‫< הרא‬name> ‫ הראל‬β ‫אראיל‬ ‫ הרג‬to kill → ‫ הרגה‬,‫ הרג‬killing, slaughter σ ‫ בתק‬to stab Ez 16:40 αλ, ‫ טבח‬to butcher, which includes both the killing of the animals and the preparing of them for food, ‫ קטל‬to oppress (separate from killing) ?? Ps 139:19, Jb 13:15, 24:14, ‫ רצח‬to manslaughter murder, ‫ שׁחט‬to slaughter (murder Jr 41:7, Ez 23:39, combatants in war Jd 12:6, execution Nu 14:16, 1K 18:40, animals Gn 37:31 as preparation for sacrifices Ex 12:6, 21, 34:25, food 1S 14:32, 34, metaphorically grapes as their red juice (blood) is poured into wine Gn 40:11) ‫ הרגה‬,‫ הרג‬killing, slaughter ← ‫הרג‬ ‫ הרה‬to become pregnant → ‫ הורה‬someone who became pregnant with mother Gn 49:26, Hs 2:7, So 3:4, ‫ הרה‬pregnant woman, ‫ הריון‬pregnancy Rt 4:13, Hs 9:11, ‫ הרן‬becoming pregnant Gn 3:16 αλ σ ‫ילד‬ ‫ הרה‬pregnant woman ← ‫הרה‬ ‫ הרו‬β ‫הרה‬ ‫< הרום‬name> ‫< הרורי‬name> ‫ הריון‬pregnancy Rt 4:13, Hs 9:11 ← ‫הרה‬ ‫ הרית‬β ‫הרה‬ ‫ הריתי‬β ‫הרה‬ 76 ‫ הריתיך‬β ‫ירה‬ ‫ הרך‬β ‫רכך‬ ‫ הרסות‬, ‫ הריסה‬ruins ‫ הרכם‬β ‫הר‬ ‫< הרם‬name> ‫ הרמון‬a type of fruit ?? Hg 2:19, So 4:3, 6:7, a place name Jd 20:45, 47, 1S 14:2 ‫< הרמים‬name> ‫ הרן‬becoming pregnant Gn 3:16 αλ ← ‫הרה‬ ‫< הרן‬name> ‫ הרס‬to tear down (wall, boundary, altar) to make into a ruin → ‫ הרסות‬, ‫הריסה‬ ruins σ ‫שׁחת‬ ‫ הרר‬a place where one lives and works ?? 13 times Gn 14:6, Nu 23:7, Dt 8:9, 33:15, Jr 17:3, Hb 3:6, Ps 30:8 (7), 36:7 (6), 50:10, 76:5 (4), 87:1, 133:3, So 4:8 ‫ הררי‬β ‫ הררי‬,‫ הרר‬,‫הר‬ ‫< הררי‬name> ‫ הרתיך‬β ‫?? ירה‬ ‫ השׁבת‬β ‫ שׁוב‬,‫ שׁבת‬,‫ישׁב‬ ‫ השׁיה‬,‫ השׁה‬β ‫נשׁה‬ ‫ השׁיא‬β ‫נשׁא‬ ‫ השׁיב‬β ‫ שׁוב‬,‫ישׁב‬ ‫ השׂיקו‬β ‫נשׂק‬ ‫ השׁך‬β ‫שׁכך‬ ‫ השׁליך‬β ‫ שׁלך‬,‫שׁלי‬ ‫< השׁם‬name> ‫ השׂמילי‬β ‫שׂמאל‬ ‫ השׁמות‬β ‫שׁמם‬ ‫ השׁמעות‬communication Ez 24:26 αλ ← ‫שׁמע‬ ‫ השׁע‬β ‫שׁעע‬ ‫ השׁפות‬β ‫אשׁפות‬ ‫ השׁתות‬β ‫ שׁת‬,‫שׁית‬ ‫ התבונן‬β ‫בונן‬ ‫ התבננת‬β ‫בין‬ ‫ התגרית‬β ‫גרה‬ ‫ התוו‬β ‫תוה‬ ‫ התוך‬melting Ez 22:22 αλ ← ‫נתך‬ ‫ התז‬β ‫תזז‬ ‫ התחולל‬β ‫ חלל‬,‫חול‬ ‫( התיו‬DSS ‫ )האתיו‬β ‫אתה‬ ‫ התיכו‬β ‫נתך‬ ‫ התיקנו‬β ‫נתק‬ ‫ התך‬β ‫ נתך‬,‫התך‬ ‫< התך‬name> ‫ התחברות‬β ‫חבר‬ ‫ התל‬to treat with contempt in a way that makes fun of, mocks Gn 31:7, Ex 8:25, Jd 16:10, 13, 15, Jr 9:4, Jb 13:9, 17:2 to mock contemptuously 1K 18:27 → ‫ התלים‬mockery Jb 17:2, ‫מהתלות‬ mockery Is 30:10 σ ‫שׂחק‬ ‫ התלים‬mockery Jb 17:2 ← ‫התל‬ ‫ התמו‬β ‫תמם‬ ‫ התמתי‬β ‫תמם‬ ‫ התנוסס‬β ‫נוס‬ ‫ התעררתי‬β ‫עור‬ ‫ התעתים‬β ‫תעע‬ ‫ התקם‬β ‫נתק‬ ‫ התר‬β ‫נתר‬ ‫ התרים‬β ‫ תר‬,‫ תור‬,‫רום‬ ‫ התת‬β ‫הות‬ ‫ ו‬sixth letter, where letters are used as numbers, it refers to the number six. ‫( ו‬prefix) this is a connecting mark that leads from one idea to the next. It is normally used to show a continuity, where the following is connected to or a consequence of the previous. In English, there are times where it is best to omit it, often translate it as “and” though 77 ‫< זבולן‬name> ‫< זבוני‬name> ‫ זבח‬to slaughter an animal Gn 31:54, Dt 12:15, 21, 1S 28:24, usually a sacrifice Gn 46:1, Ex 3:18, 5:3, 8 → ‫זבח‬ slaughtered animal Pr 17:1, usually a sacrifice Ex 10:25, 18:12, 23:18, act of slaughtering Ex 12:27, 2S 15:12 or person who slaughters usually for sacrifice Dt 18:3, 1S 2:13, 15, Pr 21:3, ‫ מזבח‬altar ‫ זבח‬slaughtered animal Pr 17:1, usually a sacrifice Ex 10:25, 18:12, 23:18, act of slaughtering Ex 12:27, 2S 15:12 or person who slaughters usually for sacrifice Dt 18:3, 1S 2:13, 15, Pr 21:3 ← ‫ זבח‬σ ‫ אזכרה‬portion of an offering (made of grain, cooked or raw) to be burned on the altar as a remembrance Lv 2:2, 9, 16, 24:7, Nu 5:26, ‫ אשׁה‬what is burned (an offering upon the altar), ‫ חטאה‬error sin, sin offering, sacrifice for error, ‫ מנחה‬propitiatory gift, given both to God as an offering Lv 2:1 and to other men to gain their favor Gn 32:13, 43:11, ‫ עלה‬burnt offering, ‫ קרבן‬sacrifice (that which is made to come up to the altar), ‫ תרומה‬offering, contribution (not to be burnt on the altar) ‫ זבח‬personal name Jd 8, Ps 83:12 (11) ‫< זבי‬name> ‫< זבידה‬name> ‫< זבינא‬name> ‫ זבל‬to reside (with) → ‫ זבל‬residence σ ‫ישׁב‬ ‫ זבל‬residence ← ‫זבל‬ ‫< זבל‬name> sometimes it is best to translate it as “that”, “such that”, “then”, “in order that”, and possibly other combinations showing continuity from one idea to the next. ‫< והב‬name> ‫ וו‬peg, tent stake ‫< ויזתא‬name> ‫ ולד‬child (copyist error?) Gn 11:30 αλ σ ‫ילד‬ ‫< וניה‬name> ‫< ופסי‬name> ‫< ושׁני‬name> ‫< ושׁתי‬name> ‫ ז‬seventh letter, has no meaning in Hebrew on its own, where letters are used as numbers, it refers to the number seven. ‫ זאב‬wolf ‫< זאב‬name> ‫ זאת‬this, feminine singular of β ‫זה‬ ‫ זבה‬,‫ זב‬flux a sore seeping fluid ← ‫זוב‬ ‫ זבד‬to endow Gn 30:20 αλ → ‫ זבד‬to endowment Gn 30:20 αλ σ ‫נתן‬ ‫ זבד‬to endowment Gn 30:20 αλ ← ‫זבד‬ ‫< זבד‬name> ‫< זבדי‬name> ‫< זבדיאל‬name> ‫< זבדיה‬name> ‫< זבדיהו‬name> ‫ זבה‬β ‫ זוב‬,‫זב‬ ‫ זבוב‬fly (insect) Is 7:18, Ko 10:1 (‫בעל‬ ‫ זבוב‬Lord of the Flies, i.e. the devil 2K 1:2–3, 6, 16) σ ‫עוף‬ ‫< זבוד‬name> ‫< זבודה‬name> ‫ זבול‬β ‫זבל‬ ‫< זבולון‬name> 78 ‫< זבלון‬name> ‫ זג‬skin (of fruit) Nu 6:4 αλ ‫ זד‬provocateur, one who stirs up (emotion, action) Is 13:11, Ml 3:10, 15 Ps 119:21, 69, 122 ← ‫זוד‬ ‫ זדו‬ß ‫זוד‬ ‫ זדון‬stirring up, provocation Dt 17:12, Ob 3, Pr 13:10 one who stirs up, provocation ?? Jr 50:31–2 ← ‫זוד‬ ‫ זה‬this, masculine singular, ‫ זאת‬this, feminine singular, ‫ זו‬these, those Ps 10:2, used for a collective noun such as a people Ex 15:13, 16, Is 43:21, Ps 12:8 (7), also used for the indeterminate people as English “they” Ps 31:5 (4), 32:8 σ ‫ הלז‬this, found only seven times Jd 6:20, 1S 14:1, 17:26, 2K 4:25, 23:17, Zc 2:8, Dn 8:16, apparently denotes a particular or special “this one” compared to the more general ‫זה‬ ‫ זהב‬gold σ ‫ חרוץ‬refining Is 10:22 refined gold with impurities taken out Zc 9:3, Pr 8:10, 19, 16:16, ‫ כתם‬gold thread, listed as valuable Is 13:12, Jb 31:24, used in clothing Ps 45:10 (9), Dn 10:5, ‫פז‬ gold made into decorative shapes ?? Is 13:12, Pr 8:19, Jb 28:17 ‫ זהם‬to be disgusted with ?? Jb 33:20 αλ σ ‫שׂנא‬ ‫< זהם‬name> ‫ זהר‬to enlighten, shine Dn 12:3 teach Ex 18:20, Ko 4:13, 2C 19:10, warn Ez 3:17– 21, 33:3–9 → ‫ זהר‬brightness σ ‫ הלה‬to become bright Is 13:9, Jb 29:3, 31:31, ‫נגה‬ to shine Is 4:5, 9:1, Hb 3:4, Jb 22:28, ‫נהר‬ to stream (water, people, light beams) to stream light, ‫ צחח‬to be whitish bright, clear Lm 4:7 σ ‫למד‬ ‫ זהר‬brightness ← ‫זהר‬ ‫ זו‬these, those Ps 10:2, used for a collective noun such as a people Ex 15:13, 16, Is 43:21, Ps 12:8 (7), also used for the indeterminate people as English “they” Ps 31:5 (4), 32:8 β ‫זה‬ ‫ זו‬Hebrew name of second month 1K 6:1, 37 ‫ זוב‬to flow → ‫ זבה‬,‫ זב‬flux, a sore seeping fluid, ‫ זוב‬flowing σ ‫ נבע‬to flow out, as a spring, ‫ צוף‬to flow upon or over Dt 11:4, 2K 6:6, Lm 3:54, ‫ ריר‬to ooze, salivate ‫ זוב‬flowing ← ‫זוב‬ ‫ זוד‬to stir (up) (a provocation) → ‫זד‬ provocateur, one who stirs up (emotion, action) Is 13:11, Ml 3:10, 15 Ps 119:21, 69, 122, ‫ זדון‬stirring up, provocation Dt 17:12, Ob 3, Pr 13:10 one who stirs up, provocation ?? Jr 50:31–2, ‫ זידון‬stirred up Ps 124:5 αλ, ‫ נזיד‬food stirred together, soup or stew Gn 25:29, 34, 2K 4:38–40, Hg 2:12 ‫< זוזים‬name> ‫< זוחת‬name> ‫ זוית‬,‫ זויות‬cornerstone ?? Zc 9:15, Ps 144:12–3 ‫ זול‬to lavish Is 46:6 αλ → ‫ זולל‬glutton Dt 21:20, Pr 23:21, 28:7, ‫ זוללה‬gluttony Lm 1:11, ‫ מזולל‬one who gives lavishly Jr 15:19 αλ ‫ זולל‬glutton Dt 21:20, Pr 23:21, 28:7 ← ‫זול‬ ‫ זוללה‬gluttony Lm 1:11 ← ‫זול‬ ‫ זולת‬except, besides Dt 1:36, Is 45:5, 1C 17:20 σ ‫בלעדי‬ 79 ‫ זונה‬prostitute ← ‫ זנה‬σ ‫ קדשׁה‬,‫קדשׁ‬ (temple) prostitute Gn 38:21–2, Dt 28:13, Hs 4:14 (was the male prostitute a homosexual, gigolo or both? Dt 23:18, 1K 14:24, 15:12, 22:47, 2K 23:7) ‫ זוע‬to withdraw (in fear or disgust) → ‫ זועה‬a cause to withdraw (in fear or disgust) Is 28:19, Jr 24:9, 29:18, 2C 29:8, ‫ זעוה‬made to withdraw, flee Dt 28:25, Ez 23:46, ‫ מזעזע‬one who causes others to withdraw in fear or disgust Hb 2:7 αλ σ ‫ירא‬ ‫ זועה‬a cause to withdraw (in fear or disgust) Is 28:19, Jr 24:9, 29:18, 2C 29:8 ← ‫ זוע‬σ ‫עמל‬ ‫ זוקף‬one who straightens up Ps 145:14 αλ ← ‫זקף‬ ‫ זור‬to press out, expel to estrange → ‫זר‬ stranger, alien, ‫ זר‬border, used only in Exodus to refer to a golden border on furniture, called such because it sticks out ??, ‫ זר‬that which is expelled (urine ?) Jb 24:8, ‫ מזור‬boil (need to press out puss in order to heal) ?? Jr 30:13, Hs 5:13, pressing out, estrangement ?? Ob 7 σ ‫ שׂנא‬,‫ נתשׁ‬,‫מיץ‬ ‫ זורה‬a type of clothing (woven from spider webs) ?? Is 59:5 αλ ‫< זזא‬name> ‫ זחח‬to unknot, untie Ex 28:28, 39:21 → ‫ מזח‬a type of clothing, loose fitting sign of luxury, toga ?? Is 23:10, Ps 109:19, ‫ מזיח‬one who causes (restraints, ponds) to loosen ?? Jb 12:21 αλ ‫ זחל‬to grovel (in) i.e. to lie or move on the ground face downwards, act in an obsequious manner Dt 32:24, Mi 7:17, Jb 32.:6 ‫ זיד‬β ‫זוד‬ ‫ זידון‬stirred up Ps 124:5 αλ ← ‫זוד‬ ‫ זיז‬throng, multitude ?? Is 66:11, Ps 50:11, 80:14 (13) ‫< זיזא‬name> ‫< זיזה‬name> ‫< זינא‬name> ֿ‫< זיע‬name> ‫< זיף‬name> D‫< זיפ‬name> ‫< זיפים‬name> ‫ זיקות‬embers ?? Is 50:11 E‫ זי‬olive (tree) ‫< זיתן‬name> ‫ זך‬pure, both in physical and moral pureness Ex 27:20, Pr 20:11, Jb 33:9 ← ‫זכה‬ ‫ זכך‬,‫ זכה‬to be clear to be (morally) pure → ‫ זך‬pure, both in physical and moral pureness Ex 27:20, Pr 20:11, Jb 33:9, ‫ זכוכית‬glass, in ancient times a valuable and expensive commodity Jb 28:17 αλ σ ‫נקה‬ ‫ זכוכית‬glass, in ancient times a valuable and expensive commodity Jb 28:17 αλ ← ‫זכה‬ ‫ זכור‬man, specifically referring to male humans Ex 23:17, 34:23, Dt 16:16, 20:13 ‫ זכור‬remembrance Ps 103:14 αλ ← ‫זכר‬ ‫< זכור‬name> ‫< זכי‬name> ‫ זכר‬to remember, this is an active remembering, bringing a memory to mind → ‫ אזכרה‬portion of an offering (made of grain, cooked or raw) to be 80 ‫ זלות‬vileness ?? Ps 12:9 αλ ← ‫זלה‬ ‫ זלזל‬vine branch ?? Is 18:5 αλ σ ‫דלית‬ ‫ זלל‬β ‫ נזל‬,‫זולל‬ ‫ זלעפה‬hot, dry wind from the desert, used also figuratively (samoon, foehn, santa ana wind) Ps 11:6, 119:53, Lm 5:10 ‫< זלפה‬name> ‫ זמה‬shameful action, that causes shame σ ‫בושׁ‬ ‫< זמה‬name> ‫ זמורה‬fruit producing branch ?? Nu 13:23, Ez 8:17, 15:2 ← ‫זמר‬ ‫< זמזמים‬name> ‫ זמיר‬pruning ← ‫זמר‬ ‫ זמיר‬time of pruning (spring) Is 25:5, So 2:12 ← ‫זמר‬ ‫< זמירה‬name> ‫ זמם‬to plan to consider, think about → ‫ זמם‬plan Ps 140:9 (8) αλ, ‫ מזמות‬,‫מזמה‬ plan(ning) σ ‫ידע‬ ‫ זמם‬plan Ps 140:9 (8) αλ ← ‫זמם‬ ‫ זמן‬appointed time Ko 3:1, Es 9:27, 31, Ezr 10:14, Nh 2:6, 10:36, 13:31 σ ‫עת‬ ‫ זמר‬to prune, in vines and trees to increase production → ‫ זמורה‬fruit producing branch ?? Nu 13:23, Ez 8:17, 15:2, ‫זמיר‬ time of pruning (spring) Is 25:5, So 2:12, ‫ זמרת‬produce ?? (⇐ idea that pruned trees and vines produce more, so God is the one who prunes us to make us more productive ??), ‫ מזמרת‬,‫ מזמרה‬pruner (tool) Is 2:4, 18:5, Jl 4:10 (3:10), Mc 4:3 or one used to trim (prune) the wick of a lamp so that it burns brighter 1K 7:50, 2K 25:14, Jr 52:18, 2C 4:22 ‫ זמר‬to sing with instrumental accompaniment Ps 27:6, 71:22–3, 146:2 burned on the altar as a remembrance Lv 2:2, 9, 16, 24:7, Nu 5:26, ‫זכור‬ remembrance Ps 103:14 αλ, ‫ זכר‬memory, remembrance, what someone is remembered for, ‫ זכרון‬a teaching or an action that brings up a memory, sometimes can be connected to an object (e.g. for worship Ex 39:7, Lv 23:24, Is 57:8) Ex 12:14, Js 4:7, Ko 1:11, 2:16, ‫ זכרן‬a memorial, an object set up to remind Ex 18:12, 29, Jb 13:12, ‫זכרנות‬ remembrance ‫ ספר זכרנות‬records, archives Es 6:1 αλ, ‫ מזכיר‬recorder, a person who makes and keeps the official records for the kingdom 2S 8:16, 20:24, Is 36:3, 22, 2C 34:8 ‫ זכר‬male of a species, usually used in reference to men, but also for animals Gn 7:3, 9, 16, Jr 30:6, Ml 1:14 used in contrast to ‫ נקבה‬female of a species ‫ זכר‬memory, remembrance, what someone is remembered for ← ‫זכר‬ ‫ זכרון‬a teaching or an action that brings up a memory, sometimes can be connected to an object (e.g. for worship Ex 39:7, Lv 23:24, Is 57:8) Ex 12:14, Js 4:7, Ko 1:11, 2:16 ← ‫זכר‬ ‫< זכר‬name> ‫< זכרי‬name> ‫< זכריה‬name> ‫< זכריהו‬name> ‫ זכרן‬a memorial, an object set up to remind Ex 18:12, 29, Jb 13:12 ← ‫זכר‬ ‫ זכרנות‬remembrance ‫ספר זכרנות‬ records, archives Es 6:1 αλ ← ‫זכר‬ ‫ זלה‬to be vile ?? Jr 2:36 → ‫זלות‬ vileness ?? Ps 12:9 αλ 81 → ‫ זמרה‬song with instrumental accompaniment Is 51:3, Ps 81:3 (2), 98:5, 147:1, ‫ זמרת‬instrumental music Is 24:16, Am 5:23, ‫ מזמור‬psalm, played with instrumental accompaniment σ ‫שׁיר‬ ‫ זמר‬mountain goat ?? Dt 14:5 αλ σ ‫עז‬ ‫ זמרה‬song with instrumental accompaniment Is 51:3, Ps 81:3 (2), 98:5, 147:1 ← ‫ זמר‬σ ‫שׁירה‬ ‫< זמרי‬name> ‫< זמרן‬name> ‫ זמרת‬β ‫ זמרת‬,‫זמרה‬ ‫ זמרת‬produce ?? (⇐ idea that pruned trees and vines produce more, so God is the one who prunes us to make us more productive ??) ← ‫זמר‬ ‫ זמרת‬instrumental music Is 24:16, Am 5:23 ← ‫זמר‬ ‫ זן‬a type of spice ?? Ps 144:13, 2C 16:14 σ ‫בשׂם‬ ‫ זנב‬to attack the tail of a column of troops, people → ‫ זנב‬tail Ex 4:4, Jd 15:4, Jb 40:17 ‫ זנב‬tail Ex 4:4, Jd 15:4, Jb 40:17 ← ‫ זנב‬σ ‫ אליה‬tail, in sheep often where fat is stored Ex 29:22, Lv 3:9, 7:3, 8:25, 9:19 ‫ זנה‬to prostitute → ‫ זונה‬prostitute, ‫ זנוני‬acts of prostitution 2K 9:22, Ez 23:11, 29, Hs 2:4, Nh 3:4, ‫ זנונים‬status of being a prostitute Gn 38:35, Hs 1:2, 2:6, 4:12, 5:4, ‫ זנות‬practice of prostitution ?? Nu 14:33, Jr 3:2, 9, Ez 43:7, 9, Ho 6:10, ‫ תזנות‬pattern of prostituting Ez 16, 23 ‫< זנוח‬name> ‫ זנוני‬acts of prostitution 2K 9:22, Ez 23:11, 29, Hs 2:4, Nh 3:4 ← ‫זנה‬ ‫ זנונים‬status of being a prostitute Gn 38:35, Hs 1:2, 2:6, 4:12, 5:4 ← ‫זנה‬ ‫ זנות‬practice of prostitution ?? Nu 14:33, Jr 3:2, 9, Ez 43:7, 9, Ho 6:10 ← ‫זנה‬ ‫ זנח‬to turn or push away from, an action connected with rejecting or spurning someone or something Hs 8:3,5, Ps 44:10, 24, Lm 3:17, 31 σ ‫שׂנא‬ ‫< זנח‬name> ‫ זנק‬to leap out, forth Dt 33:22 αλ ‫ זעוה‬made to withdraw, flee Dt 28:25, Ez 23:46 ← ‫זוע‬ ‫ זעום‬someone or something that should be destroyed ?? Mc 6:10, Pr 22:14 ← ‫זעם‬ ‫< זעון‬name> ‫ זעזע‬β ‫זוע‬ ‫ זעיר‬little minutiae (time, objects) → ‫ מזער‬from minutiae ‫ זעך‬to set up, prepare ?? Jb 17:1 αλ σ ‫שׂים‬ ‫ זעם‬to execrate, call down destruction on Nu 23:7–8, Ml 1:4, Pr 24:24 → ‫זעום‬ someone or something that should be destroyed ?? Mc 6:10, Pr 22:14, ‫זעם‬ execration Is 26:20, Jr 10:10, Ez 22:31 σ ‫ארר‬ ‫ זעם‬execration Is 26:20, Jr 10:10, Ez 22:31 ← ‫זעם‬ ‫ זעף‬to be (emotionally) agitated often including anger Pr 19:3, 2C 26:19 → ‫זעף‬ agitated, agitation often including anger 1K 21:4, Jn 1:15, Mc 7:9 ‫ זעף‬agitated, agitation often including anger 1K 21:4, Jn 1:15, Mc 7:9 ← ‫זעף‬ ‫ זעק‬to cry out as in shouting, giving orders, calling for help, used interchangeably with → ‫ זעקה‬outcry σ ‫דבר‬ ‫ זעת‬sweat Gn 3:19 αλ ← ‫יזע‬ 82 ‫< זפרן‬name> ‫< זפרנה‬name> ‫ זפת‬pitch Ex 2:3, Is 34:9 σ ‫חמר‬ ‫ זקים‬chains that yoke people together into a chain gang Is 45:14, Nh 3:10, Ps 149:8, Jb 36:8, Pr 26:18 σ ‫ אזקים‬shackles, handcuffs Jr 40:1, 4, ‫ כבל‬fetter Ps 105:18, 149:8 ‫ זקן‬to become old (having a long beard) → ‫ זקן‬beard, old, old age, elder, ‫זקנה‬ agedness, old age 1K 11:4, 15:23, Is 46:4, Ps 71:9, 18. ‫ זקנים‬status of being old, old age Gn 37:3, 44:20 σ ‫ שׂיב‬to have one’s hair become white from age to become old 1K 14:4 αλ ‫ זקן‬beard, old, old age, elder ← ‫זקן‬ ‫ זקנה‬agedness, old age 1K 11:4, 15:23, Is 46:4, Ps 71:9, 18 ← ‫זקן‬ ‫ זקנים‬status of being old, old age Gn 37:3, 44:20 ← ‫זקן‬ ‫ זקף‬to straighten up Ps 146:8 αλ → ‫זוקף‬ one who straightens up Ps 145:14 αλ σ ‫ישׁר‬ ‫ זקק‬to pour out as in casting ?? Ml 3:3 αλ → ‫ מזקק‬something poured out, used of fatness for a feast Is 25:6, of cast gold or silver Ps 12:7 (6), 1C 28:18, 29:4 σ ‫שׁפך‬ ‫ זר‬β ‫ זר‬,‫זור‬ ‫ זר‬stranger, alien ← ‫ זור‬σ ‫ נכרי‬stranger ⇐ one who is stared at ‫ זר‬border, used only in Exodus to refer to a golden border on furniture, called such because it sticks out ?? ← ‫זור‬ ‫ זר‬that which is expelled (urine ?) Jb 24:8 ← ‫זור‬ ‫ זרא‬vomit Nu 11:20 αλ σ ‫קיא‬ ‫ זרב‬to dry up, used of desert streams during the dry season Jb 6:17 αλ σ ‫יבשׁ‬ ‫< זרבבל‬name> ‫< זרד‬name> ‫ זרה‬to spread out (net, people or seed) → ‫ מזרה‬one who spreads out Jr 31:9, Pr 1:17, 21:8, 26 winnowing shovel, lightly made of wood used to spread grain out onto a threshing floor in order for threshing Is 30:24, Jr 15:7 σ ‫פוץ‬ ‫ זרו‬β ‫ זרה‬,‫זור‬ ‫ זרע‬,‫ זרוע‬arm σ ‫ אזרוע‬lower arm ?? Jr 32:21, Jb 31:22 ‫ זרוע‬seeded, planted Lv 11:37, Is 61:11 those who were planted Is 51:9 ← ‫זרע‬ ‫( זרזיף‬soaking in) rain, hiphil quadrilateral verb to soak in ?? Ps 72:6 αλ σ ‫גשׁם‬ ‫ זרזיר‬an unknown type of animal ?? Pr 30:31 αλ LXX αλεκτωρ σ ‫חיה‬ ‫ זרח‬to rise (sun) referring not only to the physical rising of the sun, but includes that as it rises, it brings light to what was dark → ‫ זרח‬rising Is 60:3 αλ, ‫מזרח‬ east, sunrise, ‫ תזרח‬rising, refers not just to the rising of the sun, but also to its shining after rising Ps 104:22 αλ ‫ זרח‬rising Is 60:3 αλ ← ‫זרח‬ ‫< זרח‬name> ‫< זרחי‬name> ‫< זרחיה‬name> ‫ זרם‬β ‫ זרם‬,‫זור‬ ‫ זרם‬to downpour violently as a microburst blows down and washes away Is 30:22, 32:2, Ps 77:18 (17) → ‫ זרם‬violent, destructive downpour, cloudburst, microburst, this is a storm that can cause 83 ‫< זרשׁ‬name> ‫ זרת‬a linear measurement smaller than a cubit σ ‫מדה‬ ‫< זתוא‬name> ‫< זתם‬name> ‫< זתר‬name> ‫ ח‬eighth letter, has no meaning in Hebrew on its own, where letters are used as numbers, it refers to the number eight. ‫ חב‬personal hiding place Jb 31:33 αλ ← ‫חבה‬ ‫ חבא‬to conceal → ‫ מחבא‬place of concealment 1S 23:23, Is 32:2 σ ‫סתר‬ ‫ חבב‬to enfold (into as in handing over) Dt 33:3 αλ ‫< חבב‬name> ‫ חבה‬to hide (a person) → ‫ חב‬personal hiding place Jb 31:33 αλ, ‫ חביון‬hiding place Hb 3:4 αλ σ ‫סתר‬ ‫< חבה‬name> ‫ חבור‬gang, band ?? Hs 4:17 αλ ← ‫חבר‬ ‫< חבור‬toponym> ‫ חבורה‬contusion as in a wound caused by a scrape, most particularly that of a whip hence striped appearance Is 53:5, Pr 20:30 ← ‫חבר‬ ‫ חבט‬to beat out, using a stick to knock olives out of a tree Dt 24:20, as in threshing Jd 6:11, Is 27:12 Rt 2:17 (indicating that harvests will be small, to beat out with a stick instead of large scale tools Is 28:27) ‫ חבי‬β ‫חבה‬ ‫< חביה‬name> ‫ חביון‬hiding place Hb 3:4 αλ ← ‫חבה‬ ‫ חבל‬to tie in knots to be bound up, to be bound (to) (either physically with a lot of damage Is 4:6, 25:4, 28:2, 30:30, Hb 3:10, Jb 24:8, ‫ זרמת‬penis Ez 23:20, ‫ זרמת‬pouring out ?? Ps 90:5 ‫ זרם‬violent, destructive downpour, cloudburst, microburst, this is a storm that can cause a lot of damage Is 4:6, 25:4, 28:2, 30:30, Hb 3:10, Jb 24:8 ← ‫ זרם‬σ ‫ שׂעירם‬small desert storm, though violent, not large enough to cause much damage (from a distance, they often look like hats with hair trailing down from them, sometimes not reaching the ground though the lightning does) Dt 32:2 αλ ‫ זרמת‬penis Ez 23:20 ← ‫זרם‬ ‫ זרמת‬pouring out ?? Ps 90:5 ← ‫זרם‬ ‫ זרע‬β ‫ זרע‬,‫זרוע‬ ‫ זרע‬to seed → ‫ זרוע‬seeded, planted Lv 11:37, Is 61:11 those who were planted Is 51:9, ‫ זרע‬seed offspring, descendant, usually counted as direct descendants, though Gn 38:8–9 shows that’s not always the case, rather who are counted as descendants, ‫ מזרע‬crop, seeded field Is 19:7 αλ σ ‫ נטע‬to plant, ‫ שׁתל‬to plant (tree) Ez 17:22–3 σ ‫בן‬ ‫ זרע‬seed offspring, descendant, usually counted as direct descendants, though Gn 38:8–9 shows that’s not always the case, rather who are counted as descendants ← ‫זרע‬ ‫ זרעות‬strength, forces ?? Ez 30:24–5, Jb 22:9, Dn 11:15, 22 ‫ זרענים‬,‫ זרעים‬seeds, nuts, seedy vegetables ?? ‫ זרק‬to broadcast to sprinkle → ‫מזרק‬ sprinkler σ ‫ נזה‬to sprinkle ‫ זרר‬to sneeze 84 ropes, or mentally through moral suasion or contractual obligation), to knot, to bind up (pack) into a bundle (to carry away), to bind (take as) collateral, to make twisted as a knot, to contract (knot up) muscles, to bind up in the sense of restrictions → ‫ חבל‬rope (for tying), band or group (bound together for an action) 1S 10:5, 10 crew (of a ship, so called for their knowledge of knots and ropes as well as a group of people united in a task) Ez 27:8, 27–9 ‫ רב חבל‬head of the crew, i.e. captain of the ship Jn 1:6, ‫ ראשׁ חבל‬first of a ship’s crew ?? did the ancient crews sleep in the bow of the ship, hence the first of the crew would have been the lowest class sleeping in the absolute bow?? Pr 23:34, muscle contraction or spasm (knotting up of the muscles, one of the actions connected with giving birth), collateral (tying property to a loan) Ez 18:12, 16, 33:15, what a snare is made of a snare Jb 18:10, ‫ חבל‬land area, tied to a locality or city, ‫ חבלת‬pledge, in the sense of being obligated (tied to) fulfilling the pledge Ez 18:7 αλ, ‫תחבלות‬ binding (guiding) principles Pr 1:5, 11:14, 12:5, 20:18, 24:6 σ ‫ אסר‬to tie on (clothing) Jb 12:18, to bind up (as a prisoner) Jd 15:12–3, 16:5–8, 10–3, 2S 3:34, Ez 3:25, to bind up (with fetters) Jd 16:21, 2K 25:7, 2C 33:11, 36:6, Ps 149:8, Jr 39:7, 52:11 to imprison Gn 42:16, 19, 24, 2K 17:4, 23:33, to tie to (crops to a tribe) Gn 49:11, to hitch up (tie horses to a wagon or chariot) (horses understood, not mentioned) Gn 46:29, Ex 14:6, 1K 18:44, 2K 9:21, (horses mentioned) Jr 46:4, (cows to a wagon) 1S 6:7, 10, to initiate (battle) (the first step is to hitch horses to chariots) 1K 20:14, 2C 13:3, to make an obligation (to tie oneself down to an action) Nu 30:2–14, (princes to Israel) Ps 105:22, (a festival) Ps 118:27, ‫ חבר‬to join (together) Ex 26:6, 9, 11 ‫חבר‬ ‫ חבר‬to join a secret society, gang (often as a form of idolatry), ‫ חבשׁ‬to bind on (saddle, bandages) to saddle (a donkey, horse), ‫ נעל‬to latch, lock Jd 3:23 to latch on footwear Ez 16:10, 2C 28:15, ‫ עבט‬to put restrictions on someone or something Jl 2:7, such as tying an object to a loan by making it collateral Dt 24:10 to give collateral Dt 15:6 to give a loan Dt 15:8, ‫ ענד‬to clasp on an all metal necklace Pr 6:21, Jb 31:36, ‫ עקד‬to tie up, wrapping the rope around and around Gn 22:9 αλ, ‫ פתל‬to entangle, ‫ צרר‬to straiten, a term meaning to tie up tightly, to close in as an enemy, to close in on others in battle and as troubles overwhelm someone (from which we get “straitjacket”), ‫קשׁר‬ to bind, often used in an indirect sense meaning to join oneself with another in conspiracy, obligation or for what ever other reason, ‫ רכס‬to knot on Ex 28:28, 39:21 ‫ חבל‬rope (for tying), band or group (bound together for an action) 1S 10:5, 10 crew (of a ship, so called for their knowledge of knots and ropes as well as 85 a group of people united in a task) Ez 27:8, 27–9 ‫ רב חבל‬head of the crew, i.e. captain of the ship Jn 1:6, ‫ראשׁ חבל‬ first of a ship’s crew ?? did the ancient crews sleep in the bow of the ship, hence the first of the crew would have been the lowest class sleeping in the absolute bow?? Pr 23:34, muscle contraction or spasm (knotting up of the muscles, one of the actions connected with giving birth), collateral (tying property to a loan) Ez 18:12, 16, 33:15, what a snare is made of a snare Jb 18:10 ← ‫ חבל‬σ ‫ חוט‬thread, also measuring cord, ‫יתר‬ sinew, often used as a strong thread or cord (if fresh, will shrink as it dries out) Jd 16:7–9 bowstring (made of sinew) Ps 11:2, ‫ מיתר‬tent cord Nu 3:37, 4.32, Is 54:2, Jr 10:20, ‫ עבת‬rope made by braiding, ‫ פתיל‬string, ‫( קו‬measuring) line, ‫ קור‬thread (of spider web), ‫תקות‬ cord σ ‫פאה‬ ‫ חבל‬land area, tied to a locality or city ← ‫ חבל‬σ ‫פאה‬ ‫ חבלת‬pledge, in the sense of being obligated (tied to) fulfilling the pledge Ez 18:7 αλ ← ‫חבל‬ ‫ חבצלת‬asphodel, a flower of the lily family with fleshy roots and leafless flower stems Is 35:1, So 2:1 ‫< חבצניה‬name> ‫ חבק‬to embrace Gn 29:13, 33:4, 2K 4:16, So 2:6, 8:3 to fold hands ⇐ hands embracing Pr 6:10, 24:33, Ko 4:5 ‫< חבקוק‬name> ‫ חבר‬to join (together) Ex 26:6, 9, 11 ‫ חבר חבר‬to join a secret society, gang (often as a form of idolatry) Dt 18:11, Ps 58:6 → ‫ חבור‬gang, band ?? Hs 4:17 αλ, ‫ חבורה‬contusion as in a wound caused by a scrape, most particularly that of a whip hence striped appearance Is 53:5, Pr 20:30, ‫ חבר‬associate Is 1:23, Ml 2:14, Ko 4:10, association Hs 6:9, Pr 21:9, 25:24, ‫ חברה‬association, group working together Jb 34:8, ‫ חברת‬joining, attachment Ex 26:3–4, 10, 39:4 that which is associated or connected with Ez 1:9, 11, ‫ חברת‬,‫ חברברת‬stripes (⇐ ropes that bind together have the appearance of stripes) Jr 13:23, ‫ מחברת‬,‫מחברות‬ joiner joining separate parts into one Ex 26:4–5, 2C 22:3, 34:11 σ ‫חבל‬ ‫ חבר‬associate Is 1:23, Ml 2:14, Ko 4:10, association Hs 6:9, Pr 21:9, 25:24 ← ‫חבר‬ ‫< חבר‬name> ‫ חברת‬,‫ חברברת‬stripes (⇐ ropes that bind together have the appearance of stripes) Jr 13:23 ← ‫חבר‬ ‫ חברה‬association, group working together Jb 34:8 ← ‫חבר‬ ‫< חברון‬name> ‫< חברונה‬name> ‫< חברוני‬name> ‫< חברנה‬name> ‫< חברני‬name> ‫< חברי‬name> ‫ חברת‬joining, attachment Ex 26:3–4, 10, 39:4 that which is associated or connected with Ez 1:9, 11 ← ‫חבר‬ ‫ חבשׁ‬to bind on (saddle, bandages) to saddle (a donkey, horse) σ ‫חבל‬ 86 ‫ חבתים‬fried food ?? αλ 1C 9:31 LXX (τα εργα) της θυσιας του τηγανου του µεγαλου ιερεως σ ‫מחבת‬ ‫ חג‬β ‫ חוג‬,‫חג‬ ‫ חג‬celebration ← ‫חגג‬ ‫ חגא‬apprehension, shame ?? Is 19:17 αλ σ ‫בושׁ‬ ‫ חגב‬type of grasshopper, locust σ ‫ארבה‬ ‫< חגב‬name> ‫< חגבה‬name> ‫ חגג‬to celebrate → ‫ חג‬celebration ‫ חגו‬gap, hole in a cliff Jr 49:16, Ob 3, So 2:14 ‫ חגרה‬,‫ חגורה‬something girded on, clothing or weapons 2S 18:11, 2K 3:21, Is 3:24 ← ‫ חגר‬σ ‫בגד‬ ‫< חגי‬name> ‫< חגיה‬name> ‫< חגית‬name> ‫< חגלה‬name> ‫ חגר‬to gird on → ‫ חגרה‬,‫ חגורה‬something girded on, clothing or weapons 2S 18:11, 2K 3:21, Is 3:24, ‫ מחגרת‬girding on Is 3:24 αλ σ ‫ שׁנס‬to gird up, i.e. to get his robe up out of the way of his legs so he could run 1K 18:46 αλ ‫ חד‬β ‫ חד‬,‫אחד‬ ‫ חדה‬,‫ חד‬sharp ← ‫חדד‬ ‫ חדד‬to grind, file to sharpen → ,‫חד‬ ‫ חדה‬sharp, ‫ חדוד‬sharp bit of broken (pottery) Jb 41:22 αλ σ ‫ גרס‬to grind down Ps 119:20, Lm 3:16, ‫ גרר‬to grind by crushing, ‫ דקק‬to grind until fine, thin, to pulverize, ‫ לטשׁ‬used of putting a cutting edge on a tool, e.g. putting a metal edge on a plow Gn 4:22, 1S 13:20, Jb 16:9 to sharpen Ps 7:13 (12), 52:4 (2), ‫ שׁנן‬to be sharp, piercing, ‫< חדד‬name> ‫ חדה‬to be encouraged → ‫חדוה‬ encouragement σ ‫שׂמח‬ ‫ חדוד‬sharp bit of broken (pottery) Jb 41:22 αλ ← ‫חדד‬ ‫ חדוה‬encouragement ← ‫חדה‬ ‫ חדות‬β ‫חדוה‬ ‫< חדיד‬name> ‫ חדל‬to abandon as in forsaking (person or effort), quitting (“forget about it”) abandon the effort, also used as a prior restraint, i.e. “give up that idea” → ‫חדל‬ place of abandonment, forsaken place Is 38:11, abandoned Is 53;3, ‫ חדלה‬action of abandonment Ex 23:5 σ ‫שׁבת‬ ‫ חדל‬place of abandonment, forsaken place Is 38:11, abandoned Is 53;3 ← ‫חדל‬ ‫ חדלה‬action of abandonment Ex 23:5 ← ‫חדל‬ ‫< דחלי‬name> ‫ חדק‬nightshade, a type of poisonous plant Mc 7:4, Pr 15:19 ‫< חדקל‬name> ‫ חדר‬to box in Ez 21:19 (14) αλ → ‫חדר‬ room, inner chamber ‫ חדר‬room, inner chamber ← ‫ חדר‬σ ‫דביר‬ small room, usually in Bible a special place in the tabernacle and temple where God expressed himself with people 1K 6, Ps 28:2, 2C 5:7, 9, referred to the hollow capital upon a pillar 2C 3:16, ‫לשׁכה‬ chamber, a small room λεσχη, ‫מעצד‬ workroom (where tools and work are laid out) ?? Is 44:12, Jr 10:3, ‫ תא‬hall, 87 large room as in a castle or temple 1K 14:28, Ez 40:7, 2C 12:11 ‫< חדרך‬name> ‫ חדשׁ‬to be(come) new → ‫ חדשׁ‬new new moon month ‫ חדשׁ‬new new moon month ← ‫חדשׁ‬ ‫< חדשׁ‬name> ‫< חדשׁה‬name> ‫< חדשׁי‬name> ‫ חוב‬to owe, be in debt Dn 1:10 αλ → ‫חוב‬ debt Ez 18:7 αλ ‫ חוב‬debt Ez 18:7 αλ ← ‫חוב‬ ‫< חובה‬name> ‫ חוג‬to go about in circles → ‫ חוג‬circular, circle Is 40:22, Pr 8:27, Jb 22:14, ‫מחוגה‬ lathe ?? Is 44:13 αλ ‫ חוג‬circular, circle Is 40:22, Pr 8:27, Jb 22:14 ← ‫חוג‬ ‫ חוד‬to ask a didactic question → ‫חידה‬ didactic question, a riddle that has an implied message or statement that one has to think about in order to get the message, e.g. Judges 14, Samson killed the lion with his bare hands, therefore his message was, “Don’t mess with me!” The Philistines got it, imperfectly, as their subsequent actions showed. 1 Kings 10:1 the Queen of Sheba tested Solomon with didactic questions, apparently to hammer out trade issues. ‫ חידת‬didactic questioning Nu 12:8, Pr 1:6 ‫ חוה‬to declare → ‫ אחיה‬,‫ אחוה‬declaration σ ‫דבר‬ ‫< חוה‬name> ‫< חוזי‬name> ‫ חוח‬thorny plant with long, sharp thorns 2K 14:9, Is 34:14, Jb 31:40 spine, a long, sharp thorn Pr 26:9, Jb 40:24, So 2:2 σ ‫שׁמיר‬ ‫ חוט‬thread, also measuring cord σ ‫חבל‬ ‫< חוי‬name> ‫< חוילה‬name> ‫ חול‬β ‫ חלל‬,‫ חלה‬,‫חול‬ ‫ חול‬to turn about vigorously to dance → ‫ מחול‬round dance, ‫ מחלה‬round dance ‫ חול‬sand ← ‫ חלל‬σ ‫עפר‬ ‫< חול‬name> ‫ חולה‬weak person or animal sick person or animal Jr 4:31, Ez 34:4, 16, Ml 1:13, Nh 2:2, causing weakness So 2:5, 5:8, Ko 5:12, 15 ← ‫חלה‬ ‫ חולשׁ‬one who brings defeat (upon others) Is 14:12 αλ ← ‫חלשׁ‬ ‫ חום‬some quality in sheep ?? Gn 30:32–3, 35, 40 (BDB dark colored) ‫ חומה‬protective barrier Ex 14:22, 29 (most commonly) fortified wall (of a city) Dt 3:5, 2S 20:15, Ne 1:3, 2C 36:19 σ ‫קיר‬ ‫ חון‬β ‫ חנה‬Nh 3:17 ‫ חוס‬to regard with concern for (upon) σ ‫ראה‬ ‫ חוף‬shore (restraint of the sea) Gn 49:14, Dt 1:7, Js 9:1, Jd 5:17, Jr 17:7, Ez 25L16 ← ‫חפף‬ ‫< חופם‬name> ‫< חופמי‬name> ‫ חוץ‬to be outside → ‫ חוץ‬outside, ‫חוצות‬ outdoors, outside, beyond city walls, 1K 20:34 refers to some sort of construction, outposts?, ‫ חיץ‬structure built outside of city wall, such as built only during peacetime Ez 13:10 αλ, ‫ חיצון‬exterior ‫ חוץ‬outside ← ‫חוץ‬ 88 ‫ חוצות‬outdoors, outside, beyond city walls, 1K 20:34 refers to some sort of construction, outposts? ← ‫חוץ‬ ‫ חוק‬establishing, setting up decreeing Ez 20:18, Pr 8:29 ← ‫חקק‬ ‫ חוקק‬leader, one who gives decrees Jd 5:9 αλ ← ‫ חקק‬σ ‫מלך‬ ‫< חוקק‬name> ‫< חוקקה‬name> ‫ חור‬to grow pale as from fear Is 24:6, 29:22 → ‫ חור‬linen, ‫ חורי‬linen thread ?? Is 19:9 αλ, ‫ חורים‬hoary (white hair from age) Ko 10:19 ‫ חור‬linen ← ‫ חור‬σ ‫שׁשׁ‬ ‫< חור‬name> ‫< חורב‬name> ‫ חורי‬linen thread ?? Is 19:9 αλ ← ‫חור‬ ‫< חורי‬name> ‫ חורים‬hoary (white hair from age) Ko 10:19 ← ‫חור‬ ‫< חורם‬name> ‫ חרנים‬,‫ חורנים‬toponym in Moab ‫ חושׁ‬to be quick, move quickly to move quickly as a result of fear Is 28:16 → ‫חושׁ‬ quickness, rashness ?? Jb 20:2 αλ, ‫חישׁ‬ quickness Ps 90:10 αλ σ ‫ סעה‬to rush (of wind) Ps 55:9 (8) αλ (is this a scribal error for ‫ )?נסע‬σ ‫מהר‬ ‫ חושׁ‬quickness, rashness ?? Jb 20:2 αλ ← ‫חושׁ‬ ‫< חושׁה‬name> ‫< חושׁ ֿי‬name> ‫ חושׂך‬holding back, restraining Pr 11:24, 13:24, 17:27 ← ‫חשׂך‬ ‫< חושׁם‬name> ‫ חות‬farmstead, settlement ?? Nu 32:41, Jb 38:14, 41:7(15) ‫ חותם‬sealed, both physical Ex 28:21, 39:6, 30, Hg 2:23, Jb 38:14 and metaphorical Jr 22:24, Ez 28:12, So 8:6 ← ‫חתם‬ ‫< חותם‬name> ‫< חזאל‬name> ‫ חזה‬to vision, view → ‫ חזה‬seer, one who visions, ‫ חזה‬agreement (⇐ idea of seeing eye to eye, agreeing) Is 28:15, 18, ‫חזון‬ vision whose contents are remembered and can be recounted, can be a vision given by God and/or what a person envisions for a plan for action Pr 29:18, ‫ חזות‬visioning Is 21:2, 29:11, Ez 21:34 (32) appearance Dn 8:5, 8, ‫חזיון‬ visioning, the act of having a vision 2S 7:17, Jb 20:8, 33:15, ‫ מחזה‬place from where one can view 1K 7:4–5, appointed vision Gn 15:1, Nu 24:4, 16, Ez 13:7, ‫ מחזון‬time of visioning ?? Mc 3:6 αλ, ‫( מחזינות‬night) visions Jb 4:13, 7:14 σ ‫ראה‬ ‫ חזה‬breast (of an animal) ‫ חזה‬seer, one who visions ← ‫חזה‬ ‫ חזה‬agreement (⇐ idea of seeing eye to eye, agreeing) Is 28:15, 18 ← ‫חזה‬ ‫< חזו‬name> ‫ חזון‬vision whose contents are remembered and can be recounted, can be a vision given by God and/or what a person envisions for a plan for action Pr 29:18 ← ‫חזה‬ ‫ חזות‬β ‫ חזות‬,‫חזה‬ ‫ חזות‬visioning Is 21:2, 29:11, Ez 21:34 (32) appearance Dn 8:5, 8 ← ‫חזה‬ ‫< חזיאל‬name> ‫< חזיה‬name> 89 ‫ חזיון‬visioning, the act of having a vision 2S 7:17, Jb 20:8, 33:15 ← ‫חזה‬ ‫< חזיון‬name> ‫ חזיז‬thunderstorm Zc 10:1, Jb 28:26, 38:25 σ ‫סופה‬ ‫ חזיר‬pig Lv 11:7, Dt 14:8, Pr 11:22, includes wild boar Ps 80:14 ‫< חזיר‬name> ‫ חזק‬to be firm → ‫ חזק‬firm, ‫ חזקה‬firmness, strength σ ‫אמץ‬ ‫ חזק‬firm ← ‫חזק‬ ‫ חזקה‬firmness, strength ← ‫חזק‬ ‫< חזקי‬name> ‫< חזקיה‬name> ‫< חזקיהו‬name> ‫ חח‬clasp that has a part that goes behind or through cloth, bone, etc. to hold securely fetters Ez 19:4, 9 something to hang onto a jaw 2K 19:28, Is 17:29, Ez 38:4 brooch Ex 35:22 ‫ חטא‬to err, aim for a mark but not achieve or hit the mark Jd 20:16, Pr 19:2, 20:2, this is a deliberate action that doesn’t achieve its desired results, hence also to fail or be a failure, also used of the sense of being wrong or to be accounted as being in the wrong, used most often in the moral sense to make amends for missing the mark, used even of dwellings as in declaring a place purified from error → ‫ חטא‬error sin, ‫ חטא‬one who commits error, misses the aimed for goal Pr 8:36 sinner, ‫ חטאה‬state of being in error sinfulness, ‫ חטאת‬missing the mark such that one needs to make amends for the error, this is a generalized reference to sin, not necessarily a specific sin (masc. noun) sin, sin offering, sacrifice for error, lack, not having what was aimed for (This form ‫ חטאת‬can be either this masculine noun, the feminine noun ‫ חטאה‬in construct form or with a suffix added to it, a feminine participle of ‫חטא‬ or a Qatal verb, therefore the context needs to be examined for each occurrence to establish which reading is correct), σ ‫ אשׁם‬to become guilty, can be from a deliberate action and/or inadvertently through an error or ignorance, ‫ חנף‬to be (morally) defiled, polluted Nu 35:33, Jr 3:2, 9, 23:11, Mc 4:11, Dn 11:32, ‫ רמה‬to dupe, con, lead people to do something that they normally would not do Gn 29:25, Ex 15:1, 21, Jo 9:22, ‫ רשׁע‬to be guilty from doing unjust actions to be wicked, ,‫שׁגג‬ ‫ שׁגה‬to do an unintentional action, an accident 1S 26:21, Pr 5:20, 23, Jb 6:24, in a positive sense, be playful, spontaneous Pr 5:19 ‫ חטא‬error sin ← ‫חטא‬ ‫ חטא‬one who commits error, misses the aimed for goal Pr 8:36 sinner ← ‫חטא‬ ‫ חטאה‬state of being in error sinfulness (once, probably a typo, sin offering Ps 40:7) ← ‫חטא‬ ‫ חטאת‬missing the mark such that one needs to make amends for the error, this is a generalized reference to sin, not necessarily a specific sin (masc. noun) sin, sin offering, sacrifice for error, lack, not having what was aimed for (This form ‫ חטאת‬can be either this 90 ‫ חטין‬β ‫חטה‬ ‫< חטיפא‬name> ‫ חטם‬to restrain oneself ?? Is 48:9 αλ σ ‫אפק‬ ‫ חטף‬to kidnap Jd 21:21, Ps 10:9 σ ‫גנב‬ ‫ חטר‬to sprout up a woody sprout from a tree stump or root which can grow into a full sized tree Pr 14:3 → ‫ חטר‬woody sprout from trees Is 11:1, Pr 14:3 σ ‫דשׁא‬ ‫ חטר‬woody sprout from trees Is 11:1, Pr 14:3 σ ‫דשׁא‬ ‫ חטת‬β ‫חטאת‬ ‫ חי‬alive ‫< חיאל‬name> ‫ חידה‬didactic question, a riddle that has an implied message or statement that one has to think about in order to get the message, e.g. Judges 14, Samson killed the lion with his bare hands, therefore his message was, “Don’t mess with me!” The Philistines got it, imperfectly, as their subsequent actions showed. 1 Kings 10:1 the Queen of Sheba tested Solomon with didactic questions, apparently to hammer out trade issues. ← ‫חוד‬ ‫ חידת‬didactic questioning Nu 12:8, Pr 1:6 ← ‫חוד‬ ‫ חיה‬to live, in the sense of being alive, lively → ‫ חיה‬living thing person, animal, ‫ חיים‬life, ‫ מחיה‬that which gives life, ‫ חיתו‬life, living things, ‫מחית‬ uncovered living flesh in a burn, wound, festering sore σ ‫ שׁרץ‬to swarm (used of living creatures) ‫ חיה‬living thing person, animal ← ‫חיה‬ σ ‫ בעיר‬beast of burden Gn 45:17, Nu masculine noun, the feminine noun ‫ חטאה‬in construct form or with a suffix added to it, a feminine participle of ‫חטא‬ or a Qatal verb, therefore the context needs to be examined for each occurrence to establish which reading is correct) ← ‫( חטא‬note: There are three main words used in the Hebrew Bible to refer to moral failings, all three of which have non-moral meanings as well: ‫חטאת‬ the idea of missing the mark, hence moral failure, ‫ עון‬the idea of twisting something into what it originally was not meant to be, a perversion, ‫ פשׁע‬a rebellion against authority. All three of these terms are used in a non-moral sense, but are most often used in the sense of a moral failing) σ ‫זבח‬ ‫ חטב‬to chop (down) Dt 19:5, Ez 39:10 → ‫( חטב‬wood) chopper Js 9:21, 23, 27, Jr 46:22, 2C 2:9, ‫ חטבות‬chopped up ?? Ps 144:12, Pr 7:16 σ ‫כרת‬ ‫( חטב‬wood) chopper Js 9:21, 23, 27, Jr 46:22, 2C 2:9 ← ‫חטב‬ ‫ חטבות‬chopped up ?? Ps 144:12, Pr 7:16 ← ‫חטב‬ ‫ חטה‬wheat Ex 9:32, Dt 8:8, 32:14, Is 28:25, Jl 1:11, Ps 81:16, Jb 31:40 σ ‫ כמן‬cumin Is 28:25, 27, ‫ קמח‬a type of grain 2S 17:28, Is 47:2, possibly prepared a certain way Nu 5:15 not the same as dough Gn 18:6, ‫ קצח‬black cumin Is 28:25, 27 ‫< חטושׁ‬name> ‫ חטט‬to bear the loss Gn 31:39 αλ ‫< חטיטה‬name> ‫< חטיל‬name> 91 20:4, 8, 11, Ps 78:48, ‫ אנקה‬gecko ?? Lv 11:30 αλ LXX µυγαλη field mouse, ‫בקר‬ cattle, ‫ גמל‬camel, an animal that has no hooves, rather two toes that are joined together and tipped with toenails, ‫זרזיר‬ an unknown type of animal ?? Pr 30:31 αλ LXX αλεκτωρ, ‫ חלד‬mole, a burrowing animal Lv 11:29 αλ, ‫חמט‬ reptile ?? Lv 11:30 αλ, ‫ כח‬lizard ?? Lv 11:30 αλ, ‫ לטאה‬gecko ?? Lv 11:30 αλ LXX καλαβωτης spotted lizard ??, ‫עכבר‬ rat, mouse Lv 11:29, 1S 6:4–5, 11, 18, Is 66:17, ‫ פרעש‬flea 1S 24:15, 20, ‫ צאן‬sheep, ‫ צב‬turtle ?? Lv 11:29, covered wagon Nu 7:3, Is 66:20, ‫ רמשׂ‬animal ⇐ something that moves, ‫ שׁרץ‬swarm an animal that swarms, ‫ תנשׁמת‬mentioned twice as a flying creature, once as a creeping creature, possibly a small pterosaur ?? Lv 11:18, 30 Dt 14:16 ‫ חיים‬life ← ‫חיה‬ ‫ חיל‬to be powerful, used of forces (an army) to be a powerful person → ‫חיל‬ power, a noun expressed through forces. military might, ability, moral firmness, power that derives from strength of character, wealth as a source of power Gn 34:29, Nu 31:9, Ps 48:14, 49:11, ‫חילה‬ forcefulness Is 30:6, Ac 9:4, Ps 48:14 (13), Jb 6:10, ‫ חל‬fortress 1K 21:23, Is 26:1, Lm 2:8, used || to ‫ חומה‬protective barrier Ex 14:22, 29 (most commonly) fortified wall (of a city) Dt 3:5, 2S 20:15, Ne 1:3, 2C 36:19 σ ‫אמץ‬ ‫ חיל‬to writhe (possibly connected with above, as writhing is often very forceful) → ‫ חיל‬writhing, labor pains σ ‫רגז‬ ‫ חיל‬power, a noun expressed through forces. military might, ability, moral firmness, power that derives from strength of character, wealth as a source of power Gn 34:29, Nu 31:9, Ps 48:14, 49:11 ← ‫ חיל‬σ ‫ עים‬force ?? Is 11:15 αλ ‫ חיל‬writhing, labor pains ← ‫חיל‬ ‫ חילה‬forcefulness Is 30:6, Ac 9:4, Ps 48:14 (13), Jb 6:10 ← ‫חיל‬ ‫< חילז‬name> ‫< חילם‬name> ‫ חין‬likewise ?? Jb 41:4 (12) αλ LXX ισον ‫ חיץ‬structure built outside of city wall, such as built only during peacetime Ez 13:10 αλ ← ‫חוץ‬ ‫ חיצון‬exterior ← ‫חוץ‬ ‫ חיק‬bosom, the hollow surrounded by arms as in an embrace ‫< חיאום‬name> ‫< חירם‬name> ‫ חישׁ‬quickness Ps 90:10 αλ ← ‫חושׁ‬ ‫ חיתו‬life, living things ← ‫חיה‬ ‫ חך‬palate (gums?) used symbolically for speech σ ‫דבר‬ ‫ חכה‬to wait for (immediate, as in waiting for one’s turn in a conversation) σ ‫יחל‬ ‫ חכה‬fish-hook ‫< חכילה‬toponym> ‫< חכליה‬name> ‫ חכללות‬shining (noun) Pr 23:29 αλ ‫ חכלילי‬shining Gn 49:12 αλ ‫ חכם‬to be(come) wise → ‫ חכמה‬,‫ חכם‬wise ((wo)man), ‫ חכמה‬wisdom, ‫חכמות‬ personalized wisdom ?? Ps 39:4, Pr 1:20, 9:1, 14:1, 24:7 (this is not the same as the fem. pl. adjective “wise” Jd 5:29 used standing alone for “wise women” Jr 92 9:16), ‫ חכמת‬collection of wisdom ?? Is 33:6, Jr 8:9 ‫ חכמה‬,‫ חכם‬wise ((wo)man) ← ‫חכם‬ ‫ חכמה‬wisdom ← ‫ חכם‬σ ‫דע‬ ‫< חכמוני‬name> ‫ חכמות‬personalized wisdom ?? Ps 39:4, Pr 1:20, 9:1, 14:1, 24:7 (this is not the same as the fem. pl. adjective “wise” Jd 5:29 used standing alone for “wise women” Jr 9:16) ← ‫חכם‬ ‫ חכמת‬collection of wisdom ?? Is 33:6, Jr 8:9 ← ‫חכם‬ ‫ חכתה‬β ‫חכה‬ ‫ חל‬β ‫ חלל‬,‫ חלה‬,‫ חל‬,‫ חיל‬,‫חול‬ ‫ חל‬making common, putting into production common profane in that which is common is the opposite of ‫קדוש‬ set apart holy 1S 21:5–6 ← ‫חלל‬ ‫ חל‬fortress 1K 21:23, Is 26:1, Lm 2:8, used || to ‫ חומה‬protective barrier Ex 14:22, 29 (most commonly) fortified wall (of a city) Dt 3:5, 2S 20:15, Ne 1:3, 2C 36:19 ← ‫חיל‬ ‫ חלא‬to waste away, as from disease or hunger 2C 16:12 αλ → ‫ חלאת‬wasting Ez 24:6, 11–12, ‫ תחלואים‬,‫ תחלאים‬wasting away (from hunger or disease) Dt 29:22, Jr 14:18, 16:4, Ps 103:3, 2C 21:19 σ ‫חלה‬ ‫< חלאה‬name> ‫ חלאים‬small gems ?? (this is something positive, not wasting) So 7:2 (1) αλ LXX ορµισκοις ‫< חלאמה‬name> ‫ חלאת‬wasting Ez 24:6, 11–12 ← ‫חלא‬ ‫ חלב‬milk, fat, but sometimes includes a wider meaning than in English, often with the idea more of produce, production, as in the “fat of the land” Gn 45:18 or even the “produce of new wine” which is not fat Lv 18:12 “produce of wheat” Ps 81:17 (16) σ ‫ חמאה‬cheese or yoghurt that can be either eaten or drunk Gn 18:8, Jd 5:25, Is 7:15, made from milk Is 7:22, Pr 30:33, used figuratively to refer to speech Ps 55:22 (21), ‫דשׁן‬ ‫< חלב‬name> ‫< חלבה‬name> ‫ חלבון‬apparently a spicy resin native to Syria Ez 27:18 ‫< חלהון‬name> ‫ חלבנה‬galbanum resin Ex 30:34 αλ ‫ חלד‬life span, place of the living ?? Ps 17:14, 39:6 (5), 49:2 (1), 89:48 (47) σ ‫חיה‬ ‫ חלד‬mole, a burrowing animal Lv 11:29 αλ σ ‫חיה‬ ‫< חלד‬name 1C 11:30> ‫< חלדי‬name> ‫ חלה‬β ‫ חלה‬,‫חיל‬ ‫ חלה‬to be(come) soft, also used to soften the harshness of anger, to soften hardened ears so that they may listen also used to soften a person so that he looks favorably upon the petitioner to be(come) weak, either through infirmity or injury → ‫ חולה‬weak person or animal sick person or animal Jr 4:31, Ez 34:4, 16, Ml 1:13, Nh 2:2, causing weakness So 2:5, 5:8, Ko 5:12, 15, ‫ חלה‬soft bread, which can also be unleavened soft bread Ex 29:2, ‫ חלי‬softness infirmity, ‫מחלה‬ softness, weakness, as in sickness, also soft place to dig into the ground σ ‫ אנשׁ‬to 93 sicken 2S 12:15 αλ, ‫ דוה‬to be afflicted characterized with flowing body fluids, ‫ חלא‬to waste away, as from disease or hunger 2C 16:12 αλ, ‫ נושׁ‬to sicken Jr 15:18, 30:12, Mc 1:9, Ps 69:21, ‫ ענג‬to soften (a person) by not having to do hard work Is 55:2, 66:11, Ps 37:11 to soften oneself, the opposite of being hard necked (towards God) Is 58:14, Ps 37:4, Jb 22:26, 27:10, ‫ פצע‬to injure, ‫ רכך‬to be soft, tender ‫ חלה‬soft bread, which can also be unleavened soft bread Ex 29:2 ← ‫ חלה‬σ ‫לחם‬ ‫ חלום‬dream ← ‫חלם‬ ‫ חלון‬window, basically a hole bored into a wall, ‫ חלוני שׁקפים אטמים‬does this refer to glass windows that cannot be opened ?? 1K 6:4 (in ancient times glass windows were an expensive luxury) ← ‫ חלל‬σ ‫ אשׁנב‬latticed window, where one can look out without easily being seen Jd 5:28, Pr 7:6 ‫< חלון‬name> ‫ חלוף‬passed away ‫ בני חלוף‬orphans Pr 31:8 αλ ← ‫חלף‬ ‫ חלוץ‬completed action of taking off hence by extension those affected by the action military that has been mustered out, drawn out for battle Nu 32:21, 27, Js 6:7, 9, 2C 28:14, sandal that has been drawn off Dt 25:10 ← ‫חלץ‬ ‫ חלוק‬smooth ← ‫חלק‬ ‫ חלושׁה‬defeat Ex 32:18 αλ ← ‫חלשׁ‬ ‫< חלח‬name> ‫< חלחול‬name> ‫ חלחל‬to be emotionally upset such that it causes physical pain Es 4:4 αλ → ‫חלחלה‬ emotional upset that causes physical pain Is 21:3, Ez 30:4, 9, Nh 2:11 (10) ‫ חלחלה‬emotional upset that causes physical pain Is 21:3, Ez 30:4, 9, Nh 2:11 (10) ← ‫חלחל‬ ‫ חלט‬to make sure ?? 1K 20:13 αλ ‫ חלי‬β ‫ חלל‬,‫חלי‬ ‫ חלי‬softness infirmity ← ‫ חלה‬σ ‫דבר‬ ‫< חלי‬name> ‫ חלל‬,‫ חליל‬flute, a bored through tube ← ‫חלל‬ ‫ חללה‬,‫ חלילה‬be it far from ! ← ‫חלל‬ ‫ חלפה‬,‫ חליפה‬change (of clothing) ← ‫חלף‬ ‫ חלצה‬,‫ חליצה‬that which is stripped off (clothing, weapons) ← ‫חלץ‬ ‫ חלכאים‬K usually taken to be a copyist error for ‫ חל כאים‬Ps 10:10 β ‫ חל‬,‫כאים‬ ‫ חלכה‬misery ?? Ps 10:8, 14 ‫ חלל‬to become common to bring into production (often understood of initiating that which previously was not common or in production), to profane (as in common, everyday, not set apart special) (opposite of ‫ קדשׁ‬to set up something that’s apart Jr 6:4, 22:7, 51:27–8, Jl 1:14, Mc 3:5 to consider or make holy) → ‫ חול‬sand, ‫ חל‬making common, putting into production common profane in that which is common is the opposite of ‫ קדוש‬set apart holy, ‫ חללה‬commonness, in the sense of not being considered or treated as special Ez 7:21, ‫ תחולל‬one who produces Is 51:2, ‫ תחלה‬beginning, 94 Ezr 1:9 αλ, ‫ מחלפות‬tresses (of hair) Jd 16:13, 19 σ ‫עבר‬ ‫ חלף‬in exchange for Nu 18:21, 31 ← ‫חלף‬ ‫< חלף‬name> ‫ חלץ‬to take out, draw away, as in removing (stones from a wall, oneself from one’s family to serve in the military, life from danger) Lv 14:40, 43, Nu 32:17, 20, Pr 11:8–9 → ‫חלוץ‬ completed action of taking off hence by extension those affected by the action military that has been mustered out, drawn out for battle Nu 32:21, 27, Js 6:7, 9, 2C 28:14, sandal that has been drawn off Dt 25:10, ‫ חלצה‬,‫ חליצה‬that which is stripped off (clothing, weapons), ‫מחלצות‬ clothing for special occasions, “Sunday best” stripped off for daily work Is 3:22, Zc 3:4 σ ‫ משׁה‬to pull out, used only of pulling an object out of water 2S 22:17 ‫ חלץ‬loins σ ‫מתנים‬ ‫< חלץ‬name> ‫ חלק‬to be smooth, slippery (used both for objects like stones, also for smooth people who are false and dangerous destructive) → ‫ חלוק‬smooth, ‫ חלקה‬,‫חלק‬ smooth, used of a smooth tongue, character, ‫ חלקלקות‬smooth, slippery places Jr 23:12, Ps 35:6 smooth talk that leads to a fall Dn 11:21, 34 ‫ חלק‬to apportion → ‫ חלק‬portion, ‫חלקה‬ portion (of land) field, ‫מחלקות‬ divisions of people or land (never in singular), ‫ מחלקת‬partition or division of land, dividing out of land (found only in construct) Js 11:23, 12:7, 18:10, 1C referring to the initiation of action, starting of making common ‫ חלל‬to bore, drill (by use of a long, sharp tool, such as an arrow or sword) to play a flute (made by boring out wood), ocarina → ‫ חלון‬window, basically a hole bored into a wall, ‫חלוני שׁקפים אטמים‬ does this refer to glass windows that cannot be opened ?? 1K 6:4 (in ancient times glass windows were an expensive luxury), ‫ חליל‬flute, ocarina, ,‫חלילה‬ ‫ חללה‬be it far from !, ‫ חלל‬bored, drilled wounded or killed σ ‫ בתק‬to stab Ez 16:40 αλ, ‫ דקר‬to stab ‫ חלל‬bored, drilled wounded or killed ← ‫חלל‬ ‫ חללה‬commonness, in the sense of not being considered or treated as special Ez 7:21 ← ‫חלל‬ ‫ חלם‬to dream → ‫ חלום‬dream ‫ חלם‬to make healthy ?? Is 38:16, Jb 39:4 ‫< חלם‬name> ‫ חלמישׁ‬flint, a stone known for its hardness and imperviousness to water, like glass Dt 8:15, 32:13, Is 50:7, Ps 114:8, Jb 28:9 ‫< חלן‬name> ‫ חלף‬to pass on 1S 10:3, through Jd 5:26, by Jb 4:15 used of changing clothes Gn 41:14, 2S 12:20, changing position So 2:11 (went away), changing wages Gn 31:7, changing condition Ps 90:5, exchanging objects Lv 27:10, Is 9:10, passing on of time Ps 90:6 → ‫חלוף‬ passed away ‫ בני חלוף‬orphans Pr 31:8 αλ, ‫ חלפה‬,‫ חליפה‬change (of clothing), ‫ חלף‬in exchange for Nu 18:21, 31, ‫מחלף‬ slaughtering knife ?? priestly robes ?? 95 27:1–15 σ ‫ חצץ‬to portion out Pr 30:27, Jb 21:21 ‫ חלקה‬,‫ חלק‬smooth, used of a smooth tongue, character ← ‫חלק‬ ‫ חלק‬portion ← ‫חלק‬ ‫< חלק‬name> ‫ חלקה‬portion (of land) field ← ‫חלק‬ ‫ חלקלקות‬smooth, slippery places Jr 23:12, Ps 35:6 smooth talk that leads to a fall Dn 11:21, 34 ← ‫חלק‬ ‫< חלקי‬name> ‫< חלקיה‬name> ‫< חלקיהו‬name> ‫< חלקת‬name> ‫ חלשׁ‬to defeat Ex 17:13, Jb 14:10 → ‫חולשׁ‬ one who brings defeat (upon others) Is 14:12 αλ, ‫ חלושׁה‬defeat Ex 32:18 αλ, ‫ חלשׁ‬defeated, beaten down Jl 4:10 ‫ חלשׁ‬defeated, beaten down Jl 4:10 ← ‫חלשׁ‬ ‫ חם‬father-in-law Gn 38:13, 25, 1S 4:19, 21 σ ‫חתן‬ ‫ חם‬hot Js 9:12, 1S 21:7, Jb 37:17, heat Gn 8:22, Jr 17:8, Jb 24:19, heat of emotions such as sorrow, justified anger Ps 42:4 (3) ← ‫חמם‬ ‫< חם‬name> ‫ חמא‬β ‫חמה‬ ‫ חמאה‬cheese or yoghurt that can be either eaten or drunk Gn 18:8, Jd 5:25, Is 7:15, made from milk Is 7:22, Pr 30:33, used figuratively to refer to speech Ps 55:22 (21) σ ‫חלב‬ ‫ חמד‬to desire a particular, unique person or object, not to be satisfied with a substitute → ,‫ חמדות‬,‫ חמודה‬,‫חמדה‬ ‫ חמודות‬desirous, ‫ מחמד‬object specifically desired σ ‫אוה‬ ‫ חמודות‬,‫ חמדות‬,‫ חמודה‬,‫ חמדה‬desirous ← ‫חמד‬ ‫< חמדן‬name> ‫ חמה‬β ‫ חמה‬,‫חומה‬ ‫ חמה‬heat sun, poison, anger, rage, as a hot, poisonous feeling that leads to cruelty ← ‫ חמם‬σ ‫אף‬ ‫< חמואל‬name> ‫< חמוטל‬name> ‫< חמול‬name> ‫< חמולי‬name> ‫< חמון‬name> ‫ חמוץ‬soured soured in disposition, depressed Is 1:17, soured as a result of being stained with grape juice Is 63:1 ← ‫חמץ‬ ‫ חמוק‬a type of movement, swaying ?? So 7:2 (1) αλ ← ‫חמק‬ ‫ חמר‬,‫ חמור‬donkey, also refers to the load a donkey can carry σ ‫ אתון‬donkey mare, ‫ עיר‬male donkey Gn 32:16, Is 30:6, Zc 9:9, ‫ פרא‬wild donkey Is 32:14, Jr 14:6, Jb 6:5, also used as an adjective to describe a person as untamable as a wild donkey Gn 16:12, Jb 11:12 ‫< חמור‬name> ‫ חמות‬β ‫ חמות‬,‫חומה‬ ‫ חמות‬mother-in-law ‫ חמט‬reptile ?? Lv 11:30 αλ σ ‫חיה‬ ‫< חמטה‬name> ‫< חמיטל‬name> ‫ חמיץ‬fodder that has become sour Is 30:24 αλ ← ‫ חמץ‬σ ‫מספוא‬ ‫ חמישׁי‬fifth ← ‫חמשׁ‬ ‫ חמל‬to pity → ‫ חמלה‬pity Gn 19:6, 1S 23:21, Is 63:9, Ez 16:5, ‫ מחמל‬object of pity Ez 24:21 αλ σ ‫רחם‬ 96 ‫ חמלה‬pity Gn 19:6, 1S 23:21, Is 63:9, Ez 16:5 ← ‫חמל‬ ‫ חמם‬to heat → ‫ חם‬hot Js 9:12, 1S 21:7, Jb 37:17, heat Gn 8:22, Jr 17:8, Jb 24:19, heat of emotions such as sorrow, justified anger Ps 42:4 (3), ‫ חמה‬heat sun, poison, anger, rage, as a hot, poisonous feeling that leads to cruelty ‫ חמן‬phallic symbol ?? Lv 26:30, Is 27:9, Ez 6:6 ‫ חמס‬to treat others unfairly, not in a right manner, both in word and deed, often in a manner that includes violence as well as judicial wrongness → ‫ חמס‬unfairness, something that is not right, ‫ חמס‬one who treats other unfairly, not in a right manner, the action of treating others unfairly σ ‫ נכה‬,‫מעל‬ ‫ חמס‬unfairness, something that is not right ← ‫ חמס‬σ ‫ עולת‬,‫ עולה‬injustice, often in the judicial sense, ‫ עלוה‬injustice Hs 10:9 αλ, ‫ עלתה‬unjust considerations, thought Am 8:8, 9:5, Ps 92:16 (15), Jb 5:16 ‫ חמס‬one who treats other unfairly, not in a right manner, the action of treating others unfairly ← ‫חמס‬ ‫ חמץ‬to sour (referring to both taste and a person’s outlook on life) to leaven (add yeast to dough) → ‫ חמוץ‬soured soured in disposition, depressed Is 1:17, soured as a result of being stained with grape juice Is 63:1, ‫ חמיץ‬fodder that has become sour Is 30:24 αλ, ‫חמץ‬ leavened (bread), ‫ חמץ‬vinegar, ‫מחמצת‬ leavened (soured) ‫ חמץ‬leavened (bread) ← ‫חמץ‬ ‫ חמץ‬vinegar ← ‫חמץ‬ ‫ חמק‬to withdraw ?? Jr 31:22, So 5:6 → ‫ חמוק‬a type of movement, swaying ?? So 7:2 (1) αλ ‫ חמר‬β ‫ חמר‬,‫חמור‬ ‫ חמר‬to puff up Jb 16:16, bubble up Ps 46:4, 75:9 used of an upset stomach that bubbles up Lm 1:20, 2:11 to use materials that bubble up, such as tar Ex 2:3 → ‫ חמר‬tar mortar, to hold bricks together (originally made with bitumen), ‫ חמר‬clay (⇐ the idea that it could replace tar? that it can be made to “puff up” into pottery?), ‫ חמר‬mound (⇐ looks like a bubble in a tar pit) the measurement of the dry goods that made up a mound of grain in the field before it is carried to the threshing floor, homer ‫ חמר‬clay (⇐ the idea that it could replace tar? that it can be made to “puff up” into pottery?) ← ‫ חמר‬σ ‫עפר‬ ‫ חמר‬mound (⇐ looks like a bubble in a tar pit) the measurement of the dry goods that made up a mound of grain in the field before it is carried to the threshing floor, homer ← ‫ חמר‬σ ‫מדה‬ ‫ חמר‬tar mortar, to hold bricks together (originally made with bitumen) ← ‫חמר‬ σ ‫ גפרית‬mineral oil ?? (this is a liquid that not only rains Gn 19:24, Ez 38:22, Ps 11:6, but flows Is 30:33 and readily burns Dt 29:22 (23), Is 30:33, mineral oil is usually sulfurous hence is this mineral oil? Dt 29:22 (23)), ‫ זפת‬pitch Ex 2:3, Is 34:9 ‫< חמרן‬name> ‫ חמשׁ‬five to take a fifth, go in a battle array five wide → ‫ חמישׁי‬fifth, ‫חמשׁים‬ 97 ‫ חנון‬favorable, gracious ← ‫חנן‬ ‫< לנון‬name> ‫< חניאל‬name> ‫ חניות‬subterranean chamber ?? Jr 37:16 αλ ‫ חנט‬to ripen (figs, which become dry and wrinkly when ripe) So 2:13 to embalm (dry out a corpse) Gn 50:2–3, 26 ‫ חניך‬initiated, i.e. trained Gn 14:14 ← ‫חנך‬ ‫ חנינה‬favor Jr 16:13 αλ ← ‫חנן‬ ‫ חנית‬a short, heavy thrusting spear σ .‫כידון‬ ‫ כידן‬javelin, light throwing spear Js 8:18, 26, Jr 6:23, 50:42, ‫ קין‬lance, ‫ רמח‬a type of weapon, possibly a short, thrusting spear Lv 25:7, equivalent to a sword 1K 18:28 held in one hand with a shield in the other 2C 26:14, can be carried along with bow, mail, shield, Ne 4:4, 10 ‫ חנך‬to initiate → ‫ חניך‬initiated, i.e. trained Gn 14:14, ‫ חנכה‬initiation ‫ חנכה‬initiation ← ‫חנך‬ ‫< חנכה‬name> ‫ חנם‬gratuitous(ly) ‫< חנמאל‬name> ‫ חנמל‬devastating flood ?? Ps 78:47 αλ σ ‫שׁטף‬ ‫ חנן‬to favor, as in having mercy, bestowing grace, (hit.) request a favor Dt 3:23, Jb 9:15—this was a favor that resulted in action, as in giving help to the poor Pr 19:17 → ‫ חן‬favor, ‫ חנון‬favorable, gracious, ‫ חנינה‬favor Jr 16:13 αλ, ‫חנתי‬ my favor, grace (noun participle) Jb 19:17 αλ, ‫ תחנה‬request for favor, help 2K 6:8, Jr 37:20, Ps 55:2, Ezr 9:8, 2C 6:39, ‫ תחנון‬begging for mercy from troubles Jr fifty, also an administrative or military unit of fifty men, platoon, ‫ חמשׁית‬fifth Jr 26:9, fifth amount Lv 22:14, 27:19, 21, fifth of the measure (of the door) 1K 6:31 ‫ חמשׁ‬abdomen 2S 2:23, 3:27, 4:6, 20:10 σ ‫גחון‬ ‫ חמשׁי‬β ‫חמישׁי‬ ‫ חמשׁים‬fifty, also an administrative or military unit of fifty men, platoon ← ‫חמשׁ‬ ‫ חמשׁית‬fifth Jr 26:9, fifth amount Lv 22:14, 27:19, 21, fifth of the measure (of the door) 1K 6:31 ← ‫חמשׁ‬ ‫ חמת‬β ‫ חמת‬,‫ חמה‬,‫חומה‬ ‫ חמת‬sack for fluids, used to carry the poisons of snakes Ps 58:5 or spiders Ps 140:4, sack of water Gn 21:14 canteen σ ‫שׂק‬ ‫< חמת‬name> ‫< חמתה‬name> ‫ חן‬favor, full of favor ← ‫חנן‬ ‫< חן‬name> ‫< חנדד‬name> ‫ תחן‬,‫ חנה‬to encamp → ‫ מחנה‬encampment, ‫ תחנת‬place of encampment ?? 2K 6:8 αλ σ ‫ נטשׁ‬to let go (give freedom to, to leave alone, be loose) Is 21:15 to allow Gn 31:28 to abandon Ex 23:11, Jd 6:13, 1S 10:2, 2K 21:14, Am 5:2 to encamp from the idea of letting go of the camp supplies from on one’s back or pack animals Jd 15:9, 1S 30:16, 2S 5:18, 22 a battle was let go, i.e. lost and the fighters fled Pr 17:14 ‫< חנה‬name> ‫< חנוך‬name> 98 ‫ חסד‬undeserved favor (NT αγαπη) ability to show undeserved favor ← ‫ חסד‬σ ‫אהבה‬ ‫< חסד‬name> ‫< חסדיה‬name> ‫ חסה‬β ‫ חסה‬,‫חוס‬ ‫ חסה‬to seek refuge → ‫( חסות‬act of) taking refuge Is 30:3 αλ, ‫ מחס‬that which affects refuge, protector Is 28:15, Jr 17:17, Ps 62:7, 71:2, 73:28, 91:2, 9, 94:22, 142:5, ‫ מחסה‬refuge, place to take refuge Is 4:6, 28:17, Jl 4:16 (3:16), Ps 14:6, 104:18, Jb 24:8 σ ‫פלט‬ ‫< חסה‬name> ‫( חסות‬act of) taking refuge Is 30:3 αλ ← ‫ חסה‬σ ‫מנוס‬ ‫ חסיד‬showing loving kindness, not necessarily deserved (NT αγαπη) ← ‫חסד‬ ‫ חסידה‬ostrich ?? (with the possible exception of Jb 39, this is a flying creature Jr 8:7, Zc 5:9, possibly one since extinct?) σ ‫עוף‬ ‫ חסיל‬type of grasshopper, locust σ ‫ארבה‬ ‫ חסין‬storing up greatness ?? Ps 89:8 αλ (← ‫ חסן‬to store up?) ‫ חסל‬to devour Dt 28:38 αλ σ ‫אכל‬ ‫ חסם‬to muzzle, by putting a cloth mask over the mouth and nose Dt 25:4 → ‫ מחסום‬muzzle Ps 39:2 (1) αλ ‫ חסמת‬face mask covering the nose and mouth Ez 39:11 ← ‫חסם‬ ‫ חסן‬to store up Is 23:18 → ‫ חסין‬storing up greatness ?? Ps 89:8 αλ, ‫ חסן‬stores Is 1:31, Jr 20:5, Ez 22:25, Pr 15:6, 27:24 ‫ חסן‬stores Is 1:31, Jr 20:5, Ez 22:25, Pr 15:6, 27:24 ← ‫חסן‬ 3:21, 31:8, Ps 28:2, 31:23, Pr 18:23 σ ‫רחם‬ ‫< חנן‬name> ‫< חננאל‬name> ‫< חנני‬name> ‫< חנניה‬name> ‫ חנס‬name of Egyptian town ‫ חנף‬to be (morally) defiled, polluted Nu 35:33, Jr 3:2, 9, 23:11, Mc 4:11, Dn 11:32 → ‫( חנף‬morally) defiled, polluted Is 10:6, Jb 34:30, 36:13 (morally) defiled person Is 9:16 (17), 33:14, Jb 8:13, 27:8, ‫ חנפה‬,‫( חנף‬moral) defilement, pollution Jr 23:15 σ ‫חטא‬ ‫( חנף‬morally) defiled, polluted Is 10:6, Jb 34:30, 36:13 (morally) defiled person Is 9:16 (17), 33:14, Jb 8:13, 27:8 ← ‫חנף‬ ‫ חנפה‬,‫( חנף‬moral) defilement, pollution Jr 23:15 ← ‫חנף‬ ‫ חנק‬to suffocate ?? 2S 17:23 → ‫מחנק‬ suffocation, prey killed by choking Nh 2:13, Jb 7:15 ‫ חנת‬encamping Nu 1:51, Dt 1:33 ← ‫חנה‬ ‫ חנתי‬my favor, grace (noun participle) Jb 19:17 αλ ← ‫חנן‬ ‫< חנתן‬name> ‫ חסד‬to show undeserved favor, which the recipient cannot justifiably expect or the recipient knows that it’s not deserved (NT αγαπαω) to show favor → ‫ חסד‬undeserved favor (NT αγαπη) ability to show undeserved favor, ‫ חסיד‬showing loving kindness, not necessarily deserved (NT αγαπη) σ ‫אהב‬ 99 ‫ חסן‬stoutness ?? Am 2:9 αλ ‫ חסר‬to lack, have an absence of ‫חסר‬ ‫“ לב‬lacking heart” thoughtless, without understanding or forethought, apparently unwilling to learn Pr 6:32, 7:7, 10:13, 12:11 → ‫ חסר‬one who lacks, the action of lacking, object that is lacking, ‫חסרון‬ lacking, absence Ko 1:15 αλ, ‫ מחסור‬lack, anything that is lacking Jd 18:10, 19:19– 20, Ps 34:10, Pr 11:24, 28:27 lacking Pr 21:17, ‫ מחסר‬action or object being caused to lack Dt 15:8, Pr 6:11, 24:34, Ko 4:8 σ ‫ רושׁ‬to have little, as in being poor Ps 34:11, Pr 13:7 cause to be few ?? 2C 28:3 ‫ חסר‬one who lacks, the action of lacking, object that is lacking ← ‫חסר‬ ‫< חסרה‬name> ‫ חסרון‬lacking, absence Ko 1:15 αλ ← ‫חסר‬ ‫ חסת‬β ‫חוס‬ ‫ חף‬restrained ?? Jb 33:9 αλ ← ‫חפף‬ ‫ חפא‬to utter ?? 2K 17:9 αλ σ ‫דבר‬ ‫ חפה‬to cover with a cloth, gold, etc. Is 4:5, Ps 68:14 (13), 2C 3:5, 8–9 → ‫חפה‬ shelter, chuppah, ‫ חפוי‬,‫ חפו‬covered (face or head) (with a cloth or hand) as a sign of shame or extreme dejection σ ‫כפר‬ ‫ חפה‬shelter, chuppah ← ‫חפה‬ ‫< חפה‬name> ‫ חפוי‬,‫ חפו‬covered (face or head) (with a cloth or hand) as a sign of shame or extreme dejection ← ‫חפה‬ ‫ חפז‬to hurry as if caused by fear Dt 20:3, 1S 23:26, Ps 46:6 → ‫ חפזון‬a hurry as if done in fear Ex 12:11, Dt 16:3, Is 52:12 σ ‫ירא‬ ‫ חפזון‬a hurry as if done in fear Ex 12:11, Dt 16:3, Is 52:12 ← ‫חפז‬ ‫< חפים‬name> ‫ חפן‬hollow of the hand, palm Ez 10:2, 7, Pr 30:4, used as a measurement, handful Ex 9:8, Lv 16:12, Ko 4:6 σ ‫פף‬ ‫< חפני‬name> ‫ חפף‬to set restraints, keeping within bounds Dt 33:12 αλ → ‫ חוף‬shore (restraint of the sea) Gn 49:14, Dt 1:7, Js 9:1, Jd 5:17, Jr 17:7, Ez 25L16, ‫חף‬ restrained ?? Jb 33:9 αλ σ ‫עצר‬ ‫ חפץ‬to stretch out (hand) to delight in, such that one wants a person as a friend, spouse or that one wants (to do what the following verb states)(think of the action when one wants something, that he tends to stretch out to touch and/or caress what is desired) → ‫ חפץ‬delight σ ,‫אוה‬ ‫נגע‬ ‫ חפץ‬delight ← ‫חפץ‬ ‫< חפצי בה‬name> ‫ חפר‬to delve, unearth, both the digging out and finding meanings to spy Js 2:2–3 → ‫ חפר פרות‬,‫ חפרפרה‬a small animal that digs holes ??, ‫ חפרת‬delving, investigation ?? Jb 11:18 αλ σ ‫ חצב‬to cut (out) (stone or wood) as in to hew (out) pit or well Dt 6:11, 2C 26:10, to dig out metal ore Dt 8:9, stone from a quarry 2K 22:6, cut down trees Ezr 3:7, to carve out words in stone Jb 19:24, (metaphorical) cutting out fire Ps 29:7, people Hs 6:5, ‫ נקר‬to dig out Nu 16:14, Jd 16:21, Is 51:1, Pr 30:17, ‫ שׂפן‬to dig up Dt 33:19 αλ σ ‫בקשׁ‬ 100 ‫ חפר‬to hide one’s face (in shame) Is 54:4, Ps 34:6, 35:4, Pr 13:5 → ‫ מחפיר‬causing to hide face(s) in shame Pr 19:26 αλ σ ‫בושׁ‬ ‫< חפר‬name> ‫< חפרי‬name> ‫< חפרים‬name> ‫< חפרע‬name> ‫ חפר פרות‬,‫ חפרפרה‬a small animal that digs holes ?? ← ‫חפר‬ ‫ חפרת‬delving, investigation ?? Jb 11:18 αλ ← ‫חפר‬ ‫ חפשׁ‬,‫ חפשׂ‬the action involved is pulling out and setting outside (a box, city, familiar setting) usually in context to searching, refers to an outward motion, e.g. as one looks through a box, the taking out of materials as one digs down and putting them down outside the container, used of one pulling himself out to battle or to see a necromancer ( to disguise oneself ?? i.e. putting oneself outside one’s usual self 1S 28:8, 1K 22:30, 2C 18:29) to set outside, as in apart, independent of another, possibly referring to outdoors, in the field → ‫חפשׁ‬ pulled out thing Ps 64:7, pulling out Ps 64:7, Pr 20:27, ‫ חפשׁה‬searching out Lv 19:20, ‫ חפשׁות‬K (‫ חפשית‬Q) status of being outside the city 2C 26:21 αλ, ‫חפשׁי‬ free, independent, ‫ חפשׁית‬independent, outside 2K 15:5 αλ σ ‫ נתר‬to (re)move as in moving about Lv 11:21, Hb 3:6, Jb 37:1, as in being set free Is 58:6, Ps 79:11, 146:7 ‫ חפשׁה‬searching out Lv 19:20 ← ‫חפשׁ‬ ‫ חפשׁי‬free, independent ← ‫חפשׁ‬ ‫ חפשׁות‬K (‫ חפשית‬Q) status of being outside the city 2C 26:21 αλ ‫ חפשׁית‬independent, outside 2K 15:5 αλ ← ‫חפשׁ‬ ‫ חץ‬shaft 1S 17:7 arrow ‫ חצב‬to cut (out) (stone or wood) as in to hew (out) pit or well Dt 6:11, 2C 26:10, to dig out metal ore Dt 8:9, stone from a quarry 2K 22:6, cut down trees Ezr 3:7, to carve out words in stone Jb 19:24, (metaphorical) cutting out fire Ps 29:7, people Hs 6:5 → ‫ חצב‬stone mason 2K 12:12, Is 10:15, 1C 22:2, ‫מחצב‬ hewn out 2K 12:12, 2C 34:11 σ ‫חפר‬ ‫ חצב‬stone mason 2K 12:12, Is 10:15, 1C 22:2 ← ‫חצב‬ ‫ חצה‬β ‫ חצה‬,‫חוץ‬ ‫ חצה‬to partition Nu 31:27, 42, Is 30:28, 33:7 → ‫ חצות‬portion ‫חצות עיר‬ neighborhood of a city 1K 20:34, Jr 7:17, 34, 44:6, 9, 17, 21, ‫חצות לילה‬ partitions of night i.e. middle of the night Ps 119:62, Jb 34:20, ‫ חצי‬partition, half, ‫ מחצה‬portion Nu 31:36 αλ, ‫מחצית‬ precisely a half Ex 30:13, 15, 38:26, Ne 8:3, partition Js 21:25, 1C 6:46, 55 ‫ חצוצרה‬β ‫חצצרה‬ ‫< חצור‬name> ‫< חצור חדתה‬name> ‫ חצות‬β ‫ חצות‬,‫חוץ‬ ‫ חצות‬portion ‫ חצות עיר‬neighborhood of a city 1K 20:34, Jr 7:17, 34, 44:6, 9, 17, 21, ‫ חצות לילה‬partitions of night i.e. middle of the night Ps 119:62, Jb 34:20 ← ‫חצה‬ ‫ חצי‬partition, half ← ‫חצה‬ ‫< חצי המנחות‬name> 101 ‫ חציר‬long, stalky grass 1K 18:5, Is 44:4, Pr 27:25, Jb 40:15, some of it edible (leeks) Nu 11:5, dried, can be used for thatch σ ‫דשׁא‬ ‫ חצן‬pocket, or a fold in clothing used to carry stuff ‫ חצץ‬to portion out Pr 30:27, Jb 21:21 → ‫ מחצץ‬one who portions out Jd 5:11 αλ σ ‫חלק‬ ‫ חצץ‬gravel, of stones Pr 20:17, Lm 3:16 of ice, hail Ps 77:18 (17) σ ‫אבן‬ ‫< חצצן תמר‬name> ‫ חצצר‬to trumpet, blow a trumpet → ‫ חצצרה‬trumpet ‫ חצצרה‬trumpet ← ‫חצצר‬ ‫ חצר‬β ‫ חצר‬,‫ חצצרה‬,‫חציר‬ ‫ חצר‬enclosure ‫< חצר אדר‬name> ‫< חצר גדה‬name> ‫< חצר סוסה‬name> ‫< חצר סוסים‬name> ‫< חצר עינון‬name> ‫< חצר עינ ֿן‬name> ‫< חצר שׁועל‬name> ‫< חצרו‬name> ‫< חצרון‬name> ‫< חצרוני‬name> ‫< חצרות‬name> ‫< חצרי‬name> ‫< חצרמות‬name> ‫< חצרני‬name> ‫< חצרת‬name> ‫ חק‬β ‫ חק‬,‫חיק‬ ‫ חק‬statute, often for setting limits ← ‫חקק‬ σ ‫ דת‬command as in law, ‫ חקה‬refers to a body of rules, rule of law, law in general Ex 13:10, Nu 9:14, 15:15, Lv 18:10, Is 30:8, ‫ משׁטר‬precept, written rule Jb 38:33 αλ, ‫ פתגם‬decree (Aramaic loan word) Ko 8:11, Es 1:20 σ ‫משׁפט‬ ‫ חקה‬to carve into, make a relief ?? Jb 13:27 → ‫ מחקה‬that which is carved into Jd 5:26, 1K 6:35, Ez 8:10, 23:14 ‫ חקה‬refers to a body of rules, rule of law, law in general Ex 13:10, Nu 9:14, 15:15, Lv 18:10, Is 30:8 ← ‫ חקק‬σ ‫ משׁפט‬,‫חק‬ ‫< חקופא‬name> ‫ חקק‬to establish (authority) to make a statute, law → ‫ חוק‬establishing, setting up decreeing Ez 20:18, Pr 8:29, ‫חוקק‬ leader, one who gives decrees Jd 5:9 αλ, ‫ חק‬statute, often for setting limits, ‫חקה‬ refers to a body of rules, rule of law, law in general Ex 13:10, Nu 9:14, 15:15, Lv 18:10, Is 30:8, ‫ מחקה‬marked out, something that is written as a statute, law to be read (modern equivalent— traffic sign) Ez 8:10, 23:14, ‫( חקת‬masc) a body of statutes, laws, e.g. Ex 12:14, 17, 43, Lv 23:14, 21, 31, ‫ מחקק‬the establishing of statues, laws, authority Gn 49:10, Nu 21:18 established statues, laws, authority Dt 33:21, Pr 31:5 one who establishes statues, laws, authority Jd 5:14, Is 33:22, Ps 60:9 (7), 108:9 (8) σ ‫בעל‬ ‫ חקר‬to investigate, search throughout → ‫ חקר‬investigation, ‫ מחקר‬investigation Ps 95:4 αλ σ ‫בקשׁ‬ ‫ חקר‬investigation ← ‫חקר‬ ‫( חקת‬masc) a body of statutes, laws, e.g. Ex 12:14, 17, 43, Lv 23:14, 21, 31 ← ‫חקק‬ 102 ‫ חר‬administrator, “junior executive” part of an array of officialdom at the central seat of power σ ‫מלך‬ ‫ חר‬hole, both as an opening through a wall or door, and as a hollow place to hide, live or fill with things 2K 12:10, Nh 2:13, Zc 14:12 σ ‫כף‬ ‫< חר הגדגד‬name> ‫< חר הגדגדה‬name> ‫ חרא‬,‫ חר‬excrement 2K 18:27, Is 36:12 ‫ חרי יונים‬apparently an edible plant with a peculiar shape ?? 2K 6:25 ‫ חרב‬to desolate in the sense of removing (inhabitants, water), to make into nothing to dry (up) when dealing with waters, rivers → ‫ חרב‬dry(ness, desolation), ‫ חרב‬sharp cutting tool, sword, ‫ חרבה‬desolation desolate or dry place, ‫ חרבון‬dryness (in a Mediterranean climate, the summer can go for months without rain) Ps 32:4 αλ σ ‫ שׁחת‬,‫יבשׁ‬ ‫ חרב‬dry(ness, desolation) ← ‫חרב‬ ‫ חרב‬sharp cutting tool, sword ← ‫חרב‬ ‫< חרב‬name> ‫ חרבה‬desolation desolate or dry place ← ‫חרב‬ ‫< חרבה‬name> ‫ חרבון‬dryness (in a Mediterranean climate, the summer can go for months without rain) Ps 32:4 αλ ← ‫חרב‬ ‫ חרג‬to disappear ?? Ps 18:46 αλ ‫ חרגל‬type of grasshopper, locust σ ‫ארבה‬ ‫ חרד‬to shiver (from concern for another, fright or great awe) be concerned for → ‫ חרדה‬,‫ חרד‬shivering fear(ful), anxious, ‫ חרדה‬concern (for) do actions that show concern for, i.e. caring for another (shivering with excitement to be of help) σ ‫רגז‬ ‫< חרד‬name> ‫ חרדה‬,‫ חרד‬shivering fear(ful), anxious ← ‫חרד‬ ‫ חרדה‬concern (for) do actions that show concern for, i.e. caring for another (shivering with excitement to be of help) ← ‫חרד‬ ‫< חרדה‬name> ‫< חרדי‬name> ‫ חרה‬to become hot (in anger, heat of emotion, “hot under the collar”, throat hot and dry)→ ‫ חרון‬heat (of anger) fury, ‫ חרחר‬heat, heatwave (weather) Dt 28:22, hotness (argument) Pr 26:21, ‫חרי‬ emotion, rage Ex 11:8, Dt 29:23, 1S 20:34, Is 7:4, La 2:3, 2C 25:10, Nrx heat of emotions ?? Ex 15:7 αλ, ‫ חרר‬hot place ?? lava field ?? an area in what is now Jordan (ancient Israel) known for its alkaline soils Jr 17:6 αλ σ ‫ לבב‬,‫אף‬ ‫< חרהיה‬name> ‫ חרו‬β ‫חור‬ ‫< חרודי‬name> ‫ חרוז‬string of shells So 1:10 αλ ‫ חרל‬,‫ חרול‬chickweed ?? Zp 2:9, Pr 24:31, Jb 30:7 σ ‫שׁמיר‬ ‫< חרומף‬name> ‫ חרון‬heat (of anger) fury ← ‫ חרה‬σ ‫אף‬ ‫< חרונים‬name> ‫< חרופי‬name> ‫ חרוץ‬refining Is 10:22 refined gold with impurities taken out Zc 9:3, Pr 8:10, 19, 16:16 ← ‫ חרץ‬σ ‫זהב‬ 103 ‫ חרוץ‬division (e.g. neighborhoods in a city) Dn 9:25 scales, noticeable divisions in skin, scaly Lv 22:22 threshing sledge, so called because it divides out the grain from the chaff Is 28:27, 41:15 ← ‫ חרץ‬σ ‫מורג‬ ‫ חרוץ‬decisive, quick to focus on the important Pr 10:4, 12:24, 21:5 ← ‫חרץ‬ ‫ חרוץ‬decided on, determined Jb 14:5 ← ‫חרץ‬ ‫ חרוץ‬person and place name 2K 21:19, Jl 3:14 ‫< חרחור‬name> ‫ חרות‬engraved ?? Ex 32:16 αλ σ ‫פתח‬ ‫< חרחס‬name> ‫ חרחר‬heat, heatwave (weather) Dt 28:22, hotness (argument) Pr 26:21 ← ‫ חרה‬σ ‫ שׁטט‬,‫ דרבן‬spur ?? Js 23:13 αλ σ ‫דרבן‬ ‫ חרט‬β ‫ חריט‬,‫חרט‬ ‫ חרט‬a sharp metal tool used for engraving on metal Ex 32:4, Is 8:1 engraved metal box ?? 2K 5:23 σ ‫עט‬ ‫ חרטם‬court magician, a court official who was expected to divine dreams Gn 41:8, 24, Dn 2:2, to work magic Ex 7:11, 22, 9:10 σ ‫ אשׁף‬conjurer Dn 1:20, 2:2, ‫כשׂדים‬ astrologer, ‫ מכשׁף‬enchanter Ex 7:11, 22:17 (18), Dt 18:10, Ml 3:5, Dn 2:2, ‫ מנחשׁ‬one who divines by watching the movement of snakes Dt 18:10 αλ, ,‫מעונן‬ ‫ מענן‬one who tells fortunes by looking at clouds Dt 18:14 ‫ חרי‬β ‫ חרי‬,‫ חרא‬,‫חר‬ ‫ חרי‬emotion, rage Ex 11:8, Dt 29:23, 1S 20:34, Is 7:4, La 2:3, 2C 25:10 ← ‫חרה‬ ‫ חרי‬confections, baked goods αλ Gn 40:16 (2K 6:25?) ‫< חרי‬name> ‫ חרייונים‬dove’s dung, star of bethlehem, a plant that grows widely on the hills of Samaria whose flowers resemble bird droppings. It has bulbs that are poisonous but can be made edible when boiled or roasted, after which they can be ground into a meal 2K 6:25 αλ ‫ חרט‬,‫ חריט‬tooled leather purse ?? 2K 5:23, Is 3:22 ← ‫ חרט‬σ ‫שׂק‬ ‫< חריף‬name> ‫< חריפי‬name> ‫ חרץ‬,‫ חריץ‬smelting (⇐ dividing metal from ore) 2S 12:31, 1C 20:3 ← ‫חרץ‬ ‫ חרישׁ‬time of plowing and sowing Gn 45:6, Ex 34:21 ← ‫חרשׁ‬ ‫ חרישׁית‬sharp, hot Jn 4:8 αλ ← ‫חרשׁ‬ ‫ חרך‬to grill (one’s food) (used of the quickest way to cook over a fire) ?? Pr 12:27 αλ → ‫ חרכים‬grill, such as used for cooking or protection over a window ?? So 2:9 αλ ‫ חרכים‬grill, such as used for cooking or protection over a window ?? So 2:9 αλ ← ‫חרך‬ ‫ חרל‬β ‫חרול‬ ‫ חרם‬to identify a person or object such that he is designated for special attention, e.g. consecrated to the Lord such that one can no longer make use of it for himself Ex 22:19 (20), Lv 27:28, sentenced to destruction or condemned to death Nu 22:2, 3 (physically) to (indicate by a) mark, as in to blemish, make imperfect → ‫ חרם‬marked designated object or person to be consecrated Lv 27:28, Ez 44:29 or 104 condemned to destruction Js 6:17, ‫חרם‬ marked such that blemished, disfigured, has imperfection ‫( חרם‬fish) trap, net Is 34:5, Ez 26:5, 14, Hb 1:15–17 σ ‫רשׁת‬ ‫ חרם‬marked designated object or person to be consecrated Lv 27:28, Ez 44:29 or condemned to destruction Js 6:17 ← ‫חרם‬ ‫ חרם‬marked such that blemished, disfigured, has imperfection ← ‫חרם‬ ‫< חרם‬name> ‫< חרמה‬name> ‫< חרמון‬name> ‫ חרמשׁ‬sickle (for reaping grain) Dt 16:9, 23:26 (25) ‫ חרן‬heat of emotions ?? Ex 15:7 αλ ← ‫חרה‬ ‫< חרן‬name> ‫< חרנה‬name> ‫< חרני‬name> ‫< חרנים‬name> ‫< חרנפר‬name> ‫ חרס‬scabies, dry, rough skin (sunburn?) Dt 28:27 σ ‫דבר‬ ‫ חרס‬hot, burning sun Jb 9:7 αλ σ ‫שׁמשׁ‬ ‫< חרס‬place name> Jd 1:35, 2:9, 8:13 ‫ חרסה‬heat of the day ?? Jd 14:18 αλ ‫ חרסות‬potsherd ?? name of a gate ?? Jr 19:2 αλ ‫ חרף‬to reproach, accuse of a fault, rebuke shame, disgrace → ‫ חרפה‬reproach σ ‫ יכח‬,‫בושׁ‬ ‫ חרף‬autumn; in the Mediterranean climate, annual crops are sown in the autumn, so they may be watered by the winter rains and harvested shortly after the rains stop in the spring Pr 20:4 ‫< חרף‬name> ‫ חרפה‬reproach ← ‫חרף‬ ‫ חרץ‬to divide out (truth from falsehood, grain from chaff, important from unimportant, gold from ore or base metal, etc.) to act decisively, decide on (⇐ dividing out the important from the unimportant, one option from many) 2S 5:24, 1K 20:40 (pass.) to be divided, decided on Is 10:23, Dn 9:26–7, 11:36 → ‫ חרוץ‬refining Is 10:22 refined gold with impurities taken out Zc 9:3, Pr 8:10, 19, 16:16, ‫ חרוץ‬division (e.g. neighborhoods in a city) Dn 9:25 scales, noticeable divisions in skin, scaly Lv 22:22 threshing sledge, so called because it divides out the grain from the chaff Is 28:27, 41:15, ‫חרוץ‬ decisive, quick to focus on the important Pr 10:4, 12:24, 21:5, ‫ חרוץ‬decided on, determined Jb 14:5, ‫ חרץ‬,‫ חריץ‬smelting (⇐ dividing metal from ore) 2S 12:31, 1C 20:3, ‫ חרץ‬something divided out from milk, cheese ?? 1S 17:18 αλ, ‫חרצות‬ threshing staves ?? Am 1:3 αλ, ‫נחרצה‬ decisiveness, that decided upon ?? Is 28:22, Dn 9:27 ‫ חרץ‬something divided out from milk, cheese ?? 1S 17:18 αλ ← ‫חרץ‬ ‫ חרצבות‬restraints, holding back ?? this is not physical, rather psychological, oppression, suffering ?? Is 58:6, Ps 73:4 σ ‫שׁרשׁרת‬ ‫ חרצות‬threshing staves ?? Am 1:3 αλ ← ‫חרץ‬ 105 ‫ חרצן‬fruit seeds or stones ?? Nu 6:4 αλ ‫ חרק‬to gnash (teeth) Ps 35:16, 37:12, 112:10, Jb 16:9, Lm 2:16 ‫ חרר‬β ‫חרה‬ ‫ חרר‬hot place ?? lava field ?? an area in what is now Jordan (ancient Israel) known for its alkaline soils Jr 17:6 αλ ← ‫חרה‬ ‫ חרשׂ‬earthenware pottery ‫ חרשׁ‬to work on or over Dt 22:10, Jd 14:18, 1S 8:12 to plow Is 28:24 → ‫ חרישׁ‬time of plowing and sowing Gn 45:6, Ex 34:21, ‫ חרישׁית‬sharp, hot Jn 4:8 αλ, ‫ חרשׁ‬worker, workman, artisan e.g. potter, blacksmith Dt 27:15, 1S 13:19, 2S 5:11, Is 30:14, ‫ חרשׁ‬something worked on, made by an artisan Gn 4:22, Ex 28:11, 35:35 pottery Lv 11:33, 15:12, ‫ חרשׁת‬process of working on something Ex 31:5, 35:33, ‫ מחרשׁת‬tool made by an artisan, blacksmith 1S 13:20–1 σ ‫עשׂה‬ ‫ חרשׁ‬to keep quiet Gn 24:5, Ex 14:14, Nu 30:12, 15, Jd 16:2, to be deaf, to be silent as in not doing anything 2S 19:11, Jr 38:27 → ‫ חרשׁ‬deaf Ex 4:11, Lv 19:14, Is 29:18, ‫ חרשׁ‬quietly Js 2:1 σ ‫שׁקט‬ ‫ חרשׁ‬deaf Ex 4:11, Lv 19:14, Is 29:18 ← ‫חרשׁ‬ ‫ חרשׁ‬worker, workman, artisan e.g. potter, blacksmith Dt 27:15, 1S 13:19, 2S 5:11, Is 30:14 ← ‫חרשׁ‬ ‫ חרשׁ‬quietly Js 2:1 ← ‫חרשׁ‬ ‫ חרשׁ‬something worked on, made by an artisan Gn 4:22, Ex 28:11, 35:35 pottery Lv 11:33, 15:12 ← ‫חרשׁ‬ ‫< חרשׁ‬name> ‫< חרשׁא‬name> ‫< חרשׁה‬toponym> ‫ חרשת‬process of working on something Ex 31:5, 35:33 ← ‫חרש‬ ‫< חרת‬name> ‫ חשׁ‬β ‫חושׁ‬ ‫ חשׁב‬to reckon, as in to think through, come to a conclusion, to invent → ‫חשׁב‬ thought through, thought out, planned ?? Ex 28:15, 28, 29:5, ‫ חשׁבון‬reckoning, conclusion Ko 7:25, 27, 9:10, ‫חשׁבנות‬ inventions Ko 7:29 war machines 2C 26:15, ‫ מחשׁבה‬reckoning, coming to a conclusion Jr 18:11, 49:30, Ez 38:10, Ex 9:25, ‫ מחשׁבות‬conclusions, developed thoughts Jr 29:11, Pr 6:18, 15:22, 26, ‫ מחשׁבת‬something constructed, invented Ex 31:4, 35:32–33, 35, Jr 29:11, 2C 2:13 σ ‫ זמם‬to plan to consider, think about, ‫ כסס‬to reckon (numbers, amounts) passive to be counted, reckoned Ex 12:4, Ps 143:9, ‫ נכל‬to plot Gn 37:18, Nu 25:18, Ps 105:25, ‫ עשׁת‬to consider, plan in order to act Jn 1:6 αλ ‫ חשׁב‬thought through, thought out, planned ?? Ex 28:15, 28, 29:5 ← ‫חשׁב‬ ‫< לשׁבדנה‬name> ‫< חשׁבה‬name> ‫ חשׁבון‬reckoning, conclusion Ko 7:25, 27, 9:10 ← ‫חשׁב‬ ‫< חשׁבון‬name> ‫< חשׁביה‬name> ‫< חשׁגנה‬name> ‫ חשׁבנות‬inventions Ko 7:29 war machines 2C 26:15 ← ‫חשׁב‬ ‫< חשׁגניה‬name> ‫ חשׁה‬,‫ חשׂה‬to be still, as in not raising a ruckus or demands σ ‫שׁקט‬ 106 ‫< חשׁוב‬name> ‫< חשׂופא‬name> ‫ חשׂופי‬stripped Is 20:4 αλ ← ‫חשׂף‬ ‫ חשׁוק‬that which is used to assemble or join a complex item together Ex 38:12, 17 ← ‫חשׁק‬ ‫< חשׁים‬name> ‫ חשׂך‬to hold back (from performing an action) Gn 20:6, 1S 25:39, Jr 14:10, Ezr 9:13 withhold (an object from) Gn 22:16, 39:9, Ez 30:18, Ps 19:14 → ‫חושׂך‬ holding back, restraining Pr 11:24, 13:24, 17:27, ‫ חשׂך‬restraint, holding back Is 14:6, Pr 10:19 σ ‫מנע‬ ‫ חשׁך‬to become dark, obscure (when no man can work i.e. held back from working) → ‫ חשׁכה‬,‫ חשׁך‬darkness, obscurity σ ‫ אפל‬to obscure, make obscure, ‫ קדר‬to be gloomy, both in the physical sense (darkness) 1K 18:45, Jr 4:28, Ez 32:7, Jl 2:10, 4:15 (3:15) and mental (sad) Jr 8:21, 14:2, Mc 3:6, ‫שׁחר‬ to become dark Jb 30:30 ‫ חשׂך‬restraint, holding back Is 14:6, Pr 10:19 ← ‫חשׂך‬ ‫ חשׁכה‬,‫ חשׁך‬darkness ← ‫ חשׁך‬σ ‫ אפל‬dark and obscure (place) Ps 11:2, 91:6, Jb 10:22, 30:20 where no light shines Am 5:20, ‫ אפלה‬dark(ness), obscurity Ex 10:22, Is 8:22, Pr 4:19, 7:9, ‫מאפל‬ obscurity, made obscure Js 24:7, Is 29:18, Jr 2:31, ‫ עב‬overcast, ‫ערפל‬ gloom Ex 20:21, Dt 4:11, 5:22, Jr 13:16, 2C 6:1, ‫ שׁחק‬fine particles of dust Is 40:15 or water, used of clouds Dt 33:26, Jr 51:9, Ps 36:6 ‫ חשׁל‬to be a straggler Dt 25:18 αλ ‫< חשׁם‬name> ‫< חשׁמון‬name> ‫ חשׁמל‬electrum, a light yellow alloy of gold and silver used in ancient times ‫ חשׁמן‬important person ?? Ps 68:32 (31) αλ ‫< חשׁמנה‬name> ‫ חשׁן‬ornament(al breastplate) Ex 25:7, 28, Lv 8:8, upon which was placed the ‫אורים‬ and ‫ תמים‬Ex 28:30, Lv 8:8, Nu 27:21, Ezr 2:63, Ne 7:65 σ ‫כבוד‬ ‫ חשׂף‬to strip off in making bare, e.g. as in “roll up one’s sleeves” → ‫ חשׂופי‬stripped Is 20:4 αλ, ‫ חשׂף‬little flock (stripped off from the main flock ??) 1K 20:27 αλ, ‫ חשׂפה‬bare place, ‫ מחשׂף‬stripped off place made bare Gn 30:37 αλ σ ‫פשׁט‬ ‫ חשׂף‬little flock (stripped off from the main flock ??) 1K 20:27 αλ ← ‫ חשׂף‬σ ‫עדר‬ ‫ חשׂפה‬bare place ← ‫חשׂף‬ ‫ חשׁק‬to assemble, as in putting together linking all the parts together Ex 38:28 link to Gn 34:8, Dt 21:11, Ps 91:14, to associate with as in linked with Dt 7:7, 10:15 → ‫ חשׁוק‬that which is used to assemble or join a complex item together Ex 38:12, 17, ‫ חשק‬assembler, linkage, something that connects things together Ex 27:10–1, 17, 1K 7:33, ‫ חשק‬assemblage things assembled, built, linked together 1K 9:1, 19, 2C 8:6, ‫מחשׁק‬ connecter, object that joins together Ex 27:17 38:17 σ ‫שׂפק‬ ‫ חשק‬assembler, linkage, something that connects things together Ex 27:10–1, 17, 1K 7:33 ← ‫חשק‬ 107 ‫ חשק‬assemblage things assembled, built, linked together 1K 9:1, 19, 2C 8:6 ← ‫חשק‬ ‫ חשׁר‬nave of a wheel, where all the spokes come together 1K 7:33 αλ ‫ חשׁרת‬coming together 2S 22:12 αλ ‫ חשׁשׁ‬dried grass, still standing in the field Is 5:24, 33:11 ‫< חשׁתי‬name> ‫ חת‬making fearful Gn 9:2, 1S 2:4, Jr 46:5, Jb 41:25 ← ‫ חתת‬σ ‫מורא‬ ‫< חת‬name> ‫ חתה‬to rake together (fire, to keep it burning hot and from going out Is 30:14) rake away (from being a people Is 7:8) → ‫ מחתה‬fire carrier, to carry live coals to preserve a fire Ex 27:3, 37:23, also used to burn incense in it censor Lv 10:1, 16:17–8 ‫ חתול‬bandages Ez 30:21 αλ ← ‫חתל‬ ‫ חתום‬β ‫חתום‬, (possibly copyist error for ‫ חתם‬Jb 37:7, Es 8:8) ‫ חתום‬sealed document Is 29:11, Jr 32:11, 14, 44, Ne 10:1–2 or object Is 8:16, So 4:12 ← ‫חתם‬ ‫ חתחת‬something that causes paralyzing fear Ko 12:5 αλ ← ‫חתת‬ ‫< חתי‬name> ‫ חתית‬causing fear Ez 26:17, 32:23–27, 30, 32 ← ‫חתת‬ ‫< חתית‬name> ‫ חתך‬to be determined Dn 9:24 αλ σ ‫ גזר‬to decree (this word is not Hebrew, but from Aramaic Esther 2:1) αλ ‫ חתל‬to wrap in bandage, swaddling cloth Ez 16:4 αλ → ‫ חתול‬bandages Ez 30:21 αλ, ‫ חתלת‬cloth for swaddling Jb 38:9 αλ ‫< חתלן‬name> ‫ חתלת‬cloth for swaddling Jb 38:9 αλ ← ‫חתל‬ ‫ חתם‬to seal, to seal a document Jr 32:10, Es 8:8, 10, Dn 12:4, 9, to shut up tightly Jb 14:17, 24:16, Dn 9:24, to prevent leaking Lv 15:3 → ‫ חותם‬sealed, both physical Ex 28:21, 39:6, 30, Hg 2:23, Jb 38:14 and metaphorical Jr 22:24, Ez 28:12, So 8:6, ‫ חתום‬sealed document Is 29:11, Jr 32:11, 14, 44, Ne 10:1–2 or object Is 8:16, So 4:12, ‫ חתם‬person who seals, in the sense of accounting Dt 32:34, making the object used for making seals, bullae Ex 28:11, 36, 39:14, or the object used to make a seal Gn 38:18 (‫ חתמת‬in aggregate Gn 38:25) ‫ חתם‬person who seals, in the sense of accounting Dt 32:34, making the object used for making seals, bullae Ex 28:11, 36, 39:14, or the object used to make a seal Gn 38:18 (‫ חתמת‬in aggregate Gn 38:25) ← ‫ חתם‬σ ‫טבעת‬ ‫ חתן‬to contract marriage → ‫ חתן‬male who is in a marriage contract bridegroom, father-in-law, son-in-law, ‫ חתנת‬marriage ceremony So 3:11 αλ, ‫ חתנת‬mother-inlaw Dt 27:23 αλ σ ‫ חם‬father-in-law Gn 38:13, 25, 1S 4:19, 21 ‫ חתן‬male who is in a marriage contract bridegroom, father-in-law, son-in-law ← ‫חתן‬ ‫ חתנת‬marriage ceremony So 3:11 αλ ← ‫חתן‬ ‫ חתנת‬mother-in-law Dt 27:23 αλ ← ‫חתן‬ ‫ חתף‬to snatch away Jb 9:12 αλ → ‫חתף‬ (purse) snatcher Pr 23:28 αλ σ ‫נצל‬ 108 ‫( חתף‬purse) snatcher Pr 23:28 αλ ← ‫חתף‬ σ ‫גנב‬ ‫ חתר‬to dig in make a hole in which to hide Am 9:2, a burglar digging through a wall Ez 8:8, 12:5, 7, 12, as sailors “digging in” with their oars Jn 1:13 → ‫ מחתרת‬digging (breaking) in Ex 22:1, Jr 2:34 ‫ חתת‬to terrify, make paralyzed from fear, though usually in passive Niphal to be paralyzed from fear → ‫ חת‬making fearful Gn 9:2, 1S 2:4, Jr 46:5, Jb 41:25, ‫חתחת‬ something that causes paralyzing fear Ko 12:5 αλ, ‫ חתית‬causing fear Ez 26:17, 32:23–27, 30, 32, ‫ חתת‬paralyzing fear Gn 35:5, Jb 6:21, ‫ מחתה‬something (object, action) that makes one paralyzed from fear Is 40:14, Jr 48:39, Pr 10:14–5, 29 σ ‫ירא‬ ‫ חתת‬paralyzing fear Gn 35:5, Jb 6:21 ← ‫חתת‬ ‫< חתת‬name> ‫ ט‬nineth letter, has no meaning in Hebrew on its own, where letters are used as numbers, it refers to the number nine. ‫ טאטא‬to sweep ?? Is 14:23 αλ → ‫מטאטא‬ broom Is 14:23 αλ ‫< טבאל‬name> ‫ טבול‬dyed ?? Ez 23:15 αλ ← ‫טבל‬ ‫ טבור‬height ?? Ez 38:12 αλ ‫ טבח‬to butcher, which includes both the killing of the animals and the preparing of them for food → ‫ טבחה‬,‫ טבח‬slaughter preparation of food, ‫ טבחה‬,‫טבח‬ (male, female) cook, ‫ מטבח‬slaughtering σ ‫הרג‬ ‫ טבחה‬,‫( טבח‬male, female) cook ← ‫טבח‬ ‫ טבחה‬,‫ טבח‬slaughter preparation of food ← ‫טבח‬ ‫< טבח‬name> ‫< טבחת‬name> ‫< טביה‬name> ‫ טבל‬to dip something into a fluid, in water Js 3:15, 2K 5:14, in sauce Rt 2:14, in blood Gn 37:31, Ex 12:22, Lv 4:6 → ‫טבול‬ dyed ?? Ez 23:15 αλ ‫< טבליהו‬name> ‫ טבע‬to sink (in) → ‫ טבעת‬seal ring (which leaves a symbol after being made to sink into a seal) σ ‫ אגם‬to sink down, as in a marsh, to become mired down Is 19:10 αλ ‫< טבעות‬name> ‫ טבעת‬seal ring (which leaves a symbol after being made to sink into a seal) ← ‫ טבע‬σ ‫ חתם‬person who seals, in the sense of accounting Dt 32:34, making the object used for making seals, bullae Ex 28:11, 36, 39:14, or the object used to make a seal Gn 38:18 (‫ חתמת‬in aggregate Gn 38:25) ‫< טברמן‬name> ‫< טבת‬name> ‫ טהר‬,‫ טהור‬pure ← ‫טהר‬ ‫ טהר‬to become pure → ‫ טהור‬pure, ‫טהר‬ purity, ‫ טהרה‬purification σ ‫רחץ‬ ‫ טהר‬purity ← ‫טהר‬ ‫ טהרה‬purification ← ‫טהר‬ ‫ טוב‬to please, to be pleasing to be good → ‫ טובה‬,‫ טוב‬pleasurable, pleasing σ ‫יטב‬ to establish, set up, show as correct, affirm, ‫ נעם‬to be pleasant 2S 1:26, Pr 2:10, 9:17, 24:25, ‫ ערב‬to exchange, take in exchange (day for night, goods, down 109 ‫ טחון‬ground down Dt 9:21, Lm 5:13 ← ‫טחן‬ ‫ טחות‬places hidden as if covered, as with plaster, stucco Ps 51:8 (6), Jb 38:36 → ‫טוח‬ ‫ טחח‬to be dull, blank (of eyes as in not seeing) Is 44:18 αλ ‫ טחן‬to grind → ‫ טחון‬ground down Dt 9:21, Lm 5:13, ‫ טחנה‬mill (for grinding), ‫טחנות‬ molars (grinding teeth) Ko 12:4 αλ ‫ טחנה‬mill (for grinding) ← ‫טחן‬ ‫ טחנות‬molars (grinding teeth) Ko 12:4 αλ ← ‫טחן‬ ‫ טחר‬swelling, bubo (sign of bubonic plague) 1S 6:11, 17 ‫ טיח‬plastering Ez 13:12 αλ ← ‫טוח‬ ‫ טיט‬mud, mire 2S 22:43, Is 41:25, Jr 38:6, Ps 41:3 (2), Jb 41:30 σ ‫עפר‬ ‫ טירה‬column, as in row, rank, file (not pillar) military formation ‫ טל‬dew ‫ טלא‬to be patched Js 9:5 αλ → ‫ טלא‬patch patchy Gn 30:35, 39, Ez 16:16 flock (from a distance, looks like a patch on the land) Is 40:11 company (of troops) 1S 15:4, ‫ טלוא‬patchy, splotchy ‫< טלאים‬name> ‫ טלה‬kid, just beginning to feed itself 1S 7:9, Is 65:25 ‫ טלוא‬patchy, splotchy ← ‫טלא‬ ‫ טלטלה‬tossing down, metaphorically as in driving from place to place Is 22:17 αλ ← ‫טול‬ ‫ טלל‬to roof ?? Ne 3:15 αλ ‫< טלם‬name> ‫< טלמון‬name> ‫< טלמן‬name> payment), make a pledge of exchange to be pleasing (what one likes to take in exchange), ‫ עדן‬to have pleasure, ‫שׁעשׁע‬ to take delight in Ps 94:19, 119:70 to play Is 11:8, 66:12 (hit.) to delight oneself (with) Is 29:9, Ps 119:16, 47 ‫ טובה‬,‫ טוב‬pleasurable, pleasing ← ‫טוב‬ ‫< טוב‬name> ‫< טוב ארניה‬name> ‫< טוביה‬name> ‫< טוביהו‬name> ‫ טוה‬to spin Ex 35:25–6 → ‫ מטוה‬spun goods, yarn, thread Ex 35:25 αλ ‫ טוח‬to cover as with a plaster, whitewash, stucco or even with precious metal Lv 14:42, Ez 13, 10–2, 2C 29:4 → ‫טח‬ plaster, whitewash Jb 6:20, ‫ טחות‬places hidden as if covered, as with plaster, stucco Ps 51:8 (6), Jb 38:36, ‫טיח‬ plastering Ez 13:12 αλ ‫ טטפת‬,‫ טוטפת‬blinders, like what a horse wears Ex 13:16, Dt 6:8, 11:18 ‫ טול‬to toss (down) → ‫ טלטלה‬tossing down, metaphorically as in driving from place to place Is 22:17 αλ, ‫ מטיל‬cast (iron) Jb 40:18 αλ, ‫ מטלטל‬one who tosses down, also metaphoric Is 22:17 αλ σ ‫שׁלך‬ ‫ טור‬β ‫ נטר‬,‫טור‬ ‫ טור‬row, of stones Ex 28:17–20, 39:10–3, of pillars 1K 7:2–4. of ornamentation 1K 7:24, 42, 2C 4:3, 13 ‫ טושׂ‬to swoop down Jb 9:26 αλ σ ‫עוף‬ ‫ טח‬β ‫ טחה‬,‫ טח‬,‫טוח‬ ‫ טח‬plaster, whitewash Jb 6:20 ← ‫טוח‬ ‫ טחה‬to range (used of an arrow shot from a bow) Gn 21:16 αλ 110 ‫ טמא‬to be (ritually) impure → ‫טמא‬ impure (person, object, adj.), ‫טמאה‬ impurity ‫ טמא‬impure (person, object, adj.) ← ‫טמא‬ ‫ טמאה‬impurity ← ‫טמא‬ ‫ טמה‬to debase ?? Lv 11:43, Jb 18:3 σ ‫ארר‬ ‫ טמן‬to bury, as an act of concealment → ‫ מטמון‬buried treasure σ ‫ קבר‬,‫סתר‬ ‫ טנא‬woven grass bag, cheaply and quickly made for carrying things Dt 26:2, 4, 28:5, 17 σ ‫ שׂק‬,‫סל‬ ‫ טנף‬to soil So 5:3 αλ ‫ טעה‬β ‫נטע‬ ‫ טעם‬to taste 2S 19:36, Jb 12:11, 34:3 used as a reference to eating 1S 14:24, 29, 43, Jn 3:7, to taste as in to evaluate, test Ps 34:9, Pr 31:18 → ‫טעם‬ taste Ex 16:31, Nu 11:8, Jb 6:6 taste meetaphor as in inner qualities which can be good 1S 25:33, Pr 26:16, Jb 12:20 or bad Pr 11:22, taste as a metaphor in how one tastes to others, i.e. by what others evaluate one 1S 21:14, Ps 34:1, ‫ מטעם‬tasty food Gn 27, ‫ מטעמת‬tasties, tasty food Pr 23:3, 6 ‫ טעם‬to give a decree, same as in Aramaic Ps 44:3 → ‫ טעם‬command, from Aramaic Jn 3:7 ‫ טעם‬taste Ex 16:31, Nu 11:8, Jb 6:6 taste metaphor as in inner qualities which can be good 1S 25:33, Pr 26:16, Jb 12:20 or bad Pr 11:22, taste as a metaphor in how one tastes to others, i.e. by what others evaluate one 1S 21:14, Ps 34:1 ← ‫טעם‬ ‫ טעם‬command, from Aramaic Jn 3:7 ‫ טען‬to load up Gn 45:17 αλ → ‫ מטען‬that which has been loaded (onto a sword, i.e. killed) Is 14:19 αλ σ ‫סבל‬ ‫ טף‬child, in reference to a child’s playful skipping ← ‫ טפף‬σ ‫ילד‬ ‫ טפח‬to spread out as in using the hands to put down a layer of clay, sand Is 48:13, Lm 2:22 → ‫ טפח‬handbreadth Ex 25:25, 37:12, 1K 7:26, Ez 40:5, 43, 43:13, 2C 4:5, ‫ טפחות‬spreading out Ps 29:6 (5), ceiling molding ?? 1K 7:9, ‫ מטפחת‬cape, warm cloak spread on over other clothing Rt 3:15, Is 3:22 σ ‫פרשׂ‬ ‫ טפח‬handbreadth Ex 25:25, 37:12, 1K 7:26, Ez 40:5, 43, 43:13, 2C 4:5 ← ‫טפח‬ ‫ טפחות‬spreading out Ps 29:6 (5), ceiling molding ?? 1K 7:9 ← ‫טפח‬ ‫ טפל‬to apply a healing balm, deceptively Ps 119:69, to heal from perversion Jb 14:17 → ‫ טפל‬people who apply (deceptive) healing balm Jb 13:4 ‫ טפל‬people who apply (deceptive) healing balm Jb 13:4 ‫( טפסר‬some sort of military rank ??) Jr 51:27, Nh 3:17 ‫ טפף‬to trip along Is 3:16 αλ → ‫ טף‬child, in reference to a child’s playful skipping ‫ טפשׁ‬to be flabby “like fat” ?? Ps 119:70 αλ σ ‫נבל‬ ‫< טפת‬name> ‫ טורד‬,‫ טרד‬continuous Pr 19:13, 27:15 ‫ טרום‬β ‫טרם‬ ‫ טרח‬to bear a burden → ‫ טרח‬burden σ ‫סבל‬ ‫ טרח‬burden ← ‫טרח‬ ‫ טריה‬recent fresh Jd 15:15, Is 1:6 ‫ טרם‬not yet 111 ‫ טרף‬to tear (off, apart) Gn 8:11, Hs 6:1, Ps 50:22, Jb 18:4 usually used for tearing off a piece of food to eat (in ancient times bread was usually eaten torn off, not sliced) Pr 30:8 to prey, used of a wild animal Gn 37:33, Ex 22:12, Ps 7:3 → ‫ טרפה‬,‫ טרף‬torn off, apart food, bread, prey, animal killed by a carnivore σ ‫ עיט‬to tear at (as a vulture upon prey) 1S 15:19, 25:14 ‫ טרפה‬,‫ טרף‬food, bread, torn off, apart prey, animal killed by a carnivore ← ‫טרף‬ ‫< טרפליא‬name> ‫ י‬tenth letter, has no meaning in Hebrew on its own, where letters are used as numbers, it refers to the number ten. ‫ יאב‬to long for ?? Ps 119:131 αλ σ ‫כסף‬ ‫ יאר‬,‫ יאור‬the Nile river ‫< יאזניה‬name> ‫< יאזניהו‬name> ‫< יאיר‬name> ‫ יאל‬β ‫ יאל‬,‫אלה‬ ‫ יאל‬to be willing to undertake, to be willing to take up, on to undertake willingly, contentedly: in a negative sense being self-willed, leading oneself where one is willing to go ‫ יאר‬β ‫ יאור‬,‫אור‬ ‫< יארי‬name> ‫ יאשׁ‬to be frustrated, disheartened “what’s the use?” 1S 27:1, Is 57:10, Jr 2:25, 18:12, Ko 2:20 σ ‫ בלה‬to wear out, wear away to dishearten, ‫ להה‬to wear out, down Gn 47:13, ‫ צוק‬to wear down (by constant and/or repeated troubles, e.g. attacks from an enemy Dt 28:53, 55, 57, Jr 19:9, nagging Jd 14:17, 16:16, Ps 41:9, troubled in spirit Jb 32:18), ‫ רפה‬to slacken, droop, make without energy Is 5:24, 13:7, Ez 7:17 to be drooping, tired 2S 17:2, “slacken the day” the day is coming to its end Jd 19:9, to dishearten (make spirits droop) Jb 5:18, 12:21, Ezr 4:4, to allow (slacken opposition to) Jd 11:37, 2K 4:27, Jr 3:22, slacken hold onto, let go Jb 27:6, slacken activity, slack off, goof off Ex 5:8, 17, Js 18:3, Pr 18:9, 24:10, Ne 6:3 stop Ez 1:24–5 ‫< יאשׁיה‬name> ‫< יאשׁיהו‬name> ‫ יאתה‬β ‫אתה‬ ‫ יאתו‬β ‫ אתה‬,‫אות‬ ‫ יאתון‬place of arrival, entrance ?? Ez 40:15 αλ ← ‫אתה‬ ‫< יאתרי‬name> ‫ יבב‬to fret (worry) Jd 5:28 αλ ‫ יבו‬K (Q ‫ )יבוא‬1K 12:12, 2K 3:24 ?? LXX εισηλθον εισπορευοµενοι ‫ יבול‬β ‫ נבל‬,‫ יבל‬,‫יבול‬ ‫ יבול‬produce ← ‫יבל‬ ‫< יבוס‬name> ‫< יבוסי‬name> ‫< יבחר‬name> ‫< יבין‬name> ‫ יביע‬β ‫נבע‬ ‫< יבישׁ‬name> ‫< יבישׁה‬name> ‫ יבל‬β ‫ יובל‬,‫יבל‬ ‫ יבל‬to produce, in the sense to bring forth, to present used of trumpets blaring forth Js 6:4–6, 8 → ‫ יבול‬produce, ‫יבל‬ spring (producing water), ‫ יובל‬source of 112 water ?? Jr 17:8 αλ, ‫ יבל‬,‫ יובל‬year of jubilee, comes once every 50 years when a person’s inheritance is presented to his heirs Lv 25:10–3, 15, 28, 30–33, 27:24 σ ‫ילד‬ ‫ יבל‬spring (producing water) ← ‫ יבל‬σ ‫עין‬ ‫< יבל‬name> ‫< יבלעם‬name> ‫ יבלת‬suffering from mange ?? Lv 22:22 αλ LXX µυρµηκιωντα ‫ יבם‬to marry a deceased brother’s widow ‫ יבם‬husband’s brother ‫ יבן‬β ‫ בנה‬,‫בון‬ ‫< יבנאל‬name> ‫< יבנה‬name> ‫< יבניה‬name> ‫< יבסי‬name> ‫< יבק‬name> ‫< יברכיהו‬name> ‫ יבשׁ‬to become dry → ‫ יבשׁ‬dry, ‫ יבשׁת‬,‫יבשׁה‬ dry land (contrasted with seas) σ ‫ זרב‬to dry up, used of desert streams during the dry season Jb 6:17 αλ, ‫ חרב‬to desolate in the sense of removing (inhabitants, water), to make into nothing to dry (up) when dealing with waters, rivers, ‫ נשׁת‬to dry up, desiccate, used of waters from the sea Is 19:5, of strength (opposite of moisten to increase strength) Jr 51:30, ‫ צמק‬to shrivel up Hs 9:14 αλ, ‫ צפד‬to shrivel (from dryness) Lm 4:8 αλ ‫ יבשׁ‬dry ← ‫יבשׁ‬ ‫< יבשׁ‬name> ‫ יבשׁת‬,‫ יבשׁה‬dry land (contrasted with seas) ← ‫יבשׁ‬ ‫< יבשׁה‬name> ‫< יבשׂם‬name> ‫< יגאל‬name> ‫ יגב‬agricultural worker ‫< יגבהה‬name> ‫ יגד‬β ‫ נגד‬,‫ גוד‬,‫גדד‬ ‫< יבסליהו‬name> ‫ יגה‬β ‫ נגה‬,‫יגה‬ ‫ יגה‬to have deep grief, as of mourning → ‫ יגון‬grief, ‫ תוגה‬deep sorrow, grief Ps 119:28, Pr 14:13, 17:21 σ ‫כעס‬ ‫ יגון‬grief ← ‫יגה‬ ‫ יגר‬,‫ יגור‬β ‫ גור‬to be intimidated, ‫נגר‬ ‫< יגור‬name> ‫ יגז‬β ‫גוז‬ ‫ יגיה‬β ‫נגה‬ ‫ יגיל‬β ‫גיל‬ ‫ יגיעה‬,‫ יגיע‬hard work the product of the hard work ← ‫יגע‬ ‫ יגיף‬β ‫גוף‬ ‫ יגירהו‬β ‫נגר‬ ‫ יגירהו‬β ‫נגר‬ ‫ יגל‬β ‫ גלה‬,‫גיל‬ ‫< יגלי‬name> ‫ יגלם‬β ‫ גלם‬,‫גלה‬ ‫ יגן‬β ‫גנן‬ ‫ יגע‬β ‫ נגע‬,‫ יגע‬,‫גוע‬ ‫ יגע‬to tire from hard work → ‫ יגיעה‬,‫יגיע‬ hard work the product of the hard work, ‫ יגע‬tired, tiresome σ ‫ יעף‬to be fatigued ‫ יגע‬tired, tiresome ← ‫יגע‬ ‫ יגעה‬β ‫ יגע‬,‫געה‬ ‫ יגר‬β ‫ נגר‬,‫ יגר‬,‫גור‬ ‫ יגר‬to fear as in seeing something unpleasant and fearing that it will come Ps 75:9, Jb 9:28 σ ‫ירא‬ 113 ‫ יד‬hand, often used metaphorically to refer to its use for pointing and grabbing a pointed out place Dt 23:13 pointer Ez 21:24 connector Ex 26:17; ‫יד ב‬ (prefix) to attack, ‫( תחת יד‬lit. “under hand”) in one’s possession and/or control Gn 41:35, Ex 18:10, 1S 24:4–5, 9 ← ‫ידה‬ ‫ ידא‬β ‫נדא‬ ‫< ידאלה‬name> ‫< ידבשׁ‬name> ‫ ידד‬β ‫ נדד‬,‫ידד‬ ‫ ידד‬to love, yearn for → ‫ דוד‬love, referring to the action (making love) and the object of that love (lover), ‫דוד‬ love, uncle, ‫ דודה‬aunt, ‫ ידדון‬place yearned for ?? Ps 68:13 αλ, ‫ידדות‬ generalized things yearned for Jr 12:7 αλ, ‫ ידיד‬one who is beloved, yearned for Dt 33:12, Is 5:1, Jr 11:15, Ps 60:7, 108:7, 127:2, ‫ ידידות‬beloved (adj) Ps 84:2 αλ, ‫ ידידת‬being beloved, yearned for Ps 45:1 αλ σ ‫אהב‬ ‫ ידדון‬place yearned for ?? Ps 68:13 αλ ← ‫ידד‬ ‫ ידדות‬generalized things yearned for Jr 12:7 αλ ← ‫ידד‬ ‫ ידה‬to point out, a motion of the hand outwards as seen also in to praise, to thank, to cast lots → ‫ הדה‬person who is a royal, majesty ?? Jr 22:18 αλ, ‫הוד‬ majesty, ‫ הידות‬hymn Ne 12:8 αλ, ‫יד‬ hand, often used metaphorically to refer to its use for pointing and grabbing a pointed out place Dt 23:13 pointer Ez 21:24 connector Ex 26:17; ‫יד ב‬ (prefix) to attack, ‫ תודה‬thank (offering), ‫ תודה‬group of people singing in chorus ?? Ne 12:31, 38, 40 ‫ ידה‬spoke (of a wheel) ?? 1 Kings 7:32,33,36 ‫< ידו‬name> ‫ ידוד‬β ‫נדד‬ ‫< ידון‬name> ‫< ידוע‬name> ‫ ידיתון‬,‫ ידותון‬a musical instrument ?? Ps 62:1, 77:1 ‫< ידותון‬name> ‫ ידחה‬β ‫נדח‬ ‫< ידי‬name> ‫ ידיד‬one who is beloved, yearned for Dt 33:12, Is 5:1, Jr 11:15, Ps 60:7, 108:7, 127:2 ← ‫ידד‬ ‫< ידידה‬name> ‫ ידידות‬beloved (adj) Ps 84:2 αλ ← ‫ידד‬ ‫< ידידיה‬name> ‫ ידידת‬being beloved, yearned for Ps 45:1 αλ ← ‫ידד‬ ‫< ידיה‬name> ‫ ידיח‬β ‫ נדח‬,‫דוח‬ ‫< ידיעאל‬name> ‫< ידיתון‬name> ‫< ידלף‬name> ‫ ידם‬β ‫ יד‬,‫דום‬ ‫ ידע‬to know, more than just a superficial, mental knowledge, but also encompasses experience → ‫ דעה‬,‫ דע‬knowledge, ‫דעת‬ knowledge, ‫ ידע‬knowing Pr 28:2, ,‫ידעני‬ ‫ ידעוני‬soothsayer, one who has (supernatural) knowledge, ‫מדע‬ knowledge, intimate (very close friend), ‫ מדעת‬person known well close friend Rt 3:2, Is 48:4 σ ‫ בון‬to have insight, to understand in the sense of getting 114 ‫< יהוד‬name> ‫< יהודה‬name> ‫< יהודי‬name> ‫< יהודיה‬name> ‫ יהודית‬Jewish (language, Hebrew language) 2K 18:26, 28, Ne 13:24 ← ‫יהד‬ ‫< יהודית‬name> ‫< יהוה‬name> ‫< יהוזבד‬name> ‫< יהוחנן‬name> ‫< יהוידע‬name> ‫< יהויכין‬name> ‫< יהויכן‬name> ‫< יהויקים‬name> ‫< יהויקם‬name> ‫< יהויריב‬name> ‫< יהוכל‬name> ‫ יהולל‬β ‫ הלל‬,‫ הולל‬,‫הול‬ ‫< יהונדב‬name> ‫< יהונתן‬name> ‫< יהוסף‬place name> ‫< יהועדה‬name> ‫< יהועדן‬name> ‫< יהוצדק‬name> ‫< יהורם‬name> ‫< יהושׁבע‬name> ‫< יהושׁבעת‬name> ‫< יהושׁוע‬name> ‫< יהושׁע‬name> ‫< יהושׁפט‬name> ‫< יהוסף‬name> ‫ יהיר‬haughty Hb 2:5, Pr 21:24 σ ‫גא‬ haughty Is 16:6 αλ ‫ יהל‬β ‫ נהל‬,‫( הלה‬normally understood in Is 13:20 as defective for) ‫אהל‬ ‫ יהלו‬β ‫הלה‬ ‫< יהללאל‬name> between the surface appearances underneath to the essential nature of what is known, ‫ זמם‬to plan to consider, think about, ‫ שׂכל‬to discern, act with discernment ‫ ידע‬knowing Pr 28:2 ← ‫ידע‬ ‫< ידע‬name> ‫< ידעיה‬name> ‫ ידעוני‬,‫ ידעני‬soothsayer, one who has (supernatural) knowledge ← ‫ ידע‬σ ‫ענן‬ ‫ ידפנו‬β ‫נדף‬ ‫ ידקנו‬β ‫דקק‬ ‫ ידר‬β ‫נדר‬ ‫ ידת‬portion Gn 43:34, 47:24, 2S 19:44, 2K 11:7, Dn 1:20, Ne 11:1 ‫< ידתון‬name> ‫ יה‬this is found in 41 verses, most often connected with “to boast” to make ‫הללו‬ ‫“ יה‬boast in the Lord”, also found in Ex 15:2, Is 12:2, Ps 118:5, 14 where it seems to be not just a shortening of the name ‫ יהוה‬rather an indication of a song, statement, calling out that is directed to the Lord. ‫ יהב‬to hand over, deliver (an object or a service) → ‫ יהב‬that which is handed over ?? Ps 55:23 αλ σ ‫נתן‬ ‫ יהב‬that which is handed over ?? Ps 55:23 αλ ← ‫יהב‬ ‫ יהד‬to convert to Judaism Es 8:17 αλ → ‫ יהודית‬Jewish (language, Hebrew language) 2K 18:26, 28, Ne 13:24 ‫< יהד‬name> ‫< יהדיה‬name> ‫< יהוא‬name> ‫< יהואחז‬name> ‫< יהואשׁ‬name> 115 ‫ יהלם‬diamond ?? Ex 28:18, 39:11, Ez 28:13 ‫ יהם‬β ‫ המם‬,‫ המה‬,‫הום‬ ‫ יהמו‬β ‫ המם‬,‫ המה‬,‫הום‬ ‫< יהץ‬name> ‫< יהצה‬name> ‫< יואב‬name> ‫< יואח‬name> ‫< יואחז‬name> ‫< יואל‬name> ‫< יואשׁ‬name> ‫< יוב‬name> ‫< יובב‬name> ‫ יובל‬β ‫ יובל‬,‫יבל‬ ‫ יובל‬source of water ?? Jr 17:8 αλ ← ‫יבל‬ ‫ יבל‬,‫ יובל‬year of jubilee, comes once every 50 years when a person’s inheritance is presented to his heirs Lv 25:10–3, 15, 28, 30–33, 27:24 ← ‫יבל‬ ‫< יובל‬name> ‫< יוזבד‬name> ‫< יוחא‬name> ‫< יוחנן‬name> ‫< יוטה‬name> ‫ יוטל‬β ‫טול‬ ‫< יוידע‬name> ‫< יויכין‬name> ‫< יויריב‬name> ‫< יוכבד‬name> ‫< יוכל‬name> ‫ יולדה‬the action of giving birth Is 13:6, 21:3, Jr 6:24, Hs 13:13, Ps 48:7 ← ‫ילד‬ ‫ יולדת‬birth mother, one who gave birth Jr 50:12, Pr 17:25, 23:25, So 6:9 ← ‫ילד‬ ‫ יום‬day, measured from sunset to sunset, sometimes used figuratively to refer to time, but when connected with a number, meaning day, like our 24 hour day, ‫ היום‬either “the day” or “today”, ‫יום‬ ‫ מיום ליום‬,‫ יום ביום‬,‫ יום ליום‬,‫ יום‬each day, ‫ מימים‬lit. “from days” used to refer to an indeterminate length of time usually following an action Js 23:1, Jd 11:4, Ez 38:8, also used in the phrase ‫“ מימים ימימה‬from days to days” or in English “from time to time” Ex 13:10, Jd 11:40, 21:19, 1S 1:3, 2:19, ‫“ עצם היום‬the very day” Gn 7:13. Ex 12:17, Ez 2:3 ‫ יומם‬daytime, daily ‫ יון‬fine clay, good for high quality pottery σ ‫עפר‬ ‫< יון‬name> ‫< יונדב‬name> ‫ יונה‬β ‫ ינה‬,‫יונה‬ ‫ יונה‬dove ‫< יונה‬name> ‫< יוני‬name> ‫( יונק‬lit.) one who sucks, used of a baby not yet weaned Dt 32:25, Is 11:8, Jr 44:7, So 8:1, Lm 2:11, 4:4, used of a sucker, growth from the roots of trees, almost always not wanted Is 53:2 ← ‫ינק‬ ‫ יונקות‬root tendrils that take up water and nutrients Ps 80:12 αλ ← ‫ינק‬ ‫< יונתן‬name> ‫< יוסף‬name> ‫< יוספיה‬name> ‫< יועאלה‬name> ‫< יועד‬name> ‫< יועזר‬name> ‫ יועם‬β ‫עמם‬ ‫ יועץ‬advisor ← ‫יעץ‬ ‫< יועשׁ‬name> 116 ‫ יוצאת‬exiting, i.e. spilling Am 5:3, Zc 5:3, 5–6, Ps 144:14 ← ‫יצא‬ ‫< יוצדק‬name> ‫ יוצר‬one who fashions things, e.g. maker of weapons Is 54:17, potter Jr 18:2–4 ← ‫יצר‬ ‫< יוקים‬name> ‫ יורה‬early rain Dt 11:14, Jr 5:24, Hs 6:3 ← ‫ ירה‬σ ‫גשׁם‬ ‫ יורה‬archer ← ‫ירה‬ ‫< יורה‬name> ‫< יורי‬name> ‫ יורם‬β ‫ רום‬,‫ירה‬ ‫< יורם‬name> ‫ יורשׁ‬heir, one to whom a parent’s property devolves ← ‫ירשׁ‬ ‫ יושׁב‬β ‫ שׁוב‬,‫ ישׁב‬,‫יושׁב‬ ‫ ישׁבת‬,‫ ישׁב‬,‫ יושׁב‬settler, inhabitant ← ‫ישׁב‬ ‫< יושׁב חסד‬name> ‫< יושׁביה‬name> ‫< יושׁה‬name> ‫< יושׁויה‬name> ‫< יושׁפט‬name> ‫< יותם‬name> ‫ יותר‬excess such that there’s a remainder 1S 15:15, Ko 6:8, 7:16 ← ‫יתר‬ ‫ יזח‬β ‫זחח‬ ‫< יזיאל‬name> ‫< יזיה‬name> ‫< יזיז‬name> ‫< יזליאה‬name> ‫ יזן‬prancing ?? Jr 5:8 αλ ‫< יזניה‬name> ‫< יזניהו‬name> ‫ יזע‬β ‫ יזע‬,‫זוע‬ ‫ יזע‬to sweat (unused) → ‫ זעת‬sweat Gn 3:19 αλ, ‫ יזע‬clothing which causes sweating ?? Ez 44:18 αλ ‫ יזע‬clothing which causes sweating ?? Ez 44:18 αλ ← ‫יזע‬ ‫ יזר‬β ‫ נזר‬,‫ זרה‬,‫זור‬ ‫< יזרח‬name> ‫< יזרחיה‬name> ‫< יזרעאל‬name> ‫< יזרעאלי‬name> ‫< יזרעאלית‬name> ‫ יחבה‬β ‫חבה‬ ‫ יחד‬β ‫ יחד‬,‫ חדה‬,‫חדד‬ ‫ יחד‬to be as one together → ‫ יחדו‬,‫יחד‬ as one together, ‫ יחיד‬alone single, lone Gn 22:2, 12, 16, Pr 4:3 ‫אבל יחיד‬ the loss of an only child was a special loss, hence greater mourning Jr 6:26, Am 8:10, ‫ יחידת‬togetherness ?? being together with so that not alone Ps 22:20, 35:17 ‫ יחדו‬,‫ יחד‬as one together ← ‫יחד‬ ‫< יחדו‬name> ‫< יחדיאל‬name> ‫< יחדיה‬name> ‫< יחואל‬name> ‫ יחולל‬β ‫ חלל‬,‫חול‬ ‫< יחזיאל‬name> ‫< יחזיה‬name> ‫< יחזקאל‬name> ‫< יחזקיה‬name> ‫< יחזקיהו‬name> ‫< יחזרה‬name> ‫< יחיאל‬name> ‫< יחיאלי‬name> ‫ יחיד‬alone single, lone Gn 22:2, 12, 16, Pr 4:3 ‫ אבל יחיד‬the loss of an only 117 ‫ יחשׂ‬to be listed in a genealogy → ‫יחשׂ‬ genealogy ‫ יחת‬β ‫ נחת‬,‫ חתת‬,‫חתה‬ ‫< יחת‬name> ‫ יט‬β ‫נטה‬ ‫ יטב‬to establish, set up, show as correct, affirm → ‫ מיטב‬best σ ‫טוב‬ ‫< יטבה‬name> ‫< יטבתה‬name> ‫< יטה‬name> ‫ יטו‬β ‫ נטה‬,‫טוה‬ ‫ יטור‬β ‫נטר‬ ‫< יטור‬name> ‫ יטושׁ‬β ‫ נטשׁ‬,‫טושׁ‬ ‫ יטנו‬β ‫נטה‬ ‫ יטפו‬β ‫נטף‬ ‫ יין‬wine ‫ ייף‬β ‫יפה‬ ‫ יכבנה‬β ‫כבה‬ ‫ יכח‬to set forth one’s case to argue (for) (as in court) Jb 9:33; 13:3, 15; 16:21; 23:7, to make known (for teaching, judgment), to upbraid, reprove → ‫ תוכחה‬reason for setting forth one’s case, having a complaint 2K 18:3, Is 37:3, Hs 5:9, ‫ תוכחות‬deserving of upbraiding, reproof Ez 25:17, Ps 38:15, 39:12, 149:7, Pr 29:1, ‫ תוכחת‬reasoning, reproof showing what needs to be improved ?? a reason for an action, often || to ‫ מוסר‬Pr 5:12, 10:17, 12:1, 13:18, 15;5, 29:15 σ ‫ גדף‬to revile 2K 19:6, 22, Is 37:6, 23, Ez 20:27, ‫ גער‬to rebuke, ‫ חרף‬to reproach, accuse of a fault, rebuke shame, disgrace, ‫ יסר‬to make moral correction ‫< יכיליה‬name> child was a special loss, hence greater mourning Jr 6:26, Am 8:10 ← ‫יחד‬ ‫ יחידת‬togetherness ?? being together with so that not alone Ps 22:20, 35:17 ← ‫יחד‬ ‫< יחיה‬name> ‫ יחל‬β ‫ יחל‬,‫ חלל‬,‫חלה‬ ‫ יחל‬to wait a span of time → ‫ נוחלה‬that which is waited for, expectation ?? Ez 19:5 αλ, ‫ תוחלה‬that which one waits for Ps 39:8 (7), Pr 13:12, Lm 3:18 σ ‫ אחר‬to delay, make behind where I want to be, ‫ בשׁשׁ‬to tarry, be delayed (aimlessly), ‫ חכה‬to wait for (immediate, as in waiting for one’s turn in a conversation), ‫ מהמה‬to tarry, wait for something (not an aimless delay) Gn 19:16, 43:10, Ex 12:39, Is 29:9, Ps 119:60, ‫ קוה‬to wait for, await ‫< יחלאל‬name> ‫< יחלאלי‬name> ‫ יחם‬β ‫ חמם‬,‫יחם‬ ‫ יחם‬to breed, refers to both the action of breeding and that pregnancy results Gn 30:41, 31:10, Ps 51:7 ‫ יחמור‬roebuck Dt 14:5, 1K 5:3 ‫< יחמי‬name> ‫ יחן‬β ‫ חנן‬,‫חנה‬ ‫ יחס‬β ‫חוס‬ ‫ יחסו‬β ‫חסה‬ ‫ יחף‬ß ‫ יחף‬,‫ חפף‬,‫חפה‬ ‫ יחף‬barefoot 2S 15:30, Is 20:2–4, Jr 2:25 σ ‫ערום‬ ‫< יחצאל‬name> ‫< יחצאלי‬name> ‫< יחציאל‬name> ‫ יחר‬β ‫ חרה‬,‫אחר‬ 118 ‫ יכין‬established (set firm) ?? Jb 27:17 αλ ← ‫כון‬ ‫< יכין‬name> ‫< יכיני‬name> ‫ יכיר‬β ‫ נכר‬,‫ כרר‬,‫כרה‬ ‫ יכל‬to be able Gn 13:16, 31:35 able to bear with, put up with Is 1:13, not always followed by a verb, but sometimes by an implied “to be(come)” then a noun, adjective or adverb ‫ יכלו‬β ‫ כלה‬,‫ כול‬,‫יכל‬ ‫< יכליהו‬name> ‫ יכלכל‬β ‫כול‬ ‫ יכן‬β ‫כון‬ ‫< יכניה‬name> ‫< יכניהו‬name> ‫ יכנן‬β ‫כון‬ ‫ יכת‬β ‫כתת‬ ‫ ילד‬to bring forth, out: whereas the most common way to bring forth in the Bible is to give birth and giving birth is used figuratively Ps 7:15, but used literally to bring forth other objects, e.g. mountains Ps 90:2, the unknown Pr 27:1, wind Is 26:18 → ‫ יולדה‬the action of giving birth Is 13:6, 21:3, Jr 6:24, Hs 13:13, Ps 48:7, ‫ יולדת‬birth mother, one who gave birth Jr 50:12, Pr 17:25, 23:25, So 6:9, ‫ילד‬ ‫ ילדה‬one brought forth boy, girl, ‫ ילדות‬childhood, ‫ לדה‬birth, an event 2K 19:3, Is 37:3, Jr 13:21, Ho 9:11, ‫מולדת‬ that which produced …, i.e. heritage from birth referring to one’s people Gn 12:1, Rt 2:11, Es 8:6; that which is produced, born Gn 48:6, Lv 18:9, 11, Jr 16:3, ‫ מילדת‬midwife Gn 35:17, 38:28, Ex 1:15–21, ‫“ מלדתיך‬those things brought out for you” Ez 16:3 αλ, ‫ תולדות‬history, the narratives that are brought forth Gn 2:4, descendants Rt 4:18, ‫ תולדת‬brought forth narration Gn 5:1, 6:9, 10:1, 11:10, 27, 25:19, Nu 3:1, genealogy Gn 25:13, Ex 28:10, Nu 1 (12 x), ‫ תלדות‬narratives brought forth Gn 36:1, 9, 37:2 brought forth descendants 1C 1:29, 5:7, 7:2, 4, 9, 8:28, 9:9, 34, ‫ תלדת‬narrative Gn 25:12 descent Ex 6:16, 19, 1C 26:31 σ ‫ בכר‬to be first born, ‫ הרה‬to become pregnant, ‫ יבל‬to produce, in the sense to bring forth, to present used of trumpets blaring forth Js 6:4–6, 8 ‫ ילדה‬,‫ ילד‬one brought forth boy, girl ← ‫ ילד‬σ ‫ ולד‬child (copyist error?) Gn 11:30 αλ, ‫ טף‬child, in reference to a child’s playful skipping, ‫ עול‬,‫עויל‬ suckling, small child Is 49:15, 65:20, Jb 16:11, 19:18, 21:11, ‫ עלל‬,‫ עולל‬child, in reference to that small children like to repeat actions until learned, ,‫תעלול‬ ‫ תעלל‬child, in reference to that small children like to repeat actions until learned ?? Is 3:4, 66:4 ‫ ילדות‬childhood ← ‫ילד‬ ‫< ילון‬name> ‫ ילך‬β ‫הלך‬ ‫ ילכות‬running, operation K Pr 31:27 αλ ← ‫הלך‬ ‫ ילל‬to howl Ez 21:17, Jl 1:5, Zc 11:2 → ‫ ילל‬creatures that howl Dt 32:10 αλ, ‫ יללה‬howling Jr 25:36, 47:2, Zc 1:10, 11:2 σ ‫דבר‬ ‫ ילל‬creatures that howl Dt 32:10 αλ ← ‫ילל‬ 119 ‫ יללה‬howling Jr 25:36, 47:2, Zc 1:10, 11:2 ← ‫ילל‬ ‫ ילע‬β ‫לעע‬ ‫ ילפת‬β ‫ לפת‬,‫ילפת‬ ‫ ילפת‬pox Lv 21:20, 22:22 LXX λειχην σ ‫דבר‬ ‫ ילק‬type of grasshopper, locust σ ‫ארבה‬ ‫ ילקוט‬small bag that is quick to take things out of 1S 17:40 αλ ← ‫ לקט‬σ ‫שׂק‬ ‫ ים‬sea, often used to refer to the great sea (Mediterranean) to point in the direction of the sea, i.e. westward, also the name of a Canaanite god ‫< ים סוף‬name> ‫< ימואל‬name> ‫< ימימה‬name> ‫ ימין‬right, towards the right, also when facing east the right is towards the south south ← ‫ ימן‬σ ‫נגב‬ ‫< ימין‬name> ‫< ימיני‬name> ‫ ימיקו‬β ‫מוק‬ ‫ ימך‬β ‫מוך‬ ‫ ימולל‬,‫ ימלו‬,‫ ימל‬β ‫מול‬ ‫< ימלה‬name> ‫< ימלך‬name> ‫ ימם‬hot springs ?? Gn 36:24 αλ ‫ ימן‬to turn to the right side Gn 13:9 → ‫ימין‬ right, towards the right, also when facing east the right is towards the south south, ‫ ימנית‬right (side) Lv 8:23–4 ‫< ימנה‬name> ‫ ימנית‬right (side) Lv 8:23–4 ← ‫ימן‬ ‫ ימנע‬β ‫ מנע‬,‫ימנע‬ ‫< ימנע‬name> ‫ ימץ‬β ‫מצה‬ ‫ ימר‬to glorify ?? Is 61:6, Jr 2:11 σ ‫פאר‬ ‫< ימרה‬name> ‫ ימשׁ‬β ‫משׁשׁ‬ ‫ ינדו‬β ‫נוד‬ ‫ ינה‬to bully around oppress → ‫ מון‬bully, oppressor Is 49:26 αλ σ ‫נכה‬ ‫ ינהו‬β ‫נהה‬ ‫< ינוחה‬name> ‫< ינוס‬name> ‫ יניקות‬shoot Ez 17:4 αλ ← ‫ינק‬ ‫ ינס‬β ‫ נסה‬,‫נוס‬ ‫ ינעם‬β ‫ נעם‬,‫נוע‬ ‫ ינק‬to suck as a baby its mother’s milk → ‫( יונק‬lit.) one who sucks, used of a baby not yet weaned Dt 32:25, Is 11:8, Jr 44:7, So 8:1, Lm 2:11, 4:4, used of a sucker, growth from the roots of trees, almost always not wanted Is 53:2, ‫ יונקות‬root tendrils that take up water and nutrients Ps 80:12 αλ, ‫ יניקות‬shoot Ez 17:4 αλ, ‫ מיניקת‬wet nurse ?? causing babies to suck Is 49:23 αλ, ‫ מינקת‬wet nurse Gn 35:8, Ex 2:7, 2K 11:12, 2C 22:11 ‫ ינשׁוף‬heron ?? Lv 11:17, Dt 14:16, Is 34:11 σ ‫עוף‬ ‫ יסג‬β ‫סוג‬ ‫ יסד‬to set up, establish—earth Ps 24:2 and all that is in it Ps 89:12, a country (Egypt) Ex 9:18. God’s witnesses i.e. laws Ps 119:152 to lay a foundation for a house, building → ‫ יסודה‬,‫ יסוד‬,‫יסד‬ foundation base, ‫ מסד‬,‫ מוסדה‬,‫מוסד‬ foundation σ ‫שׂים‬ ‫ יסודה‬,‫ יסוד‬,‫ יסד‬foundation base ← ‫יסד‬ ‫ יסור‬β ‫ סור‬,‫יסר‬ ‫ יסח‬β ‫סחה‬ ‫ יסך‬β ‫ סכך‬,‫ סוך‬,‫נסך‬ ‫< יסכה‬name> 120 ‫ יסכו‬β ‫ סכך‬,‫נסך‬ ‫ יסכון‬β ‫סכו‬ ‫ יסכסך‬β ‫סכך‬ ‫< יסחיהו‬name> ‫ יסע‬β ‫נסע‬ ‫ יסף‬β ‫ ספה‬,‫יסף‬ ‫ יסף‬to add more of the same → ‫נוספות‬ additions that were made Is 15:9 αλ σ ‫אסף‬ ‫ יסר‬to make moral correction → ‫מוסר‬ correction discipline, correction (through punishment), ‫ מוסרה‬chains and/or a collar placed on prisoners and/ or slaves to keep them in line ?? Jr 2:20, 5:5, 27:2, 30:8, Nh 1:13, Ps 2:3, 107:14 σ ‫יכח‬ ‫ יסת‬β ‫סות‬ ‫ יע‬flat shovel used to remove ashes from a fireplace σ ‫ מזרה‬one who spreads out Jr 31:9, Pr 1:17, 21:8, 26 winnowing shovel, lightly made of wood used to spread grain out onto a threshing floor in order for threshing Is 30:24, Jr 15:7 ‫< יעבץ‬name> ‫ יעד‬to schedule a meeting, make an appointment, which can be either with a single other individual or a large group, call out to a meeting (a master having a meeting with a female slave, possibly sexual?) → ‫ מועדה‬,‫( מועד‬place of) convocation appointment (referring to place and/or time), ‫ מעד‬gathering, can be either spontaneous or planned ?? Lv 23:44, Nu 9:3, 7, 13, Lm 2:6, 2C 31:3, ‫ עדה‬congregation, referring to the people swarm (of bees) Jd 14:8 σ ‫פגשׁ‬ to meet with, encounter, ‫ קהל‬to group (together), which can be in close physical proximity Ex 32:1, Nu 16:19 or groupings by classification Gn 28:3, 25:11 ‫< יעדו‬name> ‫ יעה‬to shovel away ?? Is 28:17 αλ → ‫יעים‬ shovels Ex 38:3, Nu 4:14, 1K 7:40, 45, 2K 25:14, Jr 52:18, 2C 4:11, 16 ‫< יעואל‬name> ‫< יעוץ‬name> ‫< יעור‬name> ‫< יעושׁ‬name> ‫ יעז‬to be shameless Is 33:19 αλ ‫< יעזיאל‬name> ‫< יעזיהו‬name> ‫< יעזיר‬name> ‫< יעזר‬name Moabite city> ‫ יעט‬β ‫ עיט‬,‫עטה‬ ‫< יעיאל‬name> ‫ יעים‬shovels Ex 38:3, Nu 4:14, 1K 7:40, 45, 2K 25:14, Jr 52:18, 2C 4:11, 16 ← ‫ יעה‬σ ‫ אזן‬shovel for digging, part of the camp equipment for an army (⇐ being ear shaped) Dt 23:14 αλ ‫< יעיר‬name> ‫< יעישׁ‬name> ‫< יעכן‬name> ‫ יעל‬β ‫ עלה‬,‫יעל‬ ‫ יעל‬to benefit, be of use → ‫ יעלת‬benefit Pr 5:19 αλ σ ‫סכן‬ ‫ יעל‬ibex, a type of mountain goat, known for its climbing ability 1S 24:3, Ps 104:18, Jb 39:1 ← ‫ עלה‬σ ‫עז‬ ‫< יעל‬name> ‫< יעלא‬name> ‫< יעלה‬name> ‫< יעלם‬name> 121 ‫ יעלת‬benefit Pr 5:19 αλ ← ‫יעל‬ ‫ יען‬because ‫ יענה‬β ‫ ענה‬,‫בת יענה‬ ‫< יעני‬name> ‫ יעערו‬β ‫עור‬ ‫ יעף‬to be fatigued → ‫ יעף‬fatigued (person, creature), ‫ מועף‬caused to be fatigued Is 8:23 αλ, ‫ עיף‬exhausted, ‫ עיפה‬exhaustion σ ‫יגע‬ ‫ יעף‬fatigued ← ‫יעף‬ ‫ יעפו‬β ‫עוף‬ ‫ יעץ‬to advise → ‫ יועץ‬advisor, ‫מועצות‬ counsel as in mental advise Ps 81:13 (12), Pr 22:20, ‫ מעצות‬council as in a group of advisors Jr 7:24, Hs 11:6, Mc 6:16, Ps 5:11 (10), ‫ מעצת‬giving council ?? Pr 1:31, 27:9, ‫ עצה‬counsel, advice ‫< יעקב‬name> ‫< יעקבה‬name> ‫< יעקוב‬name> ‫< יעקן‬name> ‫ יערה‬,‫ יער‬forest, woods wild honey (found in the forest) σ ‫צוף‬ ‫< יער חרת‬name> ‫< יערה‬name> ‫< יערי ארגים‬name> ‫< יערשׁיה‬name> ‫< יעשׂי‬name> ‫< יעשׂיאל‬name> ‫< יפדיה‬name> ‫ יפה‬to be beautiful → ‫ יפה‬beautiful, ‫יפי‬ beauty, ‫ תפי‬decorating, i.e. making beautiful ?? Jr 31:4, Ez 28:13 ‫ יפה‬beautiful ← ‫יפה‬ ‫< יפו‬name> ‫< יפוא‬name> ‫< יפיע‬name> ‫ יפיק‬β ‫פוק‬ ‫ יפח‬β ‫ פוח‬,‫ נפח‬,‫יפח‬ ‫ יפח‬to pant, sigh ?? Jr 4:31, Hb 2:3, Ps 27:12, Pr 14:25 σ ‫רוח‬ ‫ יפי‬beauty ← ‫יפה‬ ‫ יפיח‬β ‫פוח‬ ‫ יפיפית‬β ‫יפה‬ ‫ יפל‬β ‫נפל‬ ‫< יפלט‬name> ‫< יפלטי‬name> ‫< יפנה‬name> ‫ יפע‬to shine forth, illuminate, used for both physical light and teaching (enlightenment) Dt 33:2, Jb 3:4, 10:3, 22 → ‫ יפעת‬brightness, shining, used in the sense that something is great, splendid ?? Ez 28:7, 17, ‫ תפע‬shining ?? Jb 10:22 αλ σ ‫אור‬ ‫ יפעת‬brightness, shining, used in the sense that something is great, splendid ?? Ez 28:7, 17 ← ‫יפע‬ ‫ יפק‬β ‫פוק‬ ‫ יפרפר‬β ‫פורר‬ ‫ יפת‬β ‫ פתה‬,‫ נפת‬,‫יפת‬ ‫ יפת‬name of one of the sons of Noah β ‫יפה‬ ‫< יפתח‬name> ‫< יפתח אל‬name> ‫ יצא‬β ‫ צוא‬,‫יצא‬ ‫ יצא‬to exit, go out → ‫ יוצאת‬exiting, i.e. spilling Am 5:3, Zc 5:3, 5–6, Ps 144:14, ‫ יצא‬one who exits 1K 15:17, ‫ יצוא‬going out Gn 8:7, 2S 16:5, 2K 5:11, ‫ יציא‬that which exited, issued out 2C 32:21 αλ, ‫ מוצא‬exit, going out, ‫ מוצאת‬origin ⇐ going out Mc 5:1 αλ, ‫ מצא‬exiting, going or coming forth Jb 38:27, Dn 9:25, ‫צאצא‬ 122 offspring, ‫ תוצאות‬exit, going out extremity σ ‫ אזל‬to go out Pr 20:14, Jb 14:11 to run out of (⇐ went out hence is no more) 1S 9:7, ‫ מושׁ‬to depart Jd 6:18, Is 54:10, Jr 17:8 ‫ יצא‬one who exits 1K 15:17 ← ‫יצא‬ ‫ יצב‬β ‫ נצב‬,‫יצב‬ ‫ יצב‬to take one’s stand, always found in Hitpael σ ‫ קום‬,‫עמד‬ ‫ יצג‬to position → ‫ מציג‬one who causes to position Jd 6:37 αλ σ ‫שׂים‬ ‫ יצהר‬new oil Nu 18:12, Dt 7:13, 2C 31:5 ← ‫צהר‬ ‫< יצהר‬name> ‫< יצהרי‬name> ‫ יצוא‬going out Gn 8:7, 2S 16:5, 2K 5:11 ← ‫יצא‬ ‫ יצום‬β ‫ צום‬,‫צוה‬ ‫( יצוע‬camp)bed, spread out on the ground or on baggage Gn 49:4, Ps 63:7, 132:3, Jb 17:13, 1C 5:1 ← ‫ יצע‬σ ‫מטה‬ ‫ יצוע‬flying buttress, an architectural structure that had the same function ?? 1K 6:5–6, 10 ← ‫יצע‬ ‫ יצחק‬laughter ← ‫צחק‬ ‫< יצחק‬name> ‫< יצחר‬name> ‫ יצטירו‬β ‫ציר‬ ‫ יציא‬that which exited, issued out 2C 32:21 αλ ← ‫יצא‬ ‫ יצל‬β ‫נצל‬ ‫ יצע‬to spread out a covering Is 14:11, 58:5, Es 4:3 → ‫( יצוע‬camp)bed, spread out on the ground or on baggage Gn 49:4, Ps 63:7, 132:3, Jb 17:13, 1C 5:1, ‫ יצוע‬flying buttress, an architectural structure that had the same function ?? 1K 6:5–6, 10, ‫ מצע‬couch Is 28:20 αλ σ ‫פרשׂ‬ ‫ יצף‬β ‫ צפה‬,‫צוף‬ ‫ יצק‬to pour, used not only for liquids such as oil Gn 28:18, 1S 10:1 and water Ez 24:3, but also for solid objects Js 7:23, 2S 15:24 to cast (metal) by pouring molten metal into a mold Ex 25:12, 1K 7:46 → ‫( יצקת‬in) its being molded ?? 1K 7:24 αλ, ‫ מוצק‬things and places connected with causing to be poured out, molded (cast) objects 1K 7:23, 33, 37, place for draining Jb 36:16, 38:38, ‫ מוצקה‬spout ?? (of a lamp, where a wick can be placed) Zc 4:2 αλ, ‫ צקת‬pouring out Ex 38:27, Jb 38:38 σ ‫שׁפך‬ ‫( יצקת‬in) its being molded ?? 1K 7:24 αλ ← ‫יצק‬ ‫ יצר‬β ‫ צרר‬,‫ נצר‬,‫יצר‬ ‫ יצר‬to fashion to take raw material and make something out of it, e.g. the creation of mankind Gn 2:7–8, bronze pillar 1K 7:15, statue (idol) Is 44:9–10, etc. → ‫ יוצר‬one who fashions things, e.g. maker of weapons Is 54:17, potter Jr 18:2–4, ‫ יצר‬that which is fashioned thoughts, plans, ‫ צורת‬ground plan ?? Ez 43;11 σ ‫ עשׂה‬,‫דמה‬ ‫ יצר‬that which is fashioned thoughts, plans ← ‫יצר‬ ‫< יצר‬name> ‫< יצרי‬name> ‫ יצת‬β ‫צות‬ ‫ יצתי‬β generally recognized in Jb 1:21 as a copyist error for ‫יצא‬ ‫ יקב‬β ‫ נקב‬,‫יקב‬ 123 ‫ יקב‬press (can be used to press must from grapes or oil from olives) σ ‫גת‬ winepress, ‫ פורה‬vat Hg 2:16 (that can be used as a winepress Is 63:3) ‫< יקב זאב‬name> ‫< יקבצאל‬name> ‫ יקד‬β ‫ קדד‬,‫יקד‬ ‫ יקד‬to kindle → ‫ יקוד‬hearth, ‫ יקדת‬kindled Is 65:5 αλ, ‫ מוקד‬constant fire, constant burning ?? Is 33:14 (Ps 102:4 (3) s. ‫קד‬ Aleppo reading), ‫ מוקדה‬hearth, where a fire is kindled Lv 6:2 (9) αλ σ ‫שׂרף‬ ‫< יקדעם‬name> ‫ יקדת‬kindled Is 65:5 αλ ← ‫יקד‬ ‫< יקה‬name> ‫ יקהת‬obedience ?? Gn 49:10, Pr 30:17 ‫ יקוד‬hearth ← ‫יקד‬ ‫ יקוט‬β ‫קוט‬ ‫ יקום‬anything that rises up, animal and plant ?? Gn 7:4, 23, Dt 11:6 ← ‫קום‬ ‫ יקושׁ‬one who lays snares Jr 5:26, Hs 9:8, Ps 91:3, Pr 6:5 ← ‫יקשׁ‬ ‫< יקותיאל‬name> ‫ יקח‬β ‫לקח‬ ‫< יקטן‬name> ‫< יקים‬name> ‫ יקיר‬precious, valuable Jr 31:19 αλ ← ‫יקר‬ ‫ יקם‬β ‫ קום‬,‫נקם‬ ‫< יקמה‬name> ‫< יקמעם‬name> ‫< יקנעם‬name> ‫ יקע‬to execute ?? Nu 25:4, 2S 21:6, 9, 13 ‫ יקף‬β ‫נקף‬ ‫ יקץ‬β ‫ קצץ‬,‫ קצה‬,‫ קוץ‬,‫יקץ‬ ‫ יקץ‬to awake, wake up Gn 9:24, 28:16, 41:4, 7, 21, Ps 78:65 ‫ יקר‬β ‫ קרר‬,‫ קרה‬,‫ נקר‬,‫יקר‬ ‫ יקר‬to be precious, valuable because of rarity → ‫ יקיר‬precious, valuable Jr 31:19 αλ, ‫ יקר‬valuable thing Jr 20:5, Ez 22:25, Ps 49:13, Jb 28:10, value Es 1:4, 20, 6:3, 6, 8:16, ‫ יקרה‬,‫ יקר‬precious, valuable (adj) ‫ יקר‬valuable thing Jr 20:5, Ez 22:25, Ps 49:13, Jb 28:10, value Es 1:4, 20, 6:3, 6, 8:16 ← ‫יקר‬ ‫ יקרה‬,‫ יקר‬precious, valuable (adj) ← ‫יקר‬ ‫ יקרה‬β ‫ קרה‬,‫יקר‬ ‫ יקשׁ‬to ensnare, lay a snare → ‫ יקושׁ‬one who lays snares Jr 5:26, Hs 9:8, Ps 91:3, Pr 6:5, ‫ מקשׁ‬,‫ מוקשׁ‬snare, a trap that catches its prey and hangs on Ex 10:7, Is 8:14, Pr 29:6, 25 σ ‫ נקשׁ‬to ensnare, get caught up Dt 12:30, 1S 28:9, Ps 38:13 (12), 109:11 ‫< יקשׁן‬name> ‫< יקתאל‬name> ‫ ירא‬to fear as in to be afraid, scared of something → ‫ יראה‬,‫ ירא‬fear referring to being afraid, ‫ מורא‬fear referring to a subject causing fear, ‫ נורא‬fearful, frightful, fear inspiring σ ‫ אים‬to cause unease So 6:4, 10, ‫ בהל‬move quickly Pr 28:22, 2C 26:20 to alarm as in to frighten (⇐ those who are frightened move quickly) Dn 11:44, 2C 32:18 Ni be alarmed, frightened Gn 45:3, Ez 26:18, ‫ בעת‬to terrify 1S 16:14–5, Es 7:6, Dn 8:17, ‫ גור‬to be intimidated, ‫ דאב‬to despair, ‫ דאג‬to be anxious 1S 9:5, 10:2, Is 57:11, Jr 17:8, Ps 38:19 (18), ‫ זוע‬to be in a cold sweat, ‫ חפז‬to hurry as if caused by fear Dt 20:3, 1S 23:26, Ps 46:6, ‫חתת‬ 124 climb down So 4:1, 6:5, ‫ דלל‬to lower, wane Jd 6:6, Is 19:6, Ps 79:8, ‫ מוך‬to go down to become poor, ‫ צנח‬to go down Jd 4:21 to dismount Js 15:18, Jd 1:14, ‫ שׁוח‬to bring down Pr 2:18 αλ, ‫ שׁפל‬to become depressed low ‫< ירד‬name> ‫< ירדן‬name> ‫ ירדנה‬β ‫ירד‬ ‫ ירדת‬descent Is 63:19, 64:2 ← ‫ירד‬ ‫ ירה‬β ‫ ירה‬,‫יורה‬ ‫ ירה‬to thrust out as in pointing with a finger, throwing: as in pointing out knowledge Is 28:9, Hs 10:12, to point to, indicate Gn 31:51, Jb 38:6, often suddenly as in shoving or pushing Ex 15:4, shooting projectiles 1S 20:36–7, 2K 19:32, Is 37:33 → ‫ יורה‬early rain Dt 11:14, Jr 5:24, Hs 6:3, ‫ ירה‬one who points to Pr 26:18, ‫ מורה‬one who shoots forth (arrows 1S 31:3, 1C 10:3, teachings) shooting (arrows) 1S 20:36, teacher 2K 17:28, Is 9:14, Hb 2:18, Jb 26:22, Pr 5:13, 2C 15:3, ‫ירים‬ archers ?? 1C 10:7, 2C 35:23, ‫תורה‬ instruction (pointing out) ‫ ירה‬one who points to Pr 26:18 ← ‫ירה‬ ‫< ירואל‬name> ‫< ירוח‬name> ‫ ירוך‬β ‫ירה‬ ‫ ירום‬rising up ?? Ps 140:9 (8) αλ ← ‫רום‬ ‫ ירוע‬β ‫ רעע‬,‫ רעה‬,‫ רוע‬,‫ירע‬ ‫ ירוץ‬β ‫ רצץ‬.‫רוץ‬ ‫ ירק‬,‫ ירוק‬leaves, as in vegetative matter σ ‫דשׁא‬ ‫< ירושׁא‬name> ‫< ירושׁה‬name> to terrify, make paralyzed from fear, though usually in passive Niphal to be paralyzed from fear, ‫ יגר‬to fear as in seeing something unpleasant and fearing that it will come Ps 75:9, Jb 9:28, ‫ ערץ‬to (be) dismay(ed) Dt 1:29, 20:3, Is 2:19, 21, Ps 89:8, ‫ פון‬despair ?? Ps 88:16 αλ, ‫ פחד‬to dread, ‫ רהה‬to fear, used only in connection with dread in context that this was announced before, therefore don’t dread and don’t __, DSS has ‫ ירא‬Is 44:8 αλ ‫ ירא‬to pour down, used of water Pr 11:25, arrows or stones from on top of a wall 2C 26:15, unspecified weapons from on top of a wall 2S 11:24 → ‫ מורא‬one who pours down weapons from on top of a wall 2S 11:24 ‫ יראה‬,‫ ירא‬fear referring to being afraid ← ‫ ירא‬σ ‫ אבחת‬fright ?? Ez 21:20 (15) αλ, ‫ אימה‬unease, ‫ דאבון‬,‫ דאבה‬despair, ‫דאגה‬ anxiety Jr 49:23, Ez 4:16, 12:18–9, Pr 12:25, ‫ רתת‬trembling Hs 13:1 αλ ‫< יראון‬name> ‫< יראייה‬name> ‫ ירב‬β ‫ ריב‬,‫רבב‬ ‫< ירבעל‬name> ‫< ירבעם‬name> ‫< ירבשׁת‬name> ‫ ירד‬β ‫ רדה‬,‫ רדד‬,‫ירד‬ ‫ ירד‬to descend → ‫ ירדת‬descent Is 63:19, 64:2, ‫ מורד‬place of descent a road going down from a place Js 7:5, a drainage sluice for water Mc 1:4 ‫ מעשה מורד‬hollowed out area, socket ?? 1K 7:30, ‫( רד‬adj.) descended, i.e. late in the day Jd 19:11, ‫ רדת‬descent σ ‫ גלשׁ‬to 125 ‫< ירושלים‬name> ‫< ירושׁלימה‬name> ‫< ירושׁלם‬name> ‫< ירושׁלמה‬name> ‫ ירח‬β ‫ רוח‬,‫ירח‬ ‫ ירח‬leaving off, ending 1S 26:19, Ps 72:7 ‫ ירח‬moon month ‫< ירח‬name> ‫< ירחו‬name> ‫< ירחם‬name> ‫< ירחמאל‬name> ‫< ירחמאלי‬name> ‫< ירחע‬name> ‫ ירט‬β ‫ רטט‬,‫ירט‬ ‫ ירט‬to be detached, not affiliated with ?? Nu 22:32 αλ → ‫ מורט‬detached, not affiliated with Is 18:2, 7 σ ‫עקשׁ‬ ‫< יריאל‬name> ‫ יריב‬one who argues (against), brings a (law)suit (against) Is 49:25, Jr 18:19, Ps 35:1 ← ‫ ריב‬σ ‫אויב‬ ‫< יריב‬name> ‫< יריבי‬name> ‫< יריה‬name> ‫< יריהו‬name> ‫< יריחו‬name> ‫ ירים‬archers ?? 1C 10:7, 2C 35:23 ← ‫ירה‬ ‫< ירימות‬name> ‫ יריעה‬curtain hanging loose, to flutter in the wind ← ‫ ירע‬σ ‫פרכת‬ ‫< יריעות‬name> ‫ ירך‬β ‫ רכך‬,‫ירך‬ ‫ ירך‬thigh Gn 24:9, 32:26, 32, Nu 5:22, Jd 3:16, used to refer to source of reproduction (translated as “loins” in old translations) Gn 46:26, Ex 1:5, used in architecture for a side Ex 40:22, 24, Lv 1:11, the stand of the menorah Ex 25:31, 37:17 ‫ ירכת‬backside, furthest back Gn 49:13 remotest part Ex 26:22–23, Jn 1:5 ‫ ירם‬β ‫ רמם‬,‫רום‬ ‫ ירנו‬β ‫ רנן‬,‫ירה‬ ‫< ירמות‬name> ‫< ירמי‬name> ‫< ירמיה‬name> ‫< ירמיהו‬name> ‫ ירני‬β ‫ירה‬ ‫ ירע‬β ‫ רעע‬,‫ רעה‬,‫ רוע‬,‫ירע‬ ‫ ירע‬to flutter or flap (in the wind) Is 15:4 αλ → ‫ יריעה‬curtain hanging loose, to flutter in the wind ‫ ירעם‬β ‫ רעע‬,‫ רעם‬,‫ רעה‬,‫ רוע‬,‫ירע‬ ‫ ירעע‬β ‫ רוע‬Is 16:10 ?? ‫< ירפאל‬name> ‫ ירפך‬β ‫רפה‬ ‫ ירץ‬β ‫ רצץ‬,‫ רצה‬,‫רוץ‬ ‫ ירצון‬β ‫רוץ‬ ‫ ירק‬β ‫ ריק‬,‫ירק‬ ‫ ירק‬to ooze, drip (body fluids) Lv 15:8 to spit Nu 12:14, Dt 25;9 → ‫ רק‬saliva Jb 7:19 spittle Is 50:6, Jb 30:10 ‫ ירק‬leaves, as in vegetative matter ‫ ירקון‬blight Dt 28:22, 1K 8:37, Am 4:9, Hg 2:17, 2C 6:28 ‫< ירקעם‬name> ‫ ירקרק‬pale, light colored Lv 13:49, Ps 68:14 ‫ ירקרקת‬paleness Lv 14:37 αλ ‫ ירשׁ‬to expropriate, as in to transfer ownership from one (person, nation, people) to another to inherit → ‫יורשׁ‬ heir, one to whom a parent’s property devolves, ‫ ירשׁ‬heritage, shared 126 heritage ?? Jd 14:16. ‫ ירשׁה‬inheritance, ‫ מורישׁ‬causing expropriation causing removal of possessions Dt 9:4–5, 18:12, 1S 2:7, ‫ מורשׁ‬one who expropriates Ob 1:17, Jb 17:11 act of expropriating Is 14:23, ‫ מורשׁה‬expropriation Ez 25:4, 36:3 inheritance Ex 6:8, Dt 33:4, ‫ תירושׁ‬new wine σ ‫קנה‬ ‫ ירשׁ‬heritage, shared heritage ?? Jd 14:16 ← ‫ירשׁ‬ ‫ ירשׁה‬inheritance ← ‫ירשׁ‬ ‫“ ישׁ‬there is” This appears to be a participle, in other words, a gerund, noun. It can take suffixes like a noun. It always precedes the subject noun to which it’s attached, though once it stands alone, Is 43:8. The basic meaning seems to be “existing” or “being”, but when the subject noun is preceded with a prefixed ‫ ל‬the combination indicates possession or ownership, can be a stand alone noun meaning already existing object or possession Pr 8:21. One word of warning, because Biblical Hebrew syntax is fluid, with what’s considered most important often appearing first in the sentence, rather than a fixed subject, verb, object as in English, sometimes the object comes first in a sentence, even preceding the gerund. Rarely used as an introduction to a question Rt 1:12, Jd 6:13 σ ‫אין‬ ‫ ישׁ‬existence wealth, riches ?? Pr 8:21 αλ ‫ ישׁא‬β ‫נשׁא‬ ‫ ישׁב‬β ‫ שׁוב‬,‫ שׁבה‬,‫ישׁב‬ ‫ ישׁב‬to settle (down) used both in the context of settling down into a chair, i.e. to sit, and settling down, i.e. making a dwelling hi. to cause to settle (a woman as wife), to marry → ,‫ ישׁב‬,‫יושׁב‬ ‫ ישׁבת‬settler, inhabitant, ‫ מושׁב‬action or place of settling down seat, ‫משׁבת‬ settlement Gn 36:43, Ex 35:3, Lv 23:14, 31, ‫ שׁבת‬settling down, ‫ תשׁב‬,‫ תושׁב‬settler σ ‫ גור‬to sojourn, live temporarily in a place, ‫ זבל‬to reside (with), ‫ לון‬to lodge, generally referring to a temporary stay such as overnight or a few days though can be longer Pr 15:31, used of fat of sacrifices Ex 23:18, 34:25, strength Jb 41:14 (22) ‫ לון על‬to lodge a complaint, ‫ רבץ‬to recline, ‫ שׁכב‬to lie down as a euphemism for sexual relationship, ‫ שׁכן‬to dwell ‫< ישׁב בשׁבת‬name> ‫< ישׁבאב‬name> ‫ ישׁבו‬β ‫ שׁוב‬,‫ שׁבה‬,‫ישׁב‬ ‫< ישׁבח‬name> ‫< ישׁבי‬name> ‫< ישׁבי לחם‬name> ‫< ישׁבעם‬name> ‫< ישׁבק‬name> ‫< ישׁבקשׁה‬name> ‫ ישׁבת‬β ‫ שׁבת‬,‫ ישׁב‬,‫יושׁב‬ ‫ ישׂג‬β ‫נשׂג‬ ‫ ישׁה‬β ‫נשׁה‬ ‫ ישׁוב‬β ‫ שׁוב‬,‫ישׁב‬ ‫< ישׁוב‬name> ‫< ישׁובי‬name> ‫< ישׁוה‬name> ‫< ישׁוי‬name> ‫< ישׁוחיה‬name> 127 ‫< ישׁוע‬name> ‫ ישׁע‬,‫ ישׁועתה‬,‫ ישׁועה‬salvation ← ‫ישׁע‬ ‫ ישׁופני‬β ‫ שׁוף‬,‫נשׁף‬ ‫ ישׁח‬β ‫ שׁחח‬,‫ישׁח‬ ‫ ישׁח‬that which brings one down ?? Mc 6:14 αλ ← ‫שׁחח‬ ‫< ישׂחק‬name> ‫ ישׂט‬β ‫ שׂטה‬,‫ישׁט‬ ‫ ישׁט‬to hold out (to) Es 4:11, 5:2, 4 ‫< ישׁי‬name> ‫ ישׁיב‬β ‫ שׁוב‬,‫ שׁבה‬,‫ישׁב‬ ‫< ישׁיב‬name> ‫ ישׂיגו‬β ‫ שׂוג‬,‫נשׂג‬ ‫< ישׁיה‬name> ‫< ישׁיהו‬name> ‫< ישׂימאל‬name> ‫< ישׁימון‬name> a particular barren or deserted place 1S 23:19, 24, Ps 68:8, 78:40, 106:14, 107:4 ← ‫ישׁם‬ ‫ ישׁימות‬desertion, barrenness Ps 55:16 (15) αλ ← ‫ישׁם‬ ‫< ישׁימן‬name> a particular barren or deserted place Nu 21:20, 23:28, 1S 26:1, 3, Is 43:20 ← ‫ישׁם‬ ‫ ישׂיק‬β ‫נשׂק‬ ‫ ישׁשׁ‬,‫ ישׁישׁ‬age, aged σ ‫ כלח‬ripe old age Jb 5:26, 30:2 ‫< ישׁישׁי‬name> ‫ ישׁך‬β ‫ נשׁך‬,‫ישׁ‬ ‫ ישׁכנו‬β ‫ שׁכן‬,‫נשׁך‬ ‫ ישׁל‬β ‫ שׁלל‬,‫ שׁלה‬,‫נשׁל‬ ‫ ישׁליו‬β ‫ שׁלה‬,‫נשׁל‬ ‫ ישׂם‬β ‫שׂים‬ ‫ ישׁם‬β ‫◌שׁמם‬,‫ישׁם‬ ּ ‫ ישׁם‬to be deserted Ez 6:6 αλ → ‫ישׁימון‬ <name> a particular barren or deserted place 1S 23:19, 24, Ps 68:8, 78:40, 106:14, 107:4, ‫ ישׁימות‬desertion, barrenness Ps 55:16 (15) αλ, ‫ישׁימן‬ <name> a particular barren or deserted place Nu 21:20, 23:28, 1S 26:1, 3, Is 43:20, ‫ ישׁמן‬barren or deserted place Is 43:19 αλ σ ‫עזב‬ ‫< ישׁמא‬name> ‫< ישׁמות‬name> ‫ ישׁמן‬barren or deserted place Is 43:19 αλ ← ‫ישׁם‬ ‫< ישׁמעאל‬name> ‫< ישׁממעאלי‬name> ‫< ישׁמעיה‬name> ‫< ישׁמעיהו‬name> ‫< ישׁמרי‬name> ‫ ישׁן‬β ‫ שׁנה‬,‫ישׁן‬ ‫ ישׁן‬to be old Lv 13:11, 26:10, Dr 4:25 → ‫ ישׁן‬old items (this is a noun, not an adjective) Lv 25:22, 26:10, So 7:14 ‫ ישׁן‬to sleep, fall asleep Gn 2:21, 41:5, Jd 16:19 euphemism for to die Jr 51:39, 57, Ps 13:4 (3) → ‫ ישׁן‬sleeper, one who is sleeping Ps 78:65, Dn 12:2, ‫ שׁנה‬sleep σ ‫ הזה‬to nap Is 56:10 αλ, ‫ נום‬to laze Is 5:27, 56:10, Nh 3:18, Ps 76:6, 121:3–4, ‫ פגר‬to collapse from exhaustion 1S 30:10, 21, ‫ רדם‬to lie still (on the ground as in laziness, fear or sleep) to sleep deeply Jn 1:5, Ps 68:28 (27), 76:7 (6), Dn 8:18 ‫ ישׁן‬old items (this is a noun, not an adjective) Lv 25:22, 26:10, So 7:14 ← ‫ישׁן‬ ‫ ישׁן‬sleeper, one who is sleeping Ps 78:65, Dn 12:2 ← ‫ישׁן‬ ‫ ישׁנה‬β ‫ שׁנה‬,‫ ישׁנה‬,‫ ישׁן‬,‫ישׁ‬ ‫< ישׁנה‬name> 128 ‫ ישׁנו‬β ‫ שׁנה‬,‫ ישׁן‬,‫ישׁ‬ ‫ ישׁע‬β ‫ שׁעה‬,‫ שׁוע‬,‫ישׁע‬ ‫ ישׁע‬to save → ‫ ישׁע‬,‫ ישׁועתה‬,‫ישׁועה‬ salvation, ‫ מושׁיע‬savior, ‫ מושׁעות‬salvation Ps 68:21 (20) αλ, ‫ תשׁועה‬salvation σ ‫שׁמר‬ ‫ ישׁעו‬β ‫ שׁעה‬,‫ שׁוע‬,‫ישׁע‬ ‫< ישׁעי‬name> ‫< ישׁעיה‬name> ‫< ישׁעיהו‬name> ‫ ישׁפה‬jasper Ex 28:20, 39:13, Ez 28:13 ‫< ישׁפה‬name> ‫< ישׁפן‬name> ‫ ישׁק‬β ‫ שׁקה‬,‫ שׁוק‬,‫נשׁק‬ ‫ ישׁקה‬β ‫ שׁקה‬,‫נשׁק‬ ‫ ישׁקו‬β ‫ שׁקה‬,‫ שׁוק‬,‫נשׁק‬ ‫ ישׂר‬β ‫שׂרר‬ ‫ ישׁר‬β ‫ שׁרר‬,‫ שׁור‬,‫ישׁר‬ ‫ ישׁר‬to be straight as in upright, treating people correctly → ‫ ישׁר‬straight as in upright, treating people correctly, ,‫ישׁר‬ ‫ ישׁרה‬straightness, ‫ ישׁרון‬a person who is straight, as in upright, treating people correctly Dt 32:15, 33:5, 26, Is 44:2, ‫ מישׁר‬,‫ מישור‬plain, flat land, ‫ מישׁר‬made flat ?? 1K 6:35, ‫ מישׁרים‬straightness, uprightness σ ‫ זקף‬to straighten up Ps 146:8 αλ, ‫ נכח‬to go straight forward, straight towards the front Ex 14:2, Is 57:2, Ez 46:9, ‫ פלס‬to level, i.e. make (a road) straight, not bumpy Is 26:7, Pr 4:26, 5:6, 21, used of making the way to actions quick and easy Ps 58:3, 78:50 ‫ ישׁר‬straight, as in upright, treating people correctly ← ‫ישׁר‬ ‫ ישׁרה‬,‫ ישׁר‬straightness ← ‫ישׁר‬ ‫< ישׁר‬name> ‫< ישׂראל‬name> ‫< ישׂראלה‬name> ‫< ישׂראלי‬name> ‫ ישׁרון‬a person who is straight, as in upright, treating people correctly Dt 32:15, 33:5, 26, Is 44:2 ← ‫ישׁר‬ ‫< ישׁרון‬toponym> ‫ ישׂשׂום‬β ‫שׂושׂ‬ ‫< ישׂשׁכר‬name> ‫ ישׁת‬β ‫ שׁתה‬,‫ שׁית‬,‫נשׁת‬ ‫ ישׁתה‬β ‫ שׁתה‬,‫שׁית‬ ‫ ישׁתקשׁקון‬β ‫שׁוק‬ ‫ ישׂתרו‬β ‫שׂרר‬ ‫ יתא‬β ‫תאה‬ ‫ יתאו‬β ‫אוה‬ ‫ יתאונן‬β ‫אנן‬ ‫ יתבשׁשׁו‬β ‫בושׁ‬ ‫ יתד‬peg Jd 16:14, Is 22:23, 25, Ez 15:3, Zc 10:4 spike (for digging) Dt 23:14 (tent) stake Ex 27:19, Jd 4:21–2, Is 33:20 ‫ יתו‬β ‫תוה‬ ‫ יתום‬orphan ‫ יתור‬abundance (← ‫ )יתר‬or explored out (← ‫ ?? )תור‬Jb 39:8 αλ ‫< יתיר‬name> ‫ יתירהו‬β ‫נתר‬ ‫ יתירו‬β ‫תור‬ ‫ יתכן‬β ‫ תכן‬,‫כון‬ ‫< יתמה‬name> ‫ יתמכו‬β ‫ תמך‬,‫מוך‬ ‫ יתמללו‬β ‫ מלל‬,‫מול‬ ‫ יתנו‬β ‫ תנה‬,‫נתן‬ ‫< יתניאל‬name> ‫< יתנן‬name> ‫ יתע‬β ‫ תעה‬,‫נתע‬ ‫ יתעל‬β ‫ תעל‬,‫עלה‬ 129 ‫ יתעם‬β ‫ תעה‬,‫נתע‬ ‫ יתערר‬β ‫עור‬ ‫ יתץ‬β ‫נתץ‬ ‫ יתקפו‬β ‫נקף‬ ‫ יתר‬β ‫ תור‬,‫ נתר‬,‫יתר‬ ‫ יתר‬to remain, be left over, from the concept of abundance leading to leftovers → ‫ יותר‬excess such that there’s a remainder 1S 15:15, Ko 6:8, 7:16, ‫יתר‬ remaining in that there’s more to come, not yet mentioned, ‫ יתרה‬remaining, left over in the sense of still present Is 15:7 αλ, ‫ יתרון‬gain, left over after expenses Ko 1:3, 7:12, 10:10–11, ‫ יתרת‬that which remains after removing all else Jr 48:36 connected with ‫ כבד‬is this the gall bladder that is found upon the liver ?? Ex 29;13, 22, Lv 3:4, 10, 15, 9:10, 19, ‫ מותר‬abundance advantage from idea of left over beyond something Pr 14:23, 21:5, Ko 3:19 σ ‫שׁאר‬ ‫ יתר‬sinew, often used as a strong thread or cord (if fresh, will shrink as it dries out) Jd 16:7–9 bowstring (made of sinew) Ps 11:2 σ ‫חבל‬ ‫ יתר‬remaining in that there’s more to come, not yet mentioned ← ‫יתר‬ ‫< יתר‬name> ‫< יתרא‬name> ‫ יתרה‬remaining, left over in the sense of still present Is 15:8 αλ ← ‫יתר‬ ‫< יתרו‬name> ‫ יתרון‬gain, left over after expenses Ko 1:3, 7:12, 10:10–11 ← ‫יתר‬ ‫< יתרי‬name> ‫< יתרן‬name> ‫< יתרעם‬name> ‫ יתרת‬that which remains after removing all else Jr 48:36 connected with ‫כבד‬ is this the gall bladder that is found upon the liver ?? Ex 29;13, 22, Lv 3:4, 10, 15, 9:10, 19 ← ‫יתר‬ ‫ יתשׁם‬β ‫נתשׁ‬ ‫< יתת‬name> ‫ כ‬eleventh letter, where letters are used as numbers, it refers to the number 20. ‫( כ‬prefix), meaning like, as ‫ כאב‬to be painful, to be in pain (both physical and spiritual) Ez 13:22, Pr 14:13, Jb 5:18, 14:22 make painful, difficult to work 2K 3:19 → ‫ כאב‬pain Is 17:11, 65:14, Jr 15:18, Ps 39:3, Jb 2:13, 16:6, ‫ כואב‬in pain Ps 69:30 αλ, ‫מכאב‬ pain, being in pain Ex 3:7, Jr 45:3, Lm 1:12, 18, ‫ מכאבה‬agony, generalized pain Is53:3 αλ, ‫ מכאוב‬that which makes painful, that gives pain Jr 51:8, Ps 32:10, 38:17, 69:26, Lm 1:12, Ko 1:18 σ ‫ עצב‬to do sorrowful, heavy labor that makes one weary, worn out, in pain to be hard, stern as in discipline 1K 1:6 ‫ כאב‬pain Is 17:11, 65:14, Jr 15:18, Ps 39:3, Jb 2:13, 16:6 ← ‫כאב‬ ‫ כאבי‬β ‫ כאב‬,‫אב‬ ‫ כאה‬to be despondent Ez 13:22, Ps 104:16, Dn 11:30 → ‫ נכאה‬made despondent Is 16:7, Pr 15:13, 17:22, 18:14 σ ‫כעס‬ ‫ כאר‬to deform as in to twist into unnatural shapes (used in Akkadian medical texts for diseases that deform hands and feet), distort ?? Ps 22:17 αλ → ‫ כאר‬deforming, as in writhing Is 38:13 αλ, ‫ כאר‬that which deforms, puts into unnatural shapes Am 8:8 αλ 130 ‫ כאר‬deforming, as in writhing Is 38:13 αλ ← ‫כאר‬ ‫ כאר‬that which deforms, puts into unnatural shapes Am 8:8 αλ ← ‫כאר‬ ‫ כארי‬β ‫ כאר‬,‫ארי‬ ‫ כבד‬to be weighty, to be heavy, to be important, with honor, to be unresponsive as in too heavy to move or react → ‫ כבד‬weighty rich (heavy with possessions), ‫ כבד‬liver, this is the organ in the body known for its density, weight Ex 29:13, 22, Lv 7:4, Ez 21:26, Pr 7:23, ‫ כבד‬,‫ כבוד‬heaviness riches, honor, ‫ כבודה‬valuable thing (what one considers weighty) σ ‫פאר‬ ‫ כבד‬weighty rich (heavy with possessions), honorable ← ‫כבד‬ ‫ כבד‬liver, this is the organ in the body known for its density, weight Ex 29:13, 22, Lv 7:4, Ez 21:26, Pr 7:23 ← ‫ כבד‬σ ‫פרשׁ‬ ‫ כבדת‬heaviness Ex 14:25 αλ ← ‫כבד‬ ‫ כבה‬to extinguish (fire, flame) → ‫כבות‬ extinguishing (of a people) ?? Ez 32:7 LXX σβεσθηναι αλ σ ‫ דעך‬to sputter out, die down of flame Is 43:17, Ps 118:12, Pr 13:9, 20:20, Jb 18:5–6 ‫ כבד‬,‫ כבוד‬heaviness riches, honor ← ‫ כבד‬σ ‫ חשׁן‬ornament(al breastplate) Ex 25:7, 28, Lv 8:8, upon which was placed the ‫ אורים‬and ‫ תמים‬Ex 28:30, Lv 8:8, Nu 27:21, Ezr 2:63, Ne 7:65, ‫ צבי‬splendor, ‫ תפארה‬ornament, a specific object that embellishes Is 28:5, Jr 48:17, ‫תפארת‬ ornamentation, a generic adornment ‫ כבודה‬valuable thing (what one considers weighty) ← ‫כבד‬ ‫< כבול‬name> ‫< כבון‬name> ‫ כבות‬extinguishing (of a people) ?? Ez 32:7 LXX σβεσθηναι αλ ← ‫כבה‬ ‫ כביר‬expansive as in drawn out in breadth Is 16:14, 17:12, 28:2 and/or time Jb 8:2, 15:10, 34:17, used metaphorically to refer to wealth (spread of fields, livestock spread out on it) Jb 31:25, those who cause to draw out (time) Jb 34:24, blanket (spread) 1S 19:13, 16 ← ‫כבר‬ ‫ כבל‬fetter Ps 105:18, 149:8 σ ‫זקים‬ ‫ כבלי‬β ‫ כבל‬,‫בלי‬ ‫ כבס‬to launder, wash → ‫ כובס‬launderer σ ‫רחץ‬ ‫ כבר‬β ‫ כבר‬,‫בר‬ ‫ כבר‬to become spread out, expansive, draw out (length and breadth, both area and time) ?? Jb 35:16 → ‫כביר‬ expansive as in drawn out in breadth Is 16:14, 17:12, 28:2 and/or time Jb 8:2, 15:10, 34:17, used metaphorically to refer to wealth (spread of fields, livestock spread out on it) Jb 31:25, those who cause to draw out (time) Jb 34:24, blanket (spread) 1S 19:13, 16, ‫ כברה‬spread out place, i.e. wide open space Am 9:9 αλ, ‫ כברת‬distance Gn 35:16, 48:7, 2K 5:19, ‫ מכביר‬one who spreads out (distributes) Jb 36:31 αλ, ‫ מכבר‬blanket 2K 8:15; lattice, grate Ex 27:4, 38:4, 39:39 σ ‫רקע‬ ‫ כבר‬already Ko 1:10, 3:15, 9:7 ‫ כבר‬name of river Ez 1, 3, 10, 43 ‫ כברה‬spread out place, i.e. wide open space Am 9:9 αλ ← ‫ כבר‬σ ‫מרחב‬ 131 ‫ כברת‬distance Gn 35:16, 48:7, 2K 5:19 ← ‫כבר‬ ‫ כבשׂה‬,‫ כבשׂ‬lamb ‫ כבשׂ בן שׁנה‬lamb born this year ‫ כבשׁ‬to tread upon Mc 7:19, Zc 9:15 to subjugate Gn 1:28, 2S 8:11, 2C 28:10 → ‫ כבשׁ‬stage, here a small one before the throne ?? 2C 9:18 αλ, ‫ כבשׁ‬one who subjugates, oppresses ?? Is 5:17 αλ, ‫כבשׁן‬ furnace for smelting ore, with air blowers powered by foot operated bellows Gn 19:28, Ex 9:8, 10, 19:18 ⇐ something tread upon ‫ כבשׁ‬stage, here a small one before the throne ?? 2C 9:18 αλ ← ‫כבשׁ‬ ‫ כבשׁ‬one who subjugates, oppresses ?? Is 5:17 αλ ← ‫כבשׁ‬ ‫ כבשׁן‬furnace for smelting ore, with air blowers powered by foot operated bellows Gn 19:28, Ex 9:8, 10, 19:18 ⇐ something tread upon ← ‫ כבשׁ‬σ ‫כור‬ ‫ כבשׂת‬group of lambs Gn 21:28–30 ‫( כד‬large) storage jar, to store wet or dry foods σ ‫פרור‬ ‫ כדור‬β ‫דור‬ ‫ כדכד‬a precious stone ?? Is 54:12, Ez 27:16 ‫ כדמה‬β ‫דם‬ ‫< כדרלעמר‬name> ‫ כה‬thus ‫ כהה‬to fade Lv 13:6, 21, 26, 28, 56 in the sense of growing weak, leaving off Is 42:3–4, Zc 11:17, *‫ כהה ב‬to make someone leave off, i.e. remove them from where they are 1S 3:13 → ‫ כהה‬faded σ ‫הלך‬ ‫ כהה‬faded ← ‫כהה‬ ‫ כהן‬β ‫ כהן‬,‫( כ‬prefix) ‫ כהן‬to be a priest—in that in ancient societies the pharaoh / king / emperor was not only the top civic leader of the state, but also the top religious leader (he was often to be worshipped as a god), therefore he was also the high priest of the state as well. Princes who didn’t ascend to the throne were given lesser posts, often as “priests” which still mixed the civic with religious duties, hence they were “priests”. In ancient Israel, that extended even to princes who had no “religious” duties → ‫ כהן‬priest: apparently this is a term that had a wider meaning than merely working within a religious setting, also including royal prerogatives. In ancient Egypt princes who didn’t become pharaoh were “priests” as their royal jobs, which means that when pharaoh had Joseph marry the daughter of a “priest” Gn 41:45, that he was marrying into the royal family as a way to get his loyalty to the throne. 2S 8:18 David’s sons were royal officials, but called “priests” when they clearly were not priests working in the temple because they were not descendants of Aaron, ‫ כהנה‬priesthood Ex 40:15, Nu 16:10, 25:13 priestdom, guild of priests Ezr 2:62, Ne 7:64, 13:29 ‫ כהן‬priest: apparently this is a term that had a wider meaning than merely working within a religious setting, also including royal prerogatives. In ancient Egypt princes who didn’t become pharaoh were “priests” as their royal 132 jobs, which means that when pharaoh had Joseph marry the daughter of a “priest” Gn 41:45, that he was marrying into the royal family as a way to get his loyalty to the throne. 2S 8:18 David’s sons were royal officials, but called “priests” when they clearly were not priests working in the temple because they were not descendants of Aaron. ← ‫כהן‬ ‫ כהנה‬β ‫ כהנה‬,‫הנה‬ ‫ כהנה‬priesthood Ex 40:15, Nu 16:10, 25:13 priestdom, guild of priests Ezr 2:62, Ne 7:64, 13:29 ← ‫כהן‬ ‫ כהקיר‬β ‫נקר‬ ‫ כואב‬in pain Ps 69:30 αλ ← ‫כאב‬ ‫< כוב‬name> ‫ כובס‬launderer ← ‫כבס‬ ‫ קובע‬,‫ כובע‬helmet 1S 17:5, 38, Is 59:17, Ez 23:24, 27:10, 38:5 ‫ כוה‬to injure by burning Is 43:2, Pr 6:28 → ‫ כויה‬injury from a burn Ex 21:25, ‫מכוה‬ area of a burn in the skin Lv 13:24–5, 28 σ ‫אשׁ‬ ‫ כויה‬injury from a burn Ex 21:25 ← ‫כוה‬ ‫ כוכב‬star σ ‫ מזלות‬planets 2K 23:5 αλ, ‫ מזרות‬constellation ?? Jb 38:32 αλ (‫כיון‬ Saturn ?? Am 5:26, ‫ כימה‬Pleiades ?? Am 5:8, Jb 9:9, 38:31, ‫ כסיל‬Orion, constellation ?? Is 13:10, Am 5:8, Jb 9:9, 38:31, ‫ עשׁ‬,‫ עישׁ‬Lion (constellation) ?? Jb 9:9, 38:32) ‫ כול‬to hold in, hold back 1S 25:33, hold aside: this is used in the sense of holding in, containing 1K 8:27, Is 40:12 containing and not letting out Jr 20:9, also used for holding in, not letting out for other uses, i.e. (in English) setting aside as in making sure certain obligations are met first, e.g. providing for family Gn 45:11, 47:12, 50:21, providing for the king’s use 1K 4:7, 27 sometimes used merely in the derivative sense of providing 1K 17:4 (‫ כלכל‬refers to continuous or repeated action) → ‫ מכלכל‬one who hold back ?? Ml 3:2 αλ, ‫ מכלת‬set aside, i.e. that which is not to be used elsewhere 1K 5:11 αλ σ ‫נתן‬ ‫ כומז‬bracelet ?? Ex 35:22, Nu 31:50 ‫ כון‬to establish, in the sense of setting up, making firm, trustworthy → ‫יכין‬ established (set firm) ?? Jb 27:17 αλ, ‫ מכון‬established place, establishment, ‫ מכונה‬stand, upon which objects are placed, ‫ נכונה‬established, i.e. firm, trustworthy σ ‫שׂים‬ ‫ כון‬sacrificial cake made to an idol ‫< כון‬name> ‫< כונניהו‬name> ‫ כוס‬cup σ ‫ אגן‬goblet, small round cup, or is this referring to a small bottle, as for perfume ?? Ex 24:6, Is 22:24, So 7:3, ‫ גביע‬chalice Gn 44:2, 12, 16–7, ‫כפור‬ covered cup Ezr 1:10, 1C 28:17 ‫ כוס‬pelican Lv 11:17, Dt 14:16, Ps 102:7 σ ‫עוף‬ ‫( כור‬smelting) furnace or crucible (for metals) Dt 4:20, Ez 22:16,20, 22, Pr 17:3, 27:21 σ ‫ כבשׁן‬furnace for smelting ore, with air blowers powered by foot operated bellows Gn 19:28, Ex 9:8, 10, 19:18 ⇐ something tread upon, ‫מצרף‬ retort for smelting metals Ml 3:2–3, Pr 17:3, 27:21 133 ‫< כור עשׁן‬name> ‫< כורשׁ‬name> ‫ כושׁ‬Sudan ‫< כושׁי‬name> ‫< כושׁן‬name> ‫< כושׁן רשׁעתים‬name> ‫ כושׁ‬Sudan ‫ כושׁרות‬profitability Ps 68:7 (6) αλ ← ‫כשׁר‬ ‫ כות‬to stockpile ?? ‫ הכיתה‬as hiphil ?? Jr 5:3, ‫ מכות‬as a participle ?? 2C 2:9 → ‫ נכתה‬stockpile, not only of treasures, but also of grains, trade goods, etc. 2K 20:13, Is 39:2 ‫< כות‬name> ‫< כותה‬name> ‫ כותרת‬β ‫כתרת‬ ‫ כזב‬to speak or act untrustworthily to lie → ‫ אכזב‬untrustworthy lying Jr 15:18, Mc 1:14, ‫ כזב‬untrustworthy statement or action lie σ ‫שׁקר‬ ‫ כזב‬untrustworthy statement or action lie ← ‫כזב‬ ‫< כזבא‬name> ‫< כזבה‬name> ‫< כזיב‬name> ‫ כח‬power σ ‫ און‬potency, potent adulthood (⇐ to come into potency), ‫ אונים‬status of being potent, powerful Is 40:26, 29, Hs 4:9, Ps 78:51, Pr 11:7, ‫נצח‬ persistence, always (never ending), overseer, life force (that which makes people persist in their lives), ‫ עז‬strength, ‫ עצמה‬might ‫ כח‬lizard ?? Lv 11:30 αλ σ ‫חיה‬ ‫ כחד‬to hold back, keep from, as an act of deprivation or concealment, here applied to peoples Ex 9:15, 23:23, 2C 32:21 and statements, as in not telling the whole story 1S 3:17, 2S 14:18. σ ‫מנע‬ ‫ כחכי‬β ‫חכה‬ ‫ כחל‬to paint (eyes), as an act of ornamentation Ez 23:40 αλ σ ‫שׂקר‬ ‫ כחשׁ‬to feign as in to lie, give a false report, also to fail to come through, in the sense of making a promise but being unwilling or unable to follow through → ‫ כחשׁ‬falseness, mendacious σ ‫שׁקר‬ ‫ כחשׁ‬falseness, mendacious ← ‫כחשׁ‬ ‫ כי‬for, then, because of; this is a word that introduces a subordinate clause in a sentence, when used with an interrogative the ‫( ה‬prefix) precedes ‫כי‬ while for a rhetorical question it is affixed onto the word that follows the ‫כי‬, the phrase ‫ כי אם‬Gn 15:4, 28:17, usually translated as “except” ‫ כיד‬β ‫ כיד‬,‫יד‬ ‫ כיד‬doom ?? Jb 21:20 αλ ‫ כידוד‬spark ?? Jb 41:11 (19) αλ σ ‫אשׁ‬ ‫ כידן‬,‫ כידון‬javelin, light throwing spear Js 8:18, 26, Jr 6:23, 50:42 σ ‫חנית‬ ‫ כידור‬attack ?? Jb 15:24 αλ σ ‫מכה‬ ‫< כידן‬name> ‫ כיון‬Saturn ?? Am 5:26 σ ‫כוכב‬ ‫ כיר‬,‫ כיור‬vat σ ‫פרור‬ ‫ כילי‬miser, fraudster ?? Is 32:5, 7 ‫ כילפת‬mauls, tools with heavy heads and handles ?? Ps 74:6 αλ ‫ כימה‬Pleiades ?? Am 5:8, Jb 9:9, 38:31 ‫ כיס‬leather purse, bag, used to hold valuables Is 46:6, Pr 1:14, weights (which were then valuable) Dt 25:13, 134 ‫ כלה‬β ‫ כלה‬,‫ כלא‬,‫כל‬ ‫ כלה‬to finish, complete, so as not to have to deal with it any more, also used in the sense of being finished off (as in dying or completing a task) → ‫ כלה‬end, completion, e.g. as in destroyed completely, ‫ כליון‬end, completion, of refining Is 10:22, of what to see (eyes not wanting to see) Dt 28:65, ‫מכלה‬ finishing off as in destroying person doing the finishing off Jr 14:12, Hb 3:17, Jb 9:22, ‫ מכלות‬finishing off, with eyes not wanting to look at it again Lv 26:16, finishing a menorah by covering a frame with gold 2C 4:21, ‫ תכלה‬perfection Ps 119:96, ‫ תכלית‬completion Jb 11:7, 26:10, 28:3, Ne 3:21 complete Ps 139:22 σ ‫ כלל‬to make entire, give the finishing touches Ez 27:4, 11, ‫ תמם‬to come to an end, to complete, used in the sense of coming to the end of, finishing a period of time Gn 47:18, Lv 25:29 and to come to the end of construction, to finish the making of something 1K 6:22, used of a person who is “complete” i.e. pure Ps 18:26 (25); sometimes used in the sense “there is no more” as all has been removed Gn 47:15, Dt 2:16 when in connection with a ‫( מ‬prefix) on a following (pro)noun, has the idea of completely removing Jr 24:10, Ez 22:15 ‫ כלה‬end, completion, e.g. as in destroyed completely ← ‫כלה‬ ‫ כלה‬daughter-in-law, bride ‫ כלו‬β ‫ כלה‬,‫ כלא‬,‫כל‬ ‫ כלוא‬detention ← ‫כלא‬ Mc 6:11, Pr 16:18, wineskin Pr 23:31, wineskin Pr 23:31 σ ‫שׂק‬ ‫ כיקר‬β ‫קרה‬ ‫ כיר‬β ‫כיור‬ ‫ כישׁור‬whorl, used in spinning Pr 31:19 αλ ‫ ככה‬thus ‫ ככר‬round object district, region, loaf (of bread), talent (a measure of weight) ← ‫ כרר‬σ ‫מדה‬ ‫ כל‬β ‫ כל‬,‫כול‬ ‫ כל‬all (when followed by a plural noun), every (when followed by a singular noun) ← ‫כלל‬ ‫< כל חזה‬name> ‫ כלא‬β ‫ לא‬,‫כלא‬ ‫ כלא‬to detain, hold back, prevent action → ‫ כלא‬detention prison, ‫ כלוא‬detention, ‫ מכלא‬pen (for sheep) σ ‫ מנע‬σ ‫סגר‬ ‫ כלא‬detention prison ← ‫ כלא‬σ ‫מסגר‬ locksmith artisan 2K 24:14, 16, Jr 24:1, 29:2, lockup (prison) Is 24:22, 42:7, Ps 142:7. In ancient times the locksmith was the most accomplished of artisans, dealing with the most complex and intricate mechanisms commonly in use. Hence their prominent mention among those taken into captivity Jr 24:1 ‫< כלאב‬name> ‫ כלאים‬mixed types Lv 19:19, Dt 22:9, Is 24:22 ‫ כלב‬β ‫ כלוב‬,‫כלב‬ ‫ כלב‬dog metaphorically scoundrel, a person of ill repute, often one known for violence ‫< כלב‬name> ‫< כלב אפרתה‬name> ‫< כלבי‬name> 135 ‫ כלוב‬covered basket (κλοβοβ, κλουβοβ, κλωβοβ) ‫< כלוב‬name> ‫< כלובי‬name> ‫< כלוהו‬name> ‫ כלולת‬bridal state Jr 2:2 αλ ‫ כלח‬ripe old age Jb 5:26, 30:2 σ ‫ישׁשׁ‬ ‫< כלח‬name> ‫ כלי‬β ‫ כלי‬,‫כילי‬ ‫ כלי‬utensil, used in many contexts, including cooking (pots and pans), working (tools), music (musical instruments), etc. ‫ כליה‬kidney, often used as a representation of the emotions σ ‫פרשׁ‬ ‫ כליון‬end, completion, of refining Is 10:22, of what to see (eyes not wanting to see) Dt 28:65 ← ‫כלה‬ ‫< כליון‬name> ‫ כליות‬β ‫ כליה‬,‫כלי‬ ‫ כליל‬β ‫ ליל‬,‫כליל‬ ‫ כליל‬entirely Ex 28:31, Is 2:18, Ez 28:12 entire animal burnt as an offering Lv 6:15–6, Dt 33:10, Ps 51:21 ← ‫כלל‬ ‫ כלילת‬entirety Ez 27:3, Lm 2:15 ← ‫כלל‬ ‫ כליתם‬β ‫ כליה‬,‫כלה‬ ‫ כלכל‬β ‫כול‬ ‫< כלכל‬name> ‫ כלל‬to make entire, give the finishing touches Ez 27:4, 11 → ‫ כל‬all (when followed by a plural noun), every (when followed by a singular noun), ‫כליל‬ entirely Ex 28:31, Is 2:18, Ez 28:12 entire animal burnt as an offering Lv 6:15–6, Dt 33:10, Ps 51:21, ‫כלילת‬ entirety Ez 27:3, Lm 2:15, ‫ מכלול‬some sort of dress, possibly full body armor Ez 23:12, 38:4, ‫ מכלל‬finished articles (not raw materials nor kits) Ez 27:24, Ps 50:2 σ ‫כלה‬ ‫< כלל‬name> ‫ כלם‬to disgrace → ‫ כלמות‬,‫ כלמה‬disgrace σ ‫בושׁ‬ ‫ כלם‬β ‫ כלם‬,‫כל‬ ‫< כלמד‬name> ‫ כלמה‬β ‫ כלמה‬,‫( כל‬towards all of them Is 61:7) ‫ כלמות‬,‫ כלמה‬disgrace ← ‫כלם‬ ‫< כלנה‬name> ‫< כלנו‬name> ‫ כלתני‬β ‫כלא‬ ‫ כמה‬β ‫מה‬+‫ כ‬,‫כמה‬ ‫ כמה‬to pine for ?? Is 51:7, Ps 63:2, 119:84 σ ‫כסף‬ ‫< כמהם‬name> ‫< כמהן‬name> ‫ כמו‬β ‫ כמו‬,‫כמה‬ ‫ כמו‬like, as (‫( כ‬prefix) with ‫ מו‬suffix) This combination is found in about 53 verses, only once followed by an active verb, Ps 58:8 (7) which appears possibly to be a copyist error. Most often followed by a noun or a participle acting as a noun. ‫ כמוה‬β ‫כמה‬ ‫< כמוהם‬name> ‫< כמושׁ‬name> ‫ כמן‬cumin Is 28:25, 27 σ ‫חטה‬ ‫ כמס‬to store up ?? Dt 32:34 αλ σ ‫אסף‬ ‫ כמער‬β ‫מער‬ ‫ כמר‬β ‫ מר‬,‫כמר‬ ‫ כמר‬to grow hot, used of emotional heat Gn 43:30, 1K 3:26, Hs 11:8, Lm 5:10 → ‫ כמר‬idolatrous priest, from the idea of 136 ‫ כנס‬to gather together, referring to the group or pile gathered in Ko 2:8, 25, 3:5. Es 4:16 to wrap oneself Is 28:20 (⇐ the action of gathering oneself into the blanket) → ‫ מכנס‬trousers σ ‫אסף‬ ‫ כנע‬to subdue → ‫ כנעת‬subjection Jr 10:17 ‫ כנען‬merchant ‫< כנען‬name> ‫< כנענה‬name> ‫< כנעני‬name> ‫ כנף‬β ‫ נוף‬,‫כנף‬ ‫ כנף‬to cover (so that cannot be seen) ?? Is 30:20 αλ → ‫ כנף‬covering 2S 22:11, Is 8:8, Ps 17:8, 36:8, Rt 2:12, 3:9, ‫כנף‬ hem (of clothing) ?? something sewn on the outside edge of clothing to cover, protect the edge ?? Nu 15:38, 1S 24:4–5, Hg 2:12, Zc 8:23, → ‫ כנף‬wing (of a flying creature) (⇐ the action of covering self and chicks with its wings ??) Gn 1:21, 7:14, Ez 17:23, Ko 10:20 wing of a cherub Is 6:2, Ez 1:23–24, of a statue of a cherub Ex 25:20, 37:9, 1K 6:24, 27, 2C 5:7–8, → ‫ כנפות‬far reaches (of the earth, clothing) (so called because they are covered, out of sight ??) Dt 22:12, Is 11:12, 24:16, Ez 7:2, Jb 37:3, 38:13, → ‫פרשׂת כנפך‬ ‫“ על־אמתך כי גאל אתה‬spread your covering upon your maid, for you are redeemer” meaning “fulfill your responsibilities as redeemer and marry me” Rt 3:9, → ‫“ גלה כנף אב‬remove a covering of a father” meaning to reveal something that only a father should know Dt 23:1, 27:20 σ ‫סתר‬ keeping the altars hot? 2K 23:5, Hs 10:5, Zp 1:4, ‫ מכמר‬something that a person can fall into Ps 141:10, apparently can deal with heat Is 51:20, ‫ מכמרת‬drop net, possibly from the idea of stretched out on hot days over water so that fish gather under it to avoid the heat, then to drop the net on them Is 19:8, Hb 1:15–6 σ ‫לבב‬ ‫ כמר‬idolatrous priest, from the idea of keeping the altars hot? 2K 23:5, Hs 10:5, Zp 1:4 ← ‫כמר‬ ‫ כן‬thus, correct, basis then, established hence true, reason ← ‫כנה‬ ‫ כן‬base, place where one is based nest ← ‫ כנה‬σ ‫מקום‬ ‫ כן‬gnat, a type from Egypt’s marshes that can drive a person to distraction with its biting Ex 8:13–5 (17–9) ‫ כנה‬to base (oneself) in sense of establishing, setting up → ‫ כן‬thus, correct, basis then, established hence true, reason, ‫ כן‬base, place where one is based nest, ‫ תכנית‬set measured amount Ez 28:12, 43:10 ‫< כנה‬name> ‫ כנור‬harp (when a suffix is appended, the spelling is ‫כנר‬+suffix) ‫< כניהן‬name> ‫ כנים‬β ‫כן‬ ‫ כנלתך‬β ‫לתך‬ ‫ כנם‬β ‫כן‬ ‫ כנן‬β ‫כון‬ ‫< כנני‬name> ‫< כנניה‬name> ‫< כנניהו‬name> 137 ‫ כנף‬covering 2S 22:11, Is 8:8, Ps 17:8, 36:8, Rt 2:12, 3:9, ‫ כנף‬hem (of clothing) ?? something sewn on the outside edge of clothing to cover, protect the edge ?? Nu 15:38, 1S 24:4–5, Hg 2:12, Zc 8:23 ← ‫כנף‬ ‫ כנף‬wing (of a flying creature) (⇐ the action of covering self and chicks with its wings ??) Gn 1:21, 7:14, Ez 17:23, Ko 10:20 wing of a cherub Is 6:2, Ez 1:23–24, of a statue of a cherub Ex 25:20, 37:9, 1K 6:24, 27, 2C 5:7–8 ← ‫כנף‬ ‫ כנפות‬far reaches (of the earth, clothing) (so called because they are covered, out of sight ??) Dt 22:12, Is 11:12, 24:16, Ez 7:2, Jb 37:3, 38:13 ← ‫כנף‬ ‫ כנפי‬β ‫ נפה‬,‫כנף‬ ‫ כנרות‬β ‫כנור‬ ‫< כנרות‬name> ‫ כנרי‬β ‫כנור‬ ‫< כנרת‬name> ‫ כס‬β ‫ כסס‬,‫כסא‬ ‫ כסא‬to sit on the seat of honor as head of household ?? Pr 7:20, Jb 36:7 → ‫כסא‬ station of honor ?? Is 22:23, Ps 94:20, Pr 7:20 throne, seat of honor ‫ כסא‬station of honor ?? Is 22:23, Ps 94:20, Pr 7:20 throne, seat of honor ← ‫כסא‬ ‫< עסדי‬name> ‫ כסה‬β ‫ כסה‬,‫כסא‬ ‫ כסה‬to conceal by covering to cover for, in order to protect Dt 13:9 → ‫ כסה‬a structural covering over the throne as a decoration ?? 1K 10:19, ‫ כסות‬,‫כסוי‬ covering, ‫ כסת‬covering, ‫ כסתות‬some sort of covering ?? Ez 13:18, 20, ‫מכסה‬ covering σ ‫סתר‬ ‫ כסה‬a structural covering over the throne as a decoration ?? 1K 10:19 ← ‫כסה‬ ‫ כסה‬a musical instrument Ps 81:4 αλ ‫< כסולות‬name> ‫ כסונו‬β ‫כסה‬ ‫ כסות‬,‫ כסוי‬covering ← ‫כסה‬ ‫ כסח‬β ‫סוחה‬ ‫ כסיל‬foolish as in twisted as intestines ← ‫ כסל‬σ ‫אויל‬ ‫ כסיל‬Orion, constellation ?? Is 13:10, Am 5:8, Jb 9:9, 38:31 σ ‫כוכב‬ ‫< כסיל‬name> ‫ כסל‬to be foolish as in twisted as intestines → ‫ כסיל‬foolish as in twisted as intestines, ‫ כסל‬intestines Lv 3:4, 10, Ps 38:8, both as a source of strength (food digested there) and as a symbol of perversity (⇐ the crooked shape) strength Ps 78:7, Jb 8:14, Pr 3:26, perversity Ko 7:25, ‫ כסלה‬that which twists up makes foolish Ps 85:9 (8), Jb 4:6 σ ‫סכל‬ ‫ כסל‬intestines Lv 3:4, 10, Ps 38:8, both as a source of strength (food digested there) and as a symbol of perversity (⇐ the crooked shape) strength Ps 78:7, Jb 8:14, Pr 3:26, perversity Ko 7:25 ← ‫ כסל‬σ ‫פרש‬ ‫ כסלה‬that which twists up makes foolish Ps 85:9 (8), Jb 4:6 ← ‫כסל‬ ‫ כסלו‬β ‫ כסלו‬,‫כסל‬ ‫ כסלו‬Aramaic name of a month Zc 7:1 ‫< כלסו‬name> ‫< כסלון‬name> ‫< כסלת תבר‬name> ‫< כסלחים‬name> ‫< כסליו‬name> 138 ‫ כסם‬to crop, cut short hair Ez 44:20 ‫ כסמת‬spelt, emmer Ex 9:32, Is 28:25, Ez 4:9 ‫ כסס‬to reckon (numbers, amounts) passive to be counted, reckoned Ex 12:4, Ps 143:9 → ‫ מכס‬reckoned amount, numbered portion Nu 31:28, 37–41, ‫ מכסת‬reckoning a unit by numbers Ex 12:4, Lv 27:23 σ ‫חשׁב‬ ‫ כסף‬β ‫ סף‬,‫כסף‬ ‫ כסף‬to be longing for σ ‫ יאב‬to long for ?? Ps 119:131 αλ, ‫ כמה‬to pine for ?? Is 51:7, Ps 63:2, 119:84, ‫ תאב‬to long for ‫ כסף‬silver money ‫< כספא‬name> ‫ כסת‬covering ← ‫כסה‬ ‫ כסתות‬some sort of covering ?? Ez 13:18, 20 ← ‫ כסה‬LXX προσκεφαλαια ‫ כסתי‬β ‫כסס‬ ‫ כעוס‬one who is grieved Ko 7:9 αλ ← ‫כעס‬ ‫ כעטיה‬β ‫עטיה‬ ‫ כעס‬to grieve, to be sorrowful yet angry → ‫ כעוס‬one who is grieved Ko 7:9 αλ, ‫כעס‬ grief (‫ כעשׂ‬spelling variant used only in Job) σ ‫ אבל‬to mourn for someone who has died (lost to us) or over a lost opportunity, ‫ אמלל‬to be barren, fruitless (as in crop failure) Is 16:8, 24:4, 7, 33:9, Jl 1:10, 12, Nh 1:4 to be dejected, without power Is 19:8, Jr 14:2, Hs 4:3, Lm 2:8, ‫ אנה‬to experience, in particular going through an unpleasant experience or occurrence that is not entirely by chance (hit) to make oneself an unpleasant experience, i.e. to seek a pretext 2K 5:7, ‫ אנח‬to sigh in sorrow Ex 2:23, Ez 21:11–2, Pr 29:2, Lm 1:4, 8, 11, 21, ‫ בכה‬to weep for (sorrowfully), ‫הילל‬ to howl in sorrow ?? Jr 47:2, Ez 21:17, Jl 1:5, Zc 11:2, ‫ יגה‬to have deep grief, as of mourning, ‫ כאה‬to be despondent Ez 13:22, Ps 104:16, Dn 11:30, ‫ נאק‬to groan, ‫ נהה‬to lament 1S 7:2, Ez 32:18, Mc 2:4, ‫ ספד‬to mourn publically, make a public show of mourning, ‫ קין‬to sing a lament, dirge ‫ כעס‬grief (‫ כעשׂ‬spelling variant used only in Job) ← ‫כעס‬ ‫ כעשׂ‬β ‫ עשׂה‬,‫ עשׁ‬,‫כעס‬ ‫ כף‬hollow palm (of hand), spoon, shallow cave ← ‫ כפף‬σ ‫ חפן‬hollow of the hand, palm Ez 10:2, 7, Pr 30:4, used as a measurement, handful Ex 9:8, Lv 16:12, Ko 4:6, ‫ חר‬hole, both as an opening through a wall or door, and as a hollow place to hide, live or fill with things 2K 12:10, Nh 2:13, Zc 14:12, ‫ קמץ‬handful Lv 2:2, 5:12, 6:15, Nu 5:26, in plural “handfuls” i.e. bountiful(ly) Gn 41:47, ‫ שׁעל‬hollow place Ez 13:4, 19 hollow of foot 1K 20:10 or hand (palm) Is 40:12, Ps 63:11 (10) ‫ כפה‬β ‫ כפה‬,‫כף‬ ‫ כפה‬to excite, inflame Pr 21:14 αλ (this is the opposite meaning than given in other dictionaries; reasons for it: 1) parallelism —the “secret gift” is in parallel with bribe, 2) grammar—this verb also is used for the bribe, second half of the verse, 3) psychological—the reason the gift is secret is because the giver and receiver don’t want the existence of the gift to be known, i.e. it is a bribe, and the reason a 139 and obeisance to authorities) → ‫כף‬ hollow palm (of hand), spoon, shallow cave, ‫ כפה‬frond, branch of a palm tree ?? Dt 25:12, Is 9:13 (14), 19:15, ‫ כפת‬cover for a plate ?? Ex 25:29, 37:16, Nu 4:7 σ ‫שׁחה‬ ‫ כפר‬to cover (up) both literally Gn 6:14 and metaphorically to make something “covered up” so that it’s no longer considered, e.g. rebellions Ps 65:4, perversions Ps 78:38, error Ps 79:9, to “cover” previous actions so they are not remembered by giving a propitiatory gifts Gn 32:21 (20) to declare someone as “being covered” Lv 4:20, 19:22 → ‫ כפור‬covered cup Ezr 1:10, 1C 28:17, ‫ כפור‬frost Ps 147:16 αλ, ‫כפר‬ covering payment to cover the cost Ex 21:30, Is 47:11, bribe (as cover for doing illegal activities) Nu 35:31–2, 1S 12:3, Am 5:12, Pr 6:35, frost (which looks like tiny flakes covering everything before melting) Ex 16:14, ‫ כפרים‬covering for sin so that the sin would be seen no more Ex 29:36, 30:16, Yom Kippur, the joyous festival when people would know that their sins were covered (forgiven) Ex 30:10, Lv 25:9, Nu 29:11, ‫ כפרת‬cover, lid Ex 25:17–22, Nu 7:89 σ ‫ בגד‬to act under cover, act underhandedly, under the table (doing things under one’s clothes) Jr 3:20, Ml 2:14, ‫ הוא‬to cover, lie (upon) Job 37:6, Ko 11:3, ‫ חפה‬to cover with a cloth, gold, etc. Is 4:5, Ps 68:14 (13), 2C 3:5, 8–9, ‫ רבד‬to drape, cover with a hanging ?? Pr 7:16 αλ bribe excites anger is because it denies justice) σ ‫גרה‬ ‫ כפה‬frond, branch of a palm tree ?? Dt 25:12, Is 9:13 (14), 19:15 ← ‫ כפף‬σ ‫דלית‬ ‫ כפול‬folded over Ex 28:16, 39:9 ← ‫כפל‬ ‫ כפור‬covered cup Ezr 1:10, 1C 28:17 ← ‫ כפר‬σ ‫כוס‬ ‫ כפור‬frost Ps 147:16 αλ ← ‫ כפר‬σ ‫קרח‬ ‫ כפי‬β ‫ פי‬,‫כף‬ ‫ כפיס‬cross beam (LXX κανβαροβ) Hb 2:11 αλ ‫ כפיר‬maned, male lion idiom: a rapacious, violent person Ez 38:13, Ps 35:17 σ ‫ארי‬ ‫< כפירה‬name> ‫ כפל‬to fold over, double (layers) Ex 26:9 (in ancient times, when a debt was paid, the promissory note was folded to indicate repayment Is 40:2, Jb 11:16), often when a person is killed by a sword striking the torso, he folds himself over into a fetal position Ez 21:19 → ‫כפול‬ folded over Ex 28:16, 39:9, ‫ כפל‬fold (of clothing) Jb 41:5 αλ, ‫ כפלים‬status of having a debt repaid Is 40:2, Jb 11:6 ‫ כפל‬fold (of clothing) Jb 41:5 αλ ← ‫כפל‬ ‫ כפלים‬status of having a debt repaid Is 40:2, Jb 11:6 ← ‫כפל‬ ‫ כפן‬to uproot ?? Ez 17:7 αλ → ‫כפן‬ uprooting, removal ?? Jb 5:22, 30:3 σ ‫הדף‬ ‫ כפן‬uprooting, removal ?? Jb 5:22, 30:3 ← ‫כפן‬ ‫ כפף‬to bend down, make a curve (like a palm frond, leaf of a marsh reed) (often pictures the action in worship to God 140 ‫ כפר‬covering payment to cover the cost Ex 21:30, Is 47:11, bribe (as cover for doing illegal activities) Nu 35:31–2, 1S 12:3, Am 5:12, Pr 6:35, frost (which looks like tiny flakes covering everything before melting) Ex 16:14 ← ‫ כפר‬σ ,‫מסך‬ ‫ מסכה‬covering to keep something from being seen 2S 17:19, Is 22:8 screen Ex 26:36–7, Nu 3:25–6 ‫ כפר‬village Js 18:24, 1S 6:18, Ez 38:13, 1C 27:25 σ ‫מושׁב‬ ‫ כפר‬henna (flowers) ?? So 4:13, 7:12 ‫< כפר העמנה‬name> ‫ כפרה‬β ‫ פרה‬,‫כפר‬ ‫ כפרים‬β ‫ כפרים‬,‫ כפר‬,‫כפיר‬ ‫ כפרים‬covering for sin so that the sin would be seen no more Ex 29:36, 30:16, Yom Kippur, the joyous festival when people would know that their sins were covered (forgiven) Ex 30:10, Lv 25:9, Nu 29:11 ← ‫כפר‬ ‫ כפרת‬cover, lid Ex 25:17–22, Nu 7:89 ← ‫כפר‬ ‫ כפשׁ‬to feed, in the sense of giving bread to Lm 3:16 αλ σ ‫אכל‬ ‫ כפת‬cover for a plate ?? Ex 25:29, 37:16, Nu 4:7 ← ‫כפף‬ ‫ כפתור‬place name Dt 2:23, Jr 47:4, Am 9:1, 7 (DSS Am 9:1 ‫)כפתר‬ ‫ כפתר‬knob Ex 25, 37 hillock, uneven ground among ruins Zp 2:14 (DSS Am 9:1) ‫ כפתרים‬name of a people Gn 10:14, Dt 2:23, 1C 1:12 ‫ כרה‬,‫ כר‬a pastured lamb―one that has fed well on pastures, possibly one that is a summer old Dt 34:14, Is 16:1, 34:6, Am 6:9. ‫ כר‬a summer pasture Is 30:23, Ps 37:30, 65:14 σ ‫נאות‬ ‫ כר‬battering ram Ez 4:2, 21:27 ‫ כר‬a saddle pack Gn 31:34, Is 16:1, 60:6 ‫ כר‬a dry measure 1K 5:2 (4:22), 18 (5:11) σ ‫מדה‬ ‫ כר משׁל‬β ‫כרמשׁל‬ ‫ כרב‬β ‫רב‬ ‫ כרבים‬this word is found 25 times only in plural for ‫ כרוב‬while ‫ כרובים‬is found 34 times, but only in Kings, Ezekiel, twice in Psalms and in Chronicles ← ‫כרוב‬ ‫ כרבל‬to be clad ?? 1C 15:27 αλ σ ‫לבשׁ‬ ‫ כרה‬β ‫ כרה‬,‫כר‬ ‫ כרה‬to furnish as in to provide Gn 50:5, Pr 16:27, 26:27 → ‫ כרה‬provision, that which is provided 2K 6:23, Is 3:9, ‫מכר‬ furnished supplies 2K 12:6 (5), 8 (7), ‫ מכרה‬quartermaster, one who furnishes supplies Zp 2:9 αλ, ‫“ מכרתיך‬those things that provide for you” Ez 16:3 αλ σ ‫נתן‬ ‫ כרה‬provision, that which is provided 2K 6:23, Is 3:9 ← ‫כרה‬ ‫ כרוב‬β ‫ רב‬,‫כרוב‬ ‫ כרב‬,‫ כרוב‬cherub, a type of messenger ‫< כרוב אדון‬name> ‫< כרוב אדן‬name> ‫ כרי‬a type of soldier ?? (foreign loan word ??) 2S 20:23, 2K 11: 4, 19 ‫ כרית‬β ‫ כרת‬,‫כרה‬ ‫< כרית‬name> ‫ כריתות‬divorce, from the idea of cutting off from the family ← ‫כרת‬ ‫ כרכב‬rim Ex 27:5, 38:4 141 ‫ כרכם‬saffron So 4:14 αλ ‫ כרכמישׁ‬major city, apparently at its height in Is 10:9, 2C 35:20 ‫< כרכס‬name> ‫ כרכרה‬swift she camel Is 66:20 αλ σ ‫גמל‬ ‫ כרם‬β ‫ רום‬,‫כרם‬ ‫ כרם‬vineyard wine dresser σ ‫שׂדי‬ ‫< כרמי‬name> ‫ כרמיל‬crimson (orange, color of ripe field?) 2C 2:6 (7), 13 (14), 3:14 ‫ כרמל‬vegetable vegetable garden σ ‫שׂדי‬ ‫< כרמל‬name> ‫< כרמלי‬name> ‫< כרמשׁל‬apparently a name of a place along a highway, DSS variant Is 16:1> ‫< כרן‬name> ‫ כרסם‬to root up, as a pig digs for food Ps 80:14 αλ ‫ כרע‬β ‫ רע‬,‫כרע‬ ‫ כרע‬to crouch (as a sign of obeisance, as a cat hunting prey), curl up into a fetal position (while dying) → ‫( כרע‬used only in plural) leg of an animal, ‫כרעות‬ status of being bent, crouched down ?? Jb 4:4 αλ σ ‫שׁחה‬ ‫( כרע‬used only in plural) leg of an animal ← ‫כרע‬ ‫ כרעה‬β ‫רעה‬ ‫ כרעות‬status of being bent, crouched down ?? Jb 4:4 αλ ← ‫כרע‬ ‫ כרפס‬fine cotton Es 1:6 αλ σ ‫שׁשׁ‬ ‫ כרר‬unused root taken from dictionary → ‫ ככר‬round object district, region, loaf (of bread), talent (a measure of weight), ‫ מכרכר‬continuous whirling and dancing 2S 6:14, 16 ‫ כרשׂ‬gut, i.e. abdomen Jr 51:34 αλ ‫< כרשׁנא‬name> ‫ כרת‬β ‫ כרת‬,‫כרה‬ ‫ כרת‬to cut out, off to carve out, ‫כרת‬ ‫ כרת ברית‬,‫ כרת עם‬,‫ את‬to make a covenant (between nations, a treaty) with another, while ‫ ברית‬is usually included in the sentence, sometimes it is merely assumed → ‫ כריתות‬divorce, from the idea of cutting off from the family, ‫ כרתות‬cut off 1S 5:4 carved out 1K 7:2 σ ‫ בדל‬to part, indicative of a physical removal, put a distance between, ‫ גדד‬to cut out, incise, apparently also a self mutilation as an act of worship 1K 18:28, Jr 5:7, 41:5 or of mourning Dt 14:1, Jr 16:6, 48:37, Mc 4:14 (5:1), ‫גדע‬ to cut down, ‫ גזר‬to part off, sever Is 53:8, Ps 88:6 to cut off (grain, to eat; trees) 2K 6:4, Is 9:19 (18), to part off words, hence decree Jb 22:28, Es 2:1, to cut into parts 1K 3:25–6, ‫ חטב‬to chop (down) Dt 19:5, Ez 39:10, ‫ מול‬to clip off, pluck off (e.g. grass, heads of grain) to circumcise, ‫ פלח‬to slice, to cut, ‫קצב‬ to cut off as in carving, forming, shearing, ‫ שׁסף‬to cut to pieces ?? 1S 15:33 αλ, ‫ שׂרט‬to cut into ‫ כרתות‬cut off 1S 5:4 carved out 1K 7:2 ← ‫כרת‬ ‫ כרתי‬a people with a defined geographic distribution 1S 30:14, Ez 25:16, a troop of David’s soldiers 2S 8:18, 15:18, 20:7, 23 (Q), 1K 1:38, 44, 1C 18:17 ‫ כשׂבה‬,‫ כשׂב‬lamb ‫ כשׁבא‬β ‫בוא‬ ‫< כשׂד‬name> ‫ כשׂדים‬astrologer σ ‫חרטם‬ 142 ‫< כשׂדים‬name> ‫< כשׂדימה‬name> ‫ כשׂה‬to become plump Dt 32:15 αλ σ ‫אכל‬ ‫ כשׁיל‬a workman’s tool ?? Ps 74:6 αλ ‫ כשׁל‬β ‫ שׁל‬,‫כשׁל‬ ‫ כשׁל‬to trip (up) to stumble → ‫כשׁלון‬ tripping up, stumbling Pr 16:18 αλ, ‫ מכשׁלה‬,‫ מכשׁול‬cause for tripping obstacle, offense (cause moral stumbling) σ ‫נפל‬ ‫ כשׁלון‬tripping up, stumbling Pr 16:18 αλ ← ‫כשׁל‬ ‫ כשׁף‬to enchant (could this verb have had the secondary meaning of drug use? can be carried in hand Mi 5:11) → ‫כשׁף‬ enchantment, enchanter, ‫ מכשׁפה‬,‫מכשׁף‬ enchanter Ex 7:11, 22:17 (18), Dt 18:10, Ml 3:5, Dn 2:2 σ ‫ענן‬ ‫ כשׁף‬enchantment, enchanter ← ‫כשׁף‬ ‫ כשׁר‬to be profitable Ko 11:6, Es 8:5 → ‫ כושׁרות‬profitability Ps 68:7 (6) αλ, ‫ כשׁרון‬profit(ing) Ko 2:21, 4:4, 5:11 ‫ כשׁרון‬profit(ing) Ko 2:21, 4:4, 5:11 ← ‫כשׁר‬ ‫ כתב‬to write, to write about (something) ‫ כתב על‬Ps 40:8, Jb 13:26, though be careful, as this usually mean to write upon Ex 34:1, 28 → , ‫כתב‬ ‫ מכתב‬,‫ כתבת‬writing ‫ כתבת‬,‫ כתב‬writing ← ‫כתב‬ ‫ כתור‬β ‫ תור‬,‫?? כתור‬ ‫ כתור‬generation (⇐ idea of making a circle, cycle of life) ?? 1C 17:17 αλ ← ‫כתר‬ ‫ כתות‬β ‫ כתות‬,‫כתת‬ ‫ כתות‬something that is repeatedly struck hammered goods, i.e. metal that has been hammered into shape Is 30:14 an enemy repeatedly struck away Ps 89:23 injured from repeated actions ?? Lv 22:24 ← ‫כתת‬ ‫ כתים‬toponym Ez 27:6 ‫ כתיף‬side outward extremity (of city, territory) ‫ בין כתיפיו‬within its boundaries Dt 33:12 αλ ‫ כתית‬whipped (used only with olive oil) (What happens when olive oil is whipped?) ← ‫כתת‬ ‫< כתיים‬name> ‫ כתל‬wall (made of pounded earth ?) So 2:9 αλ σ ‫קיר‬ ‫< כתלישׁ‬name> ‫ כתם‬β ‫ תם‬,‫כתם‬ ‫ כתם‬to be a stain Jr 2:22 αλ ‫ כתם‬gold thread, listed as valuable Is 13:12, Jb 31:24, used in clothing Ps 45:10 (9), Dn 10:5 σ ‫זהב‬ ‫ כתנת‬tunic Greek (χιτων) σ ‫ סדין‬under garment (σινδων) Jd 14:12–3, Is 4:23, Pr 31:24 σ ‫בגד‬ ‫ כתף‬shoulder (outward from the ‫)שׁכם‬ outward extremity (of clothing) ‫ כתף‬a musical instrument Jb 21:12 αλ ‫ כתפת‬β ‫ תפת‬,‫ כתפת‬,‫כתף‬ ‫ כתפת‬extension Ex 38:7, 12, 39: 4, 7, 18, 20, 1K 7:30 → extending out (adj) 1K 7:30 ‫ כתר‬to make a circle, encircle Jd 20:43, Ps 22:13, 142:8 put on a circle, crown Pr 14:18 → ‫ כתור‬generation (⇐ idea of making a circle, cycle of life) ?? 1C 17:17 αλ, ‫ כתר‬crown ?? Ex 1:11, 2:17, 6:8, ‫ כתרת‬capital (crown of pillar) 1K 143 7:16–20, 31, 41–2, 2K 25:17, Jr 52:22 σ ‫סבב‬ ‫ כתר‬crown ?? Ex 1:11, 2:17, 6:8 ← ‫ כתר‬σ ‫ ליה‬,‫ לויה‬chaplet, a small wreath for the head ‫ כתרת‬capital (crown of pillar) 1K 7:16–20, 31, 41–2, 2K 25:17, Jr 52:22 ← ‫כתר‬ ‫ כתשׁ‬to grind or pound as in a mortar Pr 27:22 → ‫ מכתשׁ‬mortar, a tool where one grinds grain Pr 27:22 hole in the rock, where women grind grains hence wear a hole in the rock from much grinding Jd 15:19, Zp 1:11 ‫ כתת‬to hit repeatedly (as a blacksmith with a hammer forming implements Is 2:4, Mc 1:7, 4:3, in war continuous or repeated attacks hammering at the enemy Nu 14:45, Dt 1:44, 2C 15:6) → ‫ כתות‬something that is repeatedly struck hammered goods, i.e. metal that has been hammered into shape Is 30:14 an enemy repeatedly struck away Ps 89:23 injured from repeated actions ?? Lv 22:24, ‫ כתית‬whipped (used only with olive oil), ‫ מכתת‬smithy for forming metals Is 30:14 αλ σ ‫ הלם‬to pound, feet while running, with a hammer, etc. Jd 5:22, 26, Is 16:8, Ps 74:6, 141:5, Pr 23:35 ‫ ל‬twelfth letter, where letters are used as numbers, it refers to the number 30. ‫( ל‬prefix), meaning to, towards, for, for the purpose of, concerning (as in talking about), often used as an indicator of ownership. It is prefixed to nouns and to nominal personal pronoun suffixes. When used in the context of noun ‫ ל‬noun, it means “each and every” of that noun, as in “Day by day” or “command upon command”. ‫ לוא‬,‫ לא‬not (emphatic) σ ‫ אל‬not, often used in negative commands “Don’t …” ‫< לא דבר‬name> ‫< לא עמי‬name> ‫< לא רחמה‬name> ‫ לאה‬to vex, in the sense to irritate, trouble, annoy Is 7:13, Jb 4:5 → ‫ מתלאה‬vexation, something one frets himself over ?? Ml 1:13 αλ, ‫ תלאה‬vexation, trouble Ex 18:8, Nu 20:14, Jb 4:2, Lm 3:5, Ne 9:32, ‫תלאים‬ status of being vexed, troubled Dt 28:66 αλ σ ‫עמל‬ ‫< לאה‬name> ‫ לאום‬β ‫לאם‬ ‫ לאט‬β ‫ לט‬,‫ לוט‬,‫ לאט‬,‫אט‬ ‫ לאט‬to be gentle with, be soft, to treat with kid gloves ?? 2S 18:5 to soften (in this case with weeping and tears) 2S 19:5 → ‫ לאט‬softly, gently Gn 33:14, Is 8:6, Jb 15:11 as in sneaking Jd 4:21 ‫ לאט‬softly, gently Gn 33:14, Is 8:6, Jb 15:11 as in sneaking Jd 4:21 ← ‫לאט‬ ‫( לאך‬unused root) → ‫ מלאך‬messenger, envoy, ambassador, one sent and empowered to accomplish a task, ‫מלאכה‬ work done for profit, as part of his profession, to accomplish his work, task items, tools, supplies used in one’s profession, ‫ מלאכות‬message Hg 1:13, Ps 73:28, 1C 28:19, ‫ מלאכת‬assigned work ?? 2C 13:10 ‫< לאל‬name> ‫ לאם‬tribe, people, belonging to a district, not necessarily part of a larger people σ ‫עם‬ 144 ‫< לאמים‬name> ‫ לב‬heart, also the center of emotional warmth, which can change on short notice, used in idiomatic phrases to mean understanding, life force, emotional warmth, emotions, ‫ רחב לב‬to fill the mind with (whatever the context indicates), ‫לב‬-‫“ חסר‬lacking heart” thoughtless, without understanding or forethought, apparently unwilling to learn Pr 6:32, 7:7, 10:13, 12:11 ← ‫לבב‬ ‫ לבא‬coming ← ‫בוא‬ ‫< לבאות‬name> ‫ לבאת‬pride of lionesses ?? Nh 2:13 αλ ‫ לבב‬to make hot 2S 13:6, 8 to be emotionally warmed, take heart Jb 11:12, So 4:9 → ‫ לב‬heart, also the center of emotional warmth, which can change on short notice, used in idiomatic phrases to mean understanding, life force, emotional warmth, emotions, ‫ לבב‬heart, in the sense of deep convictions, long term attitudes that don’t quickly change, ‫ לבבה‬hot cake, ‫ לבת‬hot, flaring flame Ex 3:2 αλ σ ‫ חרה‬to become hot (in anger, heat of emotion, “hot under the collar”, throat hot and dry), ‫ כמר‬to grow hot, used of emotional heat Gn 43:30, 1K 3:26, Hs 11:8, Lm 5:10, ‫ עשׁן‬to be smoky just as a burning fire gives off smoke, so when God’s fury burns against someone, so it is said to smoke ‫ לבב‬heart, in the sense of deep convictions, long term attitudes that don’t quickly change ← ‫לבב‬ ‫ לבבה‬hot cake ← ‫לבב‬ ‫ לבד‬β ‫בדד‬ ‫ לבונה‬frankincense Is 43:23, Jr 6:20 ← ‫לבן‬ ‫ לבושׁ‬clothing, clothed ← ‫ לבשׁ‬σ ‫בגד‬ ‫ לבט‬to trip up (catch in a lie, be caught by his own actions) Hs 4:14, Pr 10:8, 10 ‫ לבי‬a large and dangerous carnivorous animal, traditionally identified as a lion ‫ לביא‬β ‫ לביא‬,‫בוא‬ ‫ לביא‬a large and dangerous carnivorous animal, traditionally identified as a lioness though positive identification unknown Gn 49:9, Ez 19:2, Jb 4:11, 38:39 ‫< לבים‬name> ‫ לבלום‬β ‫בלם‬ ‫ לבלתי‬β ‫בלתי‬ ‫ לבן‬to make bricks Gn 11:3, Ex 5:7, 14 (as adobe bricks dry out, they become lighter in color, though not necessarily white); to be made white, found only in the hiphil where the translation into English is passive, not active as in Hebrew Is 1:18, Ps 51:9 (7), and once in hitpael Dn 12:10 → ‫ לבונה‬frankincense Is 43:23, Jr 6:20, ‫ לבן‬white brick, ‫ לבנה‬full moon Is 24:23, 30:26, brick Gn 11:3, Ez 4:1, storax tree ?? Hs 4:3, frankincense Lv 2:1, 15, 5:11, place name Nu 33:20–1, Js 10:29, 31–2, Is 37:8, ‫ מלבן‬form to make bricks, brick kiln ?? Jr 43:9, Nh 3:14 ‫ לבן‬white brick ← ‫ לבן‬σ ‫ צחר‬white ?? Jd 5:10, Ez 27:18 ‫< לבן‬name> ‫ לבנה‬β ‫ לבנה‬,‫לבן‬ ‫ לבנה‬full moon Is 24:23, 30:26, brick Gn 11:3, Ez 4:1, storax tree ?? Hs 4:3, frankincense Lv 2:1, 15, 5:11, place name 145 ‫ להבה‬flame Nu 21:28, Is 4:5, Ob 1:18 blade (of a sword, knife, spear) 1S 17:7, Ez 21:3 ← ‫ להב‬σ ‫אשׁ‬ ‫< להבים‬name> ‫ להבר‬β ‫ הבר‬,‫ ברר‬,‫ברה‬ ‫ להג‬devotion Ko 12:12 αλ ‫< להד‬name> ‫ להה‬to wear out, down Gn 47:13 → ‫ מתלהלה‬one continuously wearing himself out Pr 26:18 σ ‫יאשׁ‬ ‫ להט‬to reduce to ashes, to burn up Dt 32:22, Jl 1:19, 2:3, Ps 106:18 → ‫להט‬ flash, flame Gn 3:24 sorcery Ex 7:11 σ ‫שׂרף‬ ‫ להט‬flash, flame Gn 3:24 sorcery Ex 7:11 ← ‫ להט‬σ ‫אשׁ‬ ‫ להטים‬β ?? ‫ נטם‬Ps 57:5 (4) ‫ להלז‬β ‫הלז‬ ‫ להן‬therefore ‫ לכרי‬β ‫כרה‬ ‫ להקת‬assembly ?? 1S 19:20 αλ σ ‫קהל‬ ‫ להשׁאות‬β ‫שׁאה‬ ‫ להשׁות‬β ‫שׁית‬ ‫ לו‬β ‫ לו‬,‫ל‬ ‫ לו‬if only ! Gn 17:18, 23:13, 1S 20:2 ‫ לוא‬if not, had they not ‫< לו דבר‬name> ‫< לובים‬name> ‫< לוד‬name> ‫< לודים‬name> ‫ לוה‬to attach (oneself to) to borrow ⇐ joining oneself to another through obligation of repayment → ‫ לוה‬one who takes a loan, hence is attached to another through obligation to repay Is 24:2, Ps 37:21, Pr 22:7, ‫ מלוה‬one who joins with another Pr 19:17 one who Nu 33:20–1, Js 10:29, 31–2, Is 37:8 ← ‫לבן‬ ‫< לבנה‬name> ‫< לבנון‬name> ‫< לבני‬name> ‫< לבנת‬name> ‫ לבשׁ‬to put on, when an object is not specified, it’s understood that clothing is what’s put on → ‫ לבושׁ‬clothing, clothed, ‫ מלבושׁ‬one in charge of clothing 2K 10:22, Jb 27:16 clothing provider Is 63:3, Ez 16:13, Zp 1:8, 2C 9:4, ‫תלבשׁת‬ dressing Is 59:17 αλ σ ‫ כרבל‬to be clad ?? 1C 15:27 αλ, ‫ עלף‬to cloak to drape ?? Gn 38:14, So 5:14, Is 51:20, Am 8:13, Jn 4:8 ‫ לבת‬hot, flaring flame Ex 3:2 αλ ← ‫ לבב‬σ ‫אשׁ‬ ‫ לג‬a liquid measure σ ‫מדה‬ ‫< לד‬name> ‫ לדה‬birth, an event 2K 19:3, Is 37:3, Jr 13:21, Ho 9:11 ← ‫ילד‬ ‫< לדבר‬name> ‫ לדך‬β ‫דך‬ ‫ לה‬β ‫ לה‬,‫לאה‬ ‫( לה‬prefix ‫ ל‬with suffixed ‫)ה‬ ‫ להב‬to flame → ‫ להב‬flash, of fire Jd 13:20, Is 29:6, 30:30, Jl 2:5, Jb 41:13 or of a weapon, sword Jd 3:22, Nh 3:3 or spear Jb 39:23, ‫ להבה‬flame Nu 21:28, Is 4:5, Ob 1:18 blade (of a sword, knife, spear) 1S 17:7, Ez 21:3, ‫ שׁלהבת‬flame Jb 15:30, So 8:6, Dn 11:33 σ ‫שׂרף‬ ‫ להב‬flash, of fire Jd 13:20, Is 29:6, 30:30, Jl 2:5, Jb 41:13 or of a weapon, sword Jd 3:22, Nh 3:3 or spear Jb 39:23 ← ‫להב‬ 146 ‫ לון‬to lodge, generally referring to a temporary stay such as overnight or a few days though can be longer Pr 15:31, used of fat of sacrifices Ex 23:18, 34:25, strength Jb 41:14 (22) ‫ לון על‬to lodge a complaint → ‫ מלון‬a place where people stay temporarily, such as an inn, where one lodges for one or more nights, or an encampment Jos 4:3, ‫מלונה‬ temporary structure for lodging temporarily Is 1:8, the act of temporarily living in a place Is 24:20, ‫תלונת‬ complaining Ex 16:12, Nu 17:25, ‫תלנת‬ lodged complaint Ex 16:7–9, Nu 14:27, 17:20 (5) σ ‫ אנן‬to grumble ?? this is griping among themselves, not lodging a formal complaint Nu 11:1, Lm 3:39, ‫ישׁב‬ ‫ לושׁ‬to knead (dough) Gn 18:3, 1S 28:24, 2S 13:8, Jr 7:18, Hs 7:4 ‫< לושׁ‬name> ‫ לזות‬beguiling ← ‫לוז‬ ‫ לח‬fresh, as in green (of a tree) ‫ לחום‬warring ← ‫לחם‬ ‫ לחות‬β ‫ לחות‬,‫לוח‬ ‫ לחות‬fresh (related to ‫ ?? )?לח‬Jr 48:5 αλ ‫ לחי‬β ‫ לחי‬,‫חי‬ ‫ לחי‬jaw(bone), on ruminants there is a lot of muscle around it that would provide meat to eat, Dt 18:3, also name of a place ‫< לחי‬name> ‫< לחי ראה‬name> ‫< לחית‬name> ‫ לחך‬to lick up, use of tongue in act of consuming ‫ לחם‬β ‫ לחם‬,‫חם‬ causes others to be joined to him through providing loans or donations Is 24:2, Ps 37:26, 112:5, Pr 22:7 σ ‫שׂפק‬ ‫ לוה‬one who takes a loan, hence is attached to another through obligation to repay Is 24:2, Ps 37:21, Pr 22:7 ← ‫לוה‬ ‫ לוז‬to entice (away) (by what one sees), to beguile, (to take away by trickery only in Niphal), in other words, to act on impulse → ‫ לזות‬beguiling, ‫ נלוז‬that taken away by fraud, trickery σ ‫עשׁק‬ ‫ לוז‬some sort of tree Gn 30:37 αλ σ ‫עץ‬ ‫< לוז‬name> ‫< לוזה‬name> ‫ לוח‬flat board of wood or stone, plank σ ‫קרשׁ‬ ‫< לוחית‬name> Is 15:5 ‫< לוחשׁ‬name> ‫ לוט‬to shroud to make difficult to impossible to see 1S 21:10, 1K 19:13 → ‫ לוט‬shroud Is 25:7 αλ, ‫ לט‬secrecy magic, secret trickery Ex 7:22, 8:3 (7), 14 (18), Ez 27:11 σ ‫סתר‬ ‫ לוט‬shroud Is 25:7 αλ ← ‫לוט‬ ‫< לוט‬name> ‫< לוטן‬name> ‫< לוי‬name> ‫ ליה‬,‫ לויה‬chaplet, a small wreath for the head σ ‫כתר‬ ‫ לויתן‬water dinosaur ?? This was a large animal covered with scales Ps 74:14, 104:26, Jb 40:25, ‫ לויתן נחשׁ ברח‬type of sea dinosaur ?? Is 27:1, ‫לויתן נחשׁ‬ ‫ עקלתון‬sea serpent ?? Is 27:1 ‫ לול‬winding stairs ?? 1K 6:8 αλ ‫ לולי‬,‫ לולא‬if not, such that not 147 ‫ לחם‬to war, go to war → ‫ מלחמה‬war, battle, ‫ אישׁ מלחמות‬warrior 2S 8:10, Is 42:13, 1C 18:10, 28:3, ‫ מלחמת‬wartime, not a specific war 1S 13:22, 2S 11:25 σ ‫נכה‬ ‫ לחם‬to feed “give bread to” → ‫ לחם‬bread, ‫ לחמה‬feasting, feeding ?? Mc 2:8, ‫ מלחמות‬feeding ?? Is 30:32 αλ σ ‫אכל‬ ‫ לחם‬bread ← ‫ לחם‬σ ‫ אשׁישׁה‬sweet cake, containing raisins, dried fruit? fruitcake? 2S 6:19, So 2:5, 1C 16:3, ‫ חלה‬soft bread, which can also be unleavened soft bread Ex 29:2, ‫ מצה‬unleavened bread, ‫ עגה‬flat bread, tortilla Ex 12:39, 1K 17:13, 19:6, Ez 4:12, Hs 7:8, ‫ רקיק‬wafer ‫ לחמה‬feasting, feeding ?? Mc 2:8 ← ‫לחם‬ ‫ לחמי‬β ‫ לחמי‬,‫לחם‬ ‫< לחמי‬name> ‫< לחמס‬name> ‫ לחץ‬to restrict squeeze Nu 22:25, oppress Ex 22:20 (21), 23:9, Jd 1:34, Ps 106:42 → ‫ לחץ‬oppressor Jd 2:18, 6:9, Is 11:20, Jr 30:20, ‫ לחץ‬oppression Ex 3:9, Dt 26:7, Jb 35:15 oppressing 1S 10:18 σ ‫עצר‬ ‫ לחץ‬oppressor Jd 2:18, 6:9, Is 11:20, Jr 30:20 ← ‫ לחץ‬σ ‫ תולל‬oppressor ?? Ps 137:3 αλ, ‫ תככים‬one who continuously oppresses, status of oppressor ?? Pr 29:13 αλ ‫ לחץ‬oppression Ex 3:9, Dt 26:7, Jb 35:15 oppressing 1S 10:18 ← ‫ לחץ‬σ ‫מדהבה‬ dominion, oppression ?? Is 14:4 αλ, ,‫תך‬ ‫ תוך‬oppression, something said or done that eats away at a person’s inside? Ps 10:7, 55:12 ‫ לחשׁ‬to whisper, hiss to practice magic (whispering spells) → ‫ לחשׁ‬whispering, hiss, spell an object connected with spells, an amulet Is 3:20 ‫ לחשׁ‬whispering, hiss, spell an object connected with spells, an amulet Is 3:20 ← ‫לחשׁ‬ ‫ לחת‬β ‫לוח‬ ‫ לחתים‬something built out of pine ?? Ez 27:5 back in the days of wooden ships and sails, spars were often made of pine because pines are often straight and light αλ ‫ לט‬β ‫ לט‬,‫להט‬ ‫ לט‬secrecy magic, secret trickery Ex 7:22, 8:3 (7), 14 (18), Ez 27:11 ← ‫לוט‬ ‫ לט‬mastic Gn 37:25, 43:11 ‫ לטאה‬gecko ?? Lv 11:30 αλ σ ‫ חיה‬LXX καλαβωτης spotted lizard ?? ‫< לטושׁים‬name> ‫ לטשׁ‬used of putting a cutting edge on a tool, e.g. putting a metal edge on a plow Gn 4:22, 1S 13:20, Jb 16:9 to sharpen Ps 7:13 (12), 52:4 (2) σ ‫חדד‬ ‫ ליות‬fasteners, sockets ?? 1K 7:29–30, 36 ‫ לילה‬night (‫ ליל‬Is 15:1 (DSS ‫ )לילה‬Pr 31:18, Lm 2:18 (Q ‫))לילה‬, ‫הלילה‬ tonight, the night ‫ לילית‬type of wild animal ?? Is 34:14 αλ ‫ לין‬β ‫לון‬ ‫ ליץ‬to be outspoken to be a spokesperson, to be a fool (a wagging tongue is often the sign of a fool, babbler, gossip, but the wise knows when to still his voice) → ‫ לץ‬outspoken fool Pr 1:22, 14:6, ‫ לצון‬outspokenness foolishness Is 28:14, Pr 1:22, 29:8, ‫לצץ‬ 148 loudmouth fool ?? Hs 7:5 αλ, ‫מליץ‬ spokesman Is 43:27, 2C 32:31 translator Gn 42:23, ‫מליצה‬ announcement Pr 1:6, Hb 2:6 σ ,‫דבר‬ ‫סכל‬ ‫ לישׁ‬young, male lion (is this the young, solitary lion who has been expelled from the pride before he is able to get a pride of his own?) Is 30:6, Pr 30:30, Jb 4:11 ‫< לישׁ‬name> ‫< לישׁה‬name> ‫ לישׁון‬β ‫ישׁן‬ ‫ לך‬β ‫ *ל‬,‫הלך‬ ‫ לכד‬to capture → ‫ לכד‬capture, the act of being captured Pr 3:26 αλ, ‫מלכדת‬ snare ?? Jb 18:10 αλ ‫ לכד‬capture, the act of being captured Pr 3:26 αλ ← ‫לכד‬ ‫< לכה‬name> ‫< לכישׁ‬name> ‫< לכישׁה‬name> ‫ לכל‬β ‫ כלה‬,‫כל‬ ‫ לכן‬therefore ‫ ללאת‬loops Ex 26:4–5, 10–11, 36:11–12, 17 ‫ ללת‬twisting around, because experiencing birth pangs ?? 1S 4:19 αλ ‫ למד‬to learn → ‫ למד‬learning Is 8:16, disciple Jr 13:23, ‫ למוד‬learned trained Is 50:4, 54:13, 1C 5:18, ‫ מלמד‬trainer (making learn) Is 48:17, Ps 119:99, Pr 5:13 cattle goad Jd 3:31, ‫מלמדה‬ trained, from training Is 29:13, Hs 10:11, ‫ תלמיד‬student 1C 25:8 αλ part of a contrast pair of insignificant with great, learned with student σ ‫ זהר‬to enlighten, shine Dn 12:3 teach Ex 18:20, Ko 4:13, 2C 19:10, warn Ez 3:17–21, 33:3–9 ‫ למד‬learning Is 8:16, disciple Jr 13:23 ← ‫למד‬ ‫ למה‬why? ‫ למו‬prefixed ‫ ל‬on a suffixed ‫ מו‬an emphatic ?? for ‫ לו‬found in 56 verses ‫< למואל‬name> ‫ למוד‬learned trained Is 50:4, 54:13, 1C 5:18 ← ‫למד‬ ‫ למודים‬β ‫ למוד‬,‫ידה‬ ‫ למי‬β ‫ מים‬,‫מי‬ ‫< למך‬name> ‫ למני‬β ‫ מנה‬,‫מן‬ ‫ לן‬β ‫לון‬ ‫ לנה‬β ‫לון‬ ‫ לנצח‬persistently ← ‫נצח‬ ‫ לע‬belittling, as in not valuing Nu 4:20 αλ ← ‫לעע‬ ‫ לע‬throat Pr 23:2 αλ ← ‫ לעע‬σ ‫גרון‬ ‫ לעב‬to mock 2C 36:16 αλ σ ‫שׂחק‬ ‫ לעג‬to laugh derisively Is 33:19, Ps 2:4, 59:9, Pr 30:17, Ne 3:33 (4:1) → ‫ לעג‬one who laughs derisively Jr 20:7, Hs 7:16, Ps 123:4, Pr 17:5, derisive laughing Is 28:11, Ez 23:32, 36:4, Ps 44:14 (13), 79:4, Jb 34:7, ‫ לעגה‬derisive laughter 2K 19:21, Is 37:22, ‫ מלעג‬continuous, repeated derision 2C 30:10 αλ ‫שׂחק‬ ‫ לעג‬one who laughs derisively Jr 20:7, Hs 7:16, Ps 123:4, Pr 17:5, derisive laughing Is 28:11, Ez 23:32, 36:4, Ps 44:14 (13), 79:4, Jb 34:7 ← ‫לעג‬ ‫ לעגה‬derisive laughter 2K 19:21, Is 37:22 ← ‫לעג‬ ‫ לעגי‬β ‫ עוג‬,‫לעג‬ ‫< לעדה‬name> ‫< לעדן‬name> ‫ לעו‬β ‫לעע‬ 149 ‫ לעות‬β ‫ עות‬,‫עוה‬ ‫ לעז‬to speak in a foreign tongue ?? Ps 114:1 αλ σ ‫דבר‬ ‫ לעט‬to give to eat ?? Gn 25:30 αλ σ ‫אכל‬ ‫ לענה‬wormwood, plants known for their intensively bitter taste Dt 29:11, Jr 9:14, 23:15, Pr 5:4 ‫ לעע‬to consume treat as valueless or worth nothing Ob 16, Pr 20:25, Jb 6:3 → ‫ לע‬belittling, as in not valuing Nu 4:20 αλ, ‫ לע‬throat Pr 23:2 αλ, ‫ לעת‬consuming (fire) Ps 21:10 αλ σ ‫ ארר‬,‫שׂנא‬ ‫ לעת‬β ‫ עת‬,‫ לעת‬,‫לעע‬ ‫ לעת‬consuming (fire) Ps 21:10 αλ ← ‫לעע‬ ‫ לפחת‬β ‫נפח‬ ‫ לפיד‬β ‫ פיד‬,‫לפיד‬ ‫ לפד‬,‫ לפיד‬torch bright flames like a torch σ ‫אשׁ‬ ‫< לפידות‬name> ‫ לפנות‬at the corner of, just before (morning, evening) Gn 24:63, Ex 14:27, Dt 23:12 (11), Jd 19:26, Ps 46:6 (5) ← ‫פנה‬ ‫ לפני‬β ‫פנים‬ ‫ לפת‬to turn over Jd 16:29, Rt 3:8, Jb 6:18 σ ‫הפך‬ ‫ לץ‬outspoken fool Pr 1:22, 14:6 ← ‫ליץ‬ ‫ לצון‬outspokenness foolishness Is 28:14, Pr 1:22, 29:8 ← ‫ליץ‬ ‫ לצץ‬loudmouth fool ?? Hs 7:5 αλ ← ‫ליץ‬ ‫< לקום‬name> ‫ לקח‬to take → ‫ לקח‬doctrine, teaching, what I have taken, ‫ מלקוח‬spoil, booty, ‫ מלקחים‬tongs Ex 25:38, 37:23, Nu 4:9, 1K 7:49, Is 6:6, 2C 4:21, ‫ מקחות‬wares Ne 10:32 (31) αλ σ ‫ תמך‬to take hold of ‫ לקח‬doctrine, teaching, what I have taken ← ‫לקח‬ ‫< לקחי‬name> ‫ לקט‬to gather (up) (stones, gold, crops, arrows, wood to burn, etc.) to glean (gather up what’s left behind) → ‫ילקוט‬ small bag that is quick to take things out of 1S 17:40 αλ σ ‫אסף‬ ‫ לקלם‬β ‫קל‬ ‫ לקק‬to lap up Jd 7:6–7, as a dog laps up water from a dish 1K 21:19 ‫ לקרות‬β ‫קור‬ ‫ לקשׁ‬β ‫ קשׁ‬,‫לקשׁ‬ ‫ לקשׁ‬to browse, send animals out to graze Jb 24:6 αλ → ‫ לקשׁ‬browse, growth in the field edible for animals Am 7:1 σ ‫אכל‬ ‫ לקשׁ‬browse, growth in the field edible for animals Am 7:1 ← ‫ לקשׁ‬σ ‫מאכל‬ ‫ לרא‬β ‫ירא‬ ‫ לרוב‬β ‫ ריב‬,‫רבב‬ ‫ לרס‬β ‫רסס‬ ‫ לרשׁת‬β ‫ רשׁת‬,‫ירשׁ‬ ‫ לשׁדי‬β ‫ שׁדי‬,‫ שׁד‬,‫לשׁד‬ ‫ לשׁד‬moisture ?? life force ?? Nu 11:8, Ps 32:4 ‫ לשׁון‬tongue: used of the organ in the body Jd 7:5, an object about that size Js 7:21, something that is shaped like a tongue (of the sea Js 15:5, Is 11:15, of fire Is 5:24), use of the tongue in speaking Ex 4:10, Jb 6:30, language Ne 13:24, Es 3:12 ← ‫ לשׁן‬σ ‫דבר‬ ‫ לשׁכה‬chamber, a small room λεσχη σ ‫חדר‬ ‫ לשׁם‬opal (minors lick the stone to find out if it is opal or not) Ex 28:19, 39:12 ‫< לשם‬name> of a town Js 19:47 150 ‫ לשׁן‬to wag the tongue → ‫ לשׁון‬tongue: used of the organ in the body Jd 7:5, an object about that size Js 7:21, something that is shaped like a tongue (of the sea Js 15:5, Is 11:15, of fire Is 5:24), use of the tongue in speaking Ex 4:10, Jb 6:30, language Ne 13:24, Es 3:12, ‫ מלושׁן‬one who continuously wags his tongue, speaks about Ps 101:5 αλ σ ‫דבר‬ ‫< לשׁע‬name> ‫ לת‬β ‫ילד‬ ‫ לתך‬to measure out (as into a measuring cup) ?? DSS ‫ כלה‬Is 33:1 αλ → ‫ לתך‬a dry measure LXX ηµικορος Hs 3:2 αλ σ ‫מדד‬ ‫ לתך‬a dry measure LXX ηµικορος Hs 3:2 αλ ← ‫ לתך‬σ ‫מדה‬ ‫ לתנות‬β ‫תנה‬ ‫ מ‬thirteenth letter, has no meaning in Hebrew on its own, where letters are used as numbers, it refers to the number 40. ‫( מ‬prefix), before a noun meaning “from”, also situated “away from”, “apart from”, “by” (as in modality “by use of”) or “because of”, before a verb “because of” ‫ מאבס‬silo, to store feed for animals Jr 50:26 αλ ← ‫אבס‬ ‫ מאד‬β ‫ מאד‬,‫ איד‬,‫אד‬ ‫ מאד‬exceeding(ly); excess, too much, used hyperbolically to refer to a great amount, effort as a noun, adjective and adverb ‫ מאד‬source of misfortune Ps 31:12, 46:2 ← ‫איד‬ ‫ מאה‬hundred ‫< מאה‬name> ‫ מאהב‬lover, close friend Jr 22:20, 22, Ez 16:33, 36, Hs 2:7, 12, Lm 1:19 ← ‫אהב‬ ‫ מאוזל‬export, that which has gone out Ez 27:19 αλ ← ‫אזל‬ ‫ מאוי‬that which is continuously desired Ps 140:9 (8) αλ ← ‫אוה‬ ‫ מאון‬β ‫און‬ ‫ מום‬,‫ מאום‬blemish ‫ מאומה‬anything ‫ מאור‬β ‫( אור‬name of city), ‫מאור‬ ‫ מאור‬light giver (object that gives light, like a lamp and/or its fuel) Gn 1:16, Ex 35:8, 14, Lv 24:2 ← ‫אור‬ ‫ מאורת‬light givers LXX φαυσιν, κοιτην εκγονων ← ‫אור‬ ‫ מאזנים‬scales for weighing Lv 19:36, Am 8:5, Pr 11:1 σ ‫ פלס‬scale, like a steelyard Is 40:12, Pr 16:11, ‫ קשׂקשׂת‬scale ‫ מאחר‬β ‫ מאחר‬,‫אחר‬ ‫ מאחר‬one who goes after, pursues after Is 5:11, Pr 23:30 ← ‫אחר‬ ‫ מאיות‬β ‫מאה‬ ‫ מאין‬β ‫ מאין‬,‫אין‬ ‫ מאין‬From where? apparently a contraction for ‫ מן אי‬with a final nun added to make it easier to say. ‫ מאכל‬food, specific items normally eaten ← ‫ אכל‬σ ‫ בליל‬causing mixing up Is 15:1 mash (food for animals) Is 30:24, Jb 6:5, 24:6, ‫ ברות‬food, what is fed Ps 69:22, Lm 4:10, ‫ לקשׁ‬browse, growth in the field edible for animals Am 7:1, ‫מזון‬ nourishment Gn 45:23, 2C 11:23 ‫ מאכלת‬knife Gn 22:6, 10, Jd 19:29, Pr 30:14 ← ‫אכל‬ ‫ מאמצי‬β ‫אמץ‬ ‫ מאמר‬saying Es 1:15, 2:20, 9:32 ← ‫אמר‬ 151 ‫ מאן‬to refuse Ex 10:3, Jr 5:3, Ne 9:17 σ ‫שׂנא‬ ‫ מאס‬to reject Lv 26:15, 43–4, 1S 8:7, Pr 3:11 σ ‫שׂנא‬ ‫ מאפה‬baked goods Lv 2:4, Hs 7:4 ← ‫אפה‬ ‫ מאפל‬obscurity, made obscure Js 24:7, Is 29:18, Jr 2:31 ← ‫ אפל‬σ ‫חשׁך‬ ‫ מאר‬to be infectious → ‫ ממאיר‬causing infection Ez 28:24 αλ, ‫ ממארת‬infectious, malignant Lv 13:51–2, 14:44 ‫ מארב‬place of ambush, from where an ambush is launched Js 8:9, Jd 9:35, Ps 10:8, 2C 13:13 ← ‫ארב‬ ‫ מארה‬curse Dt 28:20, Ml 2:2, 3:9, Pr 3:33, 28:27 ← ‫ארר‬ ‫ מאשׁי‬β ‫אשׁ‬ ‫ מאשׁר‬one who makes a person proceed down a way Is 9:15 a guide Pr 3:18 ← ‫אשׁר‬ ‫ מאת‬β ‫ מאה‬,‫את‬ ‫ מבוא‬entrance ← ‫בוא‬ ‫ מבוכה‬confusion Is 22:5, Mc 7:4 ← ‫בוך‬ ‫ מבול‬great amount world wide flood, used only of the flood in Genesis 6–11, Ps 29:10 σ ‫ בול‬large piece, hunk ?? Is 44:19, Jb 40:20, ‫שׁטף‬ ‫ מבוסה‬kicking aside, with contempt Is 18:2, 7, 22:5 ← ‫בוס‬ ‫ מבוע‬flowing spring ← ‫ נבע‬σ ‫עין‬ ‫ מבוקה‬causing to be depopulated Nh 2:11 αλ ← ‫בוק‬ ‫ מבחור‬β ‫ מבחור‬,‫בחור‬ ‫ מבחלת‬a place that is loathed ?? Pr 20:21 αλ ← ‫בחל‬ ‫ מבחר‬,‫ מבחור‬choice ← ‫ בחר‬σ ‫ מגד‬choice, the best, ‫ מגדנה‬valuable, expensive thing Gn 24:53, Ezr 1:6, 2C 21:3, 32:23 ‫< מבחר‬name> ‫ מבט‬that which people stare at (context indicates that it’s something pleasant to look at) Is 20:5–6, Zc 9:5 ← ‫נבט‬ ‫ מבטא‬rash utterance ← ‫בטא‬ ‫ מבטח‬confidence, person, object or place in which one puts his trust Jr 2:37, 17:7, Pr 22:19, 25:19 ← ‫בטח‬ ‫ מבי‬always found preceded by ‫ הנני‬and followed by ‫ אל‬for the one who receives the message 1K 21:21, Jr 19:15, 39:16 usually considered a misspelling for ‫מביא‬ though literally it means “from within me” ‫ מביא‬one who causes to come ← ‫בוא‬ ‫ מבישׁ‬causing shame Pr 10:5, 12:4, 14:25, 17:2, 19:26, 29:15 ← ‫בושׁ‬ ‫ מבית‬β ‫ מבית‬,‫בית‬ ‫ מבית‬inside Gn 6:14, Ex 25:11, 26:33, Ez 7:15 ← ‫בית‬ ‫ מביתה‬interior, inside 1K 6:15 αλ ← ‫בית‬ ‫ מבכי‬β ‫מבוכה‬ ‫ מבלי‬without, as a question “Is there not…?” ‫ מבליג‬one who destroys ?? Am 5:9 αλ ← ‫בלג‬ ‫ מבליגית‬that which is destroying ?? Jr 8:18 αλ ← ‫בלג‬ ‫ מבליל‬that which causes to contaminate Jb 18:15 αλ ← ‫ בלל‬in Aleppo text, in WLC ‫“ מבלי לו‬there is not his” ‫ מבלעדי‬β ‫בלעדי‬ ‫ מבלקה‬making devastated ?? Nh 2:11 (10) αλ ← ‫ בלק‬σ ‫שׁחת‬ ‫ מבנה‬structure Ez 40:2 αλ ← ‫בנה‬ ‫< מבני‬name> 152 ‫ מבעת‬one who causes to be terrified 1S 18:15 αλ ← ‫בעת‬ ‫ מבצר‬fortification, fortified ← ‫בצר‬ ‫< מבצר‬name> ‫ מברח‬refugee Ez 17:21 αλ ← ‫ברח‬ ‫ מבשׁ‬privates Dt 25:11 αλ ← ‫בושׁ‬ ‫ מבשׁלות‬cooking places Ez 46:23 αλ ← ‫בשׁל‬ ‫< מבשׂם‬name> ‫ מבשׂר‬reporter, one who gives a report 1S 4:17, 2S 4:10, 18:26, Is 41:27, 52:7, Nh 2:1 ← ‫בשׂר‬ ‫ מבשׂרת( מבשׂרה‬in construct) reporting Is 40:9, Ps 68:12 ← ‫בשׂר‬ ‫ מג‬β ‫מג‬-‫רב‬ ‫ מגאל‬β ‫ מגאל‬,‫גאל‬ ‫ מגאל‬redeemer, the one who has the responsibility to redeem Rt 2:20 ← ‫גאל‬ ‫ מגאל‬polluted Ml 1:7, 12 ← ‫גאל‬ ‫< מגבישׁ‬name> ‫ מגבלת‬having the status of being a border around an object Ex 28:14 αλ ← ‫גבל‬ ‫ מגבעה‬miter, tall head gear Lv 8:13 αλ σ ‫בגד‬ ‫ מגג‬to make go out ?? Nh 1:5, Ps 65:11 (10), Jb 30:22 σ ‫ סור‬,‫הלך‬ ‫ מגד‬choice, the best σ ‫מבחור‬ ‫< מגדו‬name> ‫ מגדול‬β ‫ מגדול‬,‫גדול‬ ‫< מגדול‬name> ‫< מגדול סונה‬name> Ez 30:6 ‫< מגדון‬name> ‫< מגדיאל‬name> ‫ מגדל‬actions that make great 2K 10:6, Is 33:18, Ps 18:50, 61:4 (3) ← ‫גדל‬ ‫ מגדל‬tower ← ‫גדל‬ ‫< מגדל‬name> ‫< מגדל אל‬name> ‫< מגדל גד‬name> ‫< מגדל עדר‬name> ‫ מגדלות‬silos, granaries ?? Ez 27:11, So 5:13, 8:10, 1C 27:25, 2C 32:5 ← ‫גדל‬ ‫ מגדנה‬valuable, expensive thing Gn 24:53, Ezr 1:6, 2C 21:3, 32:23 σ ‫מבחור‬ ‫ מגדף‬action of reviling Nu 15:30, Ps 44:17 (16) ← ‫גדף‬ ‫< מגוג‬name> ‫ מגור‬β ‫ מגורים‬,‫מגור‬ ‫ מגור‬sojourning, as in place Ps 55:15, 119:54, as in time Gn 47:9 ← ‫גור‬ ‫ מגור‬a person who continuously intimidates others Jr 20:3–4, or the act of intimidating Jr 6:25, Ps 31:14 (13) ← ‫גור‬ ‫ מגורה‬β ‫ מגרה‬,‫מגורה‬ ‫ מגורה‬a condition or state which makes one feel intimidated Is 66:4, Ps 31:14 (13), Pr 10:24 ← ‫גור‬ ‫ מגורה‬granary Hg 2:19 αλ ‫ מגורי‬β ‫ נגר‬,‫מגור‬ ‫ מגורים‬state of being a sojourner Gn 36:7, 37:1, Ez 20:38, Jb 18:19 ← ‫גור‬ ‫ מגזרת‬breaking out used only in connection with severing iron from slag in the sponge iron production in use at that time, this was heavy work requiring a lot of heating and hammering to separate the iron from the slag ?? 2S 12:31 αλ ← ‫גזר‬ ‫ מגיע‬β ‫נגע‬ ‫ מגל‬some sort of harvest tool, that removes Jr 50:16, Jl 4:13 (3:13) ← ‫גלה‬ ‫ מגלה‬roll (of cloth, leather) book ← ‫גלל‬ 153 ‫ מגלה‬revealing, uncovering Pr 11:13, 27:5 ← ‫גלה‬ ‫ מגמת‬fierceness ?? Hb 1:9 αλ ‫ מגן‬β ‫ מגן‬,‫גן‬ ‫ מגן‬to deliver Gn 14:20, Hs 11:8, Pr 4:9 → ‫ מגן‬one who delivers, hands over Gn 15:1, Dt 33:29, Ps 3:4 (3), ‫ מגנה‬what was delivered, handed over Hs 4:18, Lm 3:65 σ ‫נתן‬ ‫ מגן‬one who delivers, hands over Gn 15:1, Dt 33:29, Ps 3:4 (3) ← ‫מגן‬ ‫ מגן‬shield 2S 1:21, 22:3, 36 place of protection Ps 7:11 (10) one who protects Jd 5:8, 2S 22:31 ‫ איש מגן‬warrior, one who owns a shield Pr 6:11, 24:34 ← ‫ גנן‬σ ‫ צנה‬shield, a tall one that covers the whole body or much of it 1S 17:7,41, 1K 10:16, 2C 9:15 ‫ מגנה‬β ‫ מגנה‬,‫ מגן‬,‫גנה‬ ‫ מגנה‬what was delivered, handed over Hs 4:18, Lm 3:65 ← ‫מגן‬ ‫ מגנות‬protective gear 2C 23:9 αλ ← ‫גנן‬ ‫ מגניה‬β ‫ מגן‬,‫גן‬ ‫ מגערת‬rebuke Dt 28:20 αλ ← ‫גער‬ ‫ מגפה‬affliction ← ‫נגף‬ ‫< גמפיעשׁ‬name> ‫ מגר‬β ‫נגר‬ ‫ מגרה‬β ‫ מגרה‬,‫גרה‬ ‫( מגרה‬ore) crusher, grain grinder, rock carving chisel ?? 2S 12:31, 1K 7:9, Jl 1:17, Hg 2:19, 1C 20:3 ← ‫גרר‬ ‫< מגרון‬toponym> ‫ מגרעות‬sockets in wall to accept flying buttresses ?? 1K 6:6 αλ ← ‫גרע‬ ‫ מגרפת‬those that grip, take hole of Jl 1:17 αλ ← ‫גרף‬ ‫ מגרשׁה‬,‫ מגרשׁ‬pasture land, close enough that cattle may be driven out to it during the day and return by night ← ‫גרשׁ‬ ‫ מדוה‬,‫ מדו‬,‫ מד‬clothing, measured to fit ← ‫ מדד‬σ ‫בגד‬ ‫ מדבר‬β ‫ מדבר‬,‫דבר‬ ‫ מדבר‬wilderness (full of thorny plants) ← ‫דבר‬ ‫ מדבר‬expressing Js 22:24 αλ ← ‫דבר‬ ‫ מדברת‬matters, expressions ?? Dt 33:3 αλ LXX λογων ← ‫דבר‬ ‫ מדד‬to measure out, often done by stretching a string or stick upon or along an object to stretch oneself out → ,‫מד‬ ‫ מדוה‬,‫ מדו‬clothing, measured to fit, ‫מדה‬ measurement, ‫ ממד‬measuring tool Jb 38:5 αλ σ ‫ לתך‬to measure out (as into a measuring cup) ?? DSS ‫ כלה‬Is 33:1 αλ, ‫ סאסא‬to measure ?? Is 27:8 αλ, ‫ תכן‬to measure ‫ מדה‬measurement ← ‫ מדד‬σ ‫ איפה‬a dry measurement, for grain, flour, etc., ‫ בת‬a liquid measure, ‫ הין‬a liquid measure, ‫זרת‬ a linear measurement smaller than a cubit, ‫ חמר‬mound the measurement of the dry goods that made up a mound, homer, ‫ ככר‬round object district, region, loaf (of bread), talent (a measure of weight), ‫ כר‬a dry measure 1K 5:2 (4:22), 18 (5:11), ‫ לג‬a liquid measure, ‫ לתך‬a dry measure LXX ηµικορος Hs 3:2 αλ, ‫ משׂורה‬liquid measure, ‫ מתכנת‬set measurement according to a tally, recipe Ex 5:8, 30:32, 37, Ez 45:11, 2C 45:11, ‫ סאה‬measure of grain Gn 18:6, 1S 25:18, 1K 18:32, 2K 7:1, 16, 18, ‫ עמר‬a small sheaf, a sickle full quickly tied in the 154 ‫ מדכה‬mixing bowl, where batter mixed Nu 11:8 αλ ← ‫דוך‬ ‫< מגמן‬name> ‫ מדמנה‬dunghill, that which makes dung i.e. vermin ?? Is 25:10 αλ ← ‫דמן‬ ‫< מדמנה‬city name> ‫ מדן‬accusation ?? Pr 6:14, 19, 10:12 ← ‫דון‬ ‫< מדן‬name> ‫< מדנים‬name> ‫ מדע‬β ‫ מדע‬,‫מדוע‬ ‫ מדע‬knowledge, intimate (very close friend) ← ‫ידע‬ ‫ מדעת‬β ‫ מדעת‬,‫דעת‬ ‫ מדעת‬person known well close friend Rt 3:2, Is 48:4 ← ‫ידע‬ ‫ מדקר‬a person who has been stabbed Jr 37:10, 51:4, Lm 4:9 ← ‫דקר‬ ‫ מדקרות‬stabbing Pr 12:18 αλ ← ‫דקר‬ ‫ מדרגה‬steep slope Ez 38:20, So 2:14 σ ‫הר‬ ‫ מדרך‬pace, one step Dt 2:5 αλ ← ‫דרך‬ ‫ מדרשׁ‬commentary ← ‫דרשׁ‬ ‫ מדשׁת‬threshing Is 21:10 αλ ← ‫דושׁ‬ ‫ מה‬what? ‫ מהגים‬those who mutter, speak softly as in seances Is 8:19 αλ ← ‫הגה‬ ‫ מהה‬β ‫מהמה‬ ‫ מהול‬β ‫מהל‬ ‫ מהולל‬continuous running around surrounding ?? Ps 102:9 (8), Ko 2:2 ← ‫ הולל‬σ ‫אויל‬ ‫ מהומה‬commotion, turmoil Dt 7:23, 28:20, Ez 22:5, Zc 14:13 ← ‫ הום‬σ ‫ צוחה‬clamor Is 24:11, Jr 14:2, 46:12, Ps 144:14 ‫< מהומן‬name> ‫< מהיטבאל‬name> ‫ מהיר‬quick skilled, able to work quickly Ps 45:2, Pr 22:29, Ezr 7:6 ← ‫מהר‬ field to be carried off the field the same day as harvested. It cannot stand, but lies down where the harvester leaves it a dry measure equaling about the same amount of grain as carried by such a sheaf, about a cup ‫ מדהבה‬dominion, oppression ?? Is 14:4 αλ σ ‫לחץ‬ ‫ מדוה‬β ‫ מדוה‬,‫ מדו‬,‫מד‬ ‫ מדוה‬that which afflicts, characterized by flowing sores Dt 7:15, 28:60 ← ‫ דוה‬σ ‫דבר‬ ‫ מדוח‬β ‫נדח‬ ‫ מדון‬strife, argumentation, fighting ?? ← ‫דון‬ ‫< מדון‬name> ‫ מדוע‬why? ‫ מדורה‬wood piled into a circular pyre for burning Ez 24:9 αλ ← ‫דור‬ ‫ מדח‬β ‫נדח‬ ‫ מדחה‬tripping up Pr 26:28 αλ ← ‫דחה‬ ‫ מדחפת‬rush, hurry Ps 140:12 (11) αλ ← ‫דחף‬ ‫< מדי‬name> ‫ מדיבת‬causing languishing Lv 26:16 αλ σ ‫דבר‬ ‫ מדין‬accusation Pr 18:18 (when done by a woman, nagging Pr 19:13, 21:9), place of judgment (where accusations are heard and adjudicated) ← ‫דון‬ ‫ מדין‬name of a people ‫ מדינה‬place where judgment takes place Ko 2:8, 5:7 (8), (Aramaic loanword) jurisdiction, division of land into an administrative district (40 verses) ← ‫דון‬ ‫< מדיני‬name> 155 ‫ מהל‬to mix as in adulterating Is 1:22 αλ σ ‫בלל‬ ‫ מהלך‬β ‫ מהלך‬,‫הלך‬ ‫ מהלך‬journey, passage, time or distance travelled Jn 3:3–4, Ne 2:6, traveler Zc 3:7, Ps 104:3, Pr 6:11, Ko 4:15 ← ‫הלך‬ ‫ מהלל‬the act of boasting as a form of praise 2S 22:4, Ps 18:3, 1C 23:5, 2C 30:21 one who boasts, used of those giving praises Pr 27:21, 1C 29:13, 2C 20:21, 23:12, adj. something to be boasted about as a form of praise Ps 48:1 (2), 96:4, 113:3, 145:3, 1C 16:25 ← ‫הלל‬ ‫< מהללאל‬name> ‫ מהלמות‬strokes ← ‫הלם‬ ‫ מהמה‬to tarry, wait for something (not an aimless delay) Gn 19:16, 43:10, Ex 12:39, Is 29:9, Ps 119:60 σ ‫יחל‬ ‫ מהמרות‬rain water basins ?? Ps 140:11 (10) αλ ‫ מהפכת‬overturning destruction Dt 29:23, Is 1:7, 13:19, Jr 29:26, 49:18, 50:40, Am 4:11 place of punishment through torture ?? Jr 20:2–3, 2C 16:10 ← ‫הפך‬ ‫ מהר‬β ‫ מהר‬,‫הר‬ ‫ מהר‬to buy a bride → ‫ מהר‬bride price ‫ מהר‬to be quick → ‫ מהיר‬quick skilled, able to work quickly Ps 45:2, Pr 22:29, Ezr 7:6, ‫ מהרה‬quickly Dt 11:17, Js 8:19, 23:16, Ps 37:2, ‫ ממהר‬acting quickly Gn 41:32, Ml 3:5, Pr 6:18 σ ‫ בהל‬move quickly Pr 28:22, 2C 26:20 to alarm as in to frighten (⇐ those who are frightened move quickly) Dn 11:44, 2C 32:18 Ni be alarmed, frightened Gn 45:3, Ez 26:18, ‫ דחף‬to be in a rush, to hurry, ‫ חושׁ‬to be quick, move quickly to move quickly as a result of fear Is 28:16 ‫ מהר‬bride price ← ‫מהר‬ ‫< מהר שׁלל חשׁ בז‬name> ‫ מהרה‬quickly Dt 11:17, Js 8:19, 23:16, Ps 37:2 ← ‫מהר‬ ‫< מהרי‬name> ‫ מהתלות‬mockery Is 30:10 ← ‫התל‬ ‫ מו‬this is not a stand alone word, rather a suffix. It can be included with other suffixes e.g. ‫ כמוכם‬Jb 12:3. Its purpose seems to emphasize the word to which it’s appended, as in adding “even” in English. ‫< מואב‬name> ‫< מואבי‬name> ‫ מובא‬entrance ← ‫בוא‬ ‫ מוג‬to waver Ex 15:15, Js 2:9, 24, Is 14:31, Ps 46:7 σ ‫רגז‬ ‫ מודע‬acquaintance, kinsman ‫ מוזר‬withdrawn, estranged. alienated ?? Ps 69:9 αλ LXX απηλλοτριωµενος || ‫נכרי‬ ‫ מוט‬to carry (to, away) to be moved Is 40:20, Pr 12:3, 1C 16:30 → ‫ מוט‬bar or litter for carrying Nu 4:10, 12, 13:23, ‫ מוטה‬that which carries away Is 28:6, Jr 28:10, 12–3, ‫ מוטה‬carried away, i.e. made prisoner, exiled Is 58:6 αλ, ‫מטה‬ that which is carried away Is 8:8, Ez 9:9 σ ‫סבל‬ ‫ מוט‬bar or litter for carrying Nu 4:10, 12, 13:23 ← ‫מוט‬ ‫ מוטה‬that which carries away Is 28:6, Jr 28:10, 12–3 ← ‫מוט‬ ‫ מוטה‬carried away, i.e. made prisoner, exiled Is 58:6 αλ ← ‫מוט‬ ‫ מוך‬to go down to become poor σ ‫ירד‬ 156 ‫ מול‬to clip off, pluck off (e.g. grass, heads of grain) to circumcise → ‫מולת‬ circumcision Ex 4:26 αλ σ ,‫ סור‬,‫כרת‬ ‫שׁדף‬ ‫ מול‬in front of σ ‫נגד‬ ‫< מולדה‬toponym> ‫ מולדת‬that which produced …, i.e. heritage from birth referring to one’s people Gn 12:1, Rt 2:11, Es 8:6; that which is produced, born Gn 48:6, Lv 18:9, 11, Jr 16:3 ← ‫ילד‬ ‫< מוליך‬name> ‫ מולת‬circumcision Ex 4:26 αλ ← ‫מול‬ ‫ מולך‬β ‫ מלך‬,‫הלך‬ ‫ מום‬β ‫מאום‬ ‫ מומה‬β ‫מאומה‬ ‫ מון‬bully, oppressor Is 49:26 αλ ← ‫ינה‬ ‫ מונה‬β ‫מנה‬ ‫ מוניך‬β ‫מון‬ ‫ מוסב‬circuit, perimeter ?? Ez 41:7 αλ ← ‫סבב‬ ‫ מסד‬,‫ מוסדה‬,‫ מוסד‬foundation ← ‫יסד‬ ‫ מוסר‬β ‫ סור‬,‫ מסר‬,‫מוסר‬ ‫ מוסרות‬,‫ מוסר‬band(s) that tie one to a yoke Is 52:2, Jr 2:20, 5:5, 27:2, 30:8, Nh 1:13, Ps 2:3, 107:14, 116: 16, Jb 12:8 ← ‫אסר‬ ‫ מוסר‬correction discipline, correction (through punishment) ← ‫יסר‬ ‫< מוסר‬name> ‫ מוסרה‬chains and/or a collar placed on prisoners and/or slaves to keep them in line ?? Jr 2:20, 5:5, 27:2, 30:8, Nh 1:13, Ps 2:3, 107:14 ← ‫יסר‬ ‫< מוסרי‬name> ‫ מועדה‬,‫( מועד‬place of) convocation appointment (referring to place and/or time) ← ‫יעד‬ ‫< מועדיה‬name> ‫ מועדת‬β ‫ מעד‬,‫מועדה‬ ‫ מועף‬caused to be fatigued Is 8:23 αλ ← ‫יעף‬ ‫ מועצות‬counsel as in mental advise Ps 81:13 (12), Pr 22:20 ← ‫יעץ‬ ‫ מועקה‬firmness ?? Ps 66:11 αλ context indicates that this is something positive ‫ מופז‬β ‫אפז‬ ‫ מפת‬,‫ מופת‬portent σ ‫אות‬ ‫ מוצא‬exit, going out ← ‫יצא‬ ‫< מוצא‬name> ‫ מוצאת‬origin ⇐ going out Mc 5:1 αλ ← ‫יצא‬ ‫ מוצק‬things and places connected with causing to be poured out, molded (cast) objects 1K 7:23, 33, 37, place for draining Jb 36:16, 38:38 ← ‫יצק‬ ‫ מוצקה‬spout ?? (of a lamp, where a wick can be placed) Zc 4:2 αλ ← ‫יצק‬ ‫ מוק‬to deride ?? Ps 73:8 αλ σ ‫שׂחק‬ ‫ מוקד‬constant fire, constant burning ?? Is 33:14 (Ps 102:4 (3) s. ‫ קד‬Aleppo reading) ← ‫יקד‬ ‫ מוקדה‬hearth, where a fire is kindled Lv 6:2 (9) αλ ← ‫יקד‬ ‫ מקשׁ‬,‫ מוקשׁ‬snare, a trap that catches its prey and hangs on Ex 10:7, Is 8:14, Pr 29:6, 25 ← ‫ יקשׁ‬σ ‫ פח‬flat plate, net that is flattened out to catch prey that flies or runs into it ‫ מור‬β ‫ מר‬,‫מור‬ ‫ מור‬to substitute → ‫ תמורה‬substitute Lv 27:10, 33, Jb 15:31, 20:18, 28:17, Rt 4:7 157 ‫ מורא‬fear referring to a subject causing fear ← ‫ ירא‬σ ‫ חת‬making fearful Gn 9:2, 1S 2:4, Jr 46:5, Jb 41:25, ‫מרך‬ cowardliness (δειλια) Lv 26:36 αλ ‫ מורא‬one who pours down weapons from on top of a wall 2S 11:24 ← ‫ירא‬ ‫ מורג‬threshing sledge σ ‫ חרוץ‬division scales, noticeable divisions in skin, scaly Lv 22:22 threshing sledge, so called because it divides out the grain from the chaff Is 28:27, 41:15 ‫ מורד‬β ‫ מרד‬,‫ מורד‬,‫ירד‬ ‫ מורד‬place of descent a road going down from a place Js 7:5, a drainage sluice for water Mc 1:4 ‫מעשה מורד‬ hollowed out area, socket ?? 1K 7:30 ← ‫ירד‬ ‫ מורה‬β ‫ מרה‬,‫ מורה‬,‫מורא‬ ‫ מורה‬one who shoots forth (arrows 1S 31:3, 1C 10:3, teachings) shooting (arrows) 1S 20:36, teacher 2K 17:28, Is 9:14, Hb 2:18, Jb 26:22, Pr 5:13, 2C 15:3 ← ‫ירה‬ ‫ מורה‬early rains Jl 2:23, Ps 84:7 σ ‫גשׁם‬ ‫ מורה‬razor Jd 13:5, 16:17, 1S 1:11 ‫ מורה‬defiant Dt 21:18, Jr 5:23 ← ‫מרה‬ ‫< מורה‬name> ‫ מורט‬detached, not affiliated with Is 18:2, 7 ← ‫ירט‬ ‫ מורישׁ‬causing expropriation causing removal of possessions Dt 9:4–5, 18:12, 1S 2:7 ← ‫ירשׁ‬ ‫ מורשׁ‬one who expropriates Ob 1:17, Jb 17:11 act of expropriating Is 14:23 ← ‫ירשׁ‬ ‫ מורשׁה‬expropriation Ez 25:4, 36:3 inheritance Ex 6:8, Dt 33:4 ← ‫ירשׁ‬ ‫< מורשׁת גת‬name> ‫< מורשׁתי‬name> ‫ מושׁ‬β ‫ משׁשׁ‬,‫מושׁ‬ ‫ מושׁ‬to depart Jd 6:18, Is 54:10, Jr 17:8 σ ‫יצא‬ ‫ מושׁב‬β ‫ שׁוב‬,‫מושׁב‬ ‫ מושׁב‬action or place of settling down seat ← ‫ ישׁב‬σ ‫ כפר‬village Js 18:24, 1S 6:18, Ez 38:13, 1C 27:25, ‫ עיר‬city, ‫קריה‬ (market) town (where people come together to meet), ‫( קרת‬walled) village ‫ מושׁבת‬β ‫משׁובת‬ ‫< מושׁי‬name> ‫ מושׁיע‬savior ← ‫ישׁע‬ ‫ מושׁעות‬salvation Ps 68:21 (20) αλ ← ‫ישׁע‬ ‫ מות‬to die → ‫ מות‬death, in plural refers to the status of when dead, ‫ מת‬dead, as in dead bodies mortal, used of men while still alive, in that all die they are “mortals” σ ‫ אבד‬to become lost, sometimes a euphemism for to die, ‫ גוע‬to expire, just as one who breathes, lives, so one that breathes his last (expires) dies ‫ מות‬name of a Canaanite god ‫ מות‬death, in plural refers also to the preparation of the body and burial ← ‫ מות‬σ ‫ אבדן‬making lost, euphemism for death Ps 119:95, Es 8:6 ‫ מותר‬abundance advantage from idea of left over beyond something Pr 14:23, 21:5, Ko 3:19 ← ‫יתר‬ ‫ מזבח‬β ‫ מזבח‬,‫זבח‬ ‫ מזבח‬altar ← ‫זבח‬ ‫ מזג‬mixed wine, ore ?? So 7:2 (3) αλ ‫ מזה‬β ‫ מזה‬,‫זה‬ ‫ מזה‬person who sprinkles Nu 19:21 αλ ← ‫נזה‬ 158 ‫< מזה‬name> ‫ מזוזה‬doorpost Ex 12:1, 22–3, 1S 1:9, 1K 6:33, Pr 8:34 ‫ מזי‬,‫ מזוי‬granary ?? De 32:24, Ps 144:13 ‫ מזוינו‬β ‫מזוי‬ ‫ מזולל‬one who gives lavishly Jr 15:19 αλ ← ‫זול‬ ‫ מזון‬nourishment Gn 45:23, 2C 11:23 σ ‫מאכל‬ ‫ מזור‬boil (need to press out puss in order to heal) ?? Jr 30:13, Hs 5:13, pressing out, estrangement ?? Ob 7 ← ‫זור‬ ‫ מזח‬a type of clothing, loose fitting sign of luxury, toga ?? Is 23:10, Ps 109:19 ← ‫ זחח‬σ ‫בגד‬ ‫ מזיח‬one who causes (restraints, ponds) to loosen ?? Jb 12:21 αλ ← ‫זחח‬ ‫ מזין‬one who causes … to slip off, roll off Pr 17:4 αλ ‫ מזכיר‬recorder, a person who makes and keeps the official records for the kingdom 2S 8:16, 20:24, Is 36:3, 22, 2C 34:8 ← ‫זכר‬ ‫ מזלג‬fork Ex 27:3, 1S 2:13–4, 2C 4:16 ‫ מזלות‬planets 2K 23:5 αλ σ ‫כוכב‬ ‫ מזמות‬,‫ מזמה‬plan(ning) ← ‫ זמם‬σ ‫דע‬ ‫ מזמור‬psalm, played with instrumental accompaniment ← ‫זמר‬ ‫ מזמרת‬,‫ מזמרה‬pruner (tool) Is 2:4, 18:5, Jl 4:10 (3:10), Mc 4:3 or one used to trim (prune) the wick of a lamp so that it burns brighter 1K 7:50, 2K 25:14, Jr 52:18, 2C 4:22 ← ‫זמר‬ ‫ מזעזע‬one who causes others to withdraw in fear or disgust Hb 2:7 αλ ← ‫זוע‬ ‫ מזער‬from minutiae ← ‫זעיר‬ ‫ מזקק‬something poured out, used of fatness for a feast Is 25:6, of cast gold or silver Ps 12:7 (6), 1C 28:18, 29:4 ← ‫זקק‬ ‫ מזר‬β ‫מזור‬ ‫ מזרה‬one who spreads out Jr 31:9, Pr 1:17, 21:8, 26 winnowing shovel, lightly made of wood used to spread grain out onto a threshing floor in order for threshing Is 30:24, Jr 15:7 ← ‫ זרה‬σ ‫יע‬ ‫ מזרות‬constellation ?? Jb 38:32 αλ σ ‫כוכב‬ ‫ מזרח‬east, sunrise ← ‫זרח‬ ‫ מזרים‬north wind ?? Jb 37:9 αλ ‫ מזרע‬crop, seeded field Is 19:7 αλ ← ‫ זרע‬σ ‫ניר‬ ‫ מזרק‬sprinkler ← ‫זרק‬ ‫ מח‬scraping marrow (⇐ scraped out of bones) Is 5:17, Ps 66:15, Jb 21:24 ← ‫מחה‬ ‫ מחא‬to clap (hands) Is 55:12, Ez 25:6, Ps 98:8 ‫ מחבא‬place of concealment 1S 23:23, Is 32:2 ← ‫חבא‬ ‫ מחברת‬,‫ מחברות‬joiner joining separate parts into one Ex 26:4–5, 2C 22:3, 34:11 ← ‫חבר‬ ‫ מחבת‬frying pan Lv 2:5, 6:14, 7:9, Ez 4:3, 1C 23:29 σ ‫פרור‬ ‫ מחגרת‬girding on Is 3:24 αλ ← ‫חגר‬ ‫ מחה‬to scrape off, to wipe off 2K 21:13, Is 25:8 as an act of destruction Gn 6:7, 7:4, Dt 9:14, Jd 21:17 to erase with a sharp instrument scraping off a written entry Nu 5:23 fig. to erase a memory (of) Ex 17:14, Dt 25:6, 19, 29:19, Ps 51:3, 11, Pr 6:33, Ne 3:37 → ‫ מח‬scraping marrow (⇐ scraped out of bones) Is 5:17, Ps 66:15, Jb 159 21:24, ‫ מחה‬one who scrapes off, wipes away Is 43:25 αλ, ‫מחי‬ scraping ?? Ez 26:9 αλ σ ‫ גרד‬to scrape, scratch Jb 2:8 αλ ‫ מחה‬causing to be led to Nu 34:11 αλ ← ‫נחה‬ ‫ מחה‬one who scrapes off, wipes away Is 43:25 αλ ← ‫מחה‬ ‫ מחוגה‬lathe ?? Is 44:13 αλ ← ‫חוג‬ ‫ מחוז‬port, where ships dock Ps 107:30 αλ ‫< מחויאל‬name> ‫< מחוים‬name> ‫ מחול‬round dance ← ‫חול‬ ‫< מחול‬name> ‫ מחות‬β ‫ מחה‬,‫חוה‬ ‫ מחזה‬place from where one can view 1K 7:4–5, appointed vision Gn 15:1, Nu 24:4, 16, Ez 13:7 ← ‫חזה‬ ‫ מחזון‬time of visioning ?? Mc 3:6 αλ ← ‫חזה‬ ‫( מחזינות‬night) visions Jb 4:13, 7:14 ← ‫חזה‬ ‫ מחי‬scraping ?? Ez 26:9 αλ ← ‫מחה‬ ‫< מחזיאות‬name> ‫ מחיה‬that which gives life ← ‫חיה‬ ‫ מחיר‬money paid for a product or service, which can include a bribe Dt 23:18, Is 55:1, Mi 3:11 ‫< מחיר‬name> ‫< מחירא‬name> ‫ מחית‬β ‫ מחית‬,‫ מחה‬,‫חית‬ ‫ מחית‬uncovered living flesh in a burn, wound, festering sore ← ‫חיה‬ ‫ מחלה‬softness, weakness, as in sickness, also soft place to dig into the ground ← ‫חלה‬ ‫ מחלה‬round dance ← ‫חול‬ ‫< מחלה‬name> ‫< מחלון‬name> ‫< מחלי‬name> ‫ מחלף‬slaughtering knife ?? priestly robes ?? Ezr 1:9 αλ ← ‫ חלף‬σ ‫שׂכין‬ ‫ מחלפות‬tresses (of hair) Jd 16:13, 19 ← ‫חלף‬ ‫ מחלצות‬clothing for special occasions, “Sunday best” stripped off for daily work Is 3:22, Zc 3:4 ← ‫ חלץ‬σ ‫בגד‬ ‫ מחלקות‬divisions of people or land (never in singular) ← ‫חלק‬ ‫< מחלקות‬name> ‫ מחלקת‬β ‫ מחלקת‬,‫חלק‬ ‫ מחלקת‬partition or division of land, dividing out of land (found only in construct) Js 11:23, 12:7, 18:10, 1C 27:1–15 ← ‫חלק‬ ‫ מחלת‬a musical instrument ?? Ps 53:1, 88:1 ‫< מחלת‬name> ‫< מחלתה‬name> ‫ מחמד‬object specifically desired ← ‫חמד‬ ‫ מחמל‬object of pity Ez 24:21 αλ ← ‫חמל‬ ‫ מחמצת‬leavened (soured) ← ‫חמץ‬ ‫ מחנה‬encampment ← ‫חנה‬ ‫< מחנים‬name> ‫ מחנק‬suffocation, prey killed by choking Nh 2:13, Jb 7:15 ← ‫חנק‬ ‫ מחס‬that which affects refuge, protector Is 28:15, Jr 17:17, Ps 62:7, 71:2, 73:28, 91:2, 9, 94:22, 142:5 ← ‫חסה‬ ‫ מחסה‬refuge, place to take refuge Is 4:6, 28:17, Jl 4:16 (3:16), Ps 14:6, 104:18, Jb 24:8 ← ‫ חסה‬σ ‫ מקלט‬asylum, a place where one could go for refuge ‫ מחסום‬muzzle Ps 39:2 (1) αλ ← ‫חסם‬ 160 ‫ מחסור‬lack, anything that is lacking Jd 18:10, 19:19–20, Ps 34:10, Pr 11:24, 28:27 lacking Pr 21:17 ← ‫חסר‬ ‫< מחסיה‬name> ‫ מחספס‬flake Ex 16:14 αλ ‫ מחסר‬action or object being caused to lack Dt 15:8, Pr 6:11, 24:34, Ko 4:8 ← ‫חסר‬ ‫ מחפיר‬causing to hide face(s) in shame Pr 19:26 αλ ← ‫חפר‬ ‫ מחץ‬β ‫ מחץ‬,‫חץ‬ ‫ מחץ‬to trample underfoot Nu 24:8, 17, Ps 110:5–6, Jb 26:12 σ ‫הלך‬ ‫ מחצב‬hewn out 2K 12:12, 2C 34:11 ← ‫חצב‬ ‫ מחצה‬portion Nu 31:36 αλ ← ‫חצה‬ ‫ מחצית‬precisely a half Ex 30:13, 15, 38:26, Ne 8:3, partition Js 21:25, 1C 6:46, 55 ← ‫חצה‬ ‫ מחצץ‬one who portions out Jd 5:11 αλ ← ‫חצץ‬ ‫ מחקה‬that which is carved into Jd 5:26, 1K 6:35, Ez 8:10, 23:14 ← ‫חקה‬ ‫ מחקה‬marked out, something that is written as a statute, law to be read (modern equivalent—traffic sign) Ez 8:10, 23:14 ← ‫חקק‬ ‫ מחקק‬the establishing of statues, laws, authority Gn 49:10, Nu 21:18 established statues, laws, authority Dt 33:21, Pr 31:5 one who establishes statues, laws, authority Jd 5:14, Is 33:22, Ps 60:9 (7), 108:9 (8) ← ‫חקק‬ ‫ מחקר‬investigation Ps 95:4 αλ ← ‫חקר‬ ‫ מחרת‬,‫ מחר‬next day, tomorrow ‫ מחראות‬place of excrement 2K 10:27 αλ ‫ מחרשׁת‬tool made by an artisan, blacksmith 1S 13:20–1 ← ‫ חרשׁ‬σ ‫את‬ ‫ מחשׁבה‬reckoning, coming to a conclusion Jr 18:11, 49:30, Ez 38:10, Ex 9:25 ← ‫ חשׁב‬σ ‫ שׂעף‬thought ?? Jb 4:13, 20:2, ‫ שׂרעף‬thought, consideration ?? Ps 94:19, 139:23 ‫ מחשׁבות‬conclusions, developed thoughts Jr 29:11, Pr 6:18, 15:22, 26 ← ‫חשׁב‬ ‫ מחשׁבת‬something constructed, invented Ex 31:4, 35:32–33, 35, Jr 29:11, 2C 2:13 ← ‫חשׁב‬ ‫ מחשׁים‬β ‫חשׁה‬ ‫ מחשׁך‬dark place ‫ מחשׂף‬stripped off place made bare Gn 30:37 αλ ← ‫חשׂף‬ ‫ מחשׁק‬connecter, object that joins together Ex 27:17 38:17 ← ‫חשׁק‬ ‫< מחת‬name> ‫ מחתה‬β ‫ מחתה‬,‫מחה‬ ‫ מחתה‬fire carrier, to carry live coals to preserve a fire Ex 27:3, 37:23, also used to burn incense in it censor Lv 10:1, 16:17–8 ← ‫חתה‬ ‫ מחתה‬something (object, action) that makes one paralyzed from fear Is 40:14, Jr 48:39, Pr 10:14–5, 29 ← ‫חתת‬ ‫ מחתרת‬digging (breaking) in Ex 22:1, Jr 2:34 ← ‫חתר‬ ‫ מחתת‬β ‫מחתה‬ ‫ מט‬β ‫ מטה‬,‫מוט‬ ‫ מטאטא‬broom Is 14:23 αλ ← ‫טאטא‬ ‫ מטבח‬slaughtering ← ‫טבח‬ ‫ מטה‬β ‫ נטה‬,‫ מטה‬,‫מוט‬ ‫ מטה‬branch tribe, branch of a group, used metaphorically for support such as provided by food Ps 105:16 ← ‫ נטה‬σ ‫שׁבט‬ 161 ‫ מטה‬cot, bed, refers to a light piece of furniture, long and flat enough to lie down and sleep on, can be the bier in funerals, probably made of cloth stretched between a frame ← ‫ נטה‬σ ‫יצוע‬ (camp)bed, spread out on the ground or on baggage Gn 49:4, Ps 63:7, 132:3, Jb 17:13, 1C 5:1, ‫ מצע‬couch Is 28:20 αλ, ‫ ערשׂ‬bed, possibly a covered one ‫ מטה‬that which is carried away Is 8:8, Ez 9:9 ← ‫מוט‬ ‫ מטה‬underneath ‫ מטוה‬spun goods, yarn, thread Ex 35:25 αλ ← ‫טוה‬ ‫ מטות‬β ‫ נטה‬,‫מטה‬ ‫ מטחוי‬β ‫טחה‬ ‫ מטיל‬cast (iron) Jb 40:18 αλ ← ‫טול‬ ‫ מטים‬β ‫מוט‬ ‫ מטלטל‬one who tosses down, also metaphoric Is 22:17 αλ ← ‫טול‬ ‫ מטמון‬buried treasure ← ‫טמן‬ ‫ מטע‬planting ← ‫נטע‬ ‫ מטעם‬β ‫ מטעם‬,‫טעם‬ ‫ מטעם‬tasty food Gn 27 ← ‫טעם‬ ‫ מטעמת‬tasties, tasty food Pr 23:3, 6 ← ‫טעם‬ ‫ מטען‬that which has been loaded (onto a sword, i.e. killed) Is 14:19 αλ ← ‫טען‬ ‫ מטפחת‬cape, warm cloak spread on over other clothing Rt 3:15, Is 3:22 σ ‫בגד‬ ‫ מטר‬to shower → ‫( מטר‬rain) shower σ ‫גשׁם‬ ‫( מטר‬rain) shower σ ‫גשׁם‬ ‫ מטרה‬,‫ מטרא‬target, or place where soldiers practice their martial arts? ← ‫נטר‬ ‫< מטרד‬name> ‫< מטרי‬name> ‫ מים‬,‫ מי‬water ‫ מי‬who? interrogative pronoun ‫< מי זהב‬name> ‫< מידבא‬name> ‫ מיטב‬best ← ‫יטב‬ ‫< מיכא‬name> ‫< מיכאל‬name> ‫< מיכה‬name> ‫< מיכהו‬name> ‫< מיכיה‬name> ‫< מיכיהו‬name> ‫ מיכל‬ditch ?? 2S 17:20 αλ σ ‫תעלה‬ ‫< מיכל‬name> ‫ מילדת‬midwife Gn 35:17, 38:28, Ex 1:15– 21 ← ‫ילד‬ ‫ מים‬β ‫ מי‬,‫ים‬ ‫ מימים‬lit. “from days” used to refer to an indeterminate length of time usually following an action Js 23:1, Jd 11:4, Ez 38:8, also used in the phrase ‫מימים‬ ‫“ ימימה‬from days to days” or in English “from time to time” Ex 13:10, Jd 11:40, 21:19, 1S 1:3, 2:19 ← ‫יום‬ ‫< מימין‬name> ‫ מין‬kind, referring to a biological “kind” that share a common typology, a meaning similar to species, though not the same. E.g. all canines can make up a “kind”, in that they can inter-breed and produce young, while the biological term “species” is far more restrictive, going so far as to recognize different species of wolf. ‫ מיניקת‬wet nurse ?? causing babies to suck Is 49:23 αλ ← ‫ינק‬ ‫ מינקת‬wet nurse Gn 35:8, Ex 2:7, 2K 11:12, 2C 22:11 ← ‫ינק‬ 162 ‫ מיסך‬covering ?? 2K 16:18 αλ ← ‫סכך‬ ‫< מיפעת‬name> ‫ מיץ‬to press as in squeezing out, pinching Pr 30:33 → ‫ מץ‬pressure, squeezing out Is 16:4, Zp 2:2 σ ‫ אכף‬to press, as in put on pressure to get one going Mc 6:6, Pr 16:26, ‫ הכר‬to pressure as in getting on one’s nerves Jb 19:3 αλ, ‫ זור‬to press out, expel to estrange ‫ מיציאים‬β ‫יציא‬ ‫ מישׁ‬β ‫מושׁ‬ ‫< מישׁא‬name> ‫< מישׁאל‬name> ‫ מישׁר‬,‫ מישׁור‬plain, flat land ← ‫ישׁר‬ ‫< מישׁך‬name> ‫< מישׁע‬name> ‫ מישׁר‬made flat ?? 1K 6:35 ← ‫ישׁר‬ ‫ מישׁרים‬straightness, uprightness ← ‫ישׁר‬ ‫ מיתר‬β ‫ מיתר‬,‫יתר‬ ‫ מיתר‬tent cord Nu 3:37, 4.32, Is 54:2, Jr 10:20 σ ‫חבל‬ ‫ מכאב‬pain, being in pain Ex 3:7, Jr 45:3, Lm 1:12, 18 ← ‫כאב‬ ‫ מכאבה‬agony, generalized pain Is53:3 αλ ← ‫כאב‬ ‫ מכאוב‬that which makes painful, that gives pain Jr 51:8, Ps 32:10, 38:17, 69:26, Lm 1:12, Ko 1:18 ← ‫ כאב‬σ ‫ צנן‬,‫צנין‬ prickling, that causes pain Nu 33:55, Js 23:13 ‫ מכביר‬β ‫כבר‬ ‫ מכיר‬β ‫נכר‬ ‫ מכביר‬one who spreads out (distributes) Jb 36:31 αλ ← ‫כבר‬ ‫< מכבנה‬name> ‫< מכבני‬name> ‫ מכבר‬blanket 2K 8:15; lattice, grate Ex 27:4, 38:4, 39:39 ← ‫ כבר‬σ ‫ שׂמיכה‬quilt Jd 4:18 αλ ‫ מכה‬one who strikes, hits, gives a blow one who is struck, hit, wounded blow, wound ← ‫ נכה‬σ ‫ כידור‬attack ?? Jb 15:24 αλ, ‫ מלחמה‬war, battle ‫ מכוה‬area of a burn in the skin Lv 13:24–5, 28 ← ‫כוה‬ ‫ מכון‬established place, establishment ← ‫כון‬ ‫ מכנה‬,‫ מכונה‬stand, upon which objects are placed ← ‫כון‬ ‫ מכורה‬origin ‫ מכות‬β ‫( כוה‬Lv 13:24, 2C 2:9), ‫נכה‬ ‫< מכי‬name> ‫ מכיר‬β ‫נכר‬ ‫< מכיר‬name> ‫< מכירי‬name> ‫ מכך‬to pass up, an opportunity Ko 10:18, blessing Ps 106:43 σ ‫עבר‬ ‫ מכלא‬pen (for sheep) ← ‫כלא‬ ‫ מכלה‬finishing off as in destroying person doing the finishing off Jr 14:12, Hb 3:17, Jb 9:22 ← ‫כלה‬ ‫ מכלול‬some sort of dress, possibly full body armor Ez 23:12, 38:4 ← ‫כלל‬ ‫ מכלות‬finishing off, with eyes not wanting to look at it again Lv 26:16, finishing a menorah by covering a frame with gold 2C 4:21 ← ‫כלה‬ ‫ מכלכל‬one who hold back ?? Ml 3:2 αλ ← ‫כול‬ ‫ מכלל‬finished articles (not raw materials nor kits) Ez 27:24, Ps 50:2 ← ‫כלל‬ ‫ מכלת‬set aside, i.e. that which is not to be used elsewhere 1K 5:11 αλ ← ‫כול‬ ‫ מכמן‬treasure ?? Dn 11:43 αλ σ ‫אצר‬ 163 ‫< מכמס‬name> ‫ מכמר‬something that a person can fall into Ps 141:10, apparently can deal with heat Is 51:20 ← ‫כמר‬ ‫ מכמרת‬drop net, possibly from the idea of stretched out on hot days over water so that fish gather under it to avoid the heat, then to drop the net on them Is 19:8, Hb 1:15–6 ← ‫ כמר‬σ ‫רשׁת‬ ‫< מכמשׂ‬toponym> ‫< מכמתת‬name> ‫< מכנדבי‬name> ‫ מכנה‬β ‫מכונה‬ ‫< מכנה‬name> ‫ מכנס‬trousers ← ‫ כנס‬σ ‫בגד‬ ‫ מכס‬reckoned amount, numbered portion Nu 31:28, 37–41 ← ‫כסס‬ ‫ מכס‬person making another wealthy Is 11:9, Ez 27:7 ← ‫נכס‬ ‫ מכסה‬covering ← ‫כסה‬ ‫ מכסים‬status of being covered Is 11:9, 14:11, 1C 21:16 ← ‫כסה‬ ‫ מכסת‬reckoning a unit by numbers Ex 12:4, Lv 27:23 ← ‫ כסס‬σ ‫חשׁב‬ ‫< מכפלה‬name> ‫ מכר‬to sell → ‫ מכרה‬,‫ מכר‬ware, furnished for sale, ‫ ממכרת‬,‫ ממכר‬something sold wares ‫ מכר‬furnished supplies 2K 12:6 (5), 8 (7) ← ‫כרה‬ ‫ מכרה‬,‫ מכר‬ware, furnished for sale ← ‫מכר‬ ‫ מכרה‬β ‫ מכרה‬,‫מכורה‬ ‫ מכרה‬quartermaster, one who furnishes supplies Zp 2:9 αλ ← ‫כרה‬ ‫< מכרי‬name> ‫ מכרכר‬continuous whirling and dancing 2S 6:14, 16 ← ‫כרר‬ ‫< מכרתי‬name> ‫ מכרתיך‬β ‫ מכרה‬,‫ מכר‬,‫מכורה‬ ‫“ מכרתיך‬those things that provide for you” Ez 16:3 αλ ← ‫כרה‬ ‫ מכשׁלה‬,‫ מכשׁול‬cause for tripping obstacle, offense (cause moral stumbling) ← ‫כשׁל‬ ‫ מכשׁפה‬,‫ מכשׁף‬enchanter Ex 7:11, 22:17 (18), Dt 18:10, Ml 3:5, Dn 2:2 ← ‫ כשׁף‬σ ‫חרטם‬ ‫ מכתב‬writing ← ‫כתב‬ ‫ מכתם‬a type of poem σ ‫תהלה‬ ‫ מכתשׁ‬mortar, a tool where one grinds grain Pr 27:22 hole in the rock, where women grind grains hence wear a hole in the rock from much grinding Jd 15:19, Zp 1:11 ← ‫כתשׁ‬ ‫< מכתשׁ‬name> ‫ מכתת‬smithy for forming metals Is 30:14 αλ ← ‫כתת‬ ‫ מל‬β ‫ מל‬.‫מול‬ ‫ מל‬indication, often spoken though also indicated through actions (plural ‫)מלים‬ ← ‫מלל‬ ‫ מלא‬to fill to fulfill, ‫ עלי יתמלאון‬Jb 16:10 “they fill themselves upon me” they concentrate upon me ?? → ,‫מלא‬ ‫ מלאה‬full, fullness, filling, ‫אבני מלאים‬ “stones of filling” precious stones for setting (to fill settings) Ex 25:7, 35:9, ‫ מלאת‬fulfilling (time span), waiting until the end of an amount of time Ex 22:28, Lv 8:33, 12:4, 6, 25::30, Nu 6:5, 13, Jr 29:10, Ez 5:2, Dn 10:3, filling (of jars, jugs) 2K 4:6, filled Gn 41:22, Nu 7:86, Ez 1:18, filling (fitting of a precious stone, gold ornament) Ex 28:17, 31:5, 164 35:33 39:13, So 5:12, ‫ מלוא‬filling, fullness Lv 5:12, 7:37, Jd 6:38, Ps 24:1 σ ‫ שׂבע‬to be(come) satiated ‫ מלאה‬,‫ מלא‬full, fullness, filling ← ‫מלא‬ ‫ מלאו‬β ‫ מלא‬,‫לאה‬ ‫ מלאך‬messenger, envoy, ambassador, one sent and empowered to accomplish a task ← ‫ לאך‬σ ‫ ציר‬messenger, one who carries messages (⇐ who goes back and forth) Is 45:16, 57:9, Jr 49:14, Ob 1, Pr 13:17, 25:13, convulsion 1S 4:19, Is 13:8, 21:3, Dn 10:16, hinge (⇐ the action of going back and forth) Pr 26:14 ‫ מלאכה‬work done for profit, as part of his profession, to accomplish his work, task items, tools, supplies used in one’s profession ← ‫ לאך‬σ ‫עבדה‬ ‫ מלאכות‬message Hg 1:13, Ps 73:28, 1C 28:19 ← ‫לאך‬ ‫< מלאכי‬name> ‫ מלאכת‬assigned work ?? 2C 13:10 ← ‫לאך‬ ‫ מלאת‬fulfilling (time span), waiting until the end of an amount of time Ex 22:28, Lv 8:33, 12:4, 6, 25::30, Nu 6:5, 13, Jr 29:10, Ez 5:2, Dn 10:3, filling (of jars, jugs) 2K 4:6, filled Gn 41:22, Nu 7:86, Ez 1:18, filling (fitting of a precious stone, gold ornament) Ex 28:17, 31:5, 35:33 39:13, So 5:12 ← ‫מלא‬ ‫ מלבד‬β ‫בדד‬ ‫ מלבושׁ‬one in charge of clothing 2K 10:22, Jb 27:16 clothing provider Is 63:3, Ez 16:13, Zp 1:8, 2C 9:4 ← ‫ לבשׁ‬σ ‫תכריך‬ robe Es 8:15 αλ ‫ מלבן‬form to make bricks, brick kiln ?? Jr 43:9, Nh 3:14 ← ‫לבן‬ ‫ מלדת‬,‫ מלדה‬β ‫ילד‬ ‫“ מלדתיך‬those things brought out for you” Ez 16:3 αλ ← ‫ילד‬ ‫ מלה‬β ‫ מלל‬,‫מלה‬ ‫ מלה‬to state ?? Ez 16:30, Jb 8:21 → ‫מלה‬ statement Ps 139:4, Jb 30:9 σ ‫דבר‬ ‫ מלה‬statement Ps 139:4, Jb 30:9 ← ‫מלה‬ ‫ מלו‬β ‫ מלל‬,‫מול‬ ‫ מלוא‬β ‫ מלוא‬,‫מלא‬ ‫ מלוא‬filling, fullness Lv 5:12, 7:37, Jd 6:38, Ps 24:1 ← ‫מלא‬ ‫ מלוא‬fortress, a fortified building within a walled city, a refuge of last resort or fortification of an occupying force Jd 9:6, 20, 2S 5:9, 1K 9:15, 24 σ ‫בצרון‬ ‫ מלוה‬one who joins with another Pr 19:17 one who causes others to be joined to him through providing loans or donations Is 24:2, Ps 37:26, 112:5, Pr 22:7 ← ‫לוה‬ ‫ מלוח‬salt crystals, seeped out of salt tolerant plants Jb 30:4 αλ ← ‫מלח‬ ‫< מלוך‬name> ‫ מלוכה‬kingship ← ‫מלך‬ ‫< מלוכי‬name> ‫ מלון‬a place where people stay temporarily, such as an inn, where one lodges for one or more nights, or an encampment Jos 4:3 ← ‫לון‬ ‫ מלונה‬temporary structure for lodging temporarily Is 1:8, the act of temporarily living in a place Is 24:20 ← ‫ לון‬σ ‫אהל‬ ‫ מלושׁן‬one who continuously wags his tongue, speaks about Ps 101:5 αλ ← ‫לשׁן‬ ‫< מלותי‬name> ‫ מלח‬to salt to stain with salt (as clothes stained with salty sweat) to stain (dirty) → ‫ מלוח‬salt crystals, seeped out 165 of salt tolerant plants αλ, ‫ מלח‬salt sailor, dirty “salty” rag (⇐ the idea of having been used to wipe away sweat), ‫ מלחה‬salty, salt strewn ‫ מלח‬salt sailor, dirty “salty” rag (⇐ the idea of having been used to wipe away sweat) ← ‫מלח‬ ‫ מלחה‬salty, salt strewn ← ‫מלח‬ ‫ מלחמה‬β ‫ מלחמה‬,‫לחמה‬ ‫ מלחמה‬war, battle ← ‫ לחם‬σ ‫מכה‬ ‫ מלחמות‬β ‫ מלחמות‬,‫מלחמה‬ ‫ מלחמות‬feeding ?? Is 30:32 αλ ← ‫לחם‬ ‫ אישׁ מלחמות‬warrior 2S 8:10, Is 42:13, 1C 18:10, 28:3 ← ‫לחם‬ ‫ מלחמת‬wartime, not a specific war 1S 13:22, 2S 11:25 ← ‫לחם‬ ‫ מלט‬to slip away → ‫ מלט‬a slipway where bricks were brought in and out of a brick kiln ?? Jr 43;9, ‫( תמלט‬a type of nesting animal) ?? Is 34:15 αλ σ ‫פלט‬ ‫ מלט‬a slipway where bricks were brought in and out of a brick kiln ?? Jr 43;9 ← ‫מלט‬ ‫< מלטיה‬name> ‫< מליכו‬name> ‫ מלילת‬ear of grain Dt 23:26 αλ σ ‫שׁבלת‬ ‫ מלין‬words of a statement (used only in Job) ← ‫מלל‬ ‫ מליץ‬spokesman Is 43:27, 2C 32:31 translator Gn 42:23 ← ‫ליץ‬ ‫ מליצה‬announcement Pr 1:6, Hb 2:6 ← ‫ ליץ‬σ ‫דבר‬ ‫ מלך‬β ‫ מלך‬,‫ מולך‬,‫הלך‬ ‫ מלך‬to rule as king → ‫ מלוכה‬kingship, ‫ מלך‬king, ‫ מלכה‬queen, ‫ מלכות‬kingship, reign, referring to reigning and the extent of one’s authority, being king or queen, and the symbols and dress that go with being king or queen, ,‫ממלכה‬ ‫ ממלכות‬kingdom, referring to the land and people [note: in Aramaic ‫מלכות‬ seems to have been used to refer to both kingdom and kingship/reign, whereas Hebrew has different terms] σ ‫בעל‬ ‫ מלך‬king ← ‫ מלך‬σ ‫ אדון‬lord, master, someone who has authority over other people, both privately as a slave holder or in government, ‫ אחשׁדרפנים‬satraps (Aramaic loan word) Es 3:12, 8:9, 9:3, Ezr 8:36, ‫ אחשׁתרנים‬royal Es 8:10, 14, ‫ בעל‬master, ‫ גזבר‬treasurer (Persian ?) Ezr 1:8, 7:21, ‫ חוקק‬leader, one who gives decrees Jd 5:9 αλ, ‫ חר‬administrator, ‫ מלצר‬guardian Dn 1:11, 16, ‫ממשׁל‬ having authority over people, a territory Ez 20:49, Dn 11:3, 5, 1C 26:6, ‫מנצח‬ overseer, ‫ משׁל‬ruler, one who has authority rule (proverb), ‫ נגיד‬leader, one who goes before, often used for a national leader, i.e. king or emperor, also giving a message Is 55:4, Jb 31:37, Pr 8:6, ‫ נדיב‬generous Ex 35:5, 22, 1C 28:21, 2C 29:31, voluntary leader (who steps forward to lead) Nu 21:18, 1S 2:8, Is 32:8, Pr 25:7, ‫ נסיך‬libation Dt 32:38 one who pours a libation, a leader Js 13:21, Ez 32:30, Mc 5:4 (5:5), Ps 83:12 (11), ‫ נצב‬appointed officer, ‫ נשׂיא‬a person of honor and authority, not based on heredity nor appointment, but on character, ‫ סגן‬officer who goes into the field Is 41:25, Jr 51:23, Ez 23:6, Ezr 9:2, Ne 12:40, 13:11, ‫ סריס‬courtier, a worker in the royal household, not necessarily a 166 eunuch Gn 37:36, 39:1, though because eunuchs were often chosen as courtiers, or courtiers made into eunuchs, it became a synonym for eunuch Is 56:3–4 (most uses of this word are for courtiers, but cannot tell if they’re eunuchs), ‫פחה‬ governor (Aramaic loan word) Ne 5:14, 18, 12:26, ‫ פחם‬governor ?? (Aramaic loan word ??) Ne 5:14 αλ, ‫ פקיד‬one who is appointed to look after, attend to (someone, something) 2K 25:19, Jr 20:1, 52:25, Ne 11:9, 2C 31:13, ‫ פרתם‬noble (person) Es 1:3, 6:9, Dn 1:3, ‫קצין‬ commander Js 10:24, Jd 11:6, Pr 6:7, ‫ ראשׁ‬head, including both a physical head as well as leader, ‫ רזן‬,‫רוזן‬ (distinguished) dignitary, one who attained his post Jd 5:3, Is 40:23, Hb 1:10, Ps 2:2, Pr 8:15, 31:4, ‫ שׁוע‬noble, one who is generous to help ?? Is 32:5, Ez 23:23, Jb 34:19, ‫ שׁטר‬officer, one who passes down commands from higher officials and is in charge of making sure the orders are fulfilled, ‫( שׁליט‬person of) authority Gn 42:6, Ko 5:18 (19), 6:2, 7:19, 8:8, 10:5, ‫ שׂרה‬,‫ שׂר‬prince(ss), a title given to one who enforces rules sort of like a policeman or sheriff, to keep people “chained in” to where they should be and what they should do, also a title given to the children of a king, where it was understood that their authority was to enforce their father’s rule, not different from other “princes” who were not sons of kings ‫שׂרי המדינות‬ “regional sheriffs” those who were stationed in vassal lands to enforce the king’s rule 1K 20:14–5, 17, 19, Es 1:3, 8:9, 9:3 ‫ מלך‬one who makes others go ?? Ps 68:13 ← ‫הלך‬ ‫< מלך‬name> ‫ מלכדת‬snare ?? Jb 18:10 αλ ← ‫לכד‬ ‫ מלכה‬β ‫ מלכה‬,‫מלוכה‬ ‫ מלכת‬,‫ מלכה‬queen ← ‫מלך‬ ‫< מלכה‬name> ‫ מלכות‬kingship, reign, referring to reigning and the extent of one’s authority, being king or queen, and the symbols and dress that go with being king or queen ← ‫מלך‬ ‫< מלכי צדק‬name> ‫< מלכי שׁוע‬name> ‫< מלכיאל‬name> ‫< מלכיאלי‬name> ‫< מלכיה‬name> ‫< מלכיהו‬name> ‫< מלכירם‬name> ‫< מלכם‬name> ‫ מלכן‬brickworks ?? αλ 2S 12:31 LXX πλινθειου ‫< מלכת‬name> ‫ מלל‬β ‫ מלל‬,‫מול‬ ‫ מלל‬to indicate, usually through words though also by actions Gn 21:7, Ps 106:2, Jb 8:2, 33:3, Pr 6:13 → ‫ מלה‬statement, ‫ מלין‬words of a statement (used only in Job) σ ‫דבר‬ ‫< מללי‬name> ‫ מלמד‬trainer (making learn) Is 48:17, Ps 119:99, Pr 5:13 cattle goad Jd 3:31 ← ‫ למד‬σ ‫דרבן‬ ‫ מלמדה‬trained, from training Is 29:13, Hs 10:11 ← ‫למד‬ 167 ‫ מלעג‬continuous, repeated derision 2C 30:10 αλ ← ‫לעג‬ ‫ מלפנו‬β ‫פנים‬ ‫ מלץ‬to be sweet ?? Ps 119;103 αλ σ ‫מתק‬ ‫ מלצר‬guardian Dn 1:11, 16 ?? σ ‫מלך‬ ‫ מלק‬to nip off, pinch off Lv 1:15, 5:8 ‫ מלקוח‬spoil, booty ← ‫ לקח‬σ ‫שׁלל‬ ‫ מלקושׁ‬latter rain Dt 11:14, Jr 3:3, 5:24, Pr 16:15 σ ‫גשׁם‬ ‫ מלקחים‬tongs Ex 25:38, 37:23, Nu 4:9, 1K 7:49, Is 6:6, 2C 4:21 ← ‫לקח‬ ‫ מלתחה‬wardrobe, room where clothing is stored 2K 10:22 αλ ‫ מלתעות‬fangs ?? Ps 58:7(6) αλ σ ‫שׁן‬ ‫ ממאיר‬causing infection Ez 28:24 αλ ← ‫מאר‬ ‫ ממארת‬infectious, malignant Lv 13:51–2, 14:44 ← ‫מאר‬ ‫ ממגרות‬places where metal ores were crushed to remove the metals for refining Jl 1:17 αλ ← ‫גרר‬ ‫ ממד‬measuring tool Jb 38:5 αλ ← ‫מדד‬ ‫ ממהר‬acting quickly Gn 41:32, Ml 3:5, Pr 6:18 ← ‫מהר‬ ‫< ממוכן‬name> ‫ ממזר‬bastard ‫ ממכרת‬,‫ ממכר‬something sold wares ← ‫מכר‬ ‫ ממלכות‬,‫ ממלכה‬kingdom, referring to the land and people ← ‫מלך‬ ‫ ממך‬β ‫מן‬ ‫ ממנה‬β ‫מן‬ ‫ ממנו‬β ‫מן‬ ‫ ממני‬β ‫מן‬ ‫ ממקשׁי‬β ‫ קשׁה‬,‫ מוקשׁ‬,‫יקשׁ‬ ‫< ממרא‬name> ‫ ממרורים‬bitter things ‫ ממשׁל‬having authority over people, a territory Ez 20:49, Dn 11:3, 5, 1C 26:6 ← ‫ משׁל‬σ ‫מלך‬ ‫ ממשׁלה‬dominion ← ‫משׁל‬ ‫ ממשׁק‬tract, piece of land ?? Zp 2:9 αλ ‫ מן‬what? (the Israelites did not know what that stuff was, so they simply called it “What?” or as we transliterate as “manna”) ‫ מן‬from, when given a pronominal suffix, the nun changes to a mem → ,‫ ממנה‬,‫ממך‬ ‫ ממני‬,‫ממנו‬ ‫ מן‬allotment, unit of weight, assigned by number 1K 10:17, Ez 5:7 wages, pay scale Gn 31:7, 41 ← ‫ מנה‬σ ‫ בזר‬allotment Ps 68:31 ‫ מן‬stringed instrument ?? Ps 150:4 ‫ מן‬a Persian coin Ezr 2:69, Ne 7:71–2 ‫ מנאות‬β ‫ נאות‬,‫מניות‬ ‫ מנאפת‬practicing adultery, adulterous Ez 16:32, Hs 3:1, Pr 30:20 ← ‫נאף‬ ‫ מנגינה‬β ‫נגינת‬ ‫ מנד‬one who makes people move, relocate 2S 23:6, Is 66:5, Am 6:3 ← ‫נוד‬ ‫ מנדח‬that which causes to be pushed out Is 8:22 αλ ← ‫נדח‬ ‫ מנה‬to number to allot, assign by number → ‫ מן‬allotment, unit of weight, assigned by number 1K 10:17, Ez 5:7 wages, pay scale Gn 31:7, 41, ‫מנה‬ portion, allotment Ex 29:26, Lv 7:33, 1S 1:4, Es 2:9, Ne 9:10, 2C 31:3–4, 19, ‫מנית‬ a portion, portioned out Ez 27:17 αλ σ ‫ בזר‬to allot Dn 11:24 (‫ מנה )מנים‬a measure of weight 1K 10:17, Ez 45:12, Ezr 2:69, Ne 7:70–1 168 ‫ מנה‬portion, allotment Ex 29:26, Lv 7:33, 1S 1:4, Es 2:9, Ne 9:10, 2C 31:3–4, 19 ← ‫מנה‬ ‫ מנהג‬driving ← ‫נהג‬ ‫ מנהל‬sustainer Is 51:18 αλ ← ‫נהל‬ ‫ מנהרה‬trenches where people could move unseen by the enemy ?? Ju 6:2 αλ ← ‫ נהר‬σ ‫תעלה‬ ‫ מנוד‬shaking (of head) Ps 44:15 (14) αλ ← ‫נוד‬ ‫ מנוחה‬,‫ מנוח‬resting place ← ‫נוח‬ ‫< מנוח‬name> ‫ מנון‬flourishing ?? Pr 29:21 αλ ← ‫?נין‬ ‫ מנוס‬refuge, a place towards which one flees ← ‫ נוס‬σ ‫( חסות‬act of) taking refuge Is 30:3 αλ ‫ מנוסה‬flight ← ‫נוס‬ ‫( מנור‬weaver’s) beam (⇐ log pulled behind draft animals, used to grade a field to be flat for planting) 1S 17:7, 21:19, 1C 11:23, 20:5 ← ‫ניר‬ ‫ מנורה‬candelabrum, light fixture ← ‫נור‬ ‫ מנושׁ‬creditor Is 50:1 αλ ← ‫נשׁה‬ ‫ מנותה‬β ‫מנת‬ ‫ מנזרים‬watcher Nh 3:17 αλ ‫ מנח‬β ‫ מנח‬,‫מנוח‬ ‫ מנח‬an architectural feature ?? Ez 41:9, 11 ‫ מנחה‬propitiatory gift, given both to God as an offering Lv 2:1 and to other men to gain their favor Gn 32:13, 43:11 σ ,‫זבח‬ ‫מתן‬ ‫ מנחות‬β ‫מנוח‬ ‫< מנחות‬name> ‫ מנחם‬something or someone who comforts 2S 10:3, Nh 3:7, Ps 69:21, 1C 19:3 ← ‫נחם‬ ‫< מנחם‬name> ‫ מנחשׁ‬one who divines by watching the movement of snakes Dt 18:10 αλ ← ‫נחשׁ‬ σ ‫חרטם‬ ‫< מנחת‬name> ‫< מנחתי‬name> ‫ מני‬β ‫ מני‬,‫מן‬ ‫ מני‬fate ?? a Canaanite god Is 65:11 αλ ‫ מניות‬β ‫מנת‬ ‫ מנים‬β ‫מן‬ ‫< מנימן‬name> ‫ מנית‬a portion, portioned out Ez 27:17 αλ ← ‫מנה‬ ‫ מנית‬toponym Jd 11:33 αλ ‫ מנלם‬proposition ?? Jb 15:29 αλ ‫ מנמרים‬β ‫נמר‬ ‫ מנע‬to withhold, hold back (from giving, going) σ ‫ אצל‬to hold aside, at one’s side to hold back, ‫ חשׂך‬to hold back (from performing an action) Gn 20:6, 1S 25:39, Jr 14:10, Ezr 9:13 withhold (an object from) Gn 22:16, 39:9, Ez 30:18, Ps 19:14, ‫ כחד‬to hold back, keep from, as an act of deprivation or concealment, here applied to peoples Ex 9:15, 23:23, 2C 32:21 and statements, as in not telling the whole story 1S 3:17, 2S 14:18, ‫ כלא‬to detain, hold back, prevent action, ‫ קבע‬to withhold what is due Is 51:17, 22, Ml 3:8–9, Pr 22:23 ‫ מנעל‬,‫ מנעול‬latch Ne 3:3, 6, 13–15 ← ‫נעל‬ ‫ מנעמים‬pleasant foods Ps 141:4 αλ ← ‫נעם‬ ‫ מנענעים‬rattle ?? a type of noisemaker used in rejoicing 2S 6:5 αλ ← ‫נוע‬ ‫ מנצח‬overseer ← ‫ נצח‬σ ‫מלך‬ ‫ מנקית‬cleansing bowl Ex 25:29, 37:16, Nu 4:7 ← ‫נקה‬ ‫ מנקת‬β ‫מינקת‬ 169 ‫< מנשׁה‬name> ‫< מנשׁי‬name> ‫ מנת‬gift, present Es 9:19, 22, Ne 9:12 ← ‫מנה‬ ‫ מס‬β ‫ מסס‬,‫מס‬ ‫ מס‬tribute labor ‫ מסב‬surrounding 1K 8:29, 2K 23:5, one who turns back Jr 21:4 ← ‫סבב‬ ‫ מסגר‬locksmith artisan 2K 24:14, 16, Jr 24:1, 29:2, lockup (prison) Is 24:22, 42:7, Ps 142:7. In ancient times the locksmith was the most accomplished of artisans, dealing with the most complex and intricate mechanisms commonly in use. Hence their prominent mention among those taken into captivity Jr 24:1 ← ‫ סגר‬σ ‫כלא‬ ‫ מסגרת‬,‫ מסגרות‬barrier, to hold people or things inside; a lockup (prison) Mi 7:17, on a table a raised border to prevent things on top of it from falling off, often found on ships Ex 25:25, 27, or as decoration on an architectural column 1K 7:28–9, 35–6 ← ‫סגר‬ ‫ מסד‬foundation ← ‫יסד‬ ‫ מסדרון‬forecourt, where people are set in order to see the king Jd 3:23 αλ ← ‫סדר‬ ‫ מסה‬β ‫ נסה‬,‫ מסס‬,‫מסה‬ ‫ מסה‬trial, as in a test Ex 17:17, Dt 6:16, 9:22, 33:8, Ps 95:8 ← ‫נסה‬ ‫< מסה‬name> ‫ מסוה‬mask Ex 34:33–35 ‫ מסוכה‬covering Mc 7:4 αλ ← ‫סכך‬ ‫ מסח‬alternately, in turn 2K 11:6 αλ ‫ מסית‬one who tempts, goads into action Jr 43:3, 2C 32:11 ← ‫סית‬ ‫ מסך‬to mix drinks Is 5:22, Ps 102:10, Pr 9:2 → ‫ מסך‬mixed drinks Is 65:11, Ps 75:9, Pr 23:30 σ ‫בלל‬ ‫ מסך‬mixed drinks Is 65:11, Ps 75:9, Pr 23:30 ← ‫מסך‬ ‫ מסך‬covering to keep something from being seen 2S 17:19, Is 22:8 screen Ex 26:36–7, Nu 3:25–6 ← ‫ סכך‬σ ‫כפר‬ ‫ מסכה‬β ‫ נסך‬,‫ מסכה‬,‫מסך‬ ‫( מסכה‬cast) statue, often used as an idol Ex 32:4, 8, Hs 13:2, Ne 9:18 ← ‫ נסך‬σ ‫ דמה‬,‫אלוה‬ ‫ מסכה‬covering Ez 28:13 blanket Is 28:20 ← ‫סכך‬ ‫ מסכן‬productive Is 40:20, Ko 4:13, 9:15–6 ← ‫סכן‬ ‫ מסכנות‬production (cities) i.e. cities where production is concentrated Ex 1:11, 2C 8:4, 6, 32:28 ← ‫סכן‬ ‫ מסכנת‬production, which has labor in its production Dt 8:9 αλ ← ‫סכן‬ ‫ מסכת‬β ‫ סכת‬,‫ מסכת‬,‫מסכה‬ ‫ מסכת‬warp Jd 16:13–4 σ ‫ארג‬ ‫ מסלה‬highway, an embanked road suitable for wheeled traffic Nu 20:19, 2S 20:12– 13, Is 40:3, 1C 26:16, 18 ← ‫ סלל‬σ ‫דרך‬ ‫ מסלול‬one making an embankment (for a road) Is 35:8 αλ ← ‫סלל‬ ‫ מסמר‬nail Is 41:7, 1C 22:3 ← ‫סמר‬ ‫ מסמרות‬fastenings ?? Jr 10:4, 2C 3:9 ← ‫סמר‬ ‫ מסס‬to melt → ‫ נמס‬cast objects (idols) 1S 15:9, ‫ תמס‬melting, trail of slime ‫ מסס‬sparkling, as sparkling embers go up from a hot fire ?? Is 10:18 αλ ← ‫נסס‬ ‫ מסע‬pulling up breaking camp Gn 13:3, Ex 17:1, Nu 33:1–2 ← ‫נסע‬ 170 ‫ מסעד‬tray, an architectural feature, prop ?? 1K 10:12 αλ ← ‫סעד‬ ‫ מספד‬public mourning Gn 50:10, Is 22:12, Jl 2:12, Ps 30:11, Es 4:3 ← ‫ספד‬ ‫ מספוא‬fodder σ ‫ חמיץ‬fodder that has become sour Is 30:24 αλ ‫ מספח‬that which is joined to ?? Hb 2:15 αλ ← ‫ספח‬ ‫ מספחת‬,‫ מספחות‬rash, causing scabs ?? Lv 13:6–8. Ez 13:18, 21 ← ‫ספח‬ ‫ מספר‬count, counting number, countable (not many) ← ‫ספר‬ ‫< מספר‬name> ‫< מספרת‬name> ‫ מסר‬β ‫ מסר‬,‫מוסר‬ ‫ מסר‬to marshal (troops, ideas, error) ?? Nu 31:5, 16 → ‫ מסרת‬marshaling forth ?? Ez 20:37, Jb 39:5 σ ‫ צבא‬to muster out (an army), i.e. to call out a group into existence, usually a group of men to form into a fighting force for battle, but also for other groups of people (e.g. Israel Ex 7:4) and also for all life Gn 2:1 ‫ מסרף‬one who is a close companion ?? Am 6:10 αλ LXX παραβιωνται ‫ מסרת‬marshaling forth ?? Ez 20:37, Jb 39:5 ← ‫מסר‬ ‫ מסת‬β ‫ מסת‬,‫מסה‬ ‫ מסת‬just as, in the same manner as Dt 16:10 αλ ‫ מסת‬trouble, time of difficulty ?? Dt 4:34, 7:19, Jb 9:23 ‫ מסתר‬,‫ מסתור‬hiding (place), act of hiding ← ‫סתר‬ ‫ מעבד‬place of work Jb 34:25 αλ ← ‫עבד‬ ‫ מעבה‬mold (made of compacted earth) 1K 7:46 αλ ← ‫עבה‬ ‫ מעברה‬,‫ מעבר‬place of crossing ford (of river) Gn 32:23 (22), Jd 12:5–6 ← ‫עבר‬ ‫ מעגל‬cowpath (← ‫ עגל‬calf)? or rutted track Is 26:7, Pr 4:11, 26 σ ‫דרך‬ ‫ מעגל‬encampment (← ‫ עגל‬circular)? Is 17:20, 26:5, 7, Ps 23:3 ‫( מעגלה‬metaphorical) path, rut Is 59:8, Pr 17:5, Pr 2:15 ‫ מעגלת‬status of going down a path Pr 2:18, 5:6, 21 ‫ מעד‬β ‫ מעד‬,‫מועד‬ ‫ מעד‬to tremor, tremble 2S 22:37, Ps 18:37, 26:1, 37:31 σ ‫רגז‬ ‫ מעד‬gathering, can be either spontaneous or planned ?? Lv 23:44, Nu 9:3, 7, 13, Lm 2:6, 2C 31:3 ← ‫יעד‬ ‫ מעד‬adornment Lm 2:6 αλ ← ‫עדה‬ ‫ מעדה‬β ‫ עדה‬,‫ מעדה‬,‫יעד‬ ‫ מעדה‬adorning Pr 25:20 αλ ← ‫עדה‬ ‫ מעדות‬β ‫ עד‬,‫מעדות‬ ‫ מעדות‬adorned ← ‫עדה‬ ‫< מעדי‬name> ‫< מעדיה‬name> ‫ מעדנת‬,‫ מעדנות‬pleasures, with pleasure ← ‫עדן‬ ‫ מעדנים‬giving pleasure to dainties (food) Gn 49:20, Jr 51:34, Pr 29:17, Lm 4:5 ← ‫עדן‬ ‫ מעדר‬hoe Is 7:25 αλ ← ‫עדר‬ ‫ מעה‬a collective of grains (of sand) Is 48:19, Ko 1:15 ‫ מעוג‬pancake ?? something made of flour fried in oil 1K 17:12, Ps 35:16 ← ‫עוג‬ ‫ מעודד‬one who renews strength Ps 147:6 αλ ← ‫עודד‬ 171 ‫ מעוז‬refuge, place of refuge Jd 6:28, Is 25:4, 30:2, Nh 1:7, 3:11, Ps 27:1 31:3 ← ‫עוז‬ ‫ מעוז‬one that strengthens, strength Ps 28:8, 60:9, 108:9, Pr 10:29, Dn 11:1, 7, 31 ← ‫עזז‬ ‫ מעוך‬β ‫מעך‬ ‫< מעוך‬name> ‫ מעול‬one who does unjust actions Ps 71:4, Jb 34:10 ← ‫עול‬ ‫ מעולם‬β ‫ עולם‬,‫ עול‬,‫מעל‬ ‫ מעון‬β ‫ עון‬,‫מעון‬ ‫ מענה‬,‫ מעון‬haunt, where one lives, works, travels around ‫< מעון‬toponym> ‫< מעונים‬name> ‫< מעונתי‬name> ‫ מעוף‬something that causes to be flown Is 8:22 αλ ← ‫עוף‬ ‫ מעור‬nakedness Ha 2:15 αλ ← ‫ערה‬ ‫ מעות‬that which is distorted ?? Ko 1:15 αλ ← ‫עות‬ ‫< מעזיה‬name> ‫ מעזן‬Is 23:11 ‫ מעט‬to become small (as a quantity of time, food, numbers, etc.), few → ‫מעט‬ small in quantity, few ‫ מעט‬small in quantity, few ← ‫מעט‬ ‫ מעטה‬wrapping Is 61:3, Ez 21:20 (15) ← ‫עטה‬ ‫ מעטירה‬causing to go around Is 23:8 αλ ← ‫עטר‬ ‫ מעטפות‬something draped on, stole ?? Is 3:22 αλ ← ‫ עטף‬σ ‫בגד‬ ‫ מעי‬β ‫ עי‬,‫מעי‬ ‫ מעי‬body in general 2S 16:11, Ps 22:15 (14), So 5:4, 2C 32:21, more specifically womb Rt 1:11, Is 49:1, Ps 71:6, belly Ez 7:19, Jb 20:14, intestines 2S 20:10, 2C 21:18–9, involved with emotions Jr 4:19, 31:20, So 5:4 σ ‫בטן‬ ‫< מעי‬name> ‫ מעיל‬poncho, a cloth draped over the body with a hole in the center for the head to poke through Ex 28:31–5, worn under the vest Lv 8:7 σ ‫בגד‬ ‫ מעין‬fountain, spring ← ‫ עין‬σ ‫עין‬ ‫ מעיק‬β ‫עוק‬ ‫ מעיר‬β ‫ עיר‬,‫עור‬ ‫ מעך‬to press in Lv 22;4, 1S 26:7, Ez 23:3 ‫< מעכה‬name> ‫< מעכתי‬name> ‫ מעל‬β ‫ עלה‬,‫ על‬,‫ עול‬,‫מעל‬ ‫ מעל‬to be treacherous, act with treachery → ‫ מעל‬treachery σ ‫ חמס‬to treat others unfairly, not in a right manner, both in word and deed, often in a manner that includes violence as well as judicial wrongness, ‫ עול‬to act unjustly Is 26:10, Ps 31:4 ‫ מעל‬treachery ← ‫מעל‬ ‫ מעל‬from above ‫ מעל‬one who ascends, who causes to ascend Lv 11:4, Dt 8:4, 14:7 place of ascent Pr 14:14 ← ‫עלה‬ ‫ מעלה‬β ‫ עלה‬,‫מעלה‬ ‫ מעלה‬ascent (plural) stairs ← ‫עלה‬ ‫ מעלות‬β ‫ עלה‬,‫ מעלות‬,‫מעלה‬ ‫ מעלות‬in connection with song refers to the song sung while ascending ← ‫עלה‬ ‫< מעלה עקרבים‬name> ‫ מעליות‬β ‫עליה‬ ‫ מעלל‬repeated action ← ‫ עלל‬σ ‫משׁובת‬ repeated actions bad habits (what one 172 ‫ מעצות‬council as in a group of advisors Jr 7:24, Hs 11:6, Mc 6:16, Ps 5:11 (10) ← ‫יעץ‬ ‫ מעצת‬giving council ?? Pr 1:31, 27:9 ← ‫יעץ‬ ‫ מעקה‬parapet Dt 22:8 αλ ‫ מעקשׁ‬perverse, wrong ways ?? Is 42:16, Pr 10:9, 19:1, 28:6 ← ‫עקשׁ‬ ‫ מער‬β ‫מער‬, ‫ערר‬ ‫ מער‬bareness Nh 3:5 ← ‫ערה‬ ‫ מער‬carving ?? 1K 7:36 αλ ‫ מערב‬articles of exchange Ez 27:9, 13, 17, 19, 25, 27, 33–4 ← ‫ערב‬ ‫ מערב‬west (⇐ direction of sunset) Is 45:6, Ps 103:12, Dn 8:5, 1C 12:16 (15) ← ‫ערב‬ ‫ מערה‬cave hideout 1S 13:6 σ ,‫סתר‬ ‫סתרה‬ ‫ מערכת‬,‫ מערכה‬,‫ מערך‬arrangement, formation, often used for battle formation army ← ‫ערך‬ ‫ מערם‬bare, unclothed ← ‫ערה‬ ‫ מערץ‬person of whom one is dismayed Is 8:13 αλ ← ‫ערץ‬ ‫< מערת‬name> ‫ מערצה‬dismaying Is 10:33 αλ ← ‫ערץ‬ ‫ מעשׂה‬deed, work, action or object done or made ← ‫ עשׂה‬σ ‫עבדה‬ ‫< מעשׂי‬name> D‫< מעשׂי‬name> ‫< מעשׂיהו‬name> ‫ מעשׁיר‬causing to be well off 1S 2:7 αλ ← ‫עשׁר‬ ‫ מעשׁקות‬fraud, something taken away by fraud ← ‫עשׁק‬ ‫ מעשׂר‬tenth part, tithe ← ‫עשׂר‬ ‫ מעתיק‬one who causes (mountains) to continue Jb 9:5 αλ ← ‫עתק‬ keeps returning to) Jr 3:22, 5:6, 14:7, Js 11:7, 14:4, Pr 1:32 ‫ מעלפת‬cloaked (covered) ?? So 5:14 αλ ← ‫עלף‬ ‫ מעמד‬standing, as in at attention when waiting on (a table) ← ‫עמד‬ ‫ מעמסה‬burden ← ‫עמס‬ ‫ מעמק‬making deep ← ‫עמק‬ ‫ מען‬purpose, always as ‫ למען‬for purpose of, on account of σ ‫ גלל‬on account of, always ‫ ב‬prefixed, ‫ עבור‬on account of, always ‫ ב‬prefixed ‫ מענגה‬softness, place of soft living Jr 6:2 ← ‫ענג‬ ‫ מענה‬β ‫ מענה‬,‫מעון‬ ‫ מענה‬answer Mc 3:7, Pr 15:1, 23, 16:1, 29:19, Jb 32:1, 3, 5 ← ‫ענה‬ ‫ מענה‬area that has been worked over, prepared ?? Dt 33:27, Ps 129:3, So 4:8 workday (an area that a team of animals can work in a day) ?? 1S 14:14 ← ‫ענה‬ ‫ מענה‬one who humbles Ko 5:19 (20), humbled, humiliated Is 53:4 ← ‫ענה‬ ‫ מעני‬β ‫עני‬ ‫ מעניך‬β ‫ענה‬ ‫ מענית‬β ‫מענה‬ ‫ מענן‬,‫ מעונן‬one who tells fortunes by looking at clouds Dt 18:14 ← ‫ ענן‬σ ‫חרטם‬ ‫< מעץ‬name> ‫ מעצבה‬heavy labor Is 50:11 αλ ← ‫עצב‬ ‫ מעצד‬workroom (where tools and work are laid out) ?? Is 44:12, Jr 10:3 ← ‫עצד‬ σ ‫חדר‬ ‫ מעצר‬,‫ מעצור‬restraint that limits ← ‫עצר‬ 173 ‫< מף‬name> ‫ מפגע‬object come upon Jb 7:20 αλ ← ‫פגע‬ ‫ מפזז‬being active as in dancing ?? 2S 6:16 ← ‫פזז‬ ‫( מפזר‬something) dispersed Pr 11:24, Es 3:8 ← ‫פזר‬ ‫ מפח‬blowing (of bellows) ← ‫נפח‬ ‫< מפיבשׁת‬name> ‫< מפים‬name> ‫( מפיץ‬something (weapon?) that causes dispersion) ?? Nh 2:2, Pr 25:14 ← ‫פוץ‬ ‫ מפכים‬σ ‫פכה‬ ‫( מפל‬grains) fallen to the ground ?? Am 8:6 ← ‫נפל‬ ‫ מפלא‬miraculous action ?? Jd 13:19 αλ ← ‫פלא‬ ‫ מפלאות‬beyond reach, miraculous Jb 37:16 αλ ← ‫פלא‬ ‫ מפלגה‬division ← ‫פלג‬ ‫ מפלה‬fallen (ruins, remains) Jd 14:8, Is 17:1, 23:13, 25:2, Ez 31:13 ← ‫נפל‬ ‫ מפלט‬survival shelter ← ‫פלט‬ ‫ מפלס‬causing to be level ?? Pr 5:21 αλ ← ‫פלס‬ ‫ מפלצת‬objects of shivering (from fright, disgust) used in idol worship 1K 15:13, 2C 15:16 ← ‫פלץ‬ ‫ מפלשׂ‬layer ?? Jb 37:16 αλ ‫ מפלת‬falling, this refers to the action of falling, often understood abstractly Ez 26:15, 18, 27:27, 31:16, 32:10, Pr 29:16 ← ‫נפל‬ ‫ מפעל‬deed ← ‫פעל‬ ‫< מפעת‬name> ‫ מפץ‬one who causes to be dispersed Jr 51:20 αλ ← ‫פוץ‬ ‫ מפקד‬β ‫פקד‬ ‫“ מפרס‬hoofing” having hoofs ?? Lv 11:3–4, 26, Dt 14:6 ← ‫פרס‬ ‫ מפרץ‬wharf ?? a weakness of port cities is that there had to be an opening in the defenses of the city to allow ships to tie up to load and unload their cargos Jd 5:17 αλ ← ‫פרץ‬ ‫ מפרץ‬broken down Ne 1:3 αλ ← ‫פרץ‬ ‫ מפרק‬remove mountains (causing mountains to move ??) 1K 19:11 αλ ← ‫פרק‬ ‫ ?? מפרקת‬base of the skull, where the neck joins the skull 1S 4:18 αλ ← ‫פרק‬ ‫ מפרשׂ‬sail, since ancient times Egyptian cotton had the reputation of making the best sails Ez 27:7 ← ‫פרשׂ‬ ‫ מפשׂעה‬crotch or below where a stride can be seen ?? 1C 19:4 αλ ← ‫פשׂע‬ ‫ מפתח‬key Jd 3:25, Is 22:22 doorman, one in charge of opening the door 1K 20:11, Zc 3:9 office of doorman 1C 9:27 ← ‫פתח‬ ‫ מפתיו‬β ‫ פת‬,‫מופת‬ ‫ מפתן‬stage, an area of a building that has a raised floor 1S 5:4–5, Ez 9:3, 10:4, 18, 46:2, 47:1 Zp 1:9 ‫ מץ‬pressure, squeezing out Is 16:4, Zp 2:2 ← ‫מיץ‬ ‫ מץ‬chaff Is 17:13, 29:5, 41:15, Hs 13:3, Ps 1:4, 35:5, Jb 21:18 ‫ מצא‬β ‫ מצה‬,‫ מצא‬,‫ מוצא‬,‫יצא‬ ‫ מצא‬to happen upon Gn 11:2, 2K 4:29 to happen to to happen to have to find (the most common result of happening upon in Tanakh): to cause to be happened (unto) (to bring (unto) 174 Lv 9:12, 18) σ ‫ בעה‬to discover Is 21:12, 30:13, 64:1, Ob 6 ‫ מצא‬exiting, going or coming forth Jb 38:27, Dn 9:25 ← ‫יצא‬ ‫ מצאתו‬β ‫צאה‬ ‫ מצאתי‬β ‫ מצא‬,‫יצא‬ ‫ מצב‬β ‫ נצב‬,‫מצב‬ ‫ מצב‬station, post where soldiers or guards are posted ?? Jd 9:6, Is 29:3 ← ‫נצב‬ ‫ מצבה‬members of the guard at the post 1S 14:12 αλ ← ‫נצב‬ ‫ מצבת‬,‫ מצבה‬monument (pillar), trunk of tree ← ‫נצב‬ ‫< מצביה‬name> ‫ מצדה‬fortress, fortified place Jd 6:2, 2S 5:7, 9, Is 33:16, 1C 11:5 σ ‫בצרון‬ ‫ מצה‬to drain out Lv 1:15, 5:9, Jd 6:38, Is 51:17, Ez 35:24, used metaphorically in the sense of draining a person into the power of another to hand over 2S 3:8 σ ‫ בזא‬to drain ?? Is 18:2, 7 ‫ מצה‬unleavened bread σ ‫לחם‬ ‫ מצה‬fist fight, brawl is 41:12, 58:4, Pr 13:10, 17:19 ← ‫נצה‬ ‫< מצה‬name> ‫ מצהב‬gold plated ?? Ezr 8:27 αλ LXX στιλβοντος ‫ מצהלות‬neighing Jr 8:16, 13:27 ← ‫צהל‬ ‫ מצוד‬hunting, pursuing Pr 12:12, Jb 19:6 ← ‫צוד‬ ‫ מצודה‬β ‫ מצודה‬,‫מצדה‬ ‫ מצודה‬defendable hiding place for refuge 1S 22:4–5, 23:14, 2S 5:17 σ ‫בצרון‬ ‫ מצודה‬hunting net, used to catch prey both on land Ez 12:13, 17:20 and in water Ko 9:12 ← ‫ צוד‬σ ‫רשׁת‬ ‫( מצודות‬adj.) fortified, as in a fortress Ps 31:3 ‫ מצוה‬command, with an emphasis on that which is commanded ← ‫ צוה‬σ ‫משׁפט‬ ‫ מצולה‬depth (low place), always connected with water (river, sea) Jn 2:4 (3). Zc 10:11, Ps 69:3, 107:24, Jb 41:23 σ ‫תהום‬ ‫ מצולת‬depths (low places) (unspecified plural), connected with the sea Ex 15:5, Ne 9:11 ‫ מצוק‬that which wears down (caused by constant or repeated troubles) Dt 28:53, 55, 57, 1S 22:2, Jr 19:2, Ps 119:143 ← ‫צוק‬ ‫ מצוק‬leaning towards ?? 1S 14:5 αλ ‫ מצוקה‬generalized troubles that wear one down Zp 1:15, Ps 25:17, 107:6, 28 ← ‫צוק‬ ‫ מצור‬β ‫ צור‬,‫מצור‬ ‫ מצור‬rampart, both offensive (siege) and defensive that encircle cities siege ← ‫צור‬ ‫< מצור‬name> ‫ מצורה‬walled, defended Nh 2:2, 2C 14:5 ← ‫צור‬ ‫ מצורנים‬necklace ?? So 4:9 αλ σ ‫ענק‬ ‫ מצות‬β ‫ מצוה‬,‫מצה‬ ‫ מצותוק‬β ‫( מצוה‬unusual form found in Dt 27:10, believed to be a copyist error) ‫ מצח‬forehead Ex 28:38, Is 48:4, Ez 3:8–9, 2C 26:19–20 ‫ מצחק‬joke, something to laugh at ← ‫צחק‬ ‫ מצחת‬greaves (armor) 1S 17:6 αλ ‫ מציג‬one who causes to position Jd 6:37 αλ ← ‫יצג‬ 175 ‫ מציק‬one who causes troubles that wear down Is 29:7, 51:13 ← ‫צוק‬ ‫ מצית‬β ‫ מצית‬,‫מצה‬ ‫ מצית‬one who causes to burn hotly Ez 21:3 αλ ← ‫צות‬ ‫ מצל‬β ‫ צל‬,‫מצל‬ ‫ מצל‬shade Ez 31:3 ← ‫צלל‬ ‫ מצלה‬β ‫ מצלה‬,‫מצולה‬ ‫ מצלה‬a place in shadow Mc 7:19, Zc 1:8, 14:20, Ps 68:23, 88:7 ← ‫צלל‬ ‫ מצלתים‬cymbals ← ‫צלל‬ ‫ מצמית‬one who would cause to silence another person Ps 69:5 (4) αλ ← ‫צמת‬ ‫ מצן‬trapper who uses netting for trapping ?? Jb 5:5 αλ ‫ מצנפת‬turban, used as a badge of authority Ex 28:4, 37, 39, Lv 8:9, Ez 21:31 (26) ← ‫ צנף‬σ ‫בגד‬ ‫ מצע‬couch Is 28:20 αλ ← ‫ יצע‬σ ‫מטה‬ ‫ מצעד‬step as in walking Ps 37:23, Pr 20:24, Dn 11:43 ← ‫צעד‬ ‫ מצער‬smallness, insignificance ← ‫צער‬ ‫ מצפה‬watch post Is 21:6, Hs 5:1, 2C 20:24 ← ‫צפה‬ ‫< מצפה‬name> ‫ מצפנים‬hidden things (treasures secreted from invader) ← ‫צפן‬ ‫ מצפצף‬one who speaks softly in divination Is 8:19, 10:14 ← ‫צפצף‬ ‫ מצץ‬to sip ?? ‫ מצק‬β ‫ צוק‬,‫מצק‬ ‫ מצק‬to lay a foundation Jb 11:15 → ‫מצק‬ foundation 1Sa 2:8, 14:5, Jb 36:16, founded Jb 11:15 ‫ מצק‬foundation 1Sa 2:8, 14:5, Jb 36:16, founded Jb 11:15 ← ‫מצק‬ ‫ מצר‬place of distress Ps 116:3, 118:5, Lm 1:3 ← ‫צרר‬ ‫ מצרות‬guarded fortified with guard towers 2C 11:10–1, 23, 12:4, 21:3 ← ‫נצר‬ ‫< מצרי‬name> ‫ מצרים‬β ‫ צרר‬,‫ מצרים‬,‫מצר‬ ‫ מצרים‬Egypt, <name> ‫ מצרע‬leprous, having leprosy 2S 3:29, 2K 15:5, 2C 26:20–1, person suffering from leprosy, leper Lv 14;2, Nu 12:10, 2K 5:1, 11, 27, 7:3, 8 ← ‫צרע‬ ‫ מצרעת‬β ‫ צרעת‬,‫מצרע‬ ‫ מצרף‬retort for smelting metals Ml 3:2–3, Pr 17:3, 27:21 ← ‫ צרף‬σ ‫כור‬ ‫ מצרת‬watch, to guard like prisoners ?? Is 29:3 αλ ← ‫נצר‬ ‫ מצתך‬β ‫נצה‬ ‫ מק‬rotten ← ‫מקק‬ ‫ מקבילת‬β ‫קבל‬ ‫ מקבת‬apparently a combination tool with a hammer at one side, and a pick at the other, can be used as a chisel Jd 4:21, Is 51:1 ← ‫נקב‬ ‫< מקדה‬name> ‫ מקדם‬β ‫ קדם‬,‫מקדם‬ ‫ מקדם‬a type of fortunetelling ?? Is 2:6 αλ ← ‫קדם‬ ‫ מקדשׁ‬β ‫ קדשׁ‬,‫מקדשׁ‬ ‫ מקדשׁ‬set apart action of setting apart, holy person or object that set something apart, makes holy set apart, holy (place, object tabernacle, temple) ← ‫קדשׁ‬ ‫ מקהל‬assembly ← ‫קהל‬ ‫< מקהלות‬name> ‫ מקוא‬β ‫מקוה‬ 176 ‫ מקוה‬gathering (of waters) Gn 1:10, Ex 7:19, Lv 11:36, (of people) Ezr 10:2, act of collecting 1K 10:28, 2C 1:16, one who gathers Jr 14:8, 17:13, 50:7, 1C 29:15 ⇐ go together with place where things, water are brought together Is 22:11 ← ‫קוה‬ ‫ מקום‬place σ ‫ כן‬base, place where one is based ‫ מקור‬source ← ‫קרה‬ ‫ מקח‬β ‫לקח‬ ‫ מקחות‬wares Ne 10:32 (31) αλ ← ‫לקח‬ ‫ מקטב‬one who destroys Ps 91:6 αλ ← ‫קטב‬ ‫ מקטל‬oppressions ?? Ob 9 αλ ← ‫קטל‬ ‫ מקטרות‬,‫ מקטר‬incense altar(s) ← ‫קטר‬ ‫ מקטרת‬censer ← ‫קטר‬ ‫ מקל‬staff, stick Gn 30:37–9, 41, Jr 1:11, 48:17 walking stick (something that aids people to walk swiftly) Gn 32:11 (10), Ex 12:11, Nu 22:27, 1S 17:40, 43, Ez 39:9 ← ‫ קלל‬σ ‫שׁבט‬ ‫ מקל‬swift (one who is normally swift, light on his feet) ⇐ light weight Am 2:14 αλ ← ‫קלל‬ ‫ מקל‬that which causes to be treated lightly, cursed Jr 3:9, Hs 4:12 ← ‫קלל‬ ‫ מקלות‬β ‫ מקלות‬,‫מקל‬ ‫ מקלות‬swiftness ⇐ lightness Ps 93:4 αλ ← ‫קלל‬ ‫< מקלות‬name> ‫ מקלט‬asylum, a place where one could go for refuge σ ‫מחסה‬ ‫ מקלעת‬sling, used to hold things 1K 6:18, 7:31 ← ‫קלע‬ ‫ מקנה‬acquisition, possession (cattle, field) (when this noun is used to refer to an object, it does not conjugate to a ‫ ת‬in construct, but when it refers to the action of acquiring, then it does conjugate to a ‫ ת‬in construct) ← ‫קנה‬ ‫< מקניהו‬name> ‫ מקסם‬divining Ez 12:24, 13:7, Mc 3:6 ← ‫קסם‬ ‫ מקפים‬encircling 1K 7:24 αλ ← ‫נקף‬ ‫ מקץ‬removing, removal Jr 50:26 αλ ← ‫קצץ‬ ‫< מקץ‬name> ‫ מקצה‬β ‫קצה‬ ‫ מקצהו‬β ‫קוץ‬ ‫ מקצע‬,‫ מקצוע‬corner ← ‫קצע‬ ‫ מקצעה‬gouge Is 44:13 αλ ← ‫קצע‬ ‫ מקצעת‬corner of a building Ex 26:23–4, 28–9, Ez 46:22 ← ‫קצע‬ ‫ מקצת‬β ‫קצת‬ ‫ מקק‬to rot → ‫ מק‬rotten σ ‫ רקב‬to decay Is 40:20, Pr 10:7 ‫ מקר‬β ‫מקור‬ ‫ מקרא‬something that is called out, a message Is 48:12 though most often people called out for a meeting Lv 23, Nu 28–9 public meeting (εκκλησια) ← ‫קרא‬ ‫ מקרב‬from (our) midst ← ‫קרב‬ ‫( מקרה‬chance) happening Rt 2:3, 1S 6:9, Ko 9:3 opportunity Ko 10:18, “room of happening” recognized as a euphemism for restroom Jd 3:20, 24 ← ‫קרה‬ ‫ מקרה‬cooling ← ‫קרר‬ ‫ מקשׁה‬hardened, hardened place fancy hairdo (hardened hair) ← ‫קשׁה‬ ‫ מקשׁות‬β ‫מוקשׁ‬ ‫ מקשׁיב‬one who causes to give attention to Pr 1:24, 17:4, 29:12, So 8:13 ← ‫קשׁב‬ 177 ‫ מקשׁר‬strong (i.e. muscle bound) Gn 30:41 αλ ← ‫קשׁר‬ ‫ מר‬drop (of fluid, water) Is 40:15 ‫ מור‬,‫ מר‬myrrh (⇐ collected as it drips down the side of the tree) σ ‫ נרד‬nard, was this in ancient times a fragrant plant grown in gardens cf. So 1:12, 4:13–14 ‫ מר‬bitter ← ‫מרר‬ ‫ מרא‬to be defiant Zp 3:1, Jb 39:18 σ ‫פשׁע‬ ‫ מרא‬what can be looked at Dt 26:8, Ko 11:9 ← ‫ראה‬ ‫< מרא‬name> ‫ מראה‬something looked at Dt 28:34, 67, looks, sight Gn 2:9, 12:11, 24:16, (in) the sight (of) Ex 38:8, vision (revelation from God) Gn 46:2, Dn 10:7–8, 16 ← ‫ראה‬ ‫ מראה‬contents of crop (of a bird) (looked at in some ancient societies for fortune telling) ?? Lv 1:16 αλ ← ‫ראה‬ ‫< מראון‬name> ‫< מראשׁה‬name> ‫ מראשׁת‬β ‫ ראשׁת‬,‫מראשׁת‬ ‫ מראשׁת‬pillow Gn 28:11, 18, place of the head 1S 19:13, 16, place beside the head 1S 26:7, 11–2, 16, 1K 19:6 ← ‫ראשׁ‬ ‫< מרב‬name> ‫ מרבד‬drape, hanging ?? Pr 7:16, 31:22 ← ‫רבד‬ ‫ מרבה‬great, numerous ← ‫רבה‬ ‫ מרבית‬majority, greater part ← ‫רבה‬ ‫ מרבכת‬pancake Lv 6:14, 7:12, 1C 23:29 ‫ מרבץ‬resting place, where one can recline ← ‫רבץ‬ ‫ מרבק‬stall 1S 28:24, Jr 46:24, Am 6:4, Ml 3:20 σ ‫ ארות‬stall, for feeding and taking care of animals 1K 5:6 (4:26), 2C 32:28 ‫ מרג‬a tool used in threshing 2S 24:22 αλ ‫ מרגעה‬,‫ מרגוע‬place to pause for rest ← ‫רגע‬ ‫ מרגיז‬one who causes to rouse up Is 14:16, Jb 9:6, 12:6 ← ‫רגז‬ ‫ מרגל‬agent 2S 15:10 spy Gn 42:9, Js 2:1 scout 1S 26:4 ← ‫רגל‬ ‫ מרגלה‬lower leg—shin, ankle, foot ?? Rt 3:4, 7–8, 12, Dn 10:6 ← ‫רגל‬ ‫ מרגמה‬pile of stones Pr 26:8 αλ ← ‫רגם‬ ‫ מרד‬to rebel in the sense of not obeying, declaring independence (in ancient times also to stop paying tribute if a vassal state) → ‫ מרד‬rebellion Js 22:22 αλ, ‫ מרדות‬rebellious 1S 20:30 αλ σ ‫פשׁע‬ ‫ מרד‬rebellion Js 22:22 αλ ← ‫מרד‬ ‫< מרד‬name> ‫ מרדות‬rebellious 1S 20:30 αλ ← ‫מרד‬ ‫< מרדך‬name> ‫< מרדך בלאדן‬name> ‫< מרדכי‬name> ‫ מרדף‬β ‫ רדף‬,‫מרדף‬ ‫ מרדף‬pursuer, one who pursues Is 14:6, Pr 11:19, 12:11, 15:9, 19:7, 28:19 ← ‫רדף‬ ‫ מרה‬β ‫ מרר‬,‫ מרה‬,‫מר‬ ‫ מרה‬to defy, openly resist, oppose ( to dare, as “I’ll go my way, now what are you going to do about it?” as said in rebellion against God) Dt 9:23, 1S 12:15, 1K 15:21, Ne 9:26 → ‫ מורה‬defiant Dt 21:18, Jr 5:23, ‫ מרי‬defiant Is 30:9, Ez 2:5–8, defiance Dt 31:27, defiant person Pr 17:11 σ ‫פשׁע‬ ‫< מרה‬name> ‫ מרוד‬homeless(ness) Is 58:7, Lm 1:7, 3:19 ← ‫רוד‬ ‫ מרוה‬β ‫ מרר‬,‫?? מרה‬ 178 ‫ מרוז‬name of a town ‫ מרוח‬having one testicle ?? Lv 21:20 αλ LXX µονορχις ← ‫מרח‬ ‫ מרום‬β ‫ רום‬,‫מרום‬ ‫ מרום‬heights ← ‫רום‬ ‫< מרום‬name> ‫< מרון‬name> ‫ מרוץ‬race, course Ko 9:11 αλ ← ‫רוץ‬ ‫ מרוצה‬savage action Jr 22:17 αλ ← ‫רצץ‬ ‫ מרוצת‬running 2S 18:27, Jr 8:6, 23:10 ← ‫רוץ‬ ‫ מרוקים‬rubbing down ← ‫מרק‬ ‫ מרורת‬bitterness poison ‫< מרות‬name> ‫ מרזח‬β ‫ רזח‬,‫מרזח‬ ‫ ?? מרזח‬a place where someone has died, place of mourning? Jr 16:5 αλ ‫ מרח‬to rub in Is 38:21 αλ → ‫ מרוח‬having one testicle ?? Lv 21:20 αλ LXX µονορχις σ ‫משׁח‬ ‫ מרחב‬wide open space 2S 22:20, Hs 4:16, Hb 1:6, Ps 18:20, 31:9, 118:5 ← ‫ רחב‬σ ‫ כברה‬spread out place, i.e. wide open space Am 9:9 αλ ‫ מרחם‬β ‫ רחם‬,‫מרח‬ ‫ מרחק‬distance ← ‫רחק‬ ‫ מרחשׁת‬sauce pan Lev 2:7, 7:9 ← ‫ רחשׁ‬σ ‫פרור‬ ‫ מרט‬to make smooth to polish 1K 7:45, Ez 21:14, to shave, cut off or pull out hair Ezr 9:3, Ne 13:25, become bald Lv 13:40–1 → ‫ מרט‬one who pulls out hair Is 50:6, ‫ מרטה‬polished, as in polishing a weapon making it ready for war Ez 21:15–6 (10–1) ‫ מרט‬one who pulls out hair Is 50:6 ← ‫מרט‬ ‫ מרטה‬polished, as in polishing a weapon making it ready for war Ez 21:15–6 (10– 1) ← ‫מרט‬ ‫ מרי‬β ‫ מרי‬,‫מורה‬ ‫ מרי‬defiant Is 30:9, Ez 2:5–8, defiance Dt 31:27, defiant person Pr 17:11 ← ‫מרה‬ ‫ מריא‬fatted animal, kosher for eating and sacrifices ?? 2S 6:13, 1K 1:9, 19, 25, Is 1:11, 11:6, Ez 39:18, Am 5:22 ‫ מריב‬β ‫ ריב‬,‫מריב‬ ‫ מריב‬one who continually argues (against) 1S 2:10 ← ‫ריב‬ ‫< מריב בעל‬name> ‫ מריבה‬argument(ation), strife Gn 13:8, Nu 27:14 ← ‫ריב‬ ‫< מריבה‬name> ‫< מריה‬name> ‫< מריות‬name> ‫< מרים‬name> ‫ מרירות‬bitterness Ez 21:11 (6) αλ ← ‫מרר‬ ‫ מרירי‬bitter Dt 32:24, Jb 3:5 ← ‫מרר‬ ‫ מרך‬cowardliness (δειλια) Lv 26:36 αλ ← ‫ רכך‬σ ‫מורא‬ ‫ מרכב‬any object that is regularly ridden, whether wagon or animal Lv 15:9 ← ‫ רכב‬σ ‫עגלה‬ ‫ מרכבה‬wagon, chariot, made for riding ← ‫ רכב‬σ ‫עגלה‬ ‫ מרכלת‬market, where trade takes place Ez 27:24 αλ ← ‫רכל‬ ‫ מרמה‬duping, trickery ← ‫רמה‬ ‫< מרמה‬name> ‫< מרמות‬name> ‫ מרמס‬that which is tread underfoot Is 5:5, 7:25, 10:6, 28:18, Ez 34:19, Dn 8:13, Mc 7:10 ← ‫רמס‬ ‫< מרנתי‬name> 179 ‫< מרס‬name> ‫< מרסמא‬name> ‫ מרע‬one who causes displeasure Is 1:4, 9:6, Jr 20:13, Ps 22:17, Pr 24:19 ← ‫רעע‬ ‫ מרע‬friend, apparently a close friend, almost like a brother (those who feed together with you) Jd 15:2 ← ‫רעה‬ ‫ מרעה‬β ‫ רעה‬,‫ רע‬,‫ מרעה‬,‫מרע‬ ‫ מרעה‬feed(ing) Is 32:14 pasture Ez 34:14, Nh 2:12, 1C 4:41 ← ‫רעה‬ ‫ מרעה‬fellow person, friend, this being a generalized statement rather than referring to a specific person ?? Gn 26:26, Jd 14:20, 15:6, Jr 3:20, Pr 19:7 ← ‫רעה‬ ‫ מרעית‬feeding, pasturing Is 49:9, Jr 10:21, Ez 34:31, Ps 100:3 ← ‫רעה‬ ‫< מרעלה‬name> ‫ מרפא‬healing ← ‫רפא‬ ‫ מרפה‬slackening relaxation ?? Jr 8:15 αλ ← ‫רפה‬ ‫ מרפשׂ‬β ‫רפשׂ‬ ‫ מרץ‬to vilify ?? Jb 6:25, 16:4, Mc 2:10 → ‫ נמרצת‬vile ?? 1K 2:8 αλ ‫ מרצח‬one who cause others to be manslaughtered on his behalf 2K 6:32, Is 1:21 ← ‫רצח‬ ‫ מרצע‬awl Ex 21:6, Dt 15:17 ← ‫ רצע‬σ ‫שׂרד‬ a marking awl used by cabinet makers Is 44:13 αλ ‫ מרצפת‬pavement (flat like an oven) 2K 16:17 αλ ← ‫רצף‬ ‫ מרצת‬person running 2S 18:27 αλ ← ‫רוץ‬ ‫ מרק‬to rub, massage to polish, i.e. to rub until it shines → ‫ מרוקים‬rubbing down, ‫ תמרוק‬massage Es 2:9, 12 σ ‫רחץ‬ ‫ מרק‬guts, emptied from an animal when meat is prepared ← ‫ריק‬ ‫( מרקד‬adj) skipping Mh 3:2, 1C 15:29 ← ‫רקד‬ ‫ מרקח‬anointed with mixed spices So 5:13, 2C 16:14 ← ‫רקח‬ ‫ מרקחה‬place where spices are mixed Ez 24:10, Jb 41:23 ← ‫רקח‬ ‫ מרקחת‬mixed spices Ex 30:25, 1C 9:30, 2C 16:14 ← ‫ רקח‬σ ‫בשׂם‬ ‫ מרר‬to be bitter → ‫ מר‬bitter, ‫מרירות‬ bitterness Ez 21:11 (6) αλ, ‫ מרירי‬bitter Dt 32:24, Jb 3:5, ‫ מרר‬bitter (thing, food) Ex 12:8, Nu 9:11, Dt 32:32, Lm 3:15, ‫ מררות‬bitter statements, causing bitterness ?? Jb 13:26 αλ, ‫ מררת‬gall Dt 32:32, Jb 16:13, 20:25, ‫תמרורים‬ bitterness Jr 6:26, 31:15, 31:21, Hs 12:15 (14) ‫ מרר‬bitter (thing, food) Ex 12:8, Nu 9:11, Dt 32:32, Lm 3:15 ← ‫מרר‬ ‫ מררות‬bitter statements, causing bitterness ?? Jb 13:26 αλ ← ‫מרר‬ ‫< מררי‬name> ‫ מררת‬gall Dt 32:32, Jb 16:13, 20:25 ← ‫מרר‬ ‫< מרשׁה‬name> ‫ מרשׁית‬β ‫ראשׁית‬ ‫ מרשׁעת‬β ‫רשׁע‬ ‫ מרתים‬one who connects people or animals into a team, such as horses to a wagon, people into a chain gang ?? Jr 50:21 or is it a <name> ← ‫רתם‬ ‫ משׂא‬lifting up burden, statement (lifting up an expression) ← ‫ נשׂא‬σ ‫ טרח‬burden, ‫ מעמסה‬burden ‫ משׁא‬debt Ne 5:7, 10, 10:32 ← ‫נשׁא‬ 180 ‫< משׂא‬name> ‫< משׁא‬name> ‫ משׁאב‬place to draw water ?? Jd 5:11 αλ ← ‫שׁאב‬ ‫ משׁאה‬storming, violent action Is 30:27, Pr 3:28, Jb 30:3, 38:27 ← ‫שׁאה‬ ‫ משׁאון‬beguiling Pr 26:26 αλ ← ‫נשׁא‬ ‫ משׁאות‬β ‫ משׂאת‬,‫ משׁאות‬,‫משׁאה‬ ‫ משׁאות‬beguilingness, with false pretenses Lm 2:14, Pr 22:26 ← ‫נשׁא‬ ‫< משׁאל‬name> ‫ משׁאלה‬what is being requested for Ps 20:6, 37:4 ← ‫שׁאל‬ ‫ משׁארת‬kneading trough from the concept of leaving behind a bit of dough to use as a starter for the next batch of sourdough Ex 7:28 (8:3), 12:34, Lv 25:49, Dt 28:5, 17 ← ‫שׁאר‬ ‫ משׂאת‬something that is lifted up, e.g. portion of food Gn 43:34, plume of smoke Jd 20:38, 40, pack with basic living things Jr 40:6, burden Jb 31:23, donation, gift Es 2:18, 2C 24:9, etc. ← ‫נשׂא‬ ‫ משׁבה‬apostasy, continuous or repeated action Jr 3:6, 8, 11–2, 8:5 ← ‫שׁבב‬ ‫ משׁבות‬β ‫משׁובת‬ ‫ משׁביח‬one who causes to raise up (waves of the sea) Ps 65:8 (7) αλ ← ‫שׁבח‬ ‫ משׁביר‬person who looks after, takes care of Gn 42:6, Pr 11:26 ← ‫שׁבר‬ ‫ משׁבצת‬,‫ משׁבצות‬wrapping, used of a wide border on clothing Ex 28:11, 13–4, Ps 45:14, a border setting a jewel on clothing Ex 18:11, 39:6, 13 ← ‫ שׁבץ‬σ ‫בגד‬ ‫ משׁבצים‬status of being wrapped Ex 28:20 αλ ← ‫שׁבץ‬ ‫ משׁבר‬breaking the water bag in the birth of a child ← ‫שׁבר‬ ‫ משׁבר‬breakers (waves) ← ‫שׁבר‬ ‫ משׁבת‬β ‫ שׁבת‬,‫ שׁוב‬,‫ משׁבת‬,‫ מושׁב‬,‫ישׁב‬ ‫ משׁבת‬settlement Gn 36:43, Ex 35:3, Lv 23:14, 31 ← ‫ישׁב‬ ‫ משׁבת‬cessation Lm 1:7 αλ ← ‫שׁבת‬ ‫ משׂגב‬exultation ← ‫שׂגב‬ ‫ משׁגה‬something done unintentionally, by accident Gn 43:12, a person who makes others do thing they don’t intend to do, e.g. stray off a road Dt 27:18, Pr 28:10 ← ‫שׁגג‬ ‫ משׂגיא‬one who causes another to be exalted, “too big for his britches” Jb 12:23 αλ ← ‫שׂגא‬ ‫ משׂגת‬β ‫נשׂג‬ ‫ משׁה‬to pull out, used only of pulling an object out of water 2S 22:17 σ ‫חלץ‬ ‫ משׁה‬loan Dt 15:2 αλ ← ‫נשׁה‬ ‫< משׁה‬name> ‫ משׁואה‬making worthless Zp 1:15, Ps 73:18 ← ‫שׁוא‬ ‫ משׁואות‬ruins, places empty of inhabitants Ps 73:18 αλ σ ‫שׁוא‬ ‫< משׁובב‬name> ‫ משׁובת‬repeated actions bad habits (what one keeps returning to) Jr 3:22, 5:6, 14:7, Js 11:7, 14:4, Pr 1:32 ← ‫ שׁוב‬σ ‫מעלל‬ ‫ משׁוה‬one who arranges, classifies 2S 22:34, Ps 18:34, 21:6 ← ‫שׁוה‬ ‫ משׁוגת‬mistake Jb 19:4 αλ ← ‫שׁגג‬ ‫ משׁוט‬oar (called from its purposeful movement to move the ship) ← ‫שׁוט‬ ‫ משׂוכת‬hedging Is 5:5 αλ ← ‫שׂוך‬ ‫ משׂור‬saw ?? Is 10:15 αλ 181 ‫ משׂורה‬liquid measure σ ‫מדה‬ ‫ משׁורר‬β ‫ משׁרר‬,‫משׁורר‬ ‫ משׁורר‬continuous singing ?? 1C 6:18, 2C 23:13, 29:28 ← ‫שׁיר‬ ‫ משׂושׂ‬being glad Is 8:6, 24:8, Ho 2:13, Lm 5:15 ← ‫שׂושׂ‬ ‫ משׁזר‬yarned, twisted ?? used only in Exodus in connection with making the tent of meeting and the priestly clothes, all but once with ‫ שׁשׁ‬cotton ?? σ ‫ רקם‬to adorn, in cloth often by embroidery or the attachment of precious stones or bangles, ‫ תפר‬to sew (together) ‫ משׁח‬to anoint → ‫ משׁחה‬anointing oil for anointing, office, ‫ משׁיח‬anointed (one) σ ‫ מרח‬to rub in Is 38:21 αλ, ‫סוך‬ to rub on ‫ משׁחה‬anointing oil for anointing, office ← ‫משׁח‬ ‫ משׁחית‬ruination Dn 10:8, 2C 22:4 person or group causing ruination Ex 12:13, 23, e.g. raiding party (that leaves ruins in its wake) 1S 13:17, 14:15 also used as a hi participle Gn 19:14, 2S 24:16, 1C 21;12 ← ‫שׁחת‬ ‫ משׂחק‬action of laughing, person who is laughing ← ‫שׂחק‬ ‫ משׁחת‬β ‫ משׁחת‬,‫ משׁחה‬,‫משׁח‬ ‫ משׁחת‬ruination ← ‫שׁחת‬ ‫ משׁטח‬,‫ משׁטוח‬place to spread (nets) around (to dry them) ← ‫שׁטח‬ ‫ משׂטמה‬rough treatment Hs 9:7–8 ← ‫שׂטם‬ ‫ משׁטר‬precept, written rule Jb 38:33 αλ σ ‫חק‬ ‫ משׁי‬silk Ez 16:10, 13 σ ‫שׁשׁ‬ ‫< משׁי‬name> ‫< משׁיזבאל‬name> ‫ משׁיבת‬that which causes to return (restore) Ps 19:8 (7) αλ ← ‫שׁוב‬ ‫ משׁיח‬β ‫ שׁיח‬,‫משׁיח‬ ‫ משׁיח‬anointed (one) ← ‫משׁח‬ ‫ משׁיקות‬β ‫נשׁק‬ ‫ משׁך‬to draw out, as in drawing a bow 1K 22:34, pull out Gn 37:28, Jb 41:1, lengthen (time) Ex 19:13, Pr 13:12 → ‫ משׁך‬small sack used by farmers to hold seed while sowing, named from its design to have seed drawn out of it to scatter in the field Am 9:13, Ps 126:6, ‫ משׁך‬period (drawn out, lengthened) of time Ps 109:12, 120:5, Jb 28:18, ‫משׁכות‬ act or place of drawing or pulling out ?? Jb 38:31 αλ σ ‫ שׁלף‬to pull something off or out of its usual place ‫ משׁך‬small sack used by farmers to hold seed while sowing, named from its design to have seed drawn out of it to scatter in the field Am 9:13, Ps 126:6 ← ‫ משׁך‬σ ‫שׂק‬ ‫ משׁך‬period (drawn out, lengthened) of time Ps 109:12, 120:5, Jb 28:18 ← ‫משׁך‬ ‫< משׁך‬name> ‫ משׁכב‬couch, bed ← ‫שׁכב‬ ‫ משׁכות‬act or place of drawing or pulling out ?? Jb 38:31 αλ ← ‫משׁך‬ ‫ משׂכיות‬mounting (hedge around) for ornaments Ps 73:7, Pr 25:11 ← ‫שׂוך‬ ‫ משׂכיל‬causing discernment success, a type of psalm, to give discernment? ← ‫שׂכל‬ ‫ משׁכים‬β ‫ שׁכם‬,‫ שׁכה‬,‫משׁך‬ ‫ משׂכית‬a shrine Lv 26:1, Nu 33:52 that includes walls and rooms Ez 8:12, Pr 18:11 ← ‫שׂוך‬ 182 ‫ משׁכן‬place for dwelling, which can be a tent, building or even a neighborhood, city or territory ← ‫ שׁכן‬σ ‫אהל‬ ‫ משׂכרת‬wages ← ‫שׂכר‬ ‫ משׂכת‬β ‫ משׂכת‬,‫משׂכית‬ ‫ משׂכת‬hedging Pr 15:19, 18:11 ← ‫שׂוך‬ ‫ משׁל‬β ‫ שׁל‬,‫משׁל‬ ‫ משׁל‬to rule, as in making rules to say a rule (proverb), used also of the king of Aram “Who is giving out my rules to the king of Israel?” 2 Ki 6:11 → ‫ממשׁל‬ having authority over people, a territory Ez 20:49, Dn 11:3, 5, 1C 26:6, ‫ממשׁלה‬ rule, dominion, ‫ משׁל‬ruler, one who has authority rule (proverb) ‫ משׁל‬ruler, one who has authority rule (proverb) ← ‫ משׁל‬σ ‫מלך‬ ‫< משׁל‬name> ‫ משׁלח‬place where livestock sent out to graze Is 7:25, 27:10 ← ‫שׁלח‬ ‫ משׁלחת‬,‫ משׁלח‬,‫ משׁלוח‬sending ← ‫שׁלח‬ ‫< משׁלם‬name> ‫< משׁלמית‬name> ‫< משׁלמת‬name> ‫ משׁמה‬state of desolation, being continuously desolated Is 15:6, Ez 5:15, 6:14, 33:28–9, 35:3 ← ‫שׁמם‬ ‫ משׁמם‬causing to be desolated Dn 9:27, 1131 ← ‫שׁמם‬ ‫ משׁמן‬fatness, fat places ← ‫שׁמן‬ ‫< משׁמנה‬name> ‫ משׁמע‬hearing ← ‫שׁמע‬ ‫< משׁמע‬name> ‫ משׁמעת‬close, trusted people, troops (⇐ those within hearing) ← ‫שׁמע‬ ‫ משׂמר‬β ‫ משׁמר‬,‫מסמר‬ ‫ משׁמר‬guarding guard (not a single person) Jb 7:12, Ne 4:17 (23), a place under guard, e.g. prison Gn 40:3, 4, 7, Nu 15:34 or a guard to watch a place Jr 51:12, “on watch” time of service Ne 4:3 (9), 16 (22), 1C 26:16 ← ‫שׁמר‬ ‫ משׁמרות‬position of service, assigned tasks ?? Ko 12:11, Ne 7:3, 13:30, 1C 26:12, 2C 35:2 ← ‫שׁמר‬ ‫ משׁמרת‬watching, guarding in order to observe, practice ← ‫ שׁמר‬σ ‫משׁפט‬ ‫ משׁנה‬second, not first 1S 8:2, 17:13, 1C 5:12, second in rank Gn 41:43, 1S 23:17, 2C 35:24. aide(s) (second) person(s) on the staff 2K 23:4, Es 10:3, 1C 16:5, 2C 28:7, twice as much (second amount) Gn 43:12, 15, Ex 16:5, 22, Jb 42:10, second (additional) copy Dt 15:18, Js 8:32 seconds, additional (blessing) Is 61:7 ← ‫שׁנה‬ ‫ משׁנה‬year, period of years (does not conjugate to a final ‫ ת‬when in construct usage) Dt 15:18, 2K 22:14, Jr 16:18, Jr 17:18, 2C 34:22 (see also ‫ שׁנה‬year) ‫ משׁנים‬secondarily, added onto ?? 1S 15:9, Ezra 1:10 LXX εδεσµατων (meat, food ??), missing from the translation ‫ משׁנת‬β ‫ שׁנה‬sleep, ‫ שׁנה‬year ‫ משׁוסה‬company of looters ?? Is 42:24 αλ ← ‫שׁסה‬ ‫ משׁסה‬loot 2K 21:14, Is 42:22, Jr 30:16, Zp 1:13 ← ‫שׁסה‬ ‫ משׁעול‬hollow way Nu 22:24 αλ ← ‫שׁעל‬ ‫ משׁעי‬good looking, from being clean ?? Ez 16:4 αλ ← ‫שׁעה‬ ‫< משׁעם‬name> 183 ‫ משׁען‬person or object that supports, that can be leaned on 2S 22:19, Ps 18:19 (18) used of food and water that support life Is 3:1 ← ‫שׁען‬ ‫ משׁענה‬support, sustainment Is 3:1 ← ‫שׁען‬ ‫ משׁענת‬staff to lean on, for support Ex 21:19, Nu 21:18, Jd 6:21, Zc 8:4, Ps 23:4 not usable when made of a reed 2K 4:29, 31, Is 36:6, Ez 29:6 ← ‫ שׁען‬σ ‫שׁבט‬ ‫ משׂפח‬tearing out Is 5:7 αλ ← ‫שׂפח‬ ‫ משׁפחה‬family σ ‫בית‬ ‫ משׁפחת‬sleeveless, may be hooded, possibly a large, hooded, felt, almost weatherproof cloak or mantel worn by shepherds σ ‫בגד‬ ‫ משׁפט‬adjudication; law or rule used as the basis for judgement; justification the result of a favorable ruling in court (in 2K 1:7 the question was about the authority, not the looks, of the man) (This is public, societal justice, not just private actions) ← ‫ שׁפט‬σ ‫ חק‬statute, often for setting limits, ‫ חקה‬refers to a body of rules, rule of law, law in general Ex 13:10, Nu 9:14, 15:15, Lv 18:10, Is 30:8, ‫ מצוה‬command, with an emphasis on that which is commanded, ‫משׁמרת‬ watching, guarding in order to observe, practice, ‫ צדקה‬justice, actions that are just (private actions that are just, fair), ‫ רשׁיון‬edict Ezr 3:7 αλ ‫ משׁפתים‬pack saddles ‫ משׁק‬β ‫ ממשׁק‬,‫משׁק‬ ‫ משׁק‬possession, personal name ?? Gn 15:2 αλ ‫ משׁק‬being out and about being all over the place (like locusts in a field) Is 33:4 αλ ← ‫שׁוק‬ ‫ משׁק‬drink 1 Kg 10:5 ← ‫שׁקה‬ ‫ משׁקה‬cup bearer, one who gives to drink Gn 40:1, 5, 13, 21, Ne 1:11 ← ‫שׁקה‬ ‫ משׁקה‬drink, something to drink Lv 11:34, 1K 10:21, Is 32:6 ← ‫שׁקה‬ ‫ משׁקה‬watered, a place naturally with sufficient rainfall or irrigated Gn 13:10, Ez 45:15 ← ‫שׁקה‬ ‫ משׁקול‬weighing Ez 4:10 ← ‫שׁקל‬ ‫ משׁקל‬weight ← ‫שׁקל‬ ‫ משׁקוף‬lintel (of a doorway) that looks down on the door Ex 12:7, 22–3 ← ‫שׁקף‬ ‫ משׁקלת‬level (for weighing) ← ‫שׁקל‬ ‫ משׁקע‬hollow Ez 34:18 αλ ← ‫שׁקע‬ ‫ משׂרה‬princedom, rule Is 9:5–6 ← ‫שׂרר‬ ‫ משׁרים‬β ‫מישׁרים‬ ‫ משׂרכת‬β ‫שׂרך‬ ‫< משׁרעי‬name> ‫< משׂרפות מים‬name> ‫< משׂרקה‬name> ‫ משׁררים‬refers to a group of priests whose job it was continually to keep constant singing with instrumental accompaniment in the temple (this is a word used only in post-Babylonian exile Biblical Hebrew) ← ‫שׁיר‬ ‫ משׂרפות‬burning ← ‫שׂרף‬ ‫ משׁרת‬,‫ משׂרת‬sauce ?? dumpling soup ??2S 13:9 αλ or juice Nu 6:3 αλ ‫ משׁרת‬retainer, waiter, servant ← ‫שׁרת‬ ‫ משׁשׁ‬to feel, grope ‫ משׁתה‬meal, where drinks are served ← ‫שׁתה‬ ‫ משׁתי‬β ‫ שׁני‬,‫מושׁ‬ 184 ‫ מת‬dead, as in dead bodies mortal, used of men while still alive, in that all die they are “mortals” ← ‫מות‬ ‫ מתבן‬pile of straw Is 25:10 αλ σ ‫תבן‬ ‫ מתג‬bit, part of bridle placed between the lips 2S 8:1, 2K 19:28, Is 37:29, Ps 32:9, Pr 26:3 σ ‫רסן‬ ‫< מתג האמה‬place name> 2S 8:1 ‫ מתוק‬sweet ← ‫מתק‬ ‫< מתושׁאל‬name> ‫< מתושׁלח‬name> ‫ מתח‬to spread out (cloth) tightly as a tent Is 40:22 αλ → ‫ אמתחת‬gunny sack, a piece of cloth that is laid on the ground, its load placed on it, then the cloth is closed up around its load making a sack Gn 42:27–28, 44:11–12 σ ‫פרשׂ‬ ‫ מתי‬β ‫ מתי‬,‫מת‬ ‫ מתי‬when? ‫ מתי‬few (in number) Gn 34:30, Dt 4:27, Is 41:14, Jr 44:38, Hb 2:6, Ps 105:12, 1C 16:19 ‫ מתיר‬β ‫נתר‬ ‫ מתכנת‬set measurement according to a tally, recipe Ex 5:8, 30:32, 37, Ez 45:11, 2C 45:11 ← ‫ תכן‬σ ‫מדה‬ ‫ מתלאה‬vexation, something one frets himself over ?? Ml 1:13 αλ ← ‫לאה‬ ‫ מתלהלה‬one continuously wearing himself out Pr 26:18 ← ‫להה‬ ‫ מתלהמים‬tasty morsels Pr 18:8, 26:22 ‫ מתלעות‬canine teeth ?? Jl 1:6, Pr 30:14, Jb 29:17 σ ‫שׁן‬ ‫ מתם‬β ‫ תם‬,‫מתם‬ ‫ מתם‬whole (as in all of it) Dt 2:34. 3:6, Jd 20:48 place that is whole, perfect, pure Is 1:6, Ps 38:4, 8 ← ‫תמם‬ ‫ מתן‬giving, act of giving Gn 34:12, Nu 18:11, Pr 18:16, 19:6, 21:14 ← ‫ נתן‬σ ‫ מנחה‬propitiatory gift, given both to God as an offering Lv 2:1 and to other men to gain their favor Gn 32:13, 43:11, ‫תשׁורה‬ donation 1S 9:7 αλ ‫< מתן‬name> ‫ מתנדב‬volunteer Jd 5:9, Ne 11:2 ← ‫נדב‬ ‫ מתנה‬β ‫ תנה‬,‫מתנה‬ ‫ מתנה‬gift given out of generosity Nu 18:6– 7, Ez 46:16–7 generous (giving) Ko 7:7 ← ‫נתן‬ ‫< מתנה‬name> ‫ מתני‬β ‫ מתנים‬,‫מתן‬ ‫ מתנים‬β ‫ נתן‬,‫ מתנים‬.‫מתן‬ ‫< מתני‬name> ‫< מתניה‬name> ‫< מתניהו‬name> ‫ מתנים‬loins as the center of power, in Pr 30:31 probably refers to a powerful animal σ ‫ חלץ‬loins ‫ מתנכרה‬a woman who has disguised herself (⇐ how she is to be viewed) 1K 14:5–6 ← ‫נכר‬ ‫ מתנת‬gifts given with strings attached ?? Gn 25:6 that they renounce all claims to inherit along with Isaac, Ez 20:31, Pr 15:27 short of a bribe ← ‫ נתן‬σ ‫שׁחד‬ ‫ מתעב‬one who practices abominations Is 49:7, Mc 3:9 ← ‫תעב‬ ‫ מתערה‬β ‫ תער‬,‫עור‬ ‫ מתעתע‬scoffer Gn 27:12, 2C 36:16 ← ‫תעע‬ ‫ מתק‬β ‫ נתק‬,‫מתק‬ ‫ מתק‬to be sweet → ‫ מתוק‬sweet, ‫מתק‬ sweet(ness) σ ‫ מלץ‬to be sweet ?? Ps 119;103 αλ ‫ מתק‬sweet(ness) ← ‫מתק‬ 185 ‫< מתקה‬name> ‫ מתרגם‬β ‫תרגם‬ ‫< מתרדת‬name> ‫ מתרונן‬β ‫רון‬ ‫ מתת‬what is furnished 1K 13:7, Ez 46:5, 11, Pr 25:14, Ko 3:13, 5:18 ← ‫נתן‬ ‫< מתתה‬name> ‫< מתתיה‬name> ‫< מתתיהו‬name> ‫ נ‬fourteenth letter, has no meaning in Hebrew on its own, where letters are used as numbers, it refers to the number 50. ‫ נא‬now, preceded by ‫ הנה‬or ‫ אוי‬or ‫ אם‬Gn 12:11, 18:3, Jr 4:31, Lm 5:16, often used to denote a request, “please”, preceded by a verb in Yiqtol or imperative in a positive request, preceded by the negation ‫ אל‬and followed by the verb in a negative request “please don’t…”, and when in first person cohortative, the verb almost always has a suffix ‫ ה‬though sometimes another personal pronoun suffix. ‫ נא‬raw Ex 12:9 αλ ‫< נא‬name> ‫ נאד‬skin bottle 1S 16:20, Ps 56:9 (8), 119:83 (plural ‫ נאדות‬Js 9:4, 13) σ ‫אוב‬ leather bottle Jb 32:19 αλ, σ ‫שׂק‬ ‫ נאדר‬splendid Ex 15:6, 11 ← ‫אדר‬ ‫ נאה‬β ‫אוה‬ ‫ נאוה‬desirous Ps 33:1, Pr 17:7, So 1:5, 6:4 ← ‫אוה‬ ‫ נאור‬brilliant Ps 76:5 αλ ← ‫אור‬ ‫ נאות‬β ‫ נאות‬,‫אות‬ ‫ נאות‬pasture σ ‫ כר‬a summer pasture Is 30:23, Ps 37:30, 65:14 ‫ נאל‬β ‫ נאל‬,‫אלה‬ ‫ נאל‬unable to act ?? Jr 5:4, 50:36 ‫ נאם‬to declare (from revelation) → ‫נאם‬ declaration σ ‫דבר‬ ‫ נאם‬declaration σ ‫דבר‬ ‫ נאמן‬true, as in genuine, firm, trusty Nu 12:7, Is 22:23, 25, Ne 9:8 ← ‫אמן‬ ‫ נאף‬to commit adultery → ‫מנאפת‬ practicing adultery, adulterous Ez 16:32, Hs 3:1, Pr 30:20, ‫ נאפופים‬,‫ נאפים‬adultery ‫ נאפופים‬,‫ נאפים‬adultery ← ‫נאף‬ ‫ נאץ‬to have contempt 2S 12:14,Ko 12:5 → ‫ נאצה‬contempt 2K 19:3, Is 37:3, Ez 35:12, Ne 9:18, 26 σ ‫שׂנא‬ ‫ נאצה‬contempt 2K 19:3, Is 37:3, Ez 35:12, Ne 9:18, 26 ← ‫נאץ‬ ‫ נאק‬to groan → ‫ נאקה‬groaning σ ‫כעס‬ ‫ נאקה‬groaning ← ‫נאק‬ ‫ נאר‬to renounce Ps 89:40, Lm 2:7 σ ‫שׂנא‬ ‫ נאשׁ‬to “knock it off” as in stopping, stopping a continuing or repeating action Jb 6:26 αλ σ ‫שׁבת‬ ‫ נאשׁאר‬β ‫שׁאר‬ ‫ נאשׁמו‬β ‫אשׁם‬ ‫< נב‬toponym> ‫ נבא‬to speak as a prophet, to prophesy, note: this is not prophecy in the English sense, namely the foretelling of future events, though that is a subset of its meaning, rather the proclamation of God’s word Nu 11:25–7, 1C 25:1–3 → ‫ נבואה‬word of prophesy, ‫ נביאה‬,‫נביא‬ prophet(ess) ‫ נבב‬to be hollow 1S 10:6, 13 → ‫נבוב‬ hollow Ex 27:8, 38:7, Jr 52:21, also used figuratively of a person adj Jb 11:12, ‫נבו‬ hollow ?? Is 46:1, Jr 48:1 186 ‫ נבו‬hollow ?? Is 46:1, Jr 48:1 ← ‫נבב‬ ‫< נבו‬name> ‫ נבואה‬word of prophesy ← ‫נבא‬ ‫ נבוב‬hollow Ex 27:8, 38:7, Jr 52:21, also used figuratively of a person adj Jb 11:12. ← ‫נבב‬ ‫< נבוזראדן‬name> ‫( נבוכדנאצר‬Hebrew) ‫( נבוכדנצר‬Aramaic) <name> ‫< נבולדנצר‬name> ‫< נבוכדראצר‬name> ‫ נבון‬insightful ← ‫בון‬ ‫< נבושׁז בן‬name> ‫< נבות‬name> ‫ נבח‬to bark Is 56:10 αλ ‫< נבח‬name> ‫< נבחז‬name> ‫ נבט‬to stare, i.e. look closely at or with expectation → ‫ מבט‬that which people stare at (context indicates that it’s something pleasant to look at) Is 20:5–6, Zc 9:5 σ ‫ראה‬ ‫< נבט‬name> ‫ נביא‬β ‫ נביא‬,‫בוא‬ ‫ נביאה‬,‫ נביא‬prophet(ess) ← ‫נבא‬ ‫< נביות‬place-name Is 60:7> ‫ נבית‬β ‫נבא‬ ‫< נבית‬name> ‫ נבך‬to wander about Jl 1:18 αλ → ‫נבך‬ wanderer Ex 14:3 αλ, ‫ נבך‬place where one can wander ?? Jb 38:16 αλ σ ‫הלך‬ ‫ נבך‬wanderer Ex 14:3 αλ ← ‫נבך‬ ‫ נבך‬place where one can wander ?? Jb 38:16 αλ ← ‫נבך‬ ‫< נבכדאצר‬name> ‫< נבכדנצר‬name> ‫ נבל‬β ‫ נבל‬,‫בלה‬ ‫ נבל‬to become flabby, as an empty bag, used of plants when they lose turgidity they shrivel and droop Is 28:1, Jr 8:13, Ps 1:3 act or treat like a windbag (in referring to a fool) Mc 7:6, Pr 30:32 → ‫ נבל‬bag (made of skin), used for holding workers’ tools Lm 4:2 as well as wine 1S 1:24; 10:3; 25:18, Jr 13:12 bagpipe 1S 10:5, Ps 92:4, 2C 29:25 windbag i.e. bellows used in a forge Is 30:14 also in referring to a fool as a windbag Dt 32:6, 21, Ps 14:1, Pr 17:21, wind blown cloud Jb 38:37, ‫ נבלה‬foolishness, folly (stronger than the English word, indicates that which causes weakness, failure to be able to carry through, in particularly referring to folly that causes reproach), ‫ נבלה‬corpse (⇐ like a leather bag, without strength) a euphemism?, ‫ נבלת‬dried up palm frond (as a palm tree grows, the old fronds die, dry up and fall off) Is 34:4 σ ‫ אמלל‬to be barren, fruitless (as in crop failure) Is 16:8, 24:4, 7, 33:9, Jl 1:10, 12, Nh 1:4 to be dejected, without power Is 19:8, Jr 14:2, Hs 4:3, Lm 2:8, ‫ טפשׁ‬to be flabby “like fat” ?? Ps 119:70 αλ ‫ נבל‬bag (made of skin), used for holding workers’ tools Lm 4:2 as well as wine 1S 1:24; 10:3; 25:18, Jr 13:12 bagpipe 1S 10:5, Ps 92:4, 2C 29:25 windbag i.e. bellows used in a forge Is 30:14 also in referring to a fool as a windbag Dt 32:6, 21, Ps 14:1, Pr 17:21, wind blown cloud Jb 38:37 ← ‫ נבל‬σ ‫ אויל‬σ ‫שׂק‬ ‫< נבל‬name> ‫ נבלה‬β ‫ נבלה‬,‫בלל‬ 187 ‫ נבלה‬corpse (⇐ like a leather bag, without strength) a euphemism? ← ‫ נבל‬σ ‫גויה‬ ‫ נבלה‬foolishness, folly (stronger than the English word, indicates that which causes weakness, failure to be able to carry through, in particularly referring to folly that causes reproach) ← ‫נבל‬ ‫< נבלט‬name> ‫ נבלת‬dried up palm frond (as a palm tree grows, the old fronds die, dry up and fall off) Is 34:4 ← ‫נבל‬ ‫ נבנו‬β ‫ נוב‬,‫בנה‬ ‫ נבע‬β ‫ נבע‬,‫בעה‬ ‫ נבע‬to flow out, as a spring → ‫אבעבעת‬ flowing pus Ex 9:9–10, apparently with a continuous flowing of a great amount of pus, ‫ מבוע‬flowing spring σ ‫זוב‬ ‫ נבקה‬β ‫ בקק‬,‫בוק‬ ‫ נבר‬β ‫ברר‬ ‫< נבשׁן‬name> ‫ נגב‬south (land) σ ‫ דרום‬south, ‫ ימין‬right, towards the right, also when facing east the right is towards the south south, ‫ תימן‬south ‫ נגד‬to be(come) in front of (close enough for the possibility for personal communication or personal interaction) hi. to cause to be in front of as in making sure an object or message, verbal or written, is received → ‫ נגד‬in front of “in your face”, close enough for personal communication or interaction, in architecture, refers to a feature that faces a building, ‫“ מנגד‬from in front of” referring to “at a distance” but could be still within sight, ‫ נגיד‬leader, one who goes before, often used for a national leader, i.e. king or emperor, also giving a message Is 55:4, Jb 31:37, Pr 8:6 σ ‫קדם‬ to go before to precede, go in front of σ ‫דבר‬ ‫ נגד‬in front of “in your face”, close enough for personal communication or interaction, in architecture, refers to a feature that faces a building, ‫“ מנגד‬from in front of” referring to “at a distance” but could be still within sight σ ‫ מול‬in front of ‫ נגה‬to shine Is 4:5, 9:1, Hb 3:4, Jb 22:28 → ‫ נגה‬that which shines, shine Is 50:10, 60:19, Jl 2:10, 4:15, ‫ נגהות‬illumination Is 59:9 αλ σ ‫זהר‬ ‫ נגה‬that which shines, shine Is 50:10, 60:19, Jl 2:10, 4:15 ← ‫נגה‬ ‫< נגה‬name> ‫ נגהות‬illumination Is 59:9 αλ ← ‫נגה‬ ‫ נגזו‬β ‫ גזז‬,‫גוז‬ ‫ נגח‬to butt (with horns) Ex 21:29, 36, Dn 11:40, 2C 18:10 ‫ נגיד‬leader, one who goes before, often used for a national leader, i.e. king or emperor, also giving a message Is 55:4, Jb 31:37, Pr 8:6 ← ‫ נגד‬σ ‫מלך‬ ‫ נגינה‬music Ps 54:1, 55:1, 61:1 song of derision, making fun of Jb 30:9, Lm 3:14 ← ‫נגן‬ ‫ נגן‬to play a stringed instrument → ,‫מנגינה‬ ‫ נגינת‬music Ps 54:1, 55:1, 61:1 song of derision, making fun of Jb 30:9, Lm 3:14 ‫ נגע‬to reach out to touch, used for all touching from soft caresses to a hard blow intended to injure or kill, also for sexual contact → ‫ נגע‬touch stroke, plague (touch of disease) σ ‫ חפץ‬to 188 ‫ נד‬nomad, one who moves from place to place Gn 4:12 αλ ← ‫נוד‬ ‫ נדא‬to entice away ?? 2K 17:21 αλ σ ‫עשׁק‬ ‫ נדב‬to make willing to be generous with time and materials given freely Ex 25:2, 35:21, 29, Ezr 2:68 to volunteer → ‫ מתנדב‬volunteer Jd 5:9, Ne 11:2, ‫נדבה‬, (plural ‫ )נדבות‬voluntarily, freely generously, ‫ נדבות‬generous Am 4:5, Ps 68:10 (9), ‫ נדבת‬generosity ?? Nu 29:30, Dt 12:6, 17, 16:10, Ps 110:3, Jb 30:15, ‫ נדיב‬generous Ex 35:5, 22, 1C 28:21, 2C 29:31, voluntary leader (who steps forward to lead) Nu 21:18, 1S 2:8, Is 32:8, Pr 25:7, ‫ נדיבות‬generosity, an action that confers nobility upon its practitioner Is 32:8 σ ‫אבה‬ ‫< נדב‬name> ‫נדבה‬, (plural ‫ )נדבות‬voluntarily, freely generously ← ‫נדב‬ ‫ נדבות‬generous Am 4:5, Ps 68:10 (9) ← ‫נדב‬ ‫< נדביה‬name> ‫ נדבת‬generosity ?? Nu 29:30, Dt 12:6, 17, 16:10, Ps 110:3, Jb 30:15 ← ‫נדב‬ ‫ נדד‬to fly, refers to quick flight as for an escape Is 21:15, Is 33:3, Ps 31:12, Es 6:1 → ‫ נדד‬quick flight as in escape Ps 55:8, Jb 15:23 σ ‫עוף‬ ‫ נדד‬quick flight as in escape Ps 55:8, Jb 15:23 ← ‫נדד‬ ‫ נדה‬to eject, expel → ‫ נדה‬ejecta this refers to the fluids expelled by the body that make a person unclean―menstruation for women, and semen for men), ‫ נדהם‬expelled, stretch out (hand) to delight in, such that one wants a person as a friend, spouse or that one wants (to do what the following verb states)(think of the action when one wants something, that he tends to stretch out to touch and/or caress what is desired), ‫ פוק‬to reach out (to) for the purpose of giving, taking or for support when stumbling, ‫ פרס‬to reach out a hand, to comfort with food Is 58:7, to comfort in mourning Jr 16:7 (hiphil) leg ending with a hoof Lv 11:5– 6, Dt 14:7 σ ‫נכה‬ ‫ נגע‬touch stroke, plague (touch of disease) ← ‫נגע‬ ‫ נגף‬to afflict, which can be by blows or disease → ‫ מגפה‬affliction σ ‫ נגשׂ‬to be subject (to harsh treatment) 1S 13:6, 14:24, Is 3:5, 53:7 (but you have to approach, draw near to do this) σ ‫נכה‬ ‫ נגף‬affliction ← ‫ נגף‬σ ‫דבר‬ ‫ נגר‬to hurl down, pour down (stones Mc 1:6, waters 2S 14:14, Mc 1:4, people Jr 18:21, Ez 8:5, Ps 63:11) σ ‫שׁלך‬ ‫ נגרות‬provoked Jb 20:28 αλ ← ‫גרה‬ ‫ נגשׂ‬to be subject (to harsh treatment) 1S 13:6, 14:24, Is 3:5, 53:7 (but you have to approach, draw near to do this) → ‫נגשׂ‬ oppressor, one who subjects others to harsh treatment Ex 3:7, 5:6, 10, 13–4, Zc 9:8, Jb 3:18 σ ‫ נכה‬,‫נגף‬ ‫ נגשׁ‬to approach, draw near σ ‫הלך‬ ‫ נגשׂ‬oppressor, one who subjects others to harsh treatment Ex 3:7, 5:6, 10, 13–4, Zc 9:8, Jb 3:18 ← ‫נגשׂ‬ ‫ נד‬β ‫ נוד‬,‫נד‬ ‫ נד‬heap 189 distant ?? Jr 14:9 αλ LXX υπνων, ‫ניד‬ that which is expelled Jb 16:5 αλ σ ‫נתשׁ‬ ‫ נדה‬ejecta menstruation (this refers to the fluids expelled by the body that make a person unclean―menstruation for women, and semen for men) ← ‫נדה‬ ‫ נדהם‬expelled, distant ?? Jr 14:9 αλ LXX υπνων ← ‫נדה‬ ‫ נדח‬a motion outwards to go forth Dt 4:19, 30:4, thrust to swing (an ax) Dt 19:5, 20:19, to stray (animals) Dt 22:1, to push forwards Pr 7:21 → ‫ מנדח‬that which causes to be pushed out Is 8:22 αλ, ‫ נדח‬outcast, a person who has been made to go forth σ ‫הלך‬ ‫ נדח‬outcast, a person who has been made to go forth ← ‫נדח‬ ‫ נדחה‬β ‫ נדח‬,‫דחה‬ ‫ נדיב‬generous Ex 35:5, 22, 1C 28:21, 2C 29:31, voluntary leader (who steps forward to lead) Nu 21:18, 1S 2:8, Is 32:8, Pr 25:7 ← ‫ נדב‬σ ‫מלך‬ ‫ נדיבות‬generosity, an action that confers nobility upon its practitioner Is 32:8 ← ‫נדב‬ ‫ נדמה‬β ‫ נדמה‬,‫ דמה‬,‫דום‬ ‫ נדמה‬silently ?? Is 15:1 ← ‫דום‬ ‫ נדמיתי‬β ‫ דמה‬,‫דום‬ ‫ נדן‬sheath 1C 21:27 vagina Ez 16:33 (note: it appears that early translators turned red when they read the graphic depiction of the sexual act in Ez 16:33, and so softened their translation with idiomatic phrases as in English, “They (men) sow their wild oats in all prostitutes and you (women) give your favors to all your lovers.”) σ ‫תער‬ ‫ נדף‬to blow away Is 19:7, Ps 68:3, Jb 32:13 → ‫ נדף‬blown away Lv 26:36, 41:2, Ps 68:3 (2), Jb 13:25, Pr 21:6 σ ‫רוח‬ ‫ נדף‬blown away Lv 26:36, 41:2, Ps 68:3 (2), Jb 13:25, Pr 21:6 ← ‫נדף‬ ‫ נדר‬to make a vow → ‫ נדר‬vow σ ‫שׁבע‬ ‫ נדר‬vow ← ‫נדר‬ ‫ נה‬lament ?? Ez 7:11 αλ ← ‫נהה‬ ‫ נהג‬to drive, a shepherding term, meaning to lead, drive or guide → ‫ מנהג‬driving σ ‫נחה‬ ‫ נהה‬to lament 1S 7:2, Ez 32:18, Mc 2:4 → ‫ היא‬,‫ הי‬lament Jr 45:4, Ez 2:10, 23:43, ‫נה‬ lament ?? Ez 7:11 αλ, ‫ נהי‬lamentation Jr 9:9, 17–9, 31:15, Mc 2:4, Am 5:16 σ ‫כעס‬ ‫ נהוגים‬β ‫נהג‬ ‫ נהי‬lamentation Jr 9:9, 17–9, 31:15, Mc 2:4, Am 5:16 ← ‫נהה‬ ‫ נהל‬to sustain Ps 31:4 (3), as in feeding, giving support Gn 47:17, 2C 32:22, next to flowing waters Is 49:10, Ps 23:2, as in carrying Is 40:11, 2C 28:15, as part of traveling from one place to another Gn 33:14, Ex 15:13 → ‫ מנהל‬sustainer Is 51:18 αλ, ‫( נהלל‬place of sustaining) field, grassland ?? Is 7:19 αλ, ‫תהלה‬ sustenance Jb 4:18 σ ‫סמך‬ ‫ נהלאה‬one considered to be on the other side, not “with us” Mc 4:7 αλ ← ‫הלא‬ ‫( נהלל‬place of sustaining) field, grassland ?? Is 7:19 αλ ← ‫נהל‬ ‫< נהלל‬name> ‫ נהם‬to growl Is 5:29–30, Pr 5:11, 19:12, 20:2, 28:15 → ‫ נהםת‬growl(ing) Is 5:30, Ez 24:23, Ps 38:9 (8) σ ‫שׁאג‬ ‫ נהםת‬growl(ing) Is 5:30, Ez 24:23, Ps 38:9 (8) ← ‫נהם‬ 190 ‫ נהק‬to bray (as a wild donkey) ?? Jb 6:5, 30:7 ‫ נהר‬to stream (water, people, light-beams) to stream light → ‫ מנהרה‬trenches where people could move unseen by the enemy ?? Ju 6:2 αλ, ‫ נהר‬stream river, ‫ נהרה‬daylight, that flows onto earth Jb 3:4 αλ σ ‫זהר‬ ‫ נהר‬stream river ← ‫נהר‬ ‫ נהרה‬daylight, that flows onto earth Jb 3:4 αλ ← ‫נהר‬ ‫< נהרים‬name> ‫ נוא‬to turn down to repudiate Nu 30:6, 9, 12, 32:7, Ps 33:10 → ‫תנואת‬ repudiation Nu 13:34, Jb 33:10 ‫ נואשׁ‬β ‫ נואשׁ‬,‫ נאשׁ‬,‫יאשׁ‬ ‫“ נואשׁ‬enough already!” “Don’t say more!” Is 57:10, Jr 2:25, 18:12 ‫ נוב‬to prosper, be productive Zc 9:17, Ps 62:11, 92:15 (14), Pr 10:31 → ‫נוב‬ productivity ?? Is 57:19 αλ, ‫ניב‬ prosperity, production Ml 1:12 αλ, ‫תנובה‬ prosperity from production Dt 32:13, Jd 9:11, Is 27:6, Ez 36:30, Lm 4:9 σ ‫צלח‬ ‫ נוב‬productivity ?? Is 57:19 αλ ← ‫נוב‬ ‫ נוגות‬β ‫יגה‬ ‫ נוגשׂ‬β ‫נגשׂ‬ ‫ נוד‬to move from place to place, to relocate Jr 4:1, Pr 26:2, sometimes used the same as παρακαλεω in Greek, which means literally “to call to one’s side” but is used for the purposes why people call another to one’s side, namely to comfort, to encourage, to correct and similar actions ‫נוד ל‬- to go to someone for the purpose of comforting Is 51:19, Jr 15:5, Jb 2:11 → ‫ מנד‬one who makes people move, relocate 2S 23:6, Is 66:5, Am 6:3, ‫ מנוד‬shaking (of head) Ps 44:15 (14) αλ, ‫ נד‬nomad, one who moves from place to place Gn 4:12 αλ, ‫ נוד‬similar to παρακλησις “calling to one’s side” in Greek, used for comfort, encouragement, similar actions Ps 69:21 (20) σ ‫נוע‬ ‫ נוד‬similar to παρακλησις “calling to one’s side” in Greek, used for comfort, encouragement, similar actions Ps 69:21 (20) ← ‫נוד‬ ‫< נוד‬name> ‫< נודב‬name> ‫ נודה‬β ‫ידה‬ ‫ נוה‬to value, recognize the worth to evaluate, recognize Ex 15:2, Hb 2:5 → ‫ נוה‬person who values Jr 50:7 αλ, ‫נוה‬ value, that which is valued 2S 15:25, Is 27:10, Jr 6:2, 50:45, Ps 24:15 ‫( נוה‬pasture, fruitful) land 2S 7:8, Is 65:10, Jr 10:25, Jb 18:15, Pr 3:33, 1C 17:7 ‫ נוה‬person who values Jr 50:7 αλ ← ‫נוה‬ ‫ נוה‬value, that which is valued 2S 15:25, Is 27:10, Jr 6:2, 50:45, Ps 24:15 ← ‫נוה‬ ‫ נוח‬to rest hi. to cause to rest, i.e. to have peace, not war → ‫ מנוחה‬,‫מנוח‬ resting place, ‫ נחה‬rest, relaxation ?? Es 2:18 αλ LXX αφεσιν ‫ נוח‬rest ← ‫נוח‬ ‫< נוחה‬name> ‫ נוחלה‬that which is waited for, expectation ?? Ez 19:5 αλ ← ‫יחל‬ ‫ נוט‬to vibrate ?? Ps 99:1 αλ σ ‫רגז‬ ‫ נוטה‬one who puts forth, stretches out Is 40:22, 51:13, Ez 25:16, Ps 104:2 ← ‫נטה‬ ‫ נוטיהם‬what they put forth Is 42:5 αλ ← ‫נטה‬ 191 ‫ נוטר‬one who pursues, chases down (an enemy) Nh 1:2 αλ ← ‫נטר‬ ‫ נוית‬name of town ‫ נוכל‬β ‫ נכל‬,‫יכל‬ ‫ נום‬to laze Is 5:27, 56:10, Nh 3:18, Ps 76:6, 121:3–4 → ‫ נומה‬lazy Pr 23:21 αλ, ‫תנומה‬ lazing Ps 132:4, Pr 6:4, 10, 24:33, Jb 33:15 σ ‫ישׁן‬ ‫ נומה‬lazy Pr 23:21 αλ ← ‫נום‬ ‫< נון‬name> ‫ נוס‬to flee ‫ נוס לו‬refers to an individual fleeing on his own, individual flight → ‫ מנוס‬refuge, a place towards which one flees, ‫ מנוסה‬flight σ ‫פלט‬ ‫ נוספות‬additions that were made Is 15:9 αλ ← ‫יסף‬ ‫ נוע‬to move (be in motion) → ‫מנענעים‬ rattle ?? a type of noisemaker used in rejoicing 2S 6:5 αλ, ‫ נע‬wanderer, one who is constantly moving Gn 4:12, 14 σ ‫ נוד‬to move from place to place, to relocate Jr 4:1, Pr 26:2, sometimes used the same as παρακαλεω in Greek, which means literally “to call to one’s side” but is used for the purposes why people call another to one’s side, namely to comfort, to encourage, to correct and similar actions, ‫ פצה‬to set in motion ‫< נועדיה‬name> ‫ נועז‬β ‫יעז‬ ‫ נועץ‬β ‫יעץ‬ ‫ נוף‬to present, as in setting before, brandishing (Nu 8:11, 13 all the priests, the tribe of Levi, are presented as an offering) → ‫( נוף‬visible, though not necessarily visible) presence Ps 48:3 (2) αλ, ‫ תנופה‬presentation (offering) Ex 35:22, Nu 8:13, 15, 21 ‫( נוף‬visible, though not necessarily visible) presence Ps 48:3 (2) αλ ← ‫נוף‬ ‫ נוצה‬pinion feathers Ez 17:3, 7 ‫ נוצרים‬guardhouses 2K 17:9, 18:8 ← ‫נצר‬ ‫ נור → מנורה‬candelabrum, light fixture, ‫נר‬ lamp, this refers to a single lamp ‫ נורא‬fearful, frightful, fear inspiring ← ‫ירא‬ ‫ נושׁ‬to sicken Jr 15:18, 30:12, Mc 1:9, Ps 69:21 → ‫ נושׁנת‬sickening, chronic Lv 13:11 αλ σ ‫חלה‬ ‫ נושׁנת‬sickening, chronic Lv 13:11 αλ ← ‫נושׁ‬ ‫ נושׁן‬β ‫ישׁן‬ ‫ נושׁנתם‬β ‫ישׁן‬ ‫ נזה‬to sprinkle → ‫ מזה‬person who sprinkles Nu 19:21 αλ σ ‫זרק‬ ‫ נזיד‬food stirred together, soup or stew Gn 25:29, 34, 2K 4:38–40, Hg 2:12 ← ‫זוד‬ ‫ נזיר‬consecrated (person) ← ‫נזר‬ ‫ נזל‬to drip, flow, from the concept of making wet by mists Dt 32:2, rains Is 45:8, Jb 26:28 and streams, used of water that runs (drips) down the side of objects (branches Nu 24:7, face Jr 9:17, mountain Jr 18:14) also used of that which melts Ps 147:18, Lm 1:11 (in God’s presence) Jd 5:5, Is 63:10, 64:2 → ‫ נזל‬places that seep because of wetness σ ‫נטף‬ ‫ נזל‬places that seep because of wetness ← ‫נזל‬ ‫ נזם‬ear-ring Gn 35:4, Ex 32:2–3, nose ring Is 3:21 ‫ נזק‬one who will damage Es 7:4 αλ ‫ נזר‬β ‫ נזר‬,‫ זרה‬,‫זור‬ 192 ‫נזר‬ to consecrate → ‫ נזר‬consecration, diadem, symbolic of wealth, ‫נזיר‬ consecrated (person) ‫ נזר‬consecration, diadem, symbolic of wealth ← ‫נזר‬ ‫ נח‬pr. name, Noah ‫< נחבי‬name> ‫ נחה‬to lead → ‫ מחה‬causing to be led to Nu 34:11 αλ σ ‫ נהג‬to drive, a shepherding term, meaning to lead, drive or guide, ‫ שׁשׁא‬to lead by pulling on a rope Ez 39:2 αλ ‫ נחה‬rest, relaxation ?? Es 2:18 αλ LXX αφεσιν ← ‫נוח‬ ‫< נחום‬name> ‫ נחוץ‬β ‫חוץ‬ ‫< נחור‬name> ‫ נחשׁת‬,‫ נחושׁה‬,‫ נחושׁ‬bronze ← ‫נחשׁ‬ ‫ נחילות‬a type of musical instrument ?? Ps 5:1 αλ ‫ נחיר‬nostril Jb 41:12 (20) αλ ← ‫נחר‬ ‫ נחך‬β ‫ נחה‬,‫נוח‬ ‫ נחל‬β ‫ נחל‬,‫ חלל‬,‫חלה‬ ‫ נחל‬to possess → ‫ נחלה‬possession σ ‫קנה‬ ‫ נחל‬river river valley σ ‫ בקעה‬river valley that splits open the mountains, plateau, ‫ גיא‬valley, ravine ‫ נחלה‬β ‫ נחלה‬,‫חלה‬ ‫ נחלה‬possession ← ‫נחל‬ ‫< נחליאל‬name> ‫< נחלמי‬name> ‫ נחלת‬β ‫ נחלה‬,‫ נחל‬,‫ חלל‬,‫חלה‬ ‫ נחם‬to regret, to feel sorry (for) to sympathize, comfort → ‫ מנחם‬something or someone who comforts 2S 10:3, Nh 3:7, Ps 69:21, 1C 19:3, ‫ נחמה‬comfort, ‫ תנחום‬consoling Jr 16:7, Ps 94:19, ‫ תנחומת‬reason to console Jb 21:2 αλ, ‫ תנחמה‬consolation Jb 15:11 αλ ‫< נחם‬name> ‫ נחמה‬comfort ← ‫נחם‬ ‫< נחמיה‬name> ‫ נחמים‬β ‫ נחם‬,‫חמם‬ ‫< נחמני‬name> ‫ נחנו‬we, short form of ‫אנחנו‬ ‫ נחנת‬β ‫חנן‬ ‫ נחר‬β ‫ נחר‬,‫ חרר‬,‫חרה‬ ‫ נחר‬to snort, making the sound of a derisive laugh ?? So 1:6 → ‫ נחיר‬nostril Jb 41:12 (20) αλ, ‫ נחר‬one who snorts as in derisive laughter Is 41:11, 45:24, ‫נחר‬ snorting as in sneezing ?? Jb 39:20, ‫ נחרה‬snorting (of horses) Jr 8:16 σ ‫שׂחק‬ ‫ נחר‬one who snorts as in derisive laughter Is 41:11, 45:24 ← ‫נחר‬ ‫ נחר‬snorting as in sneezing ?? Jb 39:20 ← ‫נחר‬ ‫ נחרה‬snorting (of horses) Jr 8:16 ← ‫נחר‬ ‫< נחרי‬name> ‫ נחרצה‬decisiveness, that decided upon ?? Is 28:22, Dn 9:27 ← ‫חרץ‬ ‫ נחשׁ‬to become powerful as knowledge is power, so one who can divine the future is powerful → ‫ מנחשׁ‬one who divines by watching the movement of snakes Dt 18:10 αλ, ‫ נחושׁה נחשׁת‬,‫נחושׁ‬ bronze, ‫ נחשׁ‬power, ‫ נחשׁת‬bronze, also used of fetters e.g. Ju 16:21, 2S 3:34, 2K 25:7, ‫ נחשׁתן‬name given to bronze serpent Moses made in the wilderness σ ‫אמץ‬ ‫ נחשׁ‬to divine, from watching the movement of snakes → ‫ נחשׁ‬snake, divination σ ‫ענן‬ 193 ‫ נחשׁ‬snake, divination ← ‫ נחשׁ‬σ ‫ אפעה‬viper Is 30:6, 42:14, 59:5, Jb 20:16, ‫עכשׁוב‬ viper ?? Ps 140:4 (3) αλ, ‫ פתן‬cobra, a very poisonous snake of Africa and Asia, ‫ שׂרף‬most modern lexicographers consider this an asp, number of small, poisonous snakes of Africa, Asia and Europe, however the context indicates a flying animal that is venomous and has scales Nu 21:6, 8, Dt 8:15, Is 14:29, 30:6 an image of flying angels Is 6:2, 6, ‫ צפעני‬,‫ צפעוני‬a type of serpent, flying dinosaur with shiny scales ?? Is 11:8, 59:5, Jr 8:17, Pr 23:32, ‫ תנין‬reptile. created along with man Gn 1:21, both small as snakes Ex 7:9–10, 12 and apparently quite large Ps 91:13, both land and sea Is 27:1, Ps 148:7, had udders and teats to suckle their young Lm 4:3 σ ‫לויתן‬ ‫< נחשׁ‬name> ‫< נחשׁון‬name> ‫ נחשׁת‬bronze, also used of fetters e.g. Ju 16:21, 2S 3:34, 2K 25:7 ← ‫נחשׁ‬ ‫ נחשׁת‬power Ez 24:11 ← ‫נחשׁ‬ ‫< נחשׁתא‬name> ‫ נחשׁתן‬name given to bronze serpent Moses made in the wilderness ← ‫נחשׁ‬ ‫ נחת‬β ‫ נחת‬,‫ נחה‬,‫נוח‬ ‫ נחת‬to be in force, to be forceful 2S 22:25, Jl 4:11, Pr 17:10 as in imposition of force by a conquerer Jr 21:13, Ps 38:3 → ‫נחת‬ (in) force, forcefulness, forces (military) 2K 6:9, Is 30:30, Pr 29:9, Ko 4:6 ‫( נחת‬in) force, forcefulness, forces (military) 2K 6:9, Is 30:30, Pr 29:9, Ko 4:6 ← ‫נחת‬ ‫< נחת‬name> ‫ נטה‬to put forth usually in the sense of stretching out (hand) though sometimes in the sense of removing from Is 30:11, Pr 18:5 or turning aside, away Nu 20:17, 21:22, 2S 2:19, 21, 1K 11:9 to stretch out (pitch) a tent → ‫ מטה‬branch tribe, branch of a group, ‫ מטה‬cot, bed, refers to a light piece of furniture, long and flat enough to lie down and sleep on, can be the bier in funerals, probably made of cloth stretched between a frame, ‫ נוטה‬one who puts forth, stretches out Is 40:22, 51:13, Ez 25:16, Ps 104:2, ‫נוטיהם‬ what they put forth Is 42:5 αλ ‫< נטופתי‬name> ‫ נטיל‬one who weighs trades in (silver) Zp 1:11 αλ ← ‫נטל‬ ‫ נטפות‬,‫ נטיפות‬drop shaped pendents Jd 8:26, Is 3:19 ← ‫נטף‬ ‫ נטישׁת‬,‫ נטישׁות‬untrained branch of a vine spreading out on the ground Is 18:5 fig. a person not belonging to God Jr 5:10, 48:32 ← ‫נטשׁ‬ ‫ נטל‬to weigh Is 63:9 → ‫ נטיל‬one who weighs trades in (silver) Zp 1:11 αλ, ‫ נטל‬weight Lm 3:28 heavy Pr 27:3 σ ‫שׁקל‬ ‫ נטל‬weight Lm 3:28 heavy Pr 27:3 ← ‫נטל‬ ‫ נטם‬to be polluted ?? Lv 11:43, Ps 57:5 (4) LXX ουκ ακαθαρτοι, not translated ‫ נטממת‬,‫ נטמינו‬β ‫טמה‬ ‫ נטע‬to plant → ‫ מטע‬planting, plant, ‫נטע‬ plant σ ‫זרע‬ ‫ נטע‬plant ← ‫נטע‬ ‫< נטעים‬name> 194 ‫ נטף‬to drip, referring to a free falling drop of fluid Jd 5:4, Jl 4:18, Ct 5:5 to have words “drip” from one’s mouth Ez 21:2, 7, Pr 5:3, Ct 4:11 → ‫ נטפות‬,‫ נטיפות‬drop shaped pendents Jd 8:26, Is 3:19, ‫נטף‬ drop, referring to a free falling drop of fluid Jb 36:27 σ ‫ נזל‬to drip, flow, from the concept of making wet by mists Dt 32:2, rains Is 45:8, Jb 26:28 and streams, used of water that runs (drips) down the side of objects (branches Nu 24:7, face Jr 9:17, mountain Jr 18:14) also used of that which melts Ps 147:18, Lm 1:11 (in God’s presence) Jd 5:5, Is 63:10, 64:2, ‫ רסס‬to spatter (break into drops) Ez 46:14 αλ ‫ נטף‬drop, referring to a free falling drop of fluid Jb 36:27 ← ‫ נטף‬σ ‫ אגל‬droplet (of dew, water) Jb 38:28 αλ ‫ נטף‬a type of perfume Ex 30:34 αλ ‫< נטפה‬name> ‫< נטפתי‬name> ‫ נטר‬to pursue, also metaphorically (to pursue a career) to take care of → ‫ מטרה‬,‫ מטרא‬target, or place where soldiers practice their martial arts?, ‫נוטר‬ one who pursues, chases down (an enemy) Nh 1:2 αλ σ ‫רדף‬ ‫ נטשׁ‬to let go (give freedom to, to leave alone, be loose) Is 21:15 to allow Gn 31:28 to abandon Ex 23:11, Jd 6:13, 1S 10:2, 2K 21:14, Am 5:2 to encamp from the idea of letting go of the camp supplies from on one’s back or pack animals Jd 15:9, 1S 30:16, 2S 5:18, 22 a battle was let go, i.e. lost and the fighters fled Pr 17:14 → ‫ נטישׁת‬,‫נטישׁות‬ untrained branch of a vine spreading out on the ground Is 18:5 fig. a person not belonging to God Jr 5:10, 48:32 σ ,‫חנה‬ ‫עזב‬ ‫ ני‬β ‫נהי ← נהה‬ ‫ ניא‬β ‫נא‬ ‫ ניב‬prosperity, production Ml 1:12 αλ ← ‫נוב‬ ‫< ניבי‬name> ‫ ניד‬that which is expelled Jb 16:5 αλ ← ‫נדה‬ ‫ נידה‬β ‫נדה‬ ‫ ניחח‬,‫ ניחוח‬pleasant, pleasing (← making restful ??) ‫ נין‬to flourish ?? Ps 72:17, Jb 18:19 → (? ‫ מנון‬flourishing ?? Pr 29:21 αλ) ‫ נין‬offspring Gn 21:23, Is 14:22, Ps 74:7, Jb 18:19 σ ‫בן‬ ‫< נינוה‬name> ‫< ניסן‬name> ‫ ניצוץ‬spark, kindling ?? Is 1:31 αλ is this what starts the fire (spark) or that which flares up suddenly when lit (kindling) and is burned? The context leans towards the latter ← ‫נצץ‬ ‫ ניר‬β ‫ נר‬,‫ניר‬ ‫ ניר‬to flatten a field so that it can be plowed and cultivated (in premechanized times often done by towing a heavy beam behind a team of draft animals back and forth over the field) Jr 4:3, Hs 10:12 → ‫( מנור‬weaver’s) beam (⇐ log pulled behind draft animals, used to grade a field to be flat for planting) 1S 17:7, 21:19, 1C 11:23, 20:5, ‫ ניר‬field flattened and prepared for cultivation Jr 4:3, Hs 10:12, Pr 3:23 195 ‫ ניר‬field flattened and prepared for cultivation Jr 4:3, Hs 10:12, Pr 3:23 ← ‫ ניר‬σ ‫שׂדה‬ ‫ ניר‬descendant ?? Nu 21:30, 2S 22:29, 1K 11:36, 15:4, 2K 8:19, 2C 21:7 σ ‫בן‬ ‫ נכא‬β ‫ נכא‬,‫כאה‬ ‫ נכא‬to hound, chase continually Ps 109:16, Jb 30:8, Dn 11:30 σ ‫רדף‬ ‫ נכא‬made despondent Is 16:7, Pr 15:13, 17:22, 18:14 ← ‫כאה‬ ‫ נכאת‬laudanum Gn 37:25, 43:11 ‫ נכד‬progeny Gn 21:23, Is 14:22, Jb 18:19 σ ‫בן‬ ‫ נכה‬to strike, hit → ‫ מכה‬one who strikes, hits, gives a blow one who is struck, hit, wounded blow, wound, ‫ נכים‬those who are striking, hitting Ps 35:15 αλ σ ‫ דחק‬to bully around Jl 2:8 αλ, ‫ חמס‬to treat others unfairly, not in a right manner, both in word and deed, often in a manner that includes violence as well as judicial wrongness, ‫ ינה‬to bully around oppress, ‫ לחם‬to war, go to war, ‫ נגע‬to reach out to touch, used for all touching from soft caresses to a hard blow intended to injure or kill, also for sexual contact, ‫ נגף‬to afflict, which can be by blows or disease, ‫ נגשׂ‬to be subject (to harsh treatment) 1S 13:6, 14:24, Is 3:5, 53:7 (but you have to approach, draw near to do this), ‫ נצה‬to swing (like fists in a brawl), rhythmic motion back and forth (as wings as a bird flies, battering ram to break down city walls) fig. to fight against ni. battered down, ‫ פגע‬to come up to, where in ancient Hebrew it had the expectation of in order to accomplish a task: in order to attack, to request, to intercede for (where the people interceded for are designated by a ‫( ל‬prefix)), to pressure, ‫ רצץ‬to savage, treat roughly Gn 25:22, 1S 12:3–4, Is 42:4, ‫ שׁדד‬to act violently in treating with violence, ‫ שׁוף‬to bruise, injure Gn 3:15, Jb 9:17, ‫ שׂטם‬to treat roughly Gn 27:41, 49:23, 50:15, Ps 53:3, Jb 16:9, 30:21, ‫ תזז‬to strike away Is 18:5 αλ ‫< נכה‬name> ‫< נכו‬name> ‫< נכון‬name> ‫ נכונה‬established, i.e. firm, trustworthy ← ‫כון‬ ‫ נכח‬to go straight forward, straight towards the front Ex 14:2, Is 57:2, Ez 46:9 → ‫ נכח‬in front of, before Nu 19:4, Pr 5:21, Es 5:1 upfront, straight, as in straight talk, frank, honest, true (a moral virtue) 2S 15:3, Pr 8:9, 24:26, opposite, as in going straight forward to the opposite side of a room Ex 26:35, 40:24 ‫ לנכח‬before, in front of Gn 30:38, Pr 4:25 on behalf of (from the idea of a lawyer going in front of his client before the judge) ?? Gn 25:21, ‫ נכחה‬straight-forward-ness, up-front-ness, straightness (a moral virtue) Is 59:14, Am 3:10 σ ‫ישׁר‬ ‫ נכח‬in front of, before Nu 19:4, Pr 5:21, Es 5:1 upfront, straight, as in straight talk, frank, honest, true (a moral virtue) 2S 15:3, Pr 8:9, 24:26, opposite, as in going straight forward to the opposite side of a room Ex 26:35, 40:24 ‫לנכח‬ 196 ‫ נכתם‬β ‫כתם‬ ‫ נלא‬β ‫לאה‬ ‫ נלה‬to propose ?? Is 33:1 αλ or is this verb ‫ לתך‬also αλ ? ‫ נלוז‬that taken away by fraud, trickery ← ‫לוז‬ ‫ נמבזה‬β ‫בזה‬ ‫ נמגו‬β ‫מוג‬ ‫< נמואל‬name> ‫< נמואלי‬name> ‫ נמל‬β ‫מול‬ ‫ נמלה‬ant ‫ נמס‬cast objects (idols) 1S 15:9 ← ‫מסס‬ ‫ נמקתם‬β ‫מקק‬ ‫ נמר‬β ‫ נמר‬,‫ מרר‬,‫מור‬ ‫ נמר‬tiger, a large striped animal Is 11:6, Jr 5:6, 13:23, Hs 13:7, Hb 1:8, So 4:8 ‫< נמרד‬personal name, of a tyrant lived in Mesopotamia / Assyria> Gn 10:8, Mic 5:5 ‫< נמרה‬name> ‫< נמרוד‬name> ‫ נמרים‬β ‫ נמרים‬,‫נמר‬ ‫< נמרים‬name of a stream in Moab> Is 15:8, Jr 48:34, So 4:8 ‫ נמרצת‬vile ?? 1K 2:8 αλ ← ‫מרץ‬ ‫< נמשׁי‬name> ‫ נס‬standard pole (from its golden, sparkling top) standard flag ?? Is 33:23 ← ‫נסס‬ ‫ נסב‬β ‫סבב‬ ‫ נסגו‬β ‫סוג‬ ‫ נסה‬β ‫ נסס‬,‫נסה‬ ‫ נסה‬to try, put to a trial to have experience → ‫ מסה‬trial, as in a test Ex 17:17, Dt 6:16, 9:22, 33:8, Ps 95:8 σ ‫בחן‬ to assay, test before, in front of Gn 30:38, Pr 4:25 on behalf of (from the idea of a lawyer going in front of his client before the judge) ?? Gn 25:21 ← ‫נכח‬ ‫ נכחה‬straight-forward-ness, up-front-ness, straightness (a moral virtue) Is 59:14, Am 3:10 ← ‫נכח‬ ‫ נכים‬those who are striking, hitting Ps 35:15 αλ ← ‫נכה‬ ‫ נכל‬to plot Gn 37:18, Nu 25:18, Ps 105:25 → ‫ נכל‬plot Nu 25:18 σ ‫חשׁב‬ ‫ נכל‬plot Nu 25:18 ← ‫נכל‬ ‫ נכס‬to enrich, make wealthy Ez 27:7 → ‫ מכס‬person making another wealthy Is 11:9, Ez 27:7, ‫ נכסים‬wealth Js 22:8, Ko 5:18(19), 6:2, 2C 1:11–2 ‫ נכסים‬wealth Js 22:8, Ko 5:18(19), 6:2, 2C 1:11–2 σ ‫עשׁר‬ ‫ נכר‬β ‫ נכר‬,‫כרה‬ ‫ נכר‬to view (or listen) for purposes of recognition, both familiar and strange, and to give recognition to estrange, make strange (give recognition that is a stranger), (hit) to make oneself recognized, either as a stranger Gn 42:7 or the type of person he is Pr 20:11 → ‫ נכר‬object of viewing strange, ‫נכרי‬ stranger ⇐ one who is stared at, ‫מתנכרה‬ a woman who has disguised herself (⇐ how she is to be viewed) 1K 14:5–6 σ ‫ראה‬ ‫ נכר‬object of viewing strange ← ‫נכר‬ ‫ נכרי‬stranger ⇐ one who is stared at ← ‫ נכר‬σ ‫זר‬ ‫ נכתה‬stockpile, not only of treasures, but also of grains, trade goods, etc. 2K 20:13, Is 39:2 ← ‫ כות‬σ ‫אוצר‬ 197 ‫ נסח‬β ‫סחה‬ ‫ נסיך‬libation Dt 32:38 one who pours a libation, a leader Js 13:21, Ez 32:30, Mc 5:4 (5:5), Ps 83:12 (11) ← ‫ נסך‬σ ‫מלך‬ ‫ נסך‬β ‫ סכך‬,‫ סוך‬,‫נסך‬ ‫ נסך‬to pour (drink, metal for casting, libation) make a libation → ‫מסכה‬ (cast) statue, often used as an idol Ex 32:4, 8, Hs 13:2, Ne 9:18, ‫ נסיך‬libation Dt 32:38 one who pours a libation, a leader Js 13:21, Ez 32:30, Mc 5:4 (5:5), Ps 83:12 (11), ‫ נסך‬libation σ ‫שׁפך‬ ‫ נסך‬libation ← ‫נסך‬ ‫ נסנו‬β ‫נוס‬ ‫ נסס‬to sparkle (from reflected light) Is 59:19, Zc 9:16, Ps 4:7 (6), 60:6 → ‫מסס‬ sparkling, as sparkling embers go up from a hot fire ?? Is 10:18 αλ, ‫נס‬ standard pole (from its golden, sparkling top) standard flag ?? Is 33:23, ‫נסס‬ something that sparkles Is 10:18 αλ σ ‫ נצץ‬to enflame, burn hotly (often used for emotions, particularly anger) used poetically of pomegranates ripening as their fruits turn bright red So 6:11, 7:13 ‫ נסס‬something that sparkles Is 10:18 αλ ← ‫נסס‬ ‫ נסע‬to pull up to pull up stakes, fold the tents and move to another place → ‫מסע‬ pulling up breaking camp Gn 13:3, Ex 17:1, Nu 33:1–2 σ ‫ נתק‬to pull out ‫ נסק‬to mount, climb up Ps 139:8 αλ σ ‫עלה‬ ‫< נסרך‬name> ‫ נסתה‬β ‫נסה‬ ‫ נע‬β ‫ נע‬,‫נוע‬ ‫ נע‬wanderer, one who is constantly moving Gn 4:12, 14 ← ‫נוע‬ ‫< נעה‬name> ‫ נעוה‬β ‫עוה‬ ‫ נעורים‬youth(ful time) ← ‫נער‬ ‫ נעות‬β ‫נוע‬ ‫< נעיאל‬name> ‫ נעים‬pleasant, type of musical instrument ← ‫נעם‬ ‫ נעכרת‬sorrowful trouble(s) Pr 15:6 αλ ← ‫עכר‬ ‫ נעל‬to latch, lock Jd 3:23 to latch on footwear Ez 16:10, 2C 28:15 → ,‫מנעול‬ ‫ מנעל‬latch Ne 3:3, 6, 13–15, ‫ נעול‬,‫נעל‬ locked (up) Jd 3:24, So 4:21, ‫נעל‬ (latched) footwear, i.e. sandal σ ‫חבל‬ ‫ נעול‬,‫ נעל‬locked (up) Jd 3:24, So 4:21 ← ‫נעל‬ ‫( נעל‬latched) footwear, i.e. sandal ← ‫נעל‬ ‫ נעם‬to be pleasant 2S 1:26, Pr 2:10, 9:17, 24:25 → ‫ מנעמים‬pleasant foods Ps 141:4 αλ, ‫ נעים‬pleasant, type of musical instrument, ‫ נעם‬pleasantness, ‫נעמנים‬ gardens to a pagan god Is 17:10 αλ σ ‫טוב‬ ‫ נעם‬pleasantness ← ‫נעם‬ ‫< מעם‬name> ‫< נעמה‬name> ‫< נעמי‬name> ‫< נעמן‬name> ‫ נעמנים‬gardens to a pagan god Is 17:10 αλ ← ‫נעם‬ ‫< נעמתי‬name> ‫ נעפה‬ability to fly Ps 90:10 αλ ← ‫עוף‬ ‫ נעצוץ‬thorn-bush Is 7:19, 55:13 σ ‫שׁמיר‬ ‫ נער‬to brush off → ‫ נערת‬tow, the broken off ends of flax, rope Jd 16:9, Is 1:31 (can be used as a small broom or brush) 198 ‫ נערה‬,‫ נער‬youth (male or female), up into one’s 30s, an attendant (in the same manner we use the word “boy” for certain jobs today) → ‫ נעורים‬youth(ful time) ‫< נערה‬name> ‫< נערי‬name> ‫< נעריה‬name> ‫< נערן‬name> ‫ נערת‬tow, the broken off ends of flax, rope Jd 16:9, Is 1:31 (can be used as a small broom or brush) ← ‫נער‬ ‫< נערתה‬name> ‫ נעתם‬β ‫עתם‬ ‫< נף‬name> ‫< נפג‬name> ‫ נפה‬β ‫ נפה‬,‫?? נוף‬ ‫ נפה‬to scurry around ?? Is 30:28, Jb 31:9 → ‫ נפת‬scurrying Is 30:28 αλ ‫< נפוסים‬name> ‫ נפוץ‬β ‫ פוץ‬,‫נפץ‬ ‫ נפח‬to blow (e.g. using a bellows) Gn 2:7, Ez 22:21, Hg 1:9 → ‫ מפח‬blowing (of bellows), ‫ נפח‬blowing, using a bellows Is 54:16 αλ, ‫ תפוח‬apple(tree) Jl 1:12, Pr 25:11, So 2:3, 5, 7:9, 8:5 σ ‫רוח‬ ‫ נפח‬blowing, using a bellows Is 54:16 αλ ← ‫נפח‬ ‫< נפח‬name> ‫ נפיל‬giant ?? Described as ‫ בן ענק‬who apparently were giants, literally “those who cause to fall”, not the same as ‫נפל‬ “fallen one” Nu 13:33 αλ ← ‫נפל‬ ‫< נפיסים‬name> ‫< נפישׁ‬name> ‫< נפישׁסים‬name> ‫ נפך‬carbuncle, or turquoise ?? Ex 28:18, 39:11, Ez 27:16, 28:13 ‫ נפל‬β ‫ פלה‬,‫נפל‬ ‫ נפל‬to fall, used in a wide range of contexts, from falling from being tripped, to fallen in battle (killed), to the falling of lots (assigning as if lots were cast), to the falling of trees in the forest, to the stopping of an action, etc. → ‫מפל‬ (grains) fallen to the ground ?? Am 8:6, ‫ מפלה‬fallen (ruins, remains) Jd 14:8, Is 17:1, 23:13, 25:2, Ez 31:13, ‫ מפלת‬falling, this refers to the action of falling, often understood abstractly Ez 26:15, 18, 27:27, 31:16, 32:10, Pr 29:16, ‫נפיל‬ giant ?? Described as ‫ בן ענק‬who apparently were giants, literally “those who cause to fall”, not the same as ‫נפל‬ “fallen one” Nu 13:33 αλ, ‫ נפל‬stillborn Ps 58:9, Jb 3:16, Ko 6:3, ‫“ נפל‬fallen one” from fallen asleep while camping Jd 7:12 to surrendering to an enemy 2K 25:11 to fallen in battle Js 8:25, Jd 8:10 to very evil people, psychopaths Gn 6:4, Nu 13:33, ‫( תפלה‬place of) falling Jr 23:13, Ps 109:4, Jb 24:12 σ ‫ דלף‬to downcast (life, eyes, house) Ps 119:28, Jb 16:20, Ko 10:18, ‫ כשׁל‬to trip (up) to stumble ‫ נפל‬stillborn Ps 58:9, Jb 3:16, Ko 6:3 ← ‫נפל‬ ‫“ נפל‬fallen one” from fallen asleep while camping Jd 7:12 to surrendering to an enemy 2K 25:11 to fallen in battle Js 8:25, Jd 8:10 to very evil people, psychopaths Gn 6:4, Nu 13:33 ← ‫נפל‬ ‫ נפלאות‬things beyond reach, miraculous things ← ‫פלא‬ 199 ‫ נפלינו‬β ‫פלה‬ ‫ נפף‬β ‫( נוף‬continuous or repeated action) ‫ נפץ‬to break apart to split off, divide (apart) σ ‫שׁבר‬ ‫ נפרד‬a person who is solitary, separated from others ?? Pr 18:1 αλ ← ‫פרד‬ ‫ נפשׁ‬to take a breather, revive → ‫נפשׁ‬ breath life in general Gn 19:17, Ex 4:19; this is a hard word to define because it has such a wide application with no exact equivalent in English. Apparently it is connected to breathing life Gn 2:7 but limited to living creatures that breathe Gn 9:10, 12, 15–6, sometimes used to refer to people and not animals Gn 12:5, individual people Gn 17:14, life force Gn 27:4, (formerly) living creature Nu 6:6, 11, 9:6, being, soul (though usually translated as “soul”, this term had a lot wider meaning, including “breathing space” Is 5:14 and “breathing was short” referring to shortness of breath Jd 10:16, “making broad life” to expand one’s self such that it effects others Pr 28:25 or has room for others Is 5:14) ‫ נפשׁ חיה‬air breathing life, used of land animals, ‫ נפשׁת‬anybody any person; refers to living people Gn 9:5, Ex 12:4, Lv 27:2, Pr 1:18, dead bodies Lv 21:11 σ ‫רוח‬ ‫ נפשׁ‬breath life in general Gn 19:17, Ex 4:19; this is a hard word to define because it has such a wide application with no exact equivalent in English. Apparently it is connected to breathing life Gn 2:7 but limited to living creatures that breathe Gn 9:10, 12, 15–6, sometimes used to refer to people and not animals Gn 12:5, individual people Gn 17:14, life force Gn 27:4, (formerly) living creature Nu 6:6, 11, 9:6, being, soul (though usually translated as “soul”, this term had a lot wider meaning, including “breathing space” Is 5:14 and “breathing was short” referring to shortness of breath Jd 10:16, “making broad life” to expand one’s self such that it effects others Pr 28:25 or has room for others Is 5:14) ‫ נפשׁ חיה‬air breathing life, used of land animals ← ‫נפשׁ‬ ‫ נפשי‬β (‫יט‬,‫ פשה )ירמיה ד‬,‫נפש‬ ‫ נפשׁת‬anybody any person; refers to living people Gn 9:5, Ex 12:4, Lv 27:2, Pr 1:18, dead bodies Lv 21:11 ← ‫נפשׁ‬ ‫ נפת‬β ‫ נפת‬,‫נפה‬ ‫ נפת‬to swing, wave ?? ‫ נפת‬nectar Ps 19:11 (10), Pr 5:3, 24:13, 27:7, So 4:11 σ ‫דבשׁ‬ ‫ נפת‬scurrying Is 30:28 αλ ← ‫נפה‬ ‫< נפתוח‬name> ‫< נפתחים‬name> ‫ נפתי‬β ‫ נפת‬,‫ נוף‬,‫נאף‬ ‫ נפתולים‬wrestling ?? Gn 30:8 αλ ← ‫פתל‬ ‫< נפתלי‬name> ‫ נץ‬β ‫ נצה‬,‫נץ‬ ‫ נץ‬hawk Lv 11:16, Jb 39:26 σ ‫עוף‬ ‫ נצא‬β ‫ צאה‬,‫יצא‬ ‫ נצב‬β ‫ נצב‬,‫יצב‬ ‫ נצב‬to set up e.g. monument, building, fort over occupied territory, appointed officer over a fort → ‫ מצב‬station, post where soldiers or guards are posted ?? Jd 9:6, Is 29:3, ‫ מצבה‬members of the guard at the post 1S 14:12 αλ, ‫ מצבת‬,‫מצבה‬ 200 monument (pillar), trunk of tree, ‫נצב‬ appointed officer, ‫ נצב‬handle (of a sword, knife) Jd 3:22, ‫ נציב‬a set up object pillar, statue Gn 19:26, outpost —place where soldiers occupy enemy land 1S 13:3–4, 1C 11:16, 18:13, appointed government official ?? 1 K 4:19, 2C 8:10, 17:2 σ ‫שׂים‬ ‫ נצב‬appointed officer ← ‫ נצב‬σ ‫מלך‬ ‫ נצב‬handle (of a sword, knife) Jd 3:22 ← ‫נצב‬ ‫ נצדו‬β ‫צוד‬ ‫ נצה‬β ‫ נצה‬,‫נוצה‬ ‫ נצה‬to swing (like fists in a brawl), rhythmic motion back and forth (as wings as a bird flies, battering ram to break down city walls) fig. to fight against ni. battered down → ‫ מצה‬fist fight, brawl is 41:12, 58:4, Pr 13:10, 17:19 σ ‫נכה‬ ‫ נצה‬blossom σ ‫ציץ‬ ‫ נצור‬under protective guard Is 1:8, 49:6 Q, Ez 6:12, Nh 2:2 (1), So 8:9 ← ‫נצר‬ ‫ נצורים‬places under guard Is 65:4 αλ ← ‫נצר‬ ‫ נצח‬to persist to oversee (making the workers persist in their work) → ‫לנצח‬ persistently, ‫ מנצח‬overseer, ‫נצח‬ persistence, always (never ending). overseer, life force (that which makes people persist in their lives) ‫ נצח‬persistence, always (never ending), overseer, life force (that which makes people persist in their lives) ← ‫ נצח‬σ ‫כח‬ ‫ נציב‬a set up object pillar, statue Gn 19:26, outpost—place where soldiers occupy enemy land 1S 13:3–4, 1C 11:16, 18:13, appointed government official ?? 1 K 4:19, 2C 8:10, 17:2 ← ‫נצב‬ ‫< נציב‬name> ‫< נציח‬name> ‫ נצים‬β ‫נצה‬ ‫ נצירי‬β ‫ נצור‬Is 49:6 K DSS ‫ נצל‬to take away, often in order to protect → ‫ הצלה‬deliverance (taking away from danger) Es 4:14 αλ σ ‫ חתף‬to snatch away Jb 9:12 αλ ‫ נצמתי‬β ‫צמת‬ ‫ נצנים‬β ‫נצה‬ ‫ נצץ‬to enflame, burn hotly (often used for emotions, particularly anger) used poetically of pomegranates ripening as their fruits turn bright red So 6:11, 7:13 → ‫ ניצוץ‬spark, kindling ?? Is 1:31 αλ is this what starts the fire (spark) or that which flares up suddenly when lit (kindling) and is burned? The context leans towards the latter σ ‫ שׂרף‬,‫נסס‬ ‫ נצר‬to guard as a protector → ‫מצרות‬ guarded fortified with guard towers 2C 11:10–1, 23, 12:4, 21:3, ‫ מצרת‬watch, to guard like prisoners ?? Is 29:3 αλ, ‫ נוצרים‬guardhouses 2K 17:9, 18:8, ‫נצור‬ under protective guard Is 1:8, 49:6 Q, Ez 6:12, Nh 2:2 (1), So 8:9, ‫ נצורים‬places under guard Is 65:4 αλ, ‫ נצר‬guard—a person guarding, shoot (in horticulture, sometimes carefully guarded to grow into a tree or large plant) Is 11:1, 14:19, 60:21, Dn 11:7, ‫ נצרת‬guarding her heart from her true feelings ?? Pr 7:10 αλ, ‫ תצר‬guarding ?? Is 26:3 αλ σ ‫שׁמר‬ ‫ נצר‬guard—a person guarding, shoot (in horticulture, sometimes carefully guarded 201 ‫ נקה‬to clear to clean, purify, declare innocent → ‫ מנקית‬cleansing bowl Ex 25:29, 37:16, Nu 4:7, ‫ נקי‬innocent, ‫נקיון‬ that which makes clean Am 4:6, Ps 26:6, 73:13 σ ‫ זכך‬to be clear to be (morally) pure ‫< נקודא‬name> ‫ נקטה‬β ‫קוט‬ ‫ נקטו‬β ‫קוט‬ ‫ נקטתם‬β ‫קוט‬ ‫ נקי‬innocent ← ‫נקה‬ ‫ נקיא‬β ‫ קיא‬,‫נקי‬ ‫ נקיון‬that which makes clean Am 4:6, Ps 26:6, 73:13 ← ‫נקה‬ ‫ נקיק‬fissure Is 7:19, Jr 13:4, 16:16 ‫ נקלה‬β ‫קלל‬ ‫ נקם‬to take revenge, avenge oneself → ‫נקם‬ revenging, one who takes revenge, ‫נקמה‬ vengeance Jr 46:10, 51:6, Ez 25:15, Ps 149:7, ‫ נקמות‬act of vengeance Jd 11:36, 2S 4:8, Ps 18:48, 94:1, ‫ נקמת‬avenging, status of vengeance Lv 26:25, 2S 22:48 ‫ נקם‬revenging, one who takes revenge ← ‫נקם‬ ‫ נקמה‬vengeance Jr 46:10, 51:6, Ez 25:15, Ps 149:7 ← ‫נקם‬ ‫ נקמות‬act of vengeance Jd 11:36, 2S 4:8, Ps 18:48, 94:1 ← ‫נקם‬ ‫ נקמת‬avenging, status of vengeance Lv 26:25, 2S 22:48 ← ‫נקם‬ ‫ נקע‬to become disgusted Jr 6:8, Ez 23:18, 22, 28 σ ‫שׂנא‬ ‫ נקף‬to go around Is 29:1, encircle 2K 6:14, 11:8, Is 10:34, Jb 19:26 → ‫מקפים‬ encircling 1K 7:24 αλ, ‫ נקף‬going round and round Is 17:6, 24:13, ‫ נקפה‬being encircled by a simple cloth that merely to grow into a tree or large plant) Is 11:1, 14:19, 60:21, Dn 11:7 ← ‫ נצר‬σ ‫דשׁא‬ ‫ נצרת‬guarding her heart from her true feelings ?? Pr 7:10 αλ ← ‫נצר‬ ‫ נצת‬crop (of bird) Lv 1:16 αλ ‫ נצתה‬β ‫ צות‬,‫נוצה‬ ‫ נצתו‬β ‫ צות‬,‫נצה‬ ‫ נקב‬to score specifically in sense of marking (by name, cutting (hole 2K 12:10, 18:21, Hg 1:6, notch), scarring) referring to scratching names on potsherds (ostraka), writing with use of a chisel to take note of Jb 5:3, to designate Gn 30:28, Nu 1:17, Ezr 8:20, 2C 31:19, in a bad sense meaning to mark out for bad mouthing Lv 24:14, 16 → ‫ מקבת‬apparently a combination tool with a hammer at one side, and a pick at the other, can be used as a chisel Jd 4:21, Is 51:1 ‫ נקבה‬female of a species σ ‫זכר‬ ‫ נקד‬to be spotted Gn 30:32–3 → ‫נקד‬ spotted Gn 30:35, 39, 31:8, 10, 12, ‫נקד‬ sheep-rancher 2K 3:4, Am 1:1 ⇐ spotting sheep to establish ownership, ‫ נקדה‬spot, small ornament So 1:11 ‫ נקד‬spotted Gn 30:35, 39, 31:8, 10, 12 ← ‫נקד‬ ‫ נקד‬sheep-rancher 2K 3:4, Am 1:1 ⇐ spotting sheep to establish ownership ← ‫נקד‬ ‫ נקדה‬spot, small ornament So 1:11 ← ‫נקד‬ ‫ נקדים‬spots (in bread, caused by mold or addition of fruit and nuts to bread) Js 9:5, 12, 1K 14:3 ‫ נקה‬β ‫ קוה‬,‫נקה‬ 202 (lifting up an expression), ‫משׂאת‬ something that is lifted up, e.g. portion of food Gn 43:34, plume of smoke Jd 20:38, 40, pack with basic living things Jr 40:6, burden Jb 31:23, donation, gift Es 2:18, 2C 24:9, etc., ‫ נשׂיא‬a person of honor and authority, not based on heredity nor appointment, but on character, ‫ נשׂיא‬cloud, lifting up of moisture, ‫ שׂאת‬lifting up able to carry, lift up, bear Gn 4:7, 44:1, 49:3, Pr 30:21, swelling (scar tissue) Lv 13, lifting up as in presenting Jr 15:15, 17:27, Jb 27:1, 29:1, lifting up as in favoring, giving special regard for Pr 18:5, ‫ שׂיא‬height, loftiness ?? Jb 20:6 αλ σ ‫סבל‬ ‫ נשׁא‬to beguile, seduce with false promises, this is lifting a person up with sweet talk while not telling the whole truth → ‫משׁא‬ debt Ne 5:7, 10, 10:32, ‫ משׁאון‬beguiling Pr 26:26 αλ, ‫ משׁאות‬beguilingness, with false pretenses Lm 2:14, Pr 22:26, ‫נשׁא‬ being in debt 1S 22:2, ‫ תשׂא‬beguiling, falseness ?? Hs 14:3 (2) αλ σ ‫עשׁק‬ ‫ נשׁא‬being in debt 1S 22:2 ← ‫נשׁא‬ ‫ נשׁב‬to blow (wind) Is 40:7, Ps 147:18 σ ‫רוח‬ ‫ נשׁבה‬β ‫ שׁבה‬,‫נשׁב‬ ‫ נשׁברת‬broken, torn apart as in getting injured Ez 27:24, 20:22, 34:4, 16, Zc 11:16 ← ‫שׁבר‬ ‫ נשׁבת‬β ‫שׁבת‬ ‫ נשׂג‬the action of attaining unto to reach up to, to catch up to (when chasing someone) ‫ נשׁה‬,‫ נשׂה‬to put out of mind Gn 41:51, Dt 32:18, Is 44:21, Jr 15:10, 23:39, Jb 11:6, covers a person, like a towel ?? Is 3:24 αλ, ‫ תקופת‬going around (of year, days) Ex 34:22, 2C 24:23 (of action) Ps 19:7 σ ‫סבב‬ ‫ נקף‬going round and round Is 17:6, 24:13 ← ‫נקף‬ ‫ נקפה‬being encircled by a simple cloth that merely covers a person, like a towel ?? Is 3:24 αλ ← ‫ נקף‬σ ‫בגד‬ ‫ נקר‬β ‫ קרה‬,‫נקר‬ ‫ נקר‬to dig out Nu 16:14, Jd 16:21, Is 51:1, Pr 30:17 → ‫ נקרה‬dug out hole Ex 33:22, Is 2:21 σ ‫חפר‬ ‫ נקרה‬dug out hole Ex 33:22, Is 2:21 ← ‫נקר‬ ‫ נקשׁ‬to ensnare, get caught up Dt 12:30, 1S 28:9, Ps 38:13 (12), 109:11 σ ‫יקשׁ‬ ‫ נקשׁה‬hardened, that which is hard Is 8:21 αλ ← ‫קשׁה‬ ‫ נקתה‬β ‫נקה‬ ‫ נר‬lamp, this refers to a single lamp ← ‫נור‬ σ ‫ מנורה‬candelabrum, light fixture ‫< נר‬name> ‫< נרגל‬name> ‫< נרגל שׂר אצר‬name> ‫ נרגן‬that which is murmured about Pr 16:28, 18:8, 26:20, 22 ← ‫רגן‬ ‫ נרד‬nard, was this in ancient times a fragrant plant grown in gardens cf. So 1:12, 4:13–14 σ ‫מר‬ ‫ נרדם‬lazing, lying still on the ground Jd 4:21, Jn 1:6, Pr 10:5, Dn 10:9 ← ‫רדם‬ ‫< נריה‬name> ‫< נריהו‬name> ‫ נשׂא‬to lift up, often for the purpose of carrying to lift up and carry ‫נשׂא‬ ‫ פנים‬to favor, give special regard for → ‫ משׂא‬lifting up burden, statement 203 39:17, Lm 3:17 → ‫ נשׁיה‬oblivion, put out of mind σ ‫שׁכח‬ ‫ נשׁה‬to credit, give credit to (both as giving a loan and as recognizing the value of what a person says) ?? Jr 15:10 → ‫מנושׁ‬ creditor Is 50:1 αλ, ‫ משׁה‬loan Dt 15:2 αλ, ‫ נשׁה‬debtor ?? Is 24:2 αλ (DSS two readings—Great Isaiah Scroll has ‫נשא‬ while another reading has ‫ נשה‬meaning “one who gives credit” same as Dt 24:11 and ‫ נושה‬as “debtor”), ‫ נשׁי‬debt 2K 4:7 αλ ‫ נשׁה‬ischiatic nerve, (achilles) tendon ?? Gn 32:33 αλ ‫ נשׁה‬debtor ?? Is 24:2 αλ (DSS two readings—Great Isaiah Scroll has ‫נשא‬ while another reading has ‫ נשה‬meaning “one who gives credit” same as Dt 24:11 and ‫ נושה‬as “debtor”) ← ‫נשׁה‬ ‫ נשׂו‬β ‫נשׂה‬ ‫ נשׂוג‬β ‫שׂוג‬ ‫ נשׁוי‬β ‫נשׁה‬ ‫ נשׁי‬debt 2K 4:7 αλ ← ‫נשׁה‬ ‫ נשׂיא‬a person of honor and authority, not based on heredity nor appointment, but on character ← ‫ נשׂא‬σ ‫מלך‬ ‫ נשׂיא‬cloud, lifting up of moisture ← ‫ נשׂא‬σ ‫ענן‬ ‫ נשׁיה‬oblivion, put out of mind ← ‫נשׁה‬ ‫ נשׁיקה‬kiss Pr 27:6, So 1:2 ← ‫נשׁק‬ ‫ נשׂישׂ‬β ‫?? נסס‬ ‫ נשׁך‬to bite, used figuratively of the bite of interest on a loan to demand interest → ‫ נשׁך‬bite, interest ‫ נשׁך‬bite, interest ← ‫נשׁך‬ ‫ נשׁכה‬β ‫( לשׁכה‬alternate spelling) ‫ נשׁל‬to leave Rt 2:16, 2C 29:11 (ax head from the wooden shaft) Dt 19:5 used in the context of people leaving their homes Dt 7:1, 22, 2K 16:6 σ ‫שׁלך‬ ‫ נשׁם‬to pant, breathe → ‫ נשׁמה‬breath sign of life, soul σ ‫רוח‬ ‫ נשׁמה‬β ‫ שׁמם‬,‫נשׁמה‬ ‫ נשׁמה‬breath sign of life, soul ‫ נשׁף‬to blow (upon) Ex 15:10, Is 40:24 to dawn Ps 139:11 (⇐ come to a time of dawn or dusk, when the strong winds of the day or night tend to blow more softly) → ‫ ינשׁוף‬heron ?? Lv 11:17, Dt 14:16, Is 34:11, ‫ נשׁף‬dusk, usually evening 2K 7:5, Is 21:4, 7, Jr 13:16, Ps 119:147, Pr 7:9, Jb 3:9, 24:15, but also early morning 1S 30:17, Is 5:11, 59:10, Jb 7:4 σ ‫רוח‬ ‫ נשׁף‬dusk, usually evening 2K 7:5, Is 21:4, 7, Jr 13:16, Ps 119:147, Pr 7:9, Jb 3:9, 24:15, but also early morning 1S 30:17, Is 5:11, 59:10, Jb 7:4 ← ‫נשׁף‬ ‫ נשׁפה‬β ‫שׁפה‬ ‫ נשׂק‬to bank (a fire, so that it burns as desired) Is 44:15, Ez 39:9, Ps 78:21 ‫ נשׁק‬to touch softly as in caressing, kissing Ez 3:13, Jb 31:27 to kiss Gn 27:26–7, 2S 20:9 (There is a connection between this word, banking a fire and arming oneself in that a fire needs to be treated gently in order to burn best, and those who arm themselves “caress” their weapons, making sure they are ready for battle) → ‫ נשׁיקה‬kiss Pr 27:6, So 1:2, ‫נשק‬ luxury goods ?? (⇐ something soft and caressing) 1K 10:25, Is 22:8, 2C 9:24 204 ‫( נשׁק‬an unused root listed in dictionaries) → ‫ נשק‬weapon, armor 1K 10:2, Ez 39:9– 10, Jb 20:24 place of armor, battle ?? Ps 140:8 (7), Jb 39:21, ‫ נשק‬one who arms himself (caresses his weapons) Ps 78:9, 1C 12:2, 2C 17:17 ‫ נשׁק‬weapon, armor 1K 10:2, Ez 39:9–10, Jb 20:24 place of armor, battle ?? Ps 140:8 (7), Jb 39:21 ← ‫ נשׁק‬σ ‫תלפיות‬ armory, where armor is stored So 4:4 αλ ‫ נשק‬luxury goods ?? (⇐ something soft and caressing) 1K 10:25, Is 22:8, 2C 9:24 ← ‫נשׁק‬ ‫ נשק‬one who arms himself (caresses his weapons) Ps 78:9, 1C 12:2, 2C 17:17 ← ‫נשׁק‬ ‫ נשׁקה‬β ‫ שׁקה‬,‫ שׁוק‬,‫נשׁק‬ ‫( נשׁקף‬place that’s) overlooking (another place) Nu 21:20, 23:28, 1S 13:18 ← ‫שׁקף‬ ‫ נשׁר‬eagle, a carrion eating bird σ ‫עוף‬ ‫ נשׁת‬to dry up, desiccate, used of waters from the sea Is 19:5, of strength (opposite of moisten to increase strength) Jr 51:30 σ ‫יבשׁ‬ ‫ נשׁתון‬letter, correspondence (Aramaic loan word) Ezr 7:11 σ ‫אגרת‬ ‫ נתח‬to cut in pieces → ‫ נתח‬piece ‫ נתח‬piece ← ‫נתח‬ ‫ נתיבה‬,‫ נתיב‬way, direction one should go, (by)way σ ‫דרך‬ ‫( נתין‬an office connected with the priesthood) one who receives the offerings ?? ← ‫נתן‬ ‫ נתך‬to pour down, e.g. as metal is poured down into a mold for casting Ex 9:33, Jr 42:18, 2C 34:21 → ‫ התוך‬melting Ez 22:22 αλ σ ‫שׁפך‬ ‫ נתכת‬β ‫נתך‬ ‫ נתן‬to furnish, this verb is used in many contexts such as where English would use terms like “place” or “provide” to give, when used as a helping verb followed by another verb, it means to allow (give the ability, opportunity or permission) to the action of the following verb, ‫ נתן את קבר‬an idiomatic phrase meaning “to kill”, similar the the English phrase when person A lays person B in the grave → ‫אתנה‬ spontaneous gift, ?? as from a close friend Hs 2:14 (12), as a freewill offering Ps 51:18, ‫“ אתנן‬lover’s” gift, in return for sexual favors Dt 23:19, Is 23:17–8, Ez 16:31, 34, 41, Hs 9:1, Mc 1:7, ‫ מתן‬giving, act of giving Gn 34:12, Nu 18:11, Pr 18:16, 19:6, 21:14, ‫ מתנה‬gift given out of generosity Nu 18:6–7, Ez 46:16–7 generous (giving) Ko 7:7, ‫ מתנת‬gifts given with strings attached ?? Gn 25:6 that they renounce all claims to inherit along with Isaac, Ez 20:31, Pr 15:27 short of a bribe, ‫ מתת‬what is furnished 1K 13:7, Ez 46:5, 11, Pr 25:14, Ko 3:13, 5:18, ‫( נתין‬an office connected with the priesthood) one who receives the offerings ?? σ ‫ זבד‬to endow Gn 30:20 αλ, ‫ יהב‬to hand over, deliver (an object or a service), ‫ כול‬to hold in, hold back 1S 25:33, hold aside: this is used in the sense of holding in, containing 1K 8:27, Is 40:12 containing and not letting out Jr 20:9, also used for holding in, not letting out for other uses, i.e. setting aside as in making sure certain 205 ‫ נתק‬bald spot that can be a temporary reaction to skin problems, or permanent due to leprosy Lv 13:30–7 ← ‫ נתק‬σ ‫קרחת‬ ‫ נתר‬β ‫ נתר‬,‫יתר‬ ‫ נתר‬to (re)move as in moving about Lv 11:21, Hb 3:6, Jb 37:1, as in being set free Is 58:6, Ps 79:11, 146:7 σ ‫חפשׁ‬ ‫ נתר‬natron, an alkali salt, sodium carbonate (baking soda), used in cleaning Jr 2:22, contrast to acidic vinegar Pr 25:20 ‫ נתשׁ‬to expel Dt 29:27, Jr 12:14–15, Am 9:15 σ ‫ זור‬to press out, expel to estrange, ‫ נדה‬to eject, expel ‫ ס‬fifteenth letter, has no meaning in Hebrew on its own, where letters are used as numbers, it refers to the number 60. ‫ סאה‬measure of grain Gn 18:6, 1S 25:18, 1K 18:32, 2K 7:1, 16, 18 σ ‫מדה‬, ‫ סאון‬brutality ?? Is 9:4 (5) αλ ← ‫סאן‬ ‫ סאן‬to be brutalized (Pual verb) ?? Is 9:4 (5) αλ → ‫ סאון‬brutality ?? Is 9:4 (5) αλ ‫ סאסא‬to measure ?? Is 27:8 αλ → ‫סאה‬ measure of grain Gn 18:6, 1S 25:18, 1K 18:32, 2K 7:1, 16, 18 σ ‫מדד‬ ‫ סב‬turning about, as in wielding a tool Ps 74:5 ← ‫סבב‬ ‫ סבא‬to get drunk Is 56:12 αλ → ‫סבא‬ drunkard Dt 21:20, Pr 23:20–1, strong drink to get drunk on Is 1:22, Hs 4:18, getting drunk Nh 1:10 σ ‫שׁכר‬ ‫ סבא‬drunkard Dt 21:20, Pr 23:20–1, strong drink to get drunk on Is 1:22, Hs 4:18, getting drunk Nh 1:10 σ ‫שׁכר‬ ‫< סבא‬name> obligations are met first, e.g. providing for family Gn 45:11, 47:12, 50:21, providing for the king’s use 1K 4:7, 27 sometimes used merely in the derivative sense of providing 1K 17:4 (‫ כלכל‬refers to continuous or repeated action), ‫כרה‬ to furnish as in to provide Gn 50:5, Pr 16:27, 26:27, ‫ מגן‬to deliver Gn 14:20, Hs 11:8, Pr 4:9, ‫ צוד‬to track down in order to acquire to hunt: to get possession of in order to keep for food, not for sport Gn 27:3, 5, Lv 17:13, Ez 13:18; in warfare as warriors track down people to capture or kill Mc 7:2, Pr 6:26, Lm 3:52, ‫ שׁבר‬,‫ שׂבר‬to look to, in the sense of looking over, inspecting, looking to as in making sure something gets done, provided for Jb 38:10 to look after in the sense of taking care of, providing for Gn 41:56–7 to look to in the sense of expectation, waiting for Rt 1:13, Is 38:18, Es 9:1 ‫< נתן‬name> ‫< נתן מלך‬name> ‫< נתנאל‬name> ‫< נתניה‬name> ‫< נתניהו‬name> ‫ נתס‬to turn aside ?? Jb 30:13 αλ σ ,‫הלך‬ ‫סור‬ ‫ נתע‬to pull out ?? Ps 107:17, Jb 4:10 ‫ נתץ‬to pull down (altar, idol, house) as an act of destruction σ ‫שׁחת‬ ‫ נתק‬to pull out → ‫ נתק‬bald spot that can be a temporary reaction to skin problems, or permanent due to leprosy Lv 13:30–7 σ ‫נסע‬ 206 ‫< סבאים‬name> ‫ סבב‬to turn around, to go around, to surround (the action is to go around until one is facing the opposite direction and sometimes then again until one is back to the starting position) ‫סבב‬ ‫ אחר‬to turn back → ‫ מוסב‬circuit, perimeter ?? Ez 41:7 αλ, ‫מסב‬ surrounding 1K 8:29, 2K 23:5, one who turns back Jr 21:4, ‫ סב‬turning about, as in wielding a tool Ps 74:5, ‫ סביב‬round about, surrounding σ ‫ אפף‬to beset, hem in, ‫ כתר‬to encircle, ‫ נקף‬to go around Is 29:1, encircle 2K 6:14, 11:8, Is 10:34, Jb 19:26, ‫ סבה‬to go around as in circles, ‫ עטר‬to surround, go around 1S 23:26 to crown (surround with a crown) So 3:11 σ ‫הלך‬ ‫ סבה‬to go around as in circles → ‫סבה‬ turning away 1K 12:15 αλ σ ‫סבב‬ ‫ סבה‬turning away 1K 12:15 αλ ← ‫סבה‬ ‫ סביב‬round about, surrounding ← ‫סבב‬ ‫ סבך‬to grow into a thicket Jb 8:17 → ‫סבך‬ thicket Gn 22:13, Is 9:17 (18), 10:34, Jr 4:7, Nh 1:10 ‫ סבך‬thicket Gn 22:13, Is 9:17 (18), 10:34, Jr 4:7, Nh 1:10 ← ‫סבך‬ ‫< סבכי‬name> ‫ סבל‬to carry Is 46:4, 7, 53:4, 11, Lm 5:7, Ko 12:5 → ‫ סבל‬porter, ‫ סבלה‬,‫ סבל‬load σ ‫ גבה‬to be(come) high, in the sense of being higher than others or what should be to be proud, ‫ גוז‬to carry off Nu 11:31, Nh 1:12, Ps 90:10, ‫ טען‬to load up Gn 45:17 αλ, ‫ טרח‬to bear a burden, ‫מוט‬ to carry (to, away) to be moved Is 40:20, Pr 12:3, 1C 16:30, ‫ נשׂא‬to lift up, often for the purpose of carrying to lift up and carry ‫ נשׂא פנים‬to favor, give special regard for, ‫ עמס‬to burden Gn 44:13, Ps 68:20, ‫ רום‬to rise to lift up (motion upwards) (used in many contexts, some literal, some allegorical, where the lifting up refers to picking up to carry, for the purpose to remove hence sometimes the purpose fulfilled, to exalt, to rear (children), to give burnt offerings, etc.), ‫ שׂגב‬to exult, lift up high, to elevate, ‫ תלל‬to lift up ?? Ez 17:22 αλ ‫ סבל‬porter ← ‫סבל‬ ‫ סבלה‬,‫ סבל‬load ← ‫סבל‬ ‫ סבלת‬β ‫שׁבלת‬ ‫< סבני‬name> ‫< סברים‬name> ‫< סבתא‬name> ‫< סבתה‬name> ‫< סבתכא‬name> ‫ סגד‬to make obeisance (a gesture of reverence) Is 44:15, 17, 19, 46:6 ← ‫שׁחה‬ ‫ סגור‬that which is shut up, (in the phrase ‫ זהב סגור‬does this mean pure gold or gold that is mechanically attached as of gold leaf or plating that shuts up what is underneath? 1K 6:20–1, 7:49–50, 10:21, 2C 4:20, 22, 9:20 ‫ סגור‬gold leaf ?? Jb 28:15) ‫ סגים‬β ‫סיג‬ ‫ סגלה‬select (goods) i.e. specified, earmarked Ex 19:5, Ko 2:8, 1C 29:3 ‫ סגן‬officer who goes into the field Is 41:25, Jr 51:23, Ez 23:6, Ezr 9:2, Ne 12:40, 13:11 σ ‫מלך‬ ‫ סגר‬to shut in to lock in (lock in battle Ps 35:3) → ‫ מסגר‬locksmith artisan 2K 207 ‫ סדר‬order, plans acted in order ← ‫סדר‬ ‫ סהר‬pit, mine (for extracting ore), often where prisoners were sent to do heavy labor, also called a ‫בור‬ ‫< סוא‬name> ‫ סוג‬to remove by moving back Is 59:13, Zp 1:6, Pr 14:14 → ‫ סיג‬dross, slag Is 1:22, 25, Pr 25:4, 26:23 σ ‫ סור‬,‫הלך‬ ‫ סוגר‬cage, cell Ez 19:9 αλ ← ‫סגר‬ ‫ סוד‬consultation, often intimate or private Am 3:7, Pr 15:22, 20:19 group for consultation Jr 6:11, 15:17, Ps 111:1 σ ‫דע‬ ‫< סודי‬name> ‫< סוח‬name> ‫ סוחה‬sweepings, trash Is 5:25, Ps 80:17 ← ‫סחה‬ ‫< סוטי‬name> ‫ סוך‬to rub on → ‫ סוך‬anointing Dn 10:3 ⇐ that which is rubbed on σ ‫משׁח‬ ‫ סוך‬anointing Dn 10:3 ⇐ that which is rubbed on ← ‫סוך‬ ‫ סומך‬act of supporting Ps 37:17, 24, 145:14 ← ‫סמך‬ D‫< סונ‬name> ‫ סוס‬cooing, the sound the bird makes ?? Is 38:14 this is a participle of a verb LXX χελιδων ‫ סוס‬horse σ ‫ רמכים‬post horses (Aramaic loan word) Es 8:10 αλ ‫ סוס‬a type of bird, swift ?? Jr 8:7 αλ ‫ סוסה‬mare ‫< סוסי‬name> ‫ סוף‬to end Nu 11:25, Am 3:15, Es 9:28 → ‫ סוף‬end as an action, life coming to an end Ko 3:11, 7:2, 12:13 ‫ סף‬end, as a 24:14, 16, Jr 24:1, 29:2, lockup (prison) Is 24:22, 42:7, Ps 142:7. In ancient times the locksmith was the most accomplished of artisans, dealing with the most complex and intricate mechanisms commonly in use. Hence their prominent mention among those taken into captivity Jr 24:1, ,‫מסגרות‬ ‫ מסגרת‬barrier, to hold people or things inside; a lockup (prison) Mi 7:17, on a table a raised border to prevent things on top of it from falling off, often found on ships Ex 25:25, 27, or as decoration on an architectural column 1K 7:28–9, 35–6, ‫ סגור‬that which is shut up, (in the phrase ‫ זהב סגור‬does this mean pure gold or gold that is mechanically attached as of gold leaf or plating that shuts up what is underneath? 1K 6:20–1, 7:49–50, 10:21, 2C 4:20, 22, 9:20 ‫סגור‬ gold leaf ?? Jb 28:15), ‫ סוגר‬cage, cell Ez 19:9 αλ σ ‫ גוף‬to lock up Ps 89:23, Ne 7:3, ‫ כלא‬to detain, hold back, prevent action, ‫ סכר‬to shut (up) in the sense of fencing in on people or objects hindering their actions Gn 8:2, Is 19:4, Ps 63:12 (11), Ezr 4:5, ‫ צור‬to shut in, ‫ שׂתם‬,‫שׁתם‬ to shut up ?? Nu 24:3, 15, Lm 3:8 ‫ סגריר‬steady rain, drizzle σ ‫גשׁם‬ ‫ סד‬stocks (to lock up feet) Jb 13:27, 33:11 ‫ סדין‬under garment (σινδων) Jd 14:12–3, Is 4:23, Pr 31:24 σ ‫ בגד‬,‫כתנת‬ ‫ סדם‬β ‫ סוד‬,‫סדם‬ ‫ סדם‬name of town ‫ סדר → סדר‬order, plans acted in order, ‫ מסדרון‬forecourt, where people are set in order to see the king Jd 3:23 αλ 208 heads of grain) to circumcise, ‫ נתס‬to turn aside ?? Jb 30:13 αλ, ‫ סוג‬to remove by moving back Is 59:13, Zp 1:6, Pr 14:14, ‫ פשׁח‬to lead astray ?? Lm 3:11 αλ, ‫ צעה‬to wander around Is 51:14, 63:1, Jr 2:20, 48:12, Ps 139:8, ‫ קצץ‬to remove by cutting off to remove (objects) Ex 39:3, Jd 1:6–7, 2C 28:24, ‫ שׂטה‬to turn away (from, towards) Nu 5:12, 19–20, 29, Pr 4:15, 7:25, ‫ שׂרך‬to run to and fro Jr 2:23 αλ , ‫ תעה‬to wander, go astray σ ‫ סבב‬,‫הלך‬ ‫ סור‬removing ← ‫סור‬ ‫< סור‬name> ‫ סורר‬β ‫ סרר‬,‫ סורר‬,‫סור‬ ‫ סורר‬sullen, not listening Is 65:2, Ne 9:29 sometimes used together with defiant Dt 21:18, 20, Jr 5:23 ← ‫סרר‬ ‫ סות‬garment Gn 49:11 αλ σ ‫בגד‬ ‫ סחב‬to drag about → ‫ סחבות‬rags that have been dragged about ‫ סחה‬to sweep away Ez 26:4, Ps 52:7, Pr 2:22 → ‫ סוחה‬sweepings, trash Is 5:25, Ps 80:17, ‫ סחי‬sweepings Lm 3:45 αλ ‫ סחי‬sweepings Lm 3:45 αλ ← ‫סחה‬ ‫ סחישׁ‬self sown grain ?? 2K 19:29 αλ ‫ סחף‬to knock down, as rain knocks grain down from a stalk Jr 46:15, Pr 28:3 ‫ סחר‬to peddle in, i.e. small scale bartering directly to the retail customer, often traveling about Gn 34:10, 21, 42:34, Jr 14:18 to be constantly on the move, as a peddler Ps 38:11 (10) → ‫ סחר‬peddler Gn 37:28, Is 23:2–3, 8 2C 1:16, 9:14 gain from peddling 1K 10:15, Is 23:18, 45:14, Ps 91:4, Pr 3:14, 31:18, ‫ סחרה‬gain ?? Ps 91:4 αλ, ‫ סחרת‬trading partner Ez place where the end is found Jl 2:20, Ps 73:19 σ ‫קצה‬ ‫ סוף‬water plants reed, seaweed Ex 2:3, 5, Js 19:6, Jn 2:6, 2C 20:16 σ ‫גמא‬ ‫ סוף‬end as an action, life coming to an end Ko 3:11, 7:2, 12:13 ← ‫סוף‬ ‫< סוף‬name> ‫ סופה‬whirlwind σ ‫ חזיז‬thunderstorm Zc 10:1, Jb 28:26, 38:25, ‫ סער‬storm wind Jn 1:11–2 used metaphorically of the action of God’s anger Jr 23:19, 25:32, Ps 83:16, ‫ שׁאה‬storming Is 47:11, Ez 38:9, Zp 1:15, Jb 30:14, 38:27, ‫ שׁאוה‬storm Pr 1:27 αλ, ‫ תשׁאות‬storms, both weather Jb 36:29, 39:7 and people’s actions Is 22:2, Zc 4:7 ‫< סופה‬name> ‫ סופר‬recorder, official in charge of keeping written accounts 2S 8:17, Is 37:2, Ps 45:2, Ne 13:13, 2C 34:18, 20 ← ‫ספר‬ ‫ סור‬to leave hiphil to cause to leave i.e. to remove, to turn aside → ‫סור‬ removing σ ‫ בער‬to remove, used in removing that which is displeasing Dt 13:6, 17:7, 12, Jd 29:13 and idols 2C 19:3, removing bad actors 2S 4:11, 1K 22:47, 2k 23:24, removing items to be given to those who need it Dt 26:13–4, ‫ גלה‬to remove (a covering) to reveal by removing (a covering), to remove, exile, ‫ כהה‬to fade Lv 13:6, 21, 26, 28, 56 in the sense of growing weak, leaving off Is 42:3–4, Zc 11:17, *‫ כהה ב‬to make someone leave off, i.e. remove them from where they are 1S 3:13, ‫ מגג‬to make go out ?? Nh 1:5, Ps 65:11 (10), Jb 30:22, ‫ מול‬to clip off, pluck off (e.g. grass, 209 27:12, 15–6, 18 σ ‫ רכל‬to trade, large scale often involving bulk commodities and often wholesale. ‫ סחר‬peddler Gn 37:28, Is 23:2–3, 8 2C 1:16, 9:14 gain from peddling 1K 10:15, Is 23:18, 45:14, Ps 91:4, Pr 3:14, 31:18 ← ‫סחר‬ ‫ סחרה‬gain ?? Ps 91:4 αλ ← ‫סחר‬ ‫ סחרחר‬β ‫סחר‬ ‫ סחרת‬β ‫ סחרת‬,‫סחר‬ ‫ סחרת‬trading partner Ez 27:12, 15–6, 18 ← ‫סחר‬ ‫ סחרת‬an unknown type of (semi-)precious stone Es 1:6 αλ ‫( סטים‬misspelling for ‫ שׂטים‬meaning those who turn away from God?) ?? Ps 101:3 αλ LXX παραβασεις ‫ סיג‬dross, slag Is 1:22, 25, Pr 25:4, 26:23 ← ‫ סוג‬σ ‫בדיל‬ ‫< סיון‬name> ‫< סיחן‬name> ‫< סין‬name> ‫< סיני‬name> ‫ סינים‬name of a place ‫( סיס‬variation in one DSS for ‫ סוס‬Is 38:14 αλ) ‫< סיסרא‬name> ‫< סיעא‬name> ‫< סיעהא‬name> ‫( סיר‬pl ‫ )סירות‬cauldron (always made of metal?) σ ‫פרור‬ ‫( סיר‬pl ‫ )סירים‬bramble, a thorny plant that grows in the forest whose seed pods have hooked shaped thorns that catch in animal fur Is 34:13, Hs 2:8, Nh 1:10, which can burn hotly in a fire to cook Ko 7:6 fisherman’s hook Am 4:2 σ ‫שׁמיר‬ ‫ סית‬to tempt, instigate, rouse into action, its uses range from God allowing a temptation to occur, which is supposed to be resisted (e.g. Dt 13:7, see context) to a morally neutral enticement or goad to do something (e.g. Js 15:18, Jd 1:14) and areas in between (e.g. 1K 21:25). It is found only in Hiphil and Hophal → ‫ מסית‬one who tempts, goads into action Jr 43:3, 2C 32:11 ‫ סך‬place that is overspread, as under a large tree Jr 25:38, Ps 10:9, 27:5, 42:5, 76:3 ← ‫סכך‬ ‫ סכה‬a place that is overspread e.g. with storm clouds 2S 22:12, Ps 18:12, Jb 36:29, hiding place Jb 38:40 awning, lean-to (temporary dwelling) 2S 11:11. 1K 20: 12, 16 the festival of Succoth Lv 23:32, 43–4, Ne 8:14, 17 ← ‫ סכך‬σ ‫אהל‬ ‫< בכות‬name> ‫< סכות בנות‬name> ‫< סכיים‬name> ‫ סכך‬to overspread Ex 25:20, 1K 8:7, 1C 28:18 to cover Ex 40:3, 21, (‫מסיך הוא‬ ‫ את רגליו‬some consider this an ancient euphemism for defecation Jd 3:24, 1S 24:4) the sense of forming through covering Ps 139:3, Pr 8:23, Jb 10:11 → ‫ מיסך‬covering ?? 2K 16:18 αλ, ‫מסוכה‬ covering Mc 7:4 αλ, ‫ מסך‬covering to keep something from being seen 2S 17:19, Is 22:8 screen Ex 26:36–7, Nu 3:25–6, ‫ מסכה‬covering Ez 28:13 blanket Is 28:20, ‫ סך‬place that is overspread, as under a large tree Jr 210 25:38, Ps 10:9, 27:5, 42:5, 76:3, ‫ סכה‬a place that is overspread e.g. with storm clouds 2S 22:12, Ps 18:12, Jb 36:29, hiding place Jb 38:40 awning, lean-to (temporary dwelling) 2S 11:11. 1K 20: 12, 16 the festival of Succoth Lv 23:32, 43–4, Ne 8:14, 17, ‫ סכך‬defensive works that overspread the wall ?? Nh 2:6 σ ‫ עוב‬to overshadow, overcast ‫ סכך‬defensive works that overspread the wall ?? Nh 2:6 ← ‫סכך‬ ‫< סככה‬name> ‫ סכל‬to be foolish, act foolishly (general term) → ‫ סכל‬fool(ish), ‫סכלות‬ foolishness Ko 2:3, 12–3, 10:13 σ ‫ כסל‬to be foolish as in twisted as intestines, ‫ליץ‬ to be outspoken to be a spokesperson, to be a fool (a wagging tongue is often the sign of a fool, babbler, gossip, but the wise knows when to still his voice), (nouns found under ‫)אויל‬ ‫ סכל‬fool(ish) ← ‫סכל‬ ‫ סכלות‬foolishness Ko 2:3, 12–3, 10:13 ← ‫סכל‬ ‫ סכן‬to be productive, useful, often utilizing labor in the production → ‫מסכן‬ productive Is 40:20, Ko 4:13, 9:15–6, ‫ מסכנות‬production (cities) i.e. cities where production is concentrated Ex 1:11, 2C 8:4, 6, 32:28, ‫ מסכנת‬production, which has labor in its production Dt 8:9 αλ, ‫ סכן‬a type of slave, used in production Is 22:15 αλ, ‫ סכנת‬usefulness 1K 1:2, 4 σ ‫ יעל‬to benefit, be of use ‫ סכן‬a type of slave, used in production Is 22:15 αλ ← ‫סכן‬ ‫ סכנת‬usefulness 1K 1:2, 4 ← ‫סכן‬ ‫ סכסך‬to stir up, incite ?? Is 9:10, 19:2 ‫ סכר‬to shut (up) in the sense of fencing in on people or objects hindering their actions Gn 8:2, Is 19:4, Ps 63:12 (11), Ezr 4:5 σ ‫סגר‬ ‫ סכת‬not to speak Dt 27:9 αλ σ ‫שׁקט‬ ‫< סכת‬name> ‫( סל‬stackable, storage) basket σ ‫ דוד‬a heavy duty basket, made of wood or wicker, can carry heavy loads and can also be lowered into boiling water holding things to be boiled 2K 10:7, Ps 81:7 (6), 2C 35:13, ‫ טנא‬woven grass bag, cheaply and quickly made for carrying things Dt 26:2, 4, 28:5, 17 ‫ סלא‬to deck out as in adorn Lm 4:2 αλ σ ‫פאר‬ ‫< סלא‬name> ‫ סלד‬to jump ?? Jb 6:10 αλ ‫< סלד‬name> ‫ סלה‬β ‫ סלל‬,‫סלה‬ ‫ סלה‬to despise ?? Ps 57:4 (3), 119:118 → ‫ סלון‬is this some sort of poisonous thorn plant that cause infections, or some sort of bug that has an infectious bite ?? used in parallel with ‫ עקרב‬and ‫ קוץ‬Ez 2:6, 28:24 σ ‫שׂנא‬ ‫ סלה‬a musical term, unknown today ‫< סלו‬name> ‫< סלוא‬name> ‫ סלון‬is this some sort of poisonous thorn plant that cause infections, or some sort of bug that has an infectious bite ?? used in parallel with ‫ עקרב‬and ‫ קוץ‬Ez 2:6, 28:24 ← ‫ סלה‬σ ‫שׁמיר‬ 211 ‫ סלח‬to forgive, used only of God forgiving people → ‫ סליחה‬forgiveness Ps 130:4 αλ, ‫ סליחות‬forgiving Ne 9:17 αλ ‫< סלי‬name> ‫ סליחה‬forgiveness Ps 130:4 αλ ← ‫סלח‬ ‫ סליחות‬forgiving Ne 9:17 αλ ← ‫סלח‬ ‫< סלכה‬name> ‫ סלל‬to raise above Ex 9:17, Pr 15:19 raising up scales to find the weight Jb 28:16, 19 → ‫ מסלה‬highway, an embanked road suitable for wheeled traffic Nu 20:19, 2S 20:12–13, Is 40:3, 1C 26:16, 18, ‫ מסלול‬one making an embankment (for a road) Is 35:8 αλ, ‫סל‬ (stackable, storage) basket, ‫ סללה‬ramp, in ancient times a ramp was raised up over the moat and glacis to attack a wall directly, also often used of a place of refuge raised above and inaccessible, ‫ סלם‬ladder Gn 28:12 αλ, ‫ סלסלות‬trellis Jr 6:9 αλ ‫ סללה‬ramp, in ancient times a ramp was raised up over the moat and glacis to attack a wall directly, also often used of a place of refuge raised above and inaccessible ← ‫ סלל‬σ ‫הר‬ ‫ סלם‬ladder Gn 28:12 αλ ← ‫סלל‬ ‫ סלסלות‬trellis Jr 6:9 αλ ← ‫סלל‬ ‫ סלע‬cliff, often used as an inaccessible place, of refuge σ ‫הר‬ ‫< סלע‬name> ‫ סלעם‬type of grasshopper, locust σ ‫ארבה‬ ‫ סלף‬to distort as in twisting one’s words Ex 23:8, Dt 16:19, Pr 19:3 → ‫סלף‬ distortion of one’s words falsehood Pr 11:3 σ ‫שׁקר‬ ‫ סלף‬distortion of one’s words falsehood Pr 11:3 ← ‫סלף‬ ‫ סלת‬dough Lv 24:5, apparently not yet mixed with riser to make bread Ex 29:2, 40 ‫ סם‬perfume ‫< סמגר נבו‬name> ‫ סמדר‬in blossom (vines blossom in spring for fruit in late summer to fall) So 2:13, 15 σ ‫ציץ‬ ‫ סמוך‬supported Is 26:3, Ps 112:8 ← ‫סמך‬ ‫ סמך‬to support Ps 3:5, 71:6 to give as a support, sustenance Gn 27:37, So 2:5 to lean on for support 2K 18:21, Am 5:19, 2C 32:8 or to attack Jd 16:29, Ez 24:2 to lay one’s hands upon as if for support Ex 29:10, 15, Dt 34:9 → ‫סומך‬ act of supporting Ps 37:17, 24, 145:14, ‫ סמוך‬supported Is 26:3, Ps 112:8, ‫סמך‬ one who supports Ez 30:6 σ ‫ נהל‬to sustain Ps 31:4 (3), as in feeding, giving support Gn 47:17, 2C 32:22, next to flowing waters Is 49:10, Ps 23:2, as in carrying Is 40:11, 2C 28:15, as part of traveling from one place to another Gn 33:14, Ex 15:13, ‫ סעד‬to sustain take sustenance for a journey, ‫ שׁען‬to lean on as in relaxing Jd 16:26, Jb 8:15 to prop up 2S 1:6, Pr 3:5 ‫ סמך‬one who supports Ez 30:6 ← ‫סמך‬ ‫< סמכיהו‬name> ‫ סמל‬idol, referring to an object that is worshipped Dt 4:16, Ez 8:3, 5, 2C 33:7, 15 σ ‫אלוה‬ ‫ סמן‬to put in its place ?? (an agricultural term used as part of planting barley) Is 28:25 αλ 212 ‫ סמר‬get goose bumps, hair stand on end (from fear) Ps 119:120, Jb 4:15 → ‫מסמר‬ nail Is 41:7, 1C 22:3, ‫מסמרות‬ fastenings ?? Jr 10:4, 2C 3:9 ‫ סמר‬mane (of horse) ορθοθριξ Jr 51:27 αλ ‫< סנאה‬name> ‫< סנבלט‬name> ‫ סנה‬a desert bush, apparently of an annual type that would grow in a desert with seasonal rains that allow for quick growth with the rest of the year dry. That one should be burning would already attract attention because such bushes burn with a hot, flaring flame that would quickly spread into a range fire if there are enough dried bushes and grasses to keep the flames going. Otherwise the bush burns up in less than a minute, leaving a few light ashes. Ex 3:2–4, Dt 33:16 ‫< סנה‬name> ‫< סנואה‬name> ‫( סנורים‬spiritual) blindness so they can not recognize Gn 19:11, 2K 6:18 σ ‫עור‬ ‫< סנחריב‬name> ‫ סנסן‬fruit stalk of figs ?? So 7:9 (8) αλ ‫< סנסנה‬toponym> ‫ סנפיר‬fin Lv 11:9–10, 12, Dt 14:9–10 ‫ סס‬moth Is 51:8 αλ σ ‫עשׁ‬ ‫< ססמי‬name> ‫ סעד‬to sustain take sustenance for a journey → ‫ מסעד‬tray, an architectural feature, prop ?? 1K 10:12 αλ σ ‫סמך‬ ‫ סעה‬to rush (of wind) Ps 55:9 (8) αλ (is this a scribal error for ‫ )?נסע‬σ ‫חושׁ‬ ‫ סעפת‬,‫ סעיף‬branch (of a rock Ju 15:8, 11, of a tree Ez 31:6, 8) σ ‫דלית‬ ‫ סעף‬to de-branch → ‫ סעפת‬,‫ סעיף‬branch (of a rock Ju 15:8, 11, of a tree Ez 31:6, 8). ‫ סעף‬branch of doctrine, teaching heresy, division 1K 18:21, Ps 119:113 ‫ סעף‬branch of doctrine, teaching heresy, division 1K 18:21, Ps 119:113 ← ‫סעף‬ ‫ סער‬to blow a wind, to be windy, sometimes a strong wind Jn 1:11, 13 to blow away Hs 13:3, Zc 7:14 be blown away referring to complete mental bafflement 2K 6:11 → ‫ סער‬storm wind Jn 1:11–2 used metaphorically of the action of God’s anger Jr 23:19, 25:32, Ps 83:16, ‫ סערה‬windiness, storminess, generalized wind or storm 2K 2:1, 11, Ez 1:4, 13:11 σ ‫רוח‬ ‫ סער‬storm wind Jn 1:11–2 used metaphorically of the action of God’s anger Jr 23:19, 25:32, Ps 83:16 ← ‫סער‬ ‫ סערה‬windiness, storminess, generalized wind or storm 2K 2:1, 11, Ez 1:4, 13:11 ← ‫ סער‬σ ‫סופה‬ ‫ סף‬β ‫ ספה‬,‫ סף‬,‫סוף‬ ‫ סף‬basin Ex 12:22, 2S 17:28, 1K 7:50, 2K 12:14, Jr 52:19, Zc 12:2 ‫ סף‬threshold, door-frame (this is more than just a threshold), apparently referring also to a depressed area that channels water away from entering a house with a dirt floor ← ‫ספף‬ ‫ סף‬end, as a place where the end is found Jl 2:20, Ps 73:19 ← ‫סוף‬ ‫< סף‬name> ‫ ספד‬to mourn publically, make a public show of mourning → ‫ מספד‬public 213 mourning Gn 50:10, Is 22:12, Jl 2:12, Ps 30:11, Es 4:3 σ ‫כעס‬ ‫ ספה‬to deliver up, hand over (sometimes for the purpose of to add (to), dissimilar objects) σ ‫אסף‬ ‫ ספון‬β ‫ ספן‬,‫ספה‬ ‫ ספח‬to hang on, become a hanger on to join to 1S 2:36, Is 14:1, Jb 30:7 → ‫מספח‬ that which is joined to ?? Hb 2:15 αλ, ‫ מספחת‬,‫ מספחות‬rash, causing scabs ?? Lv 13:6–8. Ez 13:18, 21, ‫ ספחת‬scab Lv 13:2, 14:56, ‫ ספיח‬grain clinging in the ear ?? (many grains fall out of their ears when ripe) Lv 25:5, 11, 2K 19:29, Is 37:30, Jb 14:19 ‫ ספחת‬scab Lv 13:2, 14:56 ← ‫ספח‬ ‫< ספי‬name> ‫ ספיח‬grain clinging in the ear ?? (many grains fall out of their ears when ripe) Lv 25:5, 11, 2K 19:29, Is 37:30, Jb 14:19 ← ‫ספח‬ ‫ ספינה‬decked over place (of a ship ⇐ planked over area―ancient ships often were open boats, often without a deck, or only part of the ship having a deck) Jn 1:5 αλ ← ‫ספן‬ ‫ ספיר‬sapphire Ex 24:10, 28:18, 39:11, Ez 1:26, 28:13, So 5:14 ‫ ספל‬drinking bowl Jd 5:25, 6:38 ‫ ספן‬to plank, cover with a layer of planks of wood 1K 6:9, 7:3 → ‫ ספינה‬decked over place (of a ship ⇐ planked over area―ancient ships often were open boats, often without a deck, or only part of the ship having a deck) Jn 1:5 αλ ‫ ספף‬to stand at the threshold Ps 84:11 (10) αλ → ‫ סף‬threshold, apparently referring also to a depressed area that channels water away from entering a house with a dirt floor ‫ ספק‬to rub or wring hands or hand against thigh (Nu 24:10, Jr 31:19, 48:26, Ez 21:12, Lm 2:15 as a sign of unhappiness or distress) ?? → ‫ ספק‬equivalent to a handshake to seal a deal Jb 24:26, 36:18 ‫ ספק‬equivalent to a handshake to seal a deal Jb 24:26, 36:18 ← ‫ספק‬ ‫ ספר‬to (re)count, give an account of, both with numbers and narration, often recorded in written form in a document → ‫ מספר‬count, counting number, countable (not many), ‫ סופר‬recorder, official in charge of keeping written accounts 2S 8:17, Is 37:2, Ps 45:2, Ne 13:13, 2C 34:18, 20, ‫ ספר‬written account document, book or letter, ‫ספרה‬ accounting Ps 56:9 αλ σ ‫דבר‬ ‫ ספר‬written account document, book or letter ← ‫ספר‬ ‫< ספר‬name> ‫< ספרד‬name> ‫ ספרה‬accounting Ps 56:9 αλ ← ‫ספר‬ ‫< ספרה‬name> ‫< ספרוים‬name> ‫< ספרת‬name> ‫ סקל‬to throw stones. both in execution and in removing from a field ‫ סר‬β ‫ סרנים‬,‫ סר‬,‫סור‬ ‫ סר‬sullen 1K 20:43, 21:4–5 ← ‫סרר‬ ‫ סרבים‬to be refractory, a stubborn resistance or a balking at control, direction ?? Ez 2:6 αλ, used in parallel with ‫ סלון‬and ‫ עקרב‬so could this refer to a type of thorn ?? σ ‫שׁמיר‬ 214 ‫< סרגון‬name> ‫< סרד‬name> ‫< סרדי‬name> ‫ סרה‬sullenness, a bad attitude Dt 13:6, 19:16, Is 1:5, 31:6, 59:15, Jr 28:16, 19:32 ← ‫סרר‬ ‫< סרה‬name> ‫ סרוח‬cloth that is draped over, hanging down Ex 26:13, Ez 23:15, Am 6:7 ← ‫סרח‬ ‫ סרות‬β ‫סירות‬ ‫ סרח‬to drape (upon, over) (curtains Ex 26:12, vines Ez 17:6, people Am 6:4, wisdom (as in becoming weak, powerless) Jr 49:7) → ‫ סרוח‬cloth that is draped over, hanging down Ex 26:13, Ez 23:15, Am 6:7 σ ‫דלה‬ ‫ סרין‬body armor Jr 46:4, 51:3 ‫ סריס‬courtier, a worker in the royal household, not necessarily a eunuch Gn 37:36, 39:1, though because eunuchs were often chosen as courtiers, or courtiers made into eunuchs, it became a synonym for eunuch Is 56:3–4 (most uses of this word are for courtiers, but cannot tell if they’re eunuchs) σ ‫מלך‬ ‫ סרן‬axle (of a wheel) 1K 7:30 αλ ‫ סרנים‬title of Philistine lords ‫ סרס‬person acting the part of a courtier Jr 34:19, 41:16 σ ‫סריס‬ ‫ סרעפת‬twig Ez 31:5 αλ σ ‫דלית‬ ‫ סרפד‬stinging nettle κονυζα Is 55:13 αλ σ ‫שׁמיר‬ ‫ סרר‬to be sullen, showing resentment and ill humor by morose, unsociable withdrawal derived from a suppressed anger, feeling one was not treated right, resulting in non-cooperation with others, disobedience → ‫ סורר‬sullen, not listening Is 65:2, Ne 9:29 sometimes used together with defiant Dt 21:18, 20, Jr 5:23, ‫ סר‬sullen 1K 20:43, 21:4–5, ‫סרה‬ sullenness, a bad attitude Dt 13:6, 19:16, Is 1:5, 31:6, 59:15, Jr 28:16, 19:32, ‫סררה‬ sullenness, a bad attitude Hs 4:16 ‫ סררה‬sullenness, a bad attitude Hs 4:16 ← ‫סרר‬ ‫ סתה‬,‫ סת‬β ‫סית‬ ‫ סתו‬winter (in Israel this is the rainy season, the rest of the year has very little rain) So 2:11 αλ ‫< סתור‬name> ‫ סתם‬to stop up Gn 26:15, 18, Ne 4:1 (7), in the sense of sealing an envelop Dn 8:26, 12:4, 9, locking out of sight 2C 32:4, 30 ‫ סתר‬to hide in the sense of being out of sight → ‫ מסתר‬,‫ מסתור‬hiding (place), act of hiding, ‫ סתרה‬,‫ סתר‬hiding place refuge σ ‫ חבא‬to conceal, ‫ חבה‬to hide (a person), ‫ טמן‬to bury, as an act of concealment, ‫ כנף‬to cover (so that cannot be seen) ?? Is 30:20 αλ, ‫ כסה‬to conceal by covering to cover for, in order to protect Dt 13:9, ‫ לוט‬to shroud to make difficult to impossible to see 1S 21:10, 1K 19:13, ‫ עלם‬to be, make unknown, ‫ צפן‬to make out of sight Jb 24:1, by hiding Ex 2:2, Js 2:4, also as hiding in an ambush Pr 1:11, 18, by covering Ex 25:11, by packing into a storage place used both literally So 7:13 and figuratively Ps 31:20, Pr 10:14, Jb 10:13 215 ‫ סתרה‬,‫ סתר‬hiding place refuge ← ‫סתר‬ σ ‫ מערה‬cave hideout 1S 13:6 ‫< סתרי‬name> ‫ ע‬sixteenth letter, has no meaning in Hebrew on its own, where letters are used as numbers, it refers to the number 70. ‫ עב‬overcast, used of the low, flat clouds from which can come rains Ex 19:9, 1K 18:44–5, Pr 16:15, also an architectural feature, possibly eaves or overhang overshadowing what’s below 1K 7:6, Ez 41:25–6 ← ‫ עוב‬σ ‫ענן‬ ‫ עבד‬to slave, work as and/or be a slave → ‫ מעבד‬place of work Jb 34:25 αλ, ‫עבד‬ slave, ‫ עבדה‬service (as done by a slave, as worship), slave holding (number, group of slaves) Gn 26:14 σ ‫ פקד‬to attend (to), look after, take care of, to have an affect on: this is a word used with a wide meaning in many contexts both positive and negative, often as a framework within which other but unnamed action takes place, used in the context of attending to the count of people Lv 1–2 to assign a task of looking after, to assign a person (to cause him) to attend to a task Gn 39:4, 41:34 to appoint (cause to attend to, to affect an action), ‫ שׂכר‬to hire, ‫ שׁרת‬to wait upon, used in the sense of a personal servant or slave who waits upon his master like a valet and figuratively of the priests who wait upon the Lord in the temple ‫ עבד‬slave σ ‫ עצב‬worker doing harsh labor Jr 22:28, Ps 127:2, ‫ שׂכיר‬hireling, hired worker Ex 12:45, 22:15, Lv 25:6, 40, Jb 7:1–2, 14:6, ‫ שׁפחה‬female slave ‫< נבד‬name> ‫< עבד אדום‬name> ‫< עבד מלך‬name> ‫< עבד נגו‬name> ‫< עבד נגוא‬name> ‫< עבדא‬name> ‫< עבדאל‬name> ‫ עבדה‬service (as done by a slave, as worship), slave holding (number, group of slaves) Gn 26:14 ← ‫ עבד‬σ ‫מלאכה‬ work done for profit, as part of his profession, to accomplish his work, task items, tools, supplies used in one’s profession, ‫ מעשׂה‬deed, work, action or object done or made, ‫ עצב‬heavy labor, hard work Is 14:3, 46:1, Pr 5:10, 10:22, 14:23, 1C 4:9–10 ‫< עבדון‬name> ‫< עבדיה‬name> ‫< עביאל‬name> ‫< עבדיה‬name> ‫< עבדיהו‬name> ‫ עבה‬to be stout, both in the idea of being tough and thick become fat Dt 32:15 → ‫ מעבה‬mold (made of compacted earth) 1K 7:46 αλ, ‫ עבי‬thickness 1K 7:26, Jr 52:21, Jb 15:26, 2C 4:5 mold for casting metal objects 2C 4:17 ‫ עבוט‬collateral (property restricted for a debt) Dt 24:11, 13 ← ‫עבט‬ ‫ עבור‬on account of, always ‫ ב‬prefixed σ ‫מען‬ ‫ עבור‬passing through (the land) that which is found while passing through the land (Jos 5:11–12) ← ‫עבר‬ 216 ‫ עבת‬,‫ עבות‬intertwined branches ← ‫ עבת‬σ ‫דלית‬ ‫ עבט‬to put restrictions on someone or something Jl 2:7, most often used of putting restrictions on property used as collateral for a loan Dt 15:8, 24:10 Hophal causing restrictions to be put on property or people as collateral Dt 15:6 → ‫ עבוט‬collateral (property restricted for a debt) Dt 24:11, 13, ‫ עבט‬collateral for a loan Dt 24:10, 12, ‫ עבטיט‬foreclosed collateral ?? Hb 2:6 αλ σ ‫חבל‬ ‫ עבט‬collateral for a loan Dt 24:10, 12 ← ‫עבט‬ ‫ עבטיט‬foreclosed collateral ?? Hb 2:6 αλ ← ‫עבט‬ ‫ עבי‬thickness 1K 7:26, Jr 52:21, Jb 15:26, 2C 4:5 mold for casting metal objects 2C 4:17 ← ‫עבה‬ ‫ עבר‬to pass (by, through, to, beyond) to pass to as in handing over, pass by as of time, (hit.) to be beside oneself, exasperated; ‫“ עבר מן‬to pass from” i.e. to remove, destroy → ‫ מעברה‬,‫מעבר‬ place of crossing ford (of river) Gn 32:23 (22), Jd 12:5–6, ‫ עבור‬passing through (the land) that which is found while passing through the land (Jos 5:11–12), ‫ עבר‬other side, ‫עברה‬ crossing, ford (of river) 2S 15:28 αλ, ‫ עברה‬exasperation fury (going beyond one’s patience) Is 9:19, 13:13, 14:6, Zp 1:15, ‫ תעברת‬goings over the limit Ps 89:39 σ ‫ ברח‬to pass through to become a refugee, ‫ חלף‬to pass on 1S 10:3, through Jd 5:26, by Jb 4:15 used of changing clothes Gn 41:14, 2S 12:20, changing position So 2:11 (went away), changing wages Gn 31:7, changing condition Ps 90:5, exchanging objects Lv 27:10, Is 9:10, passing on of time Ps 90:6, ‫ מכך‬to pass up, an opportunity Ko 10:18, blessing Ps 106:43, ‫ פסח‬to hop over to be lame (hopping on one leg) ‫ עבר‬other side → side (of a river Jos 22:4, 7) ← ‫עבר‬ ‫ עבר‬crossing, ford (of river) 2S 15:28 αλ ← ‫עבר‬ ‫< עבר‬name> ‫ עברה‬exasperation fury (going beyond one’s patience) Is 9:19, 13:13, 14:6, Zp 1:15 ← ‫עבר‬ ‫ עברי‬β ‫ עבכי‬,‫עבר‬ ‫< עברי‬name> ‫< עבריה‬name> ‫< עברן‬name> ‫< עברנה‬name> ‫ עבשׁ‬to become stripped ?? anything not tied down is taken Jl 1:17 αλ ‫ עבת‬β ‫ עבתה‬,‫ עבת‬,‫עבות‬ ‫ עבת‬to braid Mc 7:3 αλ → ‫ עבת‬,‫עבות‬ intertwined branches, ‫ עבת‬braided rope, ‫ עבתה‬with intertwining branches Ez 6:13 ‫ עבת‬rope made by braiding ← ‫ עבת‬σ ‫חבל‬ ‫ עבתה‬with intertwining branches Ez 6:13 ← ‫עבת‬ ‫ עג‬fryer, person who fries pancakes Ps 35:16 ← ‫עוג‬ ‫< עג‬name> ‫ עגב‬β ‫ עוגב‬,‫עגב‬ ‫ עגב‬to seduce Ez 23:5, 7, 11–2, 16, 20 → ‫ עגב‬a pleasant, seductive sounding song ?? Ps 150:4, Jb 30:31, ‫עגבת‬ seduction ?? Ez 23:11 αλ, ‫עגבים‬ 217 achieved), ‫ עד בלתי‬until not, ‫ עד כי‬up to (when) ‫ עד‬β ‫ עוד‬Gn 19:12, 49:27 ← ‫עוד‬ ‫ עד‬witness, a person who gives witness or an object that serves as a witness ← ‫עוד‬ σ ‫ שׂהד‬one who gives testimony Jb 16:19 αλ ‫< עדא‬name> ‫ עדד‬β ‫עוד‬ ‫< עדד‬name> ‫ עדה‬to adorn → ‫ מעד‬adornment Lm 2:6 αλ, ‫ מעדה‬adorning Pr 25:20 αλ, ‫מעדות‬ adorned, ‫ עדי‬adornment σ ‫פאר‬ ‫ עדה‬congregation, referring to the people swarm (of bees) Jd 14:8 ← ‫ יעד‬σ ‫אסף‬ ‫< עדה‬name> ‫< עדו‬name> ‫< עדוא‬name> ‫ עדות‬witness—not a person, but a generalized witnessing to someone or something, symbol that witnesses to authority 2K 11:12, 2C 23:11, often in ‫ ארון העדות‬the box of witness, i.e. ark of the covenant ← ‫עוד‬ ‫ עדי‬adornment ← ‫עדה‬ ‫< עדיא‬name> ‫< עדיאל‬name> ‫< עדיה‬name> ‫< עדיהו‬name> ‫ עדים‬menstruation (time of a woman) ← ‫עוד‬ ‫ עדין‬of pleasure Am 9:10 αλ ← ‫עדן‬ ‫< עדין‬name> ‫< עדינא‬name> ‫ עדינה‬woman taking pleasure Is 47:8 αλ ← ‫עדן‬ seductive (words, song) Jr 4:30, Ez 33:31–2, ‫ עוגב‬an instrument with a soft, seductive sound, not a loud, public sound Gn 4:21, Jb 21:12 ‫ עגבים‬seductive (words, song) Jr 4:30, Ez 33:31–2 ← ‫עגב‬ ‫ עגב‬a pleasant, seductive sounding song ?? Ps 150:4, Jb 30:31 ← ‫עגב‬ ‫ עגבת‬seduction ?? Ez 23:11 αλ ← ‫עגב‬ ‫ עגה‬flat bread, tortilla Ex 12:39, 1K 17:13, 19:6, Ez 4:12, Hs 7:8 ← ‫ עוג‬σ ‫לחם‬ ‫ עגור‬thrush, a type of bird Is 38:14, Jr 8:7 ‫( עגיל‬circle shaped) earring Nu 31:50, Ez 16:12 ‫ עגל‬circular ‫ עגלה‬,‫( עגל‬male, female) calf σ ‫בקר‬ ‫ עגלה‬ox drawn cart Gn 45:19, 21, 27, 1S 6:7–8, also used of a war wagon Ps 46:10 (9) σ ‫ מרכב‬any object that is regularly ridden, whether wagon or animal Lv 15:9, ‫ מרכבה‬wagon, chariot, made for riding, ‫ צב‬turtle ?? Lv 11:29, covered wagon Nu 7:3, Is 66:20 ‫< עגלה‬name> ‫< עגלון‬name> ‫< עגלים‬name> ‫< עגלת שׁלשׁיה‬name> ‫ עגם‬to have sympathy ?? Jb 30:25 αλ ‫ עגן‬to preserve, keep oneself for one’s spouse, not be sexually active outside of marriage Rt 1:13 αλ ‫ עד‬eon, time ← ‫ עוד‬σ ‫עת‬ ‫ עד‬unto, ‫ עד אם‬until when Gn 24:8, 33, Rt 2:21, Is 30:17, ‫ עד אשׁר‬until (indicating the completion of an action, either time wise, or the desired result has been 218 ‫< עדיתים‬name> ‫< עדלי‬name> ‫< עדלם‬name> ‫< עדלמי‬name> ‫ עדן‬to have pleasure → ‫ מעדנת‬,‫מעדנות‬ pleasures, with pleasure, ‫ מעדנים‬giving pleasure to dainties (food) Gn 49:20, Jr 51:34, Pr 29:17, Lm 4:5, ‫ עדין‬of pleasure Am 9:10 αλ, ‫ עדינה‬woman taking pleasure Is 47:8 αλ, ‫ עדן‬pleasure σ ‫טוב‬ ‫ עדן‬pleasure ← ‫עדן‬ ‫ עדן‬at that time Ko 4:3 αλ ← ‫עוד‬ ‫< עדן‬name> ‫< עדנא‬name> ‫ עדנה‬menstrual period(s) Gn 18:12 ← ‫עוד‬ ‫ עדנה‬up to this point or time Ko 4:2 αλ ← ‫עוד‬ ‫< עדנה‬name> ‫< עדנח‬name> ‫< עדעדה‬name> ‫ עדף‬to leave over, have a surplus σ ‫שׁאר‬ ‫ עדר‬to diminish, take away 1S 30:19, Is 34:16, 40:26, 59:15, Zp 3:5 to reduce in number by being left behind 2S 17:22 to reduce as in supplies, wages 1S 30:19, 1K 5:7 (4:27), to weed out (with a hoe) ?? Is 5:6, 7:25 → ‫ מעדר‬hoe Is 7:25 αλ σ ‫ גרע‬to diminish Ex 5:8, 11, 19 by plucking out (beards) Jr 48:37, removing Nu 27:4, 36:3–4 also in the sense of taking out for oneself Jb 15:8 ‫ עדר‬herd group of people σ ‫ חשׂף‬little flock (stripped off from the main flock ??) 1K 20:27 αλ ‫< עדר‬name> ‫< עדריאל‬name> ‫ עדשׁים‬lentil Gn 25:34, 2S 17:28, 23:11, Ez 4:9 ‫ עדת‬β ‫ עדת‬,‫עדה‬ ‫ עדת‬something that witnesses, reminds, memory Ex 16:34, 25:16, 21, 26:34, Nu 10:11, 18:2, Dt 6:20 ← ‫עוד‬ ‫< עוא‬name> ‫ עוב‬to overcast, overshadow Lm 2:1 αλ → ‫ עב‬overcast, used of the low, flat clouds from which can come rains Ex 19:9, 1K 18:44–5, Pr 16:15, also an architectural feature, possibly eaves or overhang overshadowing what’s below 1K 7:6, Ez 41:25–6 σ ‫סככ‬ ‫< עובד‬name> ‫< עובל‬name> ‫ עוג‬to fry (tortillas, pancakes) Ez 4:12, Ps 35:16 → ‫ מעוג‬pancake ?? something made of flour fried in oil 1K 17:12, Ps 35:16, ‫ עג‬fryer, person who fries pancakes Ps 35:16, ‫ עגה‬flat bread, tortilla Ex 12:39, 1K 17:13, 19:6, Ez 4:12, Hs 7:8 σ ‫ רבך‬fry, deep fry ‫< עוג‬name> ‫ עוגב‬an instrument with a soft, seductive sound, not a loud, public sound Gn 4:21, Jb 21:12 ← ‫עגב‬ ‫ עוד‬to give a second time to witness, be prepared to report again, repeat (word, phrase, action) → ‫ עד‬eon, time, ‫ עדה‬,‫עד‬ witness, a person who gives witness or an object that serves as a witness, ‫עדות‬ witness—not a person, but a generalized witnessing to someone or something, symbol that witnesses to authority 2K 11:12, 2C 23:11, often in ‫ ארון העדות‬the box of witness, i.e. ark of the covenant, 219 ‫ עדים‬menstruation (time of a woman), ‫ עדן‬at that time Ko 4:3 αλ, ‫ עדנה‬up to this point or time Ko 4:2 αλ, ‫עדנה‬ menstrual period(s) Gn 18:12, ‫עדת‬ something that witnesses, reminds, memory Ex 16:34, 25:16, 21, 26:34, Nu 10:11, 18:2, Dt 6:20, ‫ עוד‬again, still, ‫ תעודה‬that which gives witness Rt 4:2, Is 8:16, 20 ‫ עוד‬again, still ← ‫עוד‬ ‫ עוד‬renewed strength ?? Ps 104:33, 139:18, 141:5, 146:2 ← ‫עודד‬ ‫ עודד‬to strengthen, refresh with new strength ?? Ps 20:9 (8), 146:9 → ‫מעודד‬ one who renews strength Ps 147:6 αλ, ‫ עוד‬renewed strength ?? Ps 104:33, 139:18, 141:5, 146:2 σ ‫אמץ‬ ‫< עודד‬name> 2C 15:1 ‫ עוה‬to pervert (⇐ to twist, distort) → ‫עוה‬ perverting Jr 9:4, ‫ עון‬the act of twisting, distortion, changing something into something other than what it was originally intended to be Ps 69:28 (27) perversion, a moral failing, ‫ עונת‬the collective body of perversions the status of being one who perverts, e.g. Ps 65:4, 79:8, ‫ עועים‬perversion Is 19:14 αλ σ ‫שׁקר‬ ‫ עוה‬perverting Jr 9:4 ← ‫עוה‬ ‫< עוה‬name> ‫ עוז‬β ‫ עז‬,‫עוז‬ ‫ עוז‬to flee to refuge → ‫ מעוז‬refuge, place of refuge Jd 6:28, Is 25:4, 30:2, Nh 1:7, 3:11, Ps 27:1 31:3, ‫ עז‬refuge Ex 9:19, 15:2, Is 12:2, Am 5:9, Ps 118:14 σ ‫פלט‬ ‫ עוזר‬help, that which one can reach out for help Is 31:3, Ps 10:14, 22.12, Lm 1:7, Dn 11:45 ← ‫עזר‬ ‫ עול‬,‫ עויל‬suckling, small child Is 49:15, 65:20, Jb 16:11, 19:18, 21:11 ← ‫ עול‬σ ‫ילד‬ ‫< עוים‬name> ‫< עוית‬name> ‫ עול‬to suckle Gn 33:13, 1S 6:7, 10, Is 40:11, Ps 78:71 → ‫ עול‬,‫ עויל‬suckling, small child Is 49:15, 65:20, Jb 16:11, 19:18, 21:11 ‫ עול‬to act unjustly Is 26:10, Ps 31:4 → ‫ מעול‬one who does unjust actions Ps 71:4, Jb 34:10, ‫ עול‬unjust action Dt 28:16, Ps 7:4Jb 34:10, 32, ‫ עולה‬injustice, often in the judicial sense, ‫ עולת‬injustice, general unfairness Ps 58:3 (2), 64:7 (6), ‫ עלוה‬injustice Hs 10:9 αλ, ‫ עלתה‬unjust considerations, thought Am 8:8, 9:5, Ps 92:16 (15), Jb 5:16 σ ‫מעל‬ ‫ עול‬unjust action Dt 28:16, Ps 7:4Jb 34:10, 32 ← ‫עול‬ ‫ עולה‬β ‫ עלה‬,‫עולה‬ ‫ עולה‬injustice, often in the judicial sense ← ‫ עול‬σ ‫ חמס‬unfairness, something that is not right ‫ עלל‬,‫ עולל‬child, in reference to that small children like to repeat actions until learned ← ‫ עלל‬σ ‫ילד‬ ‫ עוללות‬β ‫עללות‬ ‫ עוללת‬repeating of actions Is 17:6, 24:13 ← ‫עלל‬ ‫ עולם‬β ‫ עולם‬,‫עול‬ ‫ עולם‬unknown span of time sometimes, not always, refers to eternity, ‫עד עולם‬ until the end of an unspecified period of 220 parrot ?? Lv 11:19, Dt 14:18, ‫ ארבה‬σ ‫ סלעם‬,‫ ילק‬,‫ חרגל‬,‫ חסיל‬,‫ חגב‬,‫ גזם‬types of grasshoppers, locusts, ‫ בת יענה‬an unclean bird, ostrich ?? Lv 11:16, Jr 50:39, Jb 30:29, ‫ דאה‬red kite, a type of rapacious bird ?? Lv 11:14 αλ, ‫ דוכיפת‬hoopoe Lv 11:19, Dt 14:18, ‫ דיה‬an unclean bird Dt 14:13, Is 34:15, ‫ דרור‬swallow ?? (bird) Ps 84:4, Pr 26:2, ‫ זבוב‬fly (insect) Is 7:18, Ko 10:1 (‫ בעל זבוב‬Lord of the Flies, i.e. the devil 2K 1:2–3, 6, 16), ‫חסידה‬ ostrich ?? (with the possible exception of Jb 39, this is a flying creature Jr 8:7, Zc 5:9, possibly one since extinct?), ‫ינשׁוף‬ heron ?? Lv 11:17, Dt 14:16, Is 34:11, ‫ כוס‬pelican Lv 11:17, Dt 14:16, Ps 102:7, ‫ נץ‬hawk Lv 11:16, Jb 39:26, ‫ נשׁר‬eagle, a carrion eating bird, ‫ עזניה‬black vulture ?? Lv 11:13, Dt 14:12, ‫ עטלף‬bat Lv 11:19, Dt 14:18, Is 2:20, ‫ ערב‬raven, including crow Lv 11:15, Dt 14:14, 1K 17:4, 6, ‫ ערב‬gadfly, horsefly ?? Ex 8:21, 22, 24, 29, 31, ‫ צפר‬,‫ צפור‬sparrow, often used as a reference to any small, quick moving bird, ‫ פרס‬lamb-vulture ?? Lv 11:13, Dt 14:12, ‫ קאת‬a pterosaur ?? Lv 11:17, Dt 14:16, Is 34:11, Zp 2:14, Ps 102:7, ‫ ראה‬red kite ?? possibly misspelling for ‫ דאה‬red kite, ‫ רחם‬,‫רחמה‬ carrion vulture ?? Lv 11:18, Dt 14:17, Ps 106:46, ‫ שׁחף‬seagull ?? Lv 11:16, Dt 14:15, ‫ שׂלו‬quail Ex 16:13, Lv 11:31–2, Ps 105:40, ‫ שׁלך‬cormorant ?? Lv 11:17, Dt 14:17, ‫ תחמס‬a species of owl Lv 11:16, Dt 14:15, ‫ תנשׁמת‬mentioned twice as a flying creature, once as a creeping time sometimes, not always, refers to forever, ‫ עולם ועד‬for an unspecified time and again, usually indicating eternity, ‫ עולם ועד עולם‬lit. )from( unknown time in the past to unknown time in the future eternity past to eternity future ← ‫ עלם‬σ ‫ נצח‬persistence, always (never ending), overseer ‫ עולת‬β ‫ עלה‬,‫ עולת‬,‫עולה‬ ‫ עולת‬injustice, general unfairness Ps 58:3 (2), 64:7 (6) ← ‫עול‬ ‫ עולת‬scheduled sacrifice, part of a group, sacrificing Nu 28:24, Dt 27:6, Ne 10:34 (33) ← ‫עלה‬ ‫ עון‬the act of twisting, distortion, changing something into something other than what it was originally intended to be Ps 69:28 (27) perversion, a moral failing ← ‫ עוה‬σ ‫חטאת‬ ‫ עונה‬β ‫ ענה‬,‫עון‬ ‫ עונת‬the collective body of perversions the status of being one who perverts, e.g. Ps 65:4, 79:8 ← ‫עוה‬ ‫ עועים‬perversion Is 19:14 αλ ← ‫עוה‬ ‫ עוף‬to fly → ‫ מעוף‬something that causes to be flown Is 8:22 αλ, ‫ נעפה‬ability to fly Ps 90:10 αλ, ‫ עוף‬any animal that flies, not only a bird, ‫ תעפה‬flying (as the morning) ?? Jb 11:17 σ ‫ אבר‬to soar as in flight Jb 39:13, 26, ‫ דאה‬to swoop down Dt 28:49, Jr 48:40, 49:22, ‫ טושׂ‬to swoop down Jb 9:26 αλ, ‫ נדד‬to fly, refers to quick flight as for an escape ‫ עוף‬any animal that flies, not only a bird ← ‫ עוף‬σ ‫ אח‬eagle owl Is 13:21 αλ, ‫איה‬ black kite, a type of rapacious bird Lv 11:19, Dt 14:13, Jb 28:7, ‫ אנפה‬heron, 221 ‫ עות‬to present, set before ?? Is 50:4, Am 8:5 ‫< עותי‬name> ‫ עותת‬misrepresentation Lm 3:59 αλ ← ‫עות‬ ‫ עז‬refuge Ex 9:19, 15:2, Is 12:2, Am 5:9, Ps 118:14 ← ‫עוז‬ ‫ עז‬strong ← ‫עזז‬ ‫ עז‬strength ← ‫ עזז‬σ ‫כח‬ ‫ עז‬goat goat hair, cloth made from goat’s hair σ ‫ אקו‬wild goat, ‫זמר‬ mountain goat ?? Dt 14:5 αλ, ‫ יעל‬ibex, a type of mountain goat, known for its climbing ability 1S 24:3, Ps 104:18, Jb 39:1, ‫ צפיר‬he goat (with large horns?), ‫ שׂעירה‬,‫ שׂעיר‬goat (⇐ the idea of something hairy?) demon (often pictured as a hairy creature), ‫ תישׁ‬he goat Gn 30:35, 32:14, Pr 30:31, 2C 17:11 ‫ עז‬praise ?? LXX αινος, δοξη Ps 8:3, 29:1, 11, 59:10, 18, 68:35, 96:7 ‫< עזא‬name> ‫ עזאזל‬a name for the devil ?? ‫ עזב‬to leave behind, abandon → ‫עזבונים‬ trade goods, what is left behind to acquire other goods σ ‫ ישׁם‬to be deserted Ez 6:6 αλ, ‫ נטשׁ‬to let go (give freedom to, to leave alone, be loose) Is 21:15 to allow Gn 31:28 to abandon Ex 23:11, Jd 6:13, 1S 10:2, 2K 21:14, Am 5:2 to encamp from the idea of letting go of the camp supplies from on one’s back or pack animals Jd 15:9, 1S 30:16, 2S 5:18, 22 a battle was let go, i.e. lost and the fighters fled Pr 17:14, ‫ קשׁח‬to abandon, treat not as one’s own Is 63:17, Jb 39:16, ‫ שׁמט‬to let drop (people 2K 9:33, Jr 17:4, object 2S 6:6, Ps 141:6, 1C creature, possibly a small pterosaur ?? Lv 11:18, 30 Dt 14:16 ‫ עופרת‬lead (metal) Ex 15:10, Ez 22:18, 10, 27:12 ‫< עוץ‬name> ‫ עוק‬to weigh down → ‫ עקת‬weighing down Ps 55:4 (3) αλ ‫ עור‬to blind → ‫ עור‬blind, ‫ עורון‬blindness Dt 28:28, Zc 12:4, ‫ עורות‬condition of being blind Is 42:7 αλ ‫ עור‬to arouse, as in get active ‫ערר‬ repeatedly or continuously arousing Jb 17:8, 31:29, Pr 10:12, So 8:4 → ‫עור‬ active, ‫ עיר‬arousal Jr 15:8, Hs 11:9 σ ‫קום‬ ‫ עור‬skin, hide σ ‫ גלד‬skin, referring to soft, human skin ?? Jb 16:15 αλ ‫ עור‬blind ← ‫עור‬ ‫ עור‬active Lv 7:8 ← ‫עור‬ ‫ עורב‬raven ?? So 5:11 β ‫ערב‬ ‫< עורב‬name> ‫ עורון‬blindness Dt 28:28, Zc 12:4 ← ‫ עור‬σ ‫( סנורים‬spiritual) blindness so they can not recognize Gn 19:11, 2K 6:18 σ ‫דבר‬ ‫ עורות‬condition of being blind Is 42:7 αλ ← ‫עור‬ ‫ עוררה‬β ‫עור‬ ‫ עורת‬leathery, made of leather Ex 39:34 animal with a bad case of mange, its skin becomes leathery Lv 22:22 ‫ עושׁ‬to stand up ?? to rise up ?? Jl 4:11 αλ σ ‫קום‬ ‫ עות‬to distort, misrepresent (⇐ distort message about) Am 8:5, Ps 119:78, 146:9, Lm 3:36 → ‫ מעות‬that which is distorted ?? Ko 1:15 αλ, ‫עותת‬ misrepresentation Lm 3:59 αλ σ ‫שׁקר‬ 222 22.12, Lm 1:7, Dn 11:45, ‫ עזר‬helper, a person who helps others, ‫ עזר‬that which is a help, ‫ עזרתה‬,‫ עזרה‬generalized help, ‫ עזרה‬specialized courtyard within the temple, apparently where auxiliary activities were carried out Ez 43:14, 17, 20 45;19, 2C 4:9, 6:13 ‫ עזר‬helper, a person who helps others ← ‫עזר‬ ‫ עזר‬that which is a help ← ‫עזר‬ ‫< עזר‬name> ‫< עזרא‬name> ‫< עזראל‬name> ‫ עזרתה‬,‫ עזרה‬generalized help ← ‫עזר‬ ‫ עזרה‬specialized courtyard within the temple, apparently where auxiliary activities were carried out Ez 43:14, 17, 20 45;19, 2C 4:9, 6:13 ← ‫עזר‬ ‫< עזרה‬name> ‫< עזרי‬name> ‫< עזריאל‬name> ‫< עזריה‬name> ‫< עזריהו‬name> ‫< עזריקם‬name> ‫< עזתי‬name> ‫ עט‬β ‫ עיט‬,‫עט‬ ‫ עט‬a sharp metal, usually steel, tool used to engrave in stone Jr 8:8, 17:1, Ps 45:2 (1), Jb 19:24 σ ‫ חרט‬a sharp metal tool used for engraving on metal Ex 32:4, Is 8:1 engraved metal box ?? 2K 5:23 ‫ עטה‬to wrap around to dress → ‫מעטה‬ wrapping Is 61:3, Ez 21:20 (15), ‫עטיה‬ dressed (for the job) ?? So 1:7 αλ LXX περιβαλλοµενη σ ‫ גלם‬to wrap around ?? 2K 2:8 αλ, ‫ פרשׁז‬to wrap around ?? Jb 26:9 αλ, ‫ שׁבץ‬to wrap 9:33, debt Dt 15:3) lie fallow (of a field) Ex 23:11 ‫ עזבונים‬trade goods, what is left behind to acquire other goods ← ‫עזב‬ ‫< עזבחק‬name> ‫< עזגר‬name> ‫< עזה‬name> ‫ עזו‬β ‫ עזז‬,‫ עז‬,‫עוז‬ ‫< עזובה‬name> ‫ עזוז‬strength, power Is 42:25, 43:17, Ps 24:8, 78:4, 145:6, Pr 8:28 ← ‫עזז‬ ‫< עזור‬name> ‫ עזז‬to be strong → ‫ מעוז‬one that strengthens, strength Ps 28:8, 60:9, 108:9, Pr 10:29, Dn 11:1, 7, 31, ‫ עז‬strong, ‫עזוז‬ strength, power Is 42:25, 43:17, Ps 24:8, 78:4, 145:6, Pr 8:28 σ ‫אמץ‬ ‫< עזז‬name> ‫< עזזיהו‬name> ‫< עזי‬name> ‫< עזיא‬name> ‫< עזיאל‬name> ‫< עזיאלי‬name> ‫< עזיה‬name> ‫< עזיהו‬name> ‫< עזיזא‬name> ‫< עזמות‬name> ‫< עזן‬name> ‫ עזניה‬black vulture ?? Lv 11:13, Dt 14:12 σ ‫עוף‬ ‫ עזק‬to spade (in preparing ground for seed) Is 5:2 αλ ‫< עזקה‬name> ‫ עזר‬to help, this is the help from an equal or superior, not an indicator of being a servant → ‫ עוזר‬help, that which one can reach out for help Is 31:3, Ps 10:14, 223 ‫< עיבל‬name> ‫< עיה‬name> ‫< עיון‬name> ‫ עיט‬to tear at (as a vulture upon prey) 1S 15:19, 25:14 → ‫ עיט‬vulture, apparently a large one from the mountains Is 18:6, Jb 28:7 σ ‫טרף‬ ‫ עיט‬vulture, apparently a large one from the mountains Is 18:6, Jb 28:7 ← ‫עיט‬ ‫ עיטם‬name of a place ‫< עיים‬name> ‫< עילי‬name> ‫ עילום‬,‫ עילם‬β ‫עולם‬ ‫< עילם‬name> ‫ עים‬force ?? Is 11:15 αλ σ ‫חיל‬ ‫ עין‬to have one’s eye on (somebody) → ‫ מעין‬fountain, spring, ‫ עין‬eye, spring of water which may or may not flow into a stream σ ‫ראה‬ ‫ עין‬eye, spring of water which may or may not flow into a stream ← ‫ עין‬σ ‫יבל‬ spring (producing water), ‫ מבוע‬flowing spring, ‫ מעין‬fountain, spring ‫< עין‬name> ‫< עין גדי‬name> ‫< עין גנים‬name> ‫< עין דאר‬name> ‫< עין הקורא‬name> ‫< עין חדה‬name> ‫< עין חצור‬name> ‫< עין משׁפט‬name> ‫< עין עגלים‬name> ‫< עין רגל‬name> ‫< עין רמון‬name> ‫< עין שׁמשׁ‬name> ‫< עין תפוח‬name> ‫< עינון‬name> around Ex 28:4, 39 to set (a jewel) on clothing (by sewing a wrapping around the jewel to hold it on the clothing) ‫ עטוף‬feeble Ge 30:42 ← ‫עטף‬ ‫ עטיה‬dressed (for the job) ?? So 1:7 αλ LXX περιβαλλοµενη ← ‫עטה‬ ‫ עטין‬stomach ?? Jb 21:24 αλ ‫ עטישׁת‬sneezing or snorting Jb 41:18 αλ ‫ עטלף‬bat Lv 11:19, Dt 14:18, Is 2:20 σ ‫עוף‬ ‫ עטף‬to droop, such as when dispirited or weakened by wound or illness Ps 102:1, 107:5, in the same manner as a cloak “droops down” drapes over one’s shoulders and body Ps 65:14 (13), used poetically with “upon” Jn 2:7, Ps 143:4 to be feeble Gn 30:42 → ‫מעטפות‬ something draped on, stole ?? Is 3:22 αλ, ‫ עטוף‬feeble Ge 30:42 ‫ עטר‬to surround, go around 1S 23:26 to crown (surround with a crown) So 3:11 → ‫ מעטירה‬causing to go around Is 23:8 αλ, ‫ עטרה‬going around crown Ez 21:31, Jb 31:36, ‫ עטרת‬crowning (glory) Is 28:1, 3, 5, 62:3, Zc 6:14, Pr 14:24, 16:31, 17:6 σ ‫סבב‬ ‫ עטרה‬going around crown Ez 21:31, Jb 31:36 ← ‫עטר‬ ‫< עטרה‬name> ‫< עטרות‬name> ‫ עטרת‬crowning (glory) Is 28:1, 3, 5, 62:3, Zc 6:14, Pr 14:24, 16:31, 17:6 ← ‫עטר‬ ‫< עטרת‬name> ‫ עי‬ruin Jr 26:18, Mc 1:6, 3:12, Ps 79:1, Jb 30:24, ‫ מעי‬ruin Is 17:1 αλ ‫< עי‬name> ‫< עיא‬name> ‫ עיב‬β ‫עוב‬ 224 ‫< עינים‬name> ‫< עינן‬name> ‫ עיף‬exhausted (person, creature) ← ‫יעף‬ ‫ עיפה‬exhaustion ← ‫יעף‬ ‫< עיפה‬name> ‫< עיפ ֿי‬name> ‫ עיר‬city σ ‫מושׁב‬ ‫ עיר‬arousal Jr 15:8, Hs 11:9 ← ‫עור‬ ‫ עיר‬male donkey Gn 32:16, Is 30:6, Zc 9:9 σ ‫חמור‬ ‫< עיר‬name> ‫< עיר המלח‬name> ‫< עיר שׁמשׁ‬name> ‫< עירא‬name> ‫< עירד‬name> ‫< עירו‬name> ‫< עירי‬name> ‫ עירם‬β ‫ עירם‬,‫עיר‬ ‫ ערם‬,‫ עירם‬shameful naked(ness), made bare what should not be made bare Gn 3:7, 10–1, Ez 16:39, 18:7, 23:29 ← ‫ערה‬ (see also ‫)ערום‬ ‫< עירם‬name> ‫ עשׁ‬,‫ עישׁ‬Lion (constellation) ?? Jb 9:9, 38:32 σ ‫כוכב‬ ‫< עית‬name of a city> ‫< עכבור‬name> ‫ עכבישׁ‬spider Jb 8:14, Is 59:5 ‫ עכבר‬rat, mouse Lv 11:29, 1S 6:4–5, 11, 18, Is 66:17 σ ‫חיה‬ ‫< עכו‬name> ‫< עכור‬name> ‫< עכן‬name> ‫ עכס‬to wear ankle chain, can be a decoration or imprisonment ?? Is 3:16 αλ → ‫ עכס‬ankle chain, a type of ornament ?? Is 3 :18 or leg fetters ?? Pr 7:22 ‫ עכס‬ankle chain, a type of ornament ?? Is 3 :18 or leg fetters ?? Pr 7:22 ← ‫עכס‬ ‫< עכסה‬name> ‫ עכר‬to trouble that causes sorrow → ‫ נעכרת‬sorrowful trouble(s) Pr 15:6 αλ σ ‫עמל‬ ‫< עכרן‬name> ‫ עכשׁוב‬viper ?? Ps 140:4 (3) αλ σ ‫נחשׁ‬ ‫ על‬β ‫ על‬,‫עול‬ ‫ על‬upon both literally as in position (including besides and near) and figuratively as in “piling on” complaints, opposition, duty (responsibility), etc., “on behalf of”, “for the sake of” of what follows or its suffix ‫ על אודת‬,‫על אדות‬ literally upon circumstances, meaning because of, ‫ על דבר‬literally upon expression where the expression is in word, action, matter or object, as an idiom meaning “on account of” or “for the sake of”, ‫ על כן‬literally upon thus, meaning for this reason, ‫ על פני‬upon the surface of Gn 1:2, 4:14, 6:1, (bow down) to the ground Gn 17:3, 17, Nu 14:5, in the presence of Gn 16:12, 23:3, Nu 3:4, before both for time Gn 11:28, 32:21 and space Lv 10:3, Nu 21:11, near or next to Gn 23:19, 25:9, 18, Ex 20:3 ← ‫עלה‬ ‫ על‬yoke (the object itself) σ ‫ צמד‬yoke pair, i.e. the number of animals under a yoke ‫< עלא‬name> ‫ עלג‬stammerer ?? possibly reserved, withdrawn, not pushy Is 32:4 αλ ‫ עלה‬β ‫ עלה‬,‫עולה‬ 225 ‫ עלה‬to ascend to make a burnt offering, from the idea of the smoke ascending, ‫“ עלה באשׁ‬ascend in fire” to burn up Am 4:10, “a city ascends” means that it has gone up in smoke Jr 48:15 → ‫יעל‬ ibex, a type of mountain goat, known for its climbing ability 1S 24:3, Ps 104:18, Jb 39:1, ‫ מעל‬one who ascends, who causes to ascend Lv 11:4, Dt 8:4, 14:7 place of ascent Pr 14:14, ‫ מעלה‬ascent (plural) stairs, ‫ מעלות‬in connection with song refers to the song sung while ascending, ‫ עולת‬scheduled sacrifice, part of a group, sacrificing Nu 28:24, Dt 27:6, Ne 10:34 (33), ‫ על‬upon both literally as in position (including besides and near) and figuratively as in “piling on” complaints, opposition, duty (responsibility), etc., “on behalf of”, “for the sake of” of what follows or its suffix ‫ על אודת‬,‫ על אדות‬literally upon circumstances, meaning because of, ‫על‬ ‫ דבר‬literally upon expression where the expression is in word, action, matter or object, as an idiom meaning “on account of” or “for the sake of”, ‫ על כן‬literally upon thus, meaning for this reason, ‫על‬ ‫ פני‬upon the surface of Gn 1:2, 4:14, 6:1, (bow down) to the ground Gn 17:3, 17, Nu 14:5, in the presence of Gn 16:12, 23:3, Nu 3:4, before both for time Gn 11:28, 32:21 and space Lv 10:3, Nu 21:11, near or next to Gn 23:19, 25:9, 18, Ex 20:3, ‫ עלה‬upon, ‫ עולה‬,‫ עלה‬burnt offering, ‫ עלי‬upper stone of a hand-mill, pestle (with a mortar), ‫ עליה‬upper room Jr 22:13–14, ‫ עליון‬above, highest, ‫עלית‬ (plural ‫ )עליות‬upper, above, upper place, ‫ עלתה‬way of ascent 1C 13:6, ‫תעלה‬ ascent (way of) 2K 20:5, Jr 30:13, 46:11, (parts taller than) Ez 31:4 σ ‫ נסק‬to mount, climb up Ps 139:8 αλ ‫ עלה‬leaves σ ‫דשׁא‬ ‫ עולה‬,‫ עלה‬burnt offering ← ‫ עלה‬σ ‫זבח‬ ‫ עלוה‬injustice Hs 10:9 αλ ← ‫עול‬ ‫< עלוה‬name> ‫ עלום‬place where one is unknown ?? Jb 20:11 αλ ← ‫עלם‬ ‫ עלומים‬youth(ful age), time of virginity Is 54:4, Ps 89:45, Jb 33:25 ← ‫עלם‬ ‫< עלון‬name> ‫ עלוקה‬leech ?? Pr 30:15 αλ ‫ עלז‬to rejoice 2S 1:20, Zp 3:14, Pr 23:16 → ‫ עליז‬one who rejoices Is 13:3, 24:8, Zp 3:11, ‫ עליזה‬rejoicing Is 22:2, 23:7, 32:13, Zp 2:15 σ ‫שׂמח‬ ‫ עלטה‬twilight, after sunset but still light enough to see Gn 15:17, Ez 12:6, 12 ‫ עלי‬ß ‫ עלי‬,‫על‬ ‫ עלי‬upper stone of a hand-mill, pestle (with a mortar) ← ‫עלה‬ ‫< עלי‬name> ‫ עליה‬upper room Jr 22:13–14 ← ‫עלה‬ ‫ עליה‬ham-bone 1S 9:24 αλ ‫< עליה‬name> ‫ עליון‬above, highest ← ‫עלה‬ ‫ עליז‬one who rejoices Is 13:3, 24:8, Zp 3:11 ← ‫עלז‬ ‫ עליזה‬rejoicing Is 22:2, 23:7, 32:13, Zp 2:15 ← ‫ עלז‬σ ‫שׂמחה‬ ‫ עליל‬crucible ?? where silver is repeatedly melted Ps 12:7 (6) αλ ← ‫עלל‬ ‫ עליליה‬,‫ עלילה‬repeated (action) Jr 32:19, Ps 14:1, 66:5 ← ‫עלל‬ 226 ‫< עלין‬name> ‫ עליצת‬exultation Hb 3:14 αλ ← ‫עלץ‬ ‫ עלית‬ß ‫ לעית‬,‫עלה‬ ‫( עלית‬plural ‫ )עליות‬upper, above, upper place ← ‫עלה‬ ‫ עלל‬to repeat an action → ‫ מעלל‬repeated action, ‫ עלל‬,‫ עולל‬child, in reference to that small children like to repeat actions until learned, ‫ עוללת‬repeating of actions Is 17:6, 24:13, ‫ עליל‬crucible ?? where silver is repeatedly melted Ps 12:7 (6) αλ, ‫ עליליה‬,‫ עלילה‬repeated (action) Jr 32:19, Ps 14:1, 66:5, ‫ עללות‬gleanings, from going over and over again to make sure one has all, ‫ תעלול‬child, in reference to that small children like to repeat actions until learned ?? Is 3:4 αλ, ‫ תעלל‬repeated actions done to harm ?? Is 66:4 αλ σ ‫עשׂה‬ ‫ עללות‬gleanings, from going over and over again to make sure one has all ← ‫עלל‬ ‫ עלם‬to be, make unknown → ‫עולם‬ unknown span of time sometimes, not always, refers to eternity, ‫ עד עולם‬until the end of an unspecified period of time sometimes, not always, refers to forever, ‫ עולם ועד‬for an unspecified time and again, usually indicating eternity, ‫ עולם ועד עולם‬lit. )from( unknown time in the past to unknown time in the future eternity past to eternity future, ‫ עלום‬place where one is unknown ?? Jb 20:11 αλ, ‫ עלומים‬youth(ful age), time of virginity Is 54:4, Ps 89:45, Jb 33:25, ,‫עלם‬ ‫ עלמה‬virgin (unknown one), ‫עלמה‬ (the) unknown (as in exploring) Pr 30:19 (This verse compares that just as it is completely unpredictable which way a snake will turn while on bare rock, an eagle will veer as it hunts for prey, what way a ship will turn as it is subject to wind, waves and the steersman, so also what will happen to a man as he goes into the unknown, i.e. future), ‫תעלמה‬ unknown thing Ps 44:22, Jb 11:6, 28:11 σ ‫סתר‬ ‫ עלמה‬,‫ עלם‬virgin (unknown one) ← ‫עלם‬ σ ‫ בתולה‬maiden, often implying virginity hence often used interchangeably with virgin, though in Is 62:5 refers to a married young woman ‫( עלמה‬the) unknown (as in exploring) Pr 30:19 (This verse compares that just as it is completely unpredictable which way a snake will turn while on bare rock, an eagle will veer as it hunts for prey, what way a ship will turn as it is subject to wind, waves and the steersman, so also what will happen to a man as he goes into the unknown, i.e. future) ← ‫עלם‬ ‫< עלמון‬name> ‫ עלמות‬a musical instrument Ps 9:1, 46:1, 1C 15:20 ‫< עלמי‬name> ‫< עלמן דבלתימה‬name> ‫< עלמת‬name> ‫ עלס‬to make merry Pr 7:18, Jb 20:18, 39:13 σ ‫שׂמח‬ ‫ עלע‬to slurp down ?? Jb 39:30 αλ σ ‫שׁתה‬ ‫ עלף‬to cloak to drape ?? Gn 38:14, So 5:14, Is 51:20, Am 8:13, Jn 4:8 → ‫מעלפת‬ cloaked (covered) ?? So 5:14 αλ, ‫עלפה‬ cloaking ?? Ez 31:15 αλ σ ‫לבשׁ‬ ‫ עלפה‬cloaking ?? Ez 31:15 αλ ← ‫עלף‬ 227 ‫ עלץ‬to exult, show or feel elation or jubilation, esp. as the result of a success 1S 2:1, Ps 25:2, Pr 11:10 → ‫עליצת‬ exultation Hb 3:14 αλ σ ‫שׂמח‬ ‫ עלתה‬β ‫ עלתה‬,‫ עלה‬,‫עולה‬ ‫ עלתה‬unjust considerations, thought Am 8:8, 9:5, Ps 92:16 (15), Jb 5:16 ← ‫עול‬ ‫ עלתה‬way of ascent 1C 13:6 ← ‫עלה‬ ‫ עם‬people, a recognized grouping of individuals ← ‫ עמם‬σ ‫ גוי‬nation, a political entity (note: though often used in the plural to denote non-Israelis, it is used for Abraham’s descendants Gn 12:3, the people of Israel Ex 19:6, 33:13 and Judah Jr 7:28), ‫ לאם‬tribe, people, belonging to a district, not necessarily part of a larger people ‫ עם‬commonplace, nothing special Jb 12:2 ← ‫עמם‬ ‫( עם‬together) with ← ‫ עמם‬σ ‫את‬ ‫ עמד‬to stand (still), used in the contexts of standing, rising to a stand from sitting or lying down and stopping other actions to come to a stand to stop an action (metaphoric stand) → ‫ מעמד‬standing, as in at attention when waiting on (a table), ‫ עמדת‬,‫ עמד‬standing place, ‫עמוד‬ column as in a pillar σ ‫ יצב‬to take one’s stand, always found in Hitpael σ ‫קום‬ ‫ עמדת‬,‫ עמד‬standing place ← ‫עמד‬ ‫ עמה‬next to ← ‫עמם‬ ‫< עמה‬name> ‫ עמוד‬column as in a pillar ← ‫עמד‬ ‫< עמון‬name> ‫< עמוני‬name> ‫< עמוס‬name> ‫< עמוק‬name> ‫< עמיאל‬name> ‫ עמיאל‬,‫ עמיאל מלא דבר‬,‫עמיאל בלו דבר‬ ‫< מלו דבר‬name> ‫< עמיהוד‬name> ‫< עמיזבד‬name> ‫< עמיחור‬name> ‫ עמים‬plenty, in the phrase ‫הר עמים‬ mountain making common, from the idea that commonality equals plenty Dt 33:19 ← ‫עמם‬ ‫< עמינדב‬name> ‫ עמיר‬sheave, a small bundle of straw with grain, about a sickle full made quickly while harvesting the field to make it easier to carry the grain to the place for threshing Jr 9:21, Am 2:13, Mc 4:12, Zc 12:6 ← ‫עמר‬ ‫< עמישׁדי‬name> ‫ עמית‬fellow man ← ‫עמם‬ ‫ עמל‬to trouble oneself, toil and trouble → ‫ עמל‬trouble, bother σ ‫ לאה‬to vex, in the sense to irritate, trouble, annoy Is 7:13, Jb 4:5, ‫ עכר‬to trouble that causes sorrow ‫ עמל‬trouble, bother ← ‫ עמל‬σ ‫ זועה‬a cause to withdraw (in fear or disgust) Is 28:19, Jr 24:9, 29:18, 2C 29:8 ‫< עמל‬name> ‫< עמלק‬name> ‫< עמלקי‬name> ‫ עמם‬to be commonplace ?? Ez 28:3, 31:8 → ‫ עם‬people, a recognized grouping of individuals, ‫ עם‬commonplace, nothing special Jb 12:2, ‫ עם‬with, ‫ עמה‬next to, ‫ עמים‬plenty, in the phrase ‫הר עמים‬ mountain making common, from the idea that commonality equals plenty Dt 33:19, ‫ עמית‬fellow man, ‫ עמת‬together with 228 ‫< עמנו אל‬name> ‫ עמס‬to burden Gn 44:13, Ps 68:20 → ‫ מעמסה‬burden, ‫ עמס‬one who bears a burden, is burdened Is 46:3, Zc 12:3, Ne 13:15 σ ‫סבל‬ ‫ עמס‬one who bears a burden, is burdened Is 46:3, Zc 12:3, Ne 13:15 ← ‫עמס‬ ‫< עמסיה‬name> ‫< עמעד‬name> ‫ עמק‬to be deep, lower than something else → ‫ מעמק‬making deep, ‫ עמק‬deep place valley, ‫ עמק‬deep Lv 13:3–4, 34 deep as in deep thinker Is 33:19, Ez 3:5–6, Ps 64:7, 92:6 ‫ עמק‬deep place valley ← ‫ עמק‬σ ‫תהום‬ ‫ עמק‬deep Lv 13:3–4, 34 deep as in deep thinker Is 33:19, Ez 3:5–6, Ps 64:7, 92:6 ← ‫עמק‬ ‫< עמק קציץ‬name> ‫ עמר‬to tie up for the purpose of carrying away to enslave Dt 21:14, 24:7 → ‫ עמיר‬sheave, a small bundle of straw with grain, about a sickle full made quickly while harvesting the field to make it easier to carry the grain to the place for threshing Jr 9:21, Am 2:13, Mc 4:12, Zc 12:6, ‫ עמר‬a small sheaf, a sickle full quickly tied in the field to be carried off the field the same day as harvested. It cannot stand, but lies down where the harvester leaves it Lv 23:10–12, Dt 24:19 a dry measure equalling about the same amount of grain as carried by such a sheaf, about a cup Ex 16:16, 18, 36, Jb 24:10, ‫ עמר‬person tying sheaves harvester Rt 2:7, 15 ‫ עמר‬a small sheaf, a sickle full quickly tied in the field to be carried off the field the same day as harvested. It cannot stand, but lies down where the harvester leaves it Lv 23:10–12, Dt 24:19 a dry measure equalling about the same amount of grain as carried by such a sheaf, about a cup Ex 16:16, 18, 36, Jb 24:10 ← ‫ עמר‬σ ‫ אלמה‬sheaf that stands in the field σ ‫מדה‬ ‫ עמר‬person tying sheaves harvester Rt 2:7, 15 ← ‫עמר‬ ‫< עמרה‬name> ‫< עצרי‬name> ‫< עצרן‬name> ‫< עמרני‬name> ‫ עמשׂ‬burden ?? misspelling for ‫ ?? עמס‬Ne 4:11 αλ ‫< עמשׂא‬name> ‫< עמשׁי‬name> ‫< עמשׁסי‬name> ‫ עמת‬together with ← ‫עמם‬ ‫ ענב‬grape σ ‫ בסר‬unripe grapes Is 18:5, Jr 31:29–30, Ez 18:2, Jb 15:33, ‫ שׂרק‬dark, almost black, grapes that make a specialty, dark red wine Is 5:2, Jr 2:21 the color of those grapes Zc 1:8 ‫< ענב‬name> ‫ ענג‬to soften (a person) by not having to do hard work Is 55:2, 66:11, Ps 37:11 to soften oneself, the opposite of being hard necked (towards God) Is 58:14, Ps 37:4, Jb 22:26, 27:10 → ‫ ענג‬soft Dt 28:54, 56, Is 58:13 noble Is 47:1, place of soft living Is 13:22, ‫ מענגה‬softness, place of soft living Jr 6:2, ‫ תענוג‬soft person or thing noble Mc 1:16, Pr 229 19:10, So 7:7 (6), ‫ תענוגת‬softness nobility Ko 2:8 αλ (Aleppo ‫)תענגות‬, ‫תענג‬ softness, pleasure Mc 2:9 αλ σ ‫חלה‬ ‫ ענג‬soft Dt 28:54, 56, Is 58:13 noble Is 47:1, place of soft living Is 13:22 ← ‫ענג‬ ‫ ענד‬to clasp on an all metal necklace Pr 6:21, Jb 31:36 σ ‫חבל‬ ‫ ענה‬to answer in word and/or deed → ‫ מענה‬answer Mc 3:7, Pr 15:1, 23, 16:1, 29:19, Jb 32:1, 3, 5 ‫ ענה‬to humble, humiliate, make low(ly), referring to anything that diminishes a person which can either imposed from without (affliction, humiliation, defeat in battle Ex 32:18) or generated from within (humble, modest, selfhumiliation) to humiliate a woman by taking her virginity → ‫ מענה‬area that has been worked over, prepared ?? Dt 33:27, Ps 129:3, So 4:8 workday (an area that a team of animals can work in a day) ?? 1S 14:14, ‫ מענה‬one who humbles Ko 5:19 (20), humbled, humiliated Is 53:4, ‫ ענו‬humble, humiliated (person), ‫ ענוה‬humbleness, modesty, ‫ ענות‬humiliation, affliction, battle, defeat, that which has brought a person down Ex 32:18, Ps 18:36 (35), 22:25, ‫ עני‬humiliation, humble, lowly, humiliated (Ps 18:28), also a person who humiliates (Ps 12:6, 14:6), ‫ענין‬ diminishment, humbling ?? Dt 26:7, Is 58:3, Ko 8:16, ‫ תענית‬humiliation 1K 2:26, Ezr 9:5 ‫< ענה‬name> ‫ ענו‬humble, humiliated (person) ← ‫ענה‬ ‫< ענוב‬name> ‫ ענוה‬humbleness, modesty ← ‫ענה‬ ‫< ענוק‬name> ‫ ענושׁ‬accounted deserving of punishment Am 2:8, Pr 17:26 ← ‫ענשׁ‬ ‫ ענות‬humiliation, affliction, battle, defeat, that which has brought a person down Ex 32:18, Ps 18:36 (35), 22:25 ← ‫ענה‬ ‫< ענות‬name> ‫ עני‬humiliation, humble, lowly, humiliated (Ps 18:28), also a person who humiliates (Ps 12:6, 14:6) ← ‫ענה‬ ‫< עני‬name> ‫< עניה‬name> ‫ עניו‬β ‫ענו‬ ‫ ענים‬β ‫ ענים‬,‫ענה‬ ‫< ענים‬name> ‫ ענין‬diminishment, humbling ?? Dt 26:7, Is 58:3, Ko 8:16 ← ‫ענה‬ ‫< ענם‬name> ‫< ענמים‬name> ‫< ענמלך‬name> ‫ ענן‬to fortune tell by looking at clouds → ‫ מענן‬,‫ מעונן‬one who tells fortunes by looking at clouds Dt 18:14, ‫ עננה‬,‫ענן‬ cloud, ‫“ כענן־בקר‬as a morning cloud” as the day heats up, it “burns” off and disappears Hs 6:4 σ ‫ דרשׁ על מתים‬to practice necromancy, ‫ כשׁף‬to enchant, ‫ נחשׁ‬to divine by watching snakes, ,‫פרשׂ‬ ‫ פרשׁ‬to spread out hands as in preparing to hug, also to spread out a cloth, book, net, entrails for divination to divine (by looking at entrails) used metaphorically to require information from the Lord Lv 24:12 ‫פרשׂ כנף על‬ to marry Rt 3:9, Ez 16:8, ‫ קסם‬to tell fortunes 2K 17:17, Ez 13:23 be paid to 230 tell a fortune Mi 3:11 σ → ‫ אוב‬medium, ‫ ידעוני‬,‫ ידעני‬soothsayer, one who has (supernatural) knowledge ‫ עננה‬,‫ ענן‬cloud, ‫“ כענן־בקר‬as a morning cloud” as the day heats up, it “burns” off and disappears Hs 6:4 ← ‫ ענן‬σ ‫נשׂיא‬ cloud, lifting up of moisture, ‫ עב‬overcast, used of the low, flat clouds from which can come rains Ex 19:9, 1K 18:44–5, Pr 16:15, also an architectural feature, possibly eaves or overhang overshadowing what’s below 1K 7:6, Ez 41:25–6, ‫ שׁחק‬fine particles of dust Is 40:15 or water, used of clouds Dt 33:26, Jr 51:9, Ps 36:6 ‫< ענן‬name> ‫< ענני‬name> ‫< ענניה‬name> ‫ ענף‬leafy branch σ ‫דלית‬ ‫ ענק‬to ornament, used figuratively Dt 15:14 → ‫ ענק‬ornament Pr 1:9, So 4:9, ‫ענקת‬ ornamentation Jd 8:26, Ps 73:6 σ ‫פאר‬ ‫ ענק‬ornament Pr 1:9, So 4:9 ← ‫ענק‬ ‫< ענק‬name> ‫< ענקים‬name> ‫ ענקת‬ornamentation Jd 8:26, Ps 73:6 ← ‫ענק‬ ‫< ענר‬name> ‫ ענשׁ‬to be made to pay (the consequences of an action, a fine) Ex 21:22, Dt 22:19, Pr 22:3, 2C 36:3 → ‫ ענושׁ‬accounted deserving of punishment Am 2:8, Pr 17:26. ‫ ענשׁ‬fine 2K 23:33, Pr 19:19 σ ‫ בשׁס‬to lay heavy duty (monetary) Am 5;11 αλ ‫ ענושׁ‬accounted deserving of punishment Am 2:8, Pr 17:26 ← ‫ענשׁ‬ ‫ ענשׁ‬fine 2K 23:33, Pr 19:19 ← ‫ענשׁ‬ ‫< ענת‬name> ‫< ענתות‬name> ‫< ענתותי‬name> ‫ ענתת‬toponym 1 Kg 2:26 αλ ‫< ענתתיה‬name> ‫ עסותם‬β ‫עסס‬ ‫ עסיס‬must, the juice pressed out of fruits to be fermented into wine, sometimes partially fermented Is 49:26, Jl 1:6, 4:18, Am 9:13, So 8:2 ← ‫עסס‬ ‫ עסס‬to walk upon Ma 3:21 (4:3) αλ → ‫ עסיס‬must, the juice pressed out of fruits to be fermented into wine, sometimes partially fermented Is 49:26, Jl 1:6, 4:18, Am 9:13, So 8:2 σ ‫הלך‬ ‫ עער‬β ‫עור‬ ‫ עפא‬foliage Ps 104:12 αλ σ ‫דלית‬ ‫ עפל‬to swell up (as in being proud) → ‫ עפל‬tumor Dt 28:17, swelling of bubonic plague 1S 5:6, 9, 12, 6:4–5; hill (swelling on the land) 2K 5:24, Is 32:14, 2C 33:14, ‫ עפלה‬swollen up, idiomatic reference to being proud, Ha 2:4 ‫ עפל‬tumor Dt 28:17, swelling of bubonic plague 1S 5:6, 9, 12, 6:4–5; hill (swelling on the land) 2K 5:24, Is 32:14, 2C 33:14 ← ‫ עפל‬σ ‫דבר‬ ‫ עפלה‬swollen up, idiomatic reference to being proud, Ha 2:4 ← ‫עפל‬ ‫< עפני‬name> ‫ עפעף‬eyelid Jr 9:17 (18), Ps 132:4, Jb 16:16, 41:10 ‫ עפר‬to throw a clod of dirt ?? 2S 16:13 αλ → ‫ עפר‬dirt, that sticks together into a clod ?? building material neither stone nor wood Lv 14:41–2, 45, ‫עפרות‬ 231 pile of dirt stuck together Pr 8:26 αλ, ‫ עפרת‬ore, non-metal bearing stones found in ore and tossed aside, slag ?? Nu 31:22, Jr 6:29, Zc 5:7–8, Jb 19:24, 28:6 ‫ עפר‬dirt, that sticks together into a clod ?? building material neither stone nor wood Lv 14:41–2, 45 ← ‫ עפר‬σ ‫ אבק‬fine dust Ex 9:9, Dt 28:24, Is 29:5, ‫ חול‬sand, ‫ חמר‬clay, ‫ טיט‬mud, mire 2S 22:43, Is 41:25, Jr 38:6, Ps 41:3 (2), Jb 41:30, ‫יון‬ fine clay, ‫ רגב‬sticky mud Jb 21:33, 38:38 ‫ עפר‬fawn ( ← being dust colored?) So 2:9, 17, 4:5, 7:4, 8:14 ‫< עפר‬name> ‫< עפרה‬name> ‫< עפרון‬name> ‫ עפרות‬pile of dirt stuck together Pr 8:26 αλ ← ‫עפר‬ ‫< עפרין‬name> ‫ עפרת‬ore, non-metal bearing stones found in ore and tossed aside, slag ?? Nu 31:22, Jr 6:29, Zc 5:7–8, Jb 19:24, 28:6 ← ‫עפר‬ ‫ עפתה‬β ‫עיפתה‬ ‫ עץ‬β ‫ עץ‬,‫יעץ‬ ‫ עץ‬tree wood σ ‫( אלמגים‬in 1K 10:11– 12), ‫( אלגומים‬in 2Ch 2:7, 9:10–11) sandal-wood, ebony ?? a tree found in Lebanon and Ophir, ‫ ארז‬cedar, ‫ ארן‬laurel Is 44:19 αλ, ‫ ברושׁ‬pine 2S 6:5, Is 60:13, 2C 3:5, ‫ לוז‬some sort of tree Gn 30:37 αλ, ‫ ערב‬willow tree Lv 23:40, Is 15:7, 44:4, Ps 139:2, Jb 40:22, ‫ ערמן‬,‫ערמון‬ plane tree Gn 30:37, Ez 31:8, ‫ רתם‬broom tree retama roetam a small desert plant known for its burning properties, used for cooking and heating 1K 19:4–5, Ps 120:4, Jb 30:4, ‫ שׁקמים‬,‫ שׁקמה‬sycamore tree, a tree known for its fruits, which needed to be pierced to ripen, and wood, used to be quite common in Israel 1K 10:27, Is 9:9, Am 7:14, Ps 78:47, 1C 27:28, 2C 1:15, 9:27, ‫ תאשׁור‬cypress tree Is 41:19, 60:13, Ex 27:6, ‫ תדהר‬ash tree ?? Is 41:19, 60:13, ‫ תרזה‬a type of tree ?? Is 44:14 αλ ‫ עצב‬to do sorrowful, heavy labor that makes one weary, worn out, in pain to be hard, stern as in discipline 1K 1:6 → ‫ מעצבה‬heavy labor Is 50:11 αλ, ‫ עצב‬idol (what object that causes the most sorrow and heavy labor in idolatrous societies if not the worship of their gods?) 1S 31:9, 2S 5:21, Zc 13:2, Ps 106:38, 1C 10:9, 2C 24:18, ‫ עצב‬worker doing harsh labor Jr 22:28, Ps 127:2, ‫ עצב‬heavy labor, hard work Is 14:3, 46:1, Pr 5:10, 10:22, 14:23, 1C 4:9–10, ‫ עצבון‬harshness, sorrowful weariness Gn 3:16–7, 5:29, Jb 10:8, ‫ עצבת‬weariness, pain from heavy labor Ps 16:4, 147:3, Pr 10:10, 15:13, Jb 9:28 σ ‫כאב‬ ‫ עצב‬idol (what object that causes the most sorrow and heavy labor in idolatrous societies if not the worship of their gods?) 1S 31:9, 2S 5:21, Zc 13:2, Ps 106:38, 1C 10:9, 2C 24:18 ← ‫ עצב‬σ ‫אלוה‬ ‫ עצב‬worker doing harsh labor Jr 22:28, Ps 127:2 ← ‫ עצב‬σ ‫עבד‬ ‫ עצב‬heavy labor, hard work Is 14:3, 46:1, Pr 5:10, 10:22, 14:23, 1C 4:9–10 ← ‫עצב‬ σ ‫עבדה‬ ‫ עצבון‬harshness, sorrowful weariness Gn 3:16–7, 5:29, Jb 10:8 ← ‫עצב‬ 232 ‫ עצבת‬weariness, pain from heavy labor Ps 16:4, 147:3, Pr 10:10, 15:13, Jb 9:28 ← ‫עצב‬ ‫ עצד‬to lay out ?? (flax for retting, chalkline for measuring) → ‫ מעצד‬workroom (where tools and work are laid out) ?? Is 44:12, Jr 10:3 ‫ עצה‬β ‫ עצה‬,‫עץ‬ ‫ עצה‬counsel, advice ← ‫ יעץ‬σ ‫דע‬ ‫ עצה‬backbone ?? Lv 3:9 αλ ‫ עצה‬wooden objects ?? Jr 6:6 αλ ‫ עצום‬numerically mighty ← ‫ עצם‬σ ‫רב‬ multiple great, numerous ‫ עצי ברושׂים‬wooden ?? a type of noisemaker used in rejoicing 2S 6:5 αλ ‫< עציון גבר‬name> ‫ עצל‬to be lazy Jd 18:9 αλ → ‫ עצל‬lazy (person) Pr 6:6, 9, 19:15, 24, 26:16, ‫ עצלות‬,‫ עצלה‬laziness Pr 19:15, 31:27, Ko 10:18 ‫ עצל‬lazy (person) Pr 6:6, 9, 19:15, 24, 26:16 ← ‫עצל‬ ‫ עצלות‬,‫ עצלה‬laziness Pr 19:15, 31:27, Ko 10:18 ← ‫עצל‬ ‫ עצם‬to become mighty numerical strength → ‫ עצום‬numerically mighty, ‫ עצם‬bone, might, when used in the construct state, can be used to emphasize a particular object, e.g. ‫“ עצם היום‬the very day” Gn 7:13. Ex 12:17, Ez 2:3, ‫עצם‬ ‫“ ידך‬your own hand” Jb 30:21, ‫עצמות‬ arguments, strong points Is 41:21 αλ, ‫ תעצמות‬firming up ?? Ps 68:35 αλ σ ‫אמץ‬ ‫ עצם‬bone, might, when used in the construct state, can be used to emphasize a particular object, e.g. ‫“ עצם היום‬the very day” Gn 7:13. Ex 12:17, Ez 2:3, ‫עצם‬ ‫“ ידך‬your own hand” Jb 30:21 ← ‫עצם‬ ‫< עצם‬name> ‫ עצמה‬might ← ‫ עצם‬σ ‫כח‬ ‫< עצמון‬name> ‫ עצמות‬arguments, strong points Is 41:21 αλ ← ‫עצם‬ ‫ עצן‬advising him (‫ ?? )העצנו‬in 2S 23:8 αλ ← ‫ יעץ‬LXX different ‫ עצר‬to make a planned for action, act with restraint. This is a forceful action that results in coordinated action rather than flailing around in the sense of keeping from an action, holding back Gn 16:2, 20:18 to set a restraint 1S 9:17 ‫עצר‬ ‫ כח‬to retain strength for oneself, i.e. to have strength 2C 2:5 (6), 13:20 → ‫ מעצר‬,‫ מעצור‬restraint that limits, ‫עצר‬ restraint, ‫ עצרה‬time to celebrate marked by a restraint from working 2K 10:20, Is 1:13, Jl 1:14, 2:15, ‫ עצרת‬holiday (restraint from working) Lv 23:36, Dt 16:8, Jr 9:1 (2), Ne 8:18, 2C 7:9 σ ‫אטר‬ to restrict, prevent access to Ps 69:16 αλ, ‫ חפף‬to set restraints, keeping within bounds Dt 33:12 αλ, ‫ לחץ‬to restrict squeeze Nu 22:25, oppress Ex 22:20 (21), 23:9, Jd 1:34, Ps 106:42 σ ‫פרע‬ ‫ עצר‬restraint ← ‫עצר‬ ‫ עצרה‬time to celebrate marked by a restraint from working 2K 10:20, Is 1:13, Jl 1:14, 2:15 ← ‫עצר‬ ‫ עצרת‬holiday (restraint from working) Lv 23:36, Dt 16:8, Jr 9:1 (2), Ne 8:18, 2C 7:9 ← ‫עצר‬ ‫ עקב‬to deal crookedly with Gn 27:36, Jr 9:3, Hs 12:4 (3) → ‫ עקב‬crooked, 233 ‫ עקת‬weighing down Ps 55:4 (3) αλ ← ‫עוק‬ ‫ עקל‬to be convoluted, twisted, tortuous, hard to follow (of paths, small, behind the hedges) → ‫ עקלתון‬convoluted ‫לויתן‬ ‫ נחשׁ עקלתון‬Is 27:1 αλ, ‫עקלקלות‬ crookedness, convolutedness ?? Jd 5:6, Ps 125:5 ‫ עקלקלות‬crookedness, convolutedness ?? Jd 5:6, Ps 125:5 ← ‫עקל‬ ‫ עקלתון‬convoluted ‫ לויתן נחשׁ עקלתון‬Is 27:1 αλ ← ‫עקל‬ ‫< עקן‬name> ‫ עקר‬to uproot make barren, sterile, unable to have offspring (gelded stallions are meek draft animals) → ,‫עקר‬ ‫ עקרה‬barren, sterile, unable to have offspring ‫ עקרה‬,‫ עקר‬barren, sterile, unable to have offspring ← ‫עקר‬ ‫ עקר‬uprooting ?? Lv 25:47 ‫< עקר‬name> ‫ עקרב‬scorpion De 8:15, 1K 12:11, 14, 2C 10:11, 14, Ez 2:6 ‫ עקרבים‬place name in the south Nu 34:4, Js 15:3, Jd 1:36 ‫< עקרון‬name> ‫< עקרוני‬name> ‫ עקשׁ‬to become perverse, stubbornly going the wrong way Is 59:8, Mc 3:9, Pr 28:18, Jb 9:20 → ‫ מעקשׁ‬perverse, wrong ways ?? Is 42:16, Pr 10:9, 19:1, 28:6, ‫עקשׁ‬ perverse Dt 32:5, 2S 22:27, Pr 8:8, 22:5, ‫ עקשׁות‬perverseness Pr 4:24, 6:12 σ ‫ירט‬ to be detached, not affiliated with ?? Nu 22:32 αλ, ‫ פתל‬to entangle ‫ עקשׁ‬perverse Dt 32:5, 2S 22:27, Pr 8:8, 22:5 ← ‫עקשׁ‬ crooked place Is 40:4, Jr 17:9 heel (the part of the body permanently crooked) Gn 3:15, 49:17, Ps 41:10 (9), “at the heals of” following closely So 1:8, used in context of being hunted down, stalked (similar to English “nipping at one’s heels) Dt 7:12, Ps 56:7 (6), So 1:8, those who hunt, stalk Jr 13:22, used of a military division flanking (curving around) the enemy Js 8:13, because of, (there are) consequences Gn 22:18, Nu 14:24, Is 5:23, ‫ עקבה‬crookedness, as in crooked paths Ps 77:20 (19) crooked dealing 2K 10:19, Hs 6:8 ‫ עקב‬crooked, crooked place Is 40:4, Jr 17:9 heel (the part of the body permanently crooked) Gn 3:15, 49:17, Ps 41:10 (9), “at the heals of” following closely So 1:8, used in context of being hunted down, stalked (similar to English “nipping at one’s heels) Dt 7:12, Ps 56:7 (6), So 1:8, those who hunt, stalk Jr 13:22, used of a military division flanking (curving around) the enemy Js 8:13, because of, (there are) consequences Gn 22:18, Nu 14:24, Is 5:23 ← ‫עקב‬ ‫ עקבה‬crookedness, as in crooked paths (Ps 77:20 (19)) crooked dealing (2 K 10:19, Hs 6:8) ← ‫עקב‬ ‫ עקד‬to tie up, wrapping the rope around and around Gn 22:9 αλ → ‫ עקד‬striped Gn 30:35, 39–40, 31:8, 10, 12 σ ‫חבל‬ ‫ עקד‬striped Gn 30:35, 39–40, 31:8, 10, 12 ← ‫עקד‬ ‫< עקוב‬name> 234 ‫< עקשׁ‬name> ‫ עקשׁות‬perverseness Pr 4:24, 6:12 ← ‫עקשׁ‬ ‫ ער‬β ‫ ער‬,‫עור‬ ‫ ער‬enemy, those who destroy ?? 1 S 28:16, Ps 139:20 ← ‫ ערר‬σ ‫אויב‬ ‫< ער‬name> ‫ ערב‬to exchange, take in exchange (day for night, goods, down payment), make a pledge of exchange to be pleasing (what one likes to take in exchange) → ‫ מערב‬articles of exchange Ez 27:9, 13, 17, 19, 25, 27, 33–4, ‫ מערב‬west (⇐ direction of sunset) Is 45:6, Ps 103:12, Dn 8:5, 1C 12:16 (15), ‫ ערב‬evening, the exchange of day for night, beginning of the next day, ‫ ערב‬woof, that which gets exchanged from top to bottom and back again during the weaving process Lv 13:48–9, 51–3, 56–9, ‫ ערב‬pleasing, what one wants in exchange, ‫ ערבה‬security, pledge 1S 17:18, Pr 17:18, ‫ ערבון‬object taken as a security to assure payment Gn 38:17–8, 20, ‫ ערבן‬assurance, statement of trust Jb 17:3 αλ, ‫ תערבות‬hostage, status of being a hostage 2K 14:14, 2C 25:24 σ ‫טוב‬ ‫ ערב‬evening, the exchange of day for night, beginning of the next day ← ‫ערב‬ ‫ ערב‬foreign(er) Ex 12:38, 30:5, 1K 10:15, Jr 25:20, 24, 50:37, Ne 13:3 ‫ ערב‬woof, that which gets exchanged from top to bottom and back again during the weaving process Lv 13:48–9, 51–3, 56–9 ← ‫ ערב‬σ ‫ארג‬ ‫ ערב‬pleasing, what one wants in exchange ← ‫ערב‬ ‫ ערב‬raven, including crow Lv 11:15, Dt 14:14, 1K 17:4, 6 σ ‫עוף‬ ‫ ערב‬gadfly, horsefly ?? Ex 8:21, 22, 24, 29, 31 σ ‫עוף‬ ‫ ערב‬willow tree Lv 23:40, Is 15:7, 44:4, Ps 139:2, Jb 40:22 σ ‫עץ‬ ‫< ערב‬name> ‫ ערבה‬plain (land) ‫ ערבה‬security, pledge 1S 17:18, Pr 17:18 ← ‫ערב‬ ‫ ערבון‬object taken as a security to assure payment Gn 38:17–8, 20 ← ‫ערב‬ ‫ ערבי‬Arab, ancient long distance traders, also in the days before Islam were known for their sexual immorality Is 13:20, Jr 3:2 ‫ ערבן‬assurance, statement of trust Jb 17:3 αλ ← ‫ערב‬ ‫< ערבתי‬name> ‫ ערג‬to yearn for Jl 1:20, Ps 42:1 → ,‫ערוגה‬ ‫ ערגה‬garden bed Ez 17:7, 10, So 5:13, 6:2 σ ‫אוה‬ ‫< ערד‬name> ‫ ערה‬to make bare, uncovered to empty entirely → ‫ מעור‬nakedness Ha 2:15 αλ, ‫ מער‬bareness Nh 3:5 ‫ מערם‬bare, unclothed, ‫ עירם‬shameful naked(ness), made bare what should not be made bare Gn 3:7, 10–1, Ez 16:39, 18:7, 23:29, ‫ערה‬ bare place Is 19:7 αλ, ‫ ערוה‬bareness, also used idiomatically to indicate something that should not be, such as weakness or shame, ‫ ערום‬naked, without covering or clothes Gn 2:25, Is 20:2–4, Ez 18:16, Jb 26:6, ‫ עריה‬bare (always found in ‫ עירם ועריה‬naked and bare) Ez 16:7, 22, 39, 23:29, ‫ ערם‬bare, as is without 235 ‫ ערכה‬,‫ ערך‬setting up ← ‫ערך‬ ‫ ערכך‬that which is arranged, valued valuation Lv 27:23 ← ‫ערך‬ ‫ ערל‬to leave uncut off be uncircumcised → ‫ ערל‬uncircumcised (person), ‫ערלה‬ foreskin Gn 17:11, 14, 23–5, Ex 4:25, treat as uncircumcised ?? Lv 19:23 ‫ ערל‬uncircumcised (person) ← ‫ערל‬ ‫ ערלה‬foreskin Gn 17:11, 14, 23–5, Ex 4:25, treat as uncircumcised ?? Lv 19:23 ← ‫ערל‬ ‫ ערם‬to pile up to act with forethought, which can either be pleasing (prudence) or displeasing (craftiness) → ‫ ערם‬,‫ערום‬ acting with forethought prudent or crafty, ‫ ערמה‬prudence, craftiness, ‫ערמה‬ pile, heap (of stuff) σ ‫ צבר‬to pile up Gn 41:35, 49, Hb 1:10, Jb 27:16 ‫ ערם‬bare, as is without clothing or anything else 1S 19:24, Is 58:7, Ez 16:7, 22, Jb 1:21, 2C 28:15 ← ‫ערה‬ ‫ ערמה‬prudence, craftiness ← ‫ ערם‬σ ‫דע‬ ‫ ערמה‬pile, heap (of stuff) ← ‫ערם‬ ‫ ערמן‬,‫ ערמון‬plane tree Gn 30:37, Ez 31:8 σ ‫עץ‬ ‫< ערן‬name> ‫< ערני‬name> ‫ ערסה‬grain ?? Nu 15:20–1, Ez 44:30, ‫ עריסה‬Ne 10:38 (37) ‫< ערעור‬name> ‫ ערער‬to be ravaged Jr 51:58 → people who are ravaged Ps 102:18 ← ‫ערר‬ ‫< ערער‬name> ‫< ערערי‬name> ‫ ערף‬to issue forth, as in to pour Dt 32:2, 33:28, Hs 10:2 to cut the jugular vein (make the blood issue forth) Ex 13:13, clothing or anything else 1S 19:24, Is 58:7, Ez 16:7, 22, Jb 1:21, 2C 28:15 ‫ ערה‬bare place Is 19:7 αλ ← ‫ערה‬ ‫ ערגה‬,‫ ערוגה‬garden bed Ez 17:7, 10, So 5:13, 6:2 ← ‫ערג‬ ‫ ערוד‬wild ass, onager ?? Jb 39:5 αλ ‫ ערוה‬bareness, also used idiomatically to indicate something that should not be, such as weakness or shame ← ‫ערה‬ ‫ ערום‬β ‫ ערום‬,‫עירם‬ ‫ ערם‬,‫ ערום‬acting with forethought prudent or crafty ← ‫ערם‬ ‫ ערום‬naked, without covering or clothes Gn 2:25, Is 20:2–4, Ez 18:16, Jb 26:6 ← ‫ ערה‬σ ‫ יחף‬barefoot 2S 15:30, Is 20:2–4, Jr 2:25, ‫ עירם‬shameful naked(ness), made bare what should not be made bare Gn 3:7, 10–1, Ez 16:39, 18:7, 23:29 ‫< ערוער‬name> ‫ ערוץ‬slope (valley side) ?? Jb 30:6 αλ ‫ ערות‬β ‫ ערוה‬,‫ערה‬ ‫< ערי‬name> ‫ עריה‬bare (always found in ‫עירם ועריה‬ naked and bare) Ez 16:7, 22, 39, 23:29 ← ‫ערה‬ ‫ עריפים‬downpour Is 5:30 αλ ← ‫ ערף‬σ ‫גשׁם‬ ‫ עריץ‬causing dismay person causing dismay ← ‫ערץ‬ ‫ ערירי‬lone Gn 15:2, Lv 20:20–1, Jr 22:30 ← ‫ערר‬ ‫ ערך‬β ‫ ערך‬,‫ער‬ ‫ ערך‬to set up in the sense of putting in order, arranging, valuing → ‫מערכה‬ arrangement, formation, often used for battle formation army, ‫ ערכה‬,‫ערך‬ setting up, ‫ ערכך‬that which is arranged, valued valuation Lv 27:23 σ ‫שׂים‬ 236 34:20, Dt 21:4 → ‫ עריפים‬downpour Is 5:30 αλ, ‫ ערף‬neck (where the jugular vein is found) ‫ ערף‬neck (where the jugular vein is found) ← ‫ערף‬ ‫< ערפה‬name> ‫ ערפל‬gloom Ex 20:21, Dt 4:11, 5:22, Jr 13:16, 2C 6:1 σ ‫חשׁכ‬ ‫ ערץ‬to (be) dismay(ed) Dt 1:29, 20:3, Is 2:19, 21, Ps 89:8 → ‫ מערץ‬person of whom one is dismayed Is 8:13 αλ, ‫ מערצה‬dismaying Is 10:33 αλ, ‫עריץ‬ causing dismay person causing dismay σ ‫ירא‬ ‫ ערק‬one who strips off (BDB—one who gnaws, chews on) ?? Jb 30:3, 17 ‫< ערקי‬name> ‫ ערר‬to ravage, make lone, without inhabitants Is 23:13, Jr 51:58 → ‫ערירי‬ lone Gn 15:2, Lv 20:20–1, Jr 22:30, ‫ערער‬ to be ravaged Jr 51:58 → people who are ravaged Ps 102:18 ‫ ערשׂ‬bed, possibly a covered one σ ‫מטה‬ ‫ עשׁ‬β ‫ עשׁ‬,‫עישׁ‬ ‫ עשׁ‬a destructive action, wasting away, such as the destruction of clothing caused by caterpillars Hs 5:12, Ps 39:12, Jb 4:19 ‫ עשׁ‬caterpillar, the larva of a moth Is 50:9, 51:8, Jb 13:28, 27:18 σ ‫ סס‬moth Is 51:8 αλ ‫ עשׂב‬green plant σ ‫דשׁא‬ ‫ עשׂה‬to make, basic meaning as in making or manufacturing an object, however it is also used in the context of making an action, where English uses to do (“do” always requires a direct object, ‫ עשׂה‬the object is optional) → ‫ מעשׂה‬deed, work, action or object done or made, ‫עשׂה‬ maker, creator σ ‫ חרשׁ‬to work on or over Dt 22:10, Jd 14:18, 1S 8:12\ to plow Is 28:24, ‫ יצר‬to fashion to take raw material and make something out of it, e.g. the creation of mankind Gn 2:7–8, bronze pillar 1K 7:15, statue (idol) Is 44:9–10, etc., ‫ עלל‬to repeat an action, ‫ פעל‬to accomplish, finish, to make or do focusing on the completion of the job, ‫ תאר‬to outline ‫ עשׂה‬maker, creator ← ‫עשׂה‬ ‫< עשׂהאל‬name> ‫ עשׂו‬β ‫ עשׂו‬,‫עשׂה‬ ‫ עשׂו‬Esau, also called Edom, brother of Jacob ‫ עשׁוק‬one who defrauds Jr 22:3 αλ ← ‫עשׁק‬ ‫ עשׁוק‬victimized by fraud Dt 28:29, 33, Hs 5:11 ← ‫עשׁק‬ ‫ עשׁוקים‬victims of fraud Jr 50:33, Am 3:9, Ps 103:6, 146:7, Jb 35:9 ← ‫עשׁק‬ ‫ עשׂור‬a type of musical instrument, apparently a ten stringed harp, psaltery, with ten strings Ps 33:2, 92:4, 144:9 ← ‫עשׂר‬ ‫ עשׂור‬ten days Gn 24:55, tenth day of the month Lv 16:29, 25:9, Nu 29:7, Js 4:19, Jr 52:4, 12, Ez 41:1 ← ‫עשׂר‬ ‫< עשׁות‬name> ‫< עשׂיאל‬name> ‫< עשׂיה‬name> ‫ עשׂירי‬tenth ← ‫עשׂר‬ ‫ עשׁיר‬a person who is well off rich ← ‫עשׁר‬ ‫ עשׁן‬to be smoky just as a burning fire gives off smoke, so when God’s fury 237 ‫ עשׂור‬a type of musical instrument, apparently a ten stringed harp, psaltery, with ten strings Ps 33:2, 92:4, 144:9, ‫ עשׂור‬ten days Gn 24:55, tenth day of the month Lv 16:29, 25:9, Nu 29:7, Js 4:19, Jr 52:4, 12, Ez 41:1, ‫ עשׂירי‬tenth, ,‫עשׂר‬ ‫ עשׂרה‬ten, ‫ עשׂר‬a tenth as much ?? Pr 11:16, ‫ עשׂרון‬tenth part (of an ephah) ‫ עשׁר‬to be well off rich → ‫מעשׁיר‬ causing to be well off 1S 2:7 αλ, ‫ עשׁיר‬a person who is well off rich, ‫עשׁר‬ riches ‫ עשׂר‬an architectural feature ?? Ez 42:3 ‫ עשׂר‬a tenth as much ?? Pr 11:16 ← ‫עשׂר‬ ‫ עשׁר‬riches ← ‫ עשׁר‬σ ‫ הון‬resources (fields, mines, factories) as a source of wealth, hence used as a synomyn for wealth Ps 119:14, Pr 13:11, 18:11, Enough! Pr 30:15–6, ‫ נכסים‬wealth Js 22:8, Ko 5:18(19), 6:2, 2C 1:11–2 ‫ עשׂרה‬,‫ עשׂר‬ten ← ‫עשׂר‬ ‫ עשׂרון‬tenth part (of an ephah) ← ‫עשׂר‬ ‫ עשׁשׁ‬to be downcast ?? Ps 6:7, 31:10–1 (9– 10) ‫ עשׁת‬β ‫ עשׁת‬,‫עשה‬ ‫ עשׁת‬to consider, plan in order to act Jn 1:6 αλ → ‫ עשׁתות‬consideration, expectation ?? Jb 12:5 αλ, ‫עשׁתנת‬ considerations, expectations and plans ?? Ps 146:4 αλ σ ‫חשׁב‬ ‫ עשׁתי‬eleven ‫ עשׁתות‬consideration, expectation ?? Jb 12:5 αλ ← ‫עשׁת‬ ‫ עשׁתנת‬considerations, expectations and plans ?? Ps 146:4 αλ ← ‫עשׁת‬ ‫ עשׁתרת‬,‫ עשׁתרות‬breeding, always used in connection with domesticated animals Dt burns against someone, so it is said to smoke → ‫ עשׁן‬smoke, also used of mist that curls up like smoke, as in warm breath σ ‫ קטר‬to smoke i.e. burn incense to burn a sacrifice σ ‫לבב‬ ‫ עשׁן‬smoke, also used of mist that curls up like smoke, as in warm breath ← ‫ עשׁן‬σ ‫ קטורה‬smoke from sacrifices Dt 33:10 αλ, ‫ קטרת‬smoke from burning incense, sacrifice that which is burned to make smoke, incense, ‫ קיטר‬,‫ קיטור‬smoke Gn 19:28, Ps 110:83, 148:8 ‫< עשׁן‬name> ‫ עשׁק‬,‫ עשׂק‬to defraud, to take something away from somebody by fraud, act fraudulently → ‫ עשׁקה‬,‫ מעשׁקות‬fraud, something taken away by fraud, ‫עשׁוק‬ one who defrauds Jr 22:3 αλ, ‫עשׁוק‬ victimized by fraud Dt 28:29, 33, Hs 5:11, ‫ עשׁוקים‬victims of fraud Jr 50:33, Am 3:9, Ps 103:6, 146:7, Jb 35:9, ‫ עשׁק‬act of fraud Is 30:12, Jr 22:17 σ ‫ לוז‬to entice (away) (by what one sees), to beguile, (to take away by trickery only in Niphal), in other words, to act on impulse, ‫ נדא‬to entice away ?? 2K 17:21 αλ, ‫ נשׁא‬to beguile, seduce with false promises, ‫ פתה‬to allure, entice Dt 11:16, 1K 22:20, 22, Pr 1:10, ‫ קבע‬to withhold what is due Is 51:17, 22, Ml 3:8–9, Pr 22:23 ‫ עשׁק‬act of fraud Is 30:12, Jr 22:17 ← ‫עשׁק‬ ‫ עשׁק‬,‫< עשׂק‬name> ‫ עשׁקה‬fraud, something taken away by fraud ← ‫עשׁק‬ ‫ עשׂר‬to make a tenth part to give or receive a tithe → ‫ מעשׂר‬tenth part, tithe, 238 ‫ עתיק‬beyond Is 28:9, more than enough ?? Is 23:18, 1C 4:22 ← ‫עתק‬ ‫< עתך‬name> ‫< עתלי‬name> ‫< עתליה‬name> ‫< עתליהו‬name> ‫ עתם‬to burn up ?? Is 9:18 (19) αλ σ ‫שׂרף‬ ‫< עתני‬name> ‫< עתניאל‬name> ‫ עתק‬to go on, go further, continue on, go beyond Gn 12:8, 26:22, to advance, go forward Pr 8:18, Jb 21:7, hi to cause to go forward, further Pr 25:1 to cause to go beyond Jb 32:15 → ‫ מעתיק‬one who causes (mountains) to continue Jb 9:5 αλ, ‫ עתיק‬beyond Is 28:9, more than enough ?? Is 23:18, 1C 4:22, ‫עתק‬ beyond, beyond what is right 1S 2:3, Ps 75:6, 94:4 σ ‫הלכ‬ ‫ עתק‬beyond, beyond what is right 1S 2:3, Ps 75:6, 94:4 ← ‫עתק‬ ‫ עתר‬to plead Gn 25:21, Jd 13:8, Jb 33:26, 2C 33:13, 19 → ‫ עתר‬pleading, suppliant, ‫ עתרת‬pleading Jr 33:6 αλ σ ‫שׁאל‬ ‫ עתר‬pleading, suppliant ← ‫עתר‬ ‫< עתר‬name> ‫< עתרי‬name> ?? Zp 3:10 ‫ עתרת‬pleading Jr 33:6 αλ ← ‫עתר‬ ‫ עתת‬times, a generic reference to time Ps 31:16 αλ ‫ פ‬seventeenth letter, has no meaning in Hebrew on its own, where letters are used as numbers, it refers to the number 80. ‫ פא‬limit Jb 38:11 αλ ← ‫פאה‬ ‫ פאה‬to (set) limit(s) Dt 32:26 αλ → ‫פא‬ limit Jb 38:11 αλ, ‫ פאה‬side as in side of 7:13, 28:4, 18, 51 name of fertility goddess Jd 2:13, 10:6, 1S 7:3–4, 2K 23:13 ‫< עשׁתרות‬name> ‫< עשׁתרת‬name> ‫< עשׁתרתי‬name> ‫ עת‬β ‫ עתה‬,‫עת‬ ‫ עת‬time σ ‫ אפן‬turn (also used where we use “time” as in number of times an action was done), ‫ אשׁון‬time ?? Q Pr 20:20 αλ, ‫ זמן‬appointed time Ko 3:1, Es 9:27, 31, Ezr 10:14, Nh 2:6, 10:36, 13:31, ‫ עד‬eon, time ‫< עת קצין‬name> ‫ עתד‬to prepare Pr 24:27, Jb 15:28 → ,‫עתד‬ ‫ עתוד‬ready, prepared Es 3:14, 8:13, ‫ עתדת‬that which is prepared Dt 32:25 αλ, ‫ עתוד‬some sort of leader ?? Is 14:9, Jr 50:8, Zc 10:3, ‫ עתיד‬prepared Jb 3:8, 15:24, Es 3:14, ‫ עתידת‬prepared, things that have been made, wealth Is 10:13 αλ ‫ עתוד‬,‫ עתד‬ram, male sheep Gn 31, Nu 7 σ ‫איל‬ ‫ עתוד‬,‫ עתד‬ready, prepared Es 3:14, 8:13 ← ‫עתד‬ ‫ עתדת‬that which is prepared Dt 32:25 αλ ← ‫עתד‬ ‫ עתה‬now ‫ עתוד‬some sort of leader ?? Is 14:9, Jr 50:8, Zc 10:3 ← ‫עתד‬ ‫ עתי‬timely Lv 16:21 αλ ‫< עתי‬name> ‫ עתיד‬prepared Jb 3:8, 15:24, Es 3:14 ← ‫עתד‬ ‫ עתידת‬prepared, things that have been made, wealth Is 10:13 αλ ← ‫עתד‬ D‫< עתי‬name> 239 a house, side of an area within a boundary, country ‫ פאה‬side as in side of a house, side of an area within a boundary, country ← ‫פאה‬ σ ‫ גבל‬,‫ גבול‬bounds what’s insides bounds, bounded region, ‫ חבל‬land area, tied to a locality or city, ‫ צד‬side not in area, region, beside, ‫ צלע‬side (of a building, mountain, etc., possibly two leaves to a door 1K 6:34) ‫ פאר‬to glorify, honor (hit) honor oneself, take as glory for oneself, glorify oneself Jd 7:2, Is 10:15, 61:3 → ‫ פאר‬that which honors Is 61:3, 10, ‫ תפארה‬ornament, an adornment that indicates honor Is 28:5, Jr 48:17, ‫ תפארת‬ornamentation that honors, indicates glory Is 62:3, 63:14, Ez 16:12, 23:42, Pr 4:9, 16:31, 28:12 σ ‫ימר‬ to glorify ?? Is 61:6, Jr 2:11, ‫ כבד‬to be weighty, to be heavy, to be important, with honor, to be unresponsive as in too heavy to move or react, ‫ סלא‬to deck out as in adorn Lm 4:2 αλ, ‫ עדה‬to adorn, ‫ ענק‬to ornament, used figuratively Dt 15:14, ‫ רקם‬to adorn, in cloth often by embroidery or the attachment of precious stones or bangles ‫ פאר‬that which honors Is 61:3, 10 ← ‫פאר‬ ‫ פארור‬ashen (from fear) ‫< פארן‬name> ‫ פג‬unripe fig So 2:13 αλ ‫ פגל‬,‫ פגול‬fetid, referring to overage meat that starts to stink Lv 7:18, 19:7, Is 65:4, Ez 4:14 ‫ פגע‬to come up to, where in ancient Hebrew it had the expectation of in order to accomplish a task: in order to attack, to request, to intercede for (where the people interceded for are designated by a ‫( ל‬prefix)), to pressure → ‫ מפגע‬object come upon Jb 7:20 αλ, ‫ פגע‬coming upon σ ‫ פלל‬,‫נכה‬ ‫ פגע‬coming upon (look at root) ← ‫פגע‬ ‫< פגעיאל‬name> ‫ פגר‬to collapse from exhaustion 1S 30:10, 21 → ‫ פגר‬corpse of an animal or person who has died or been killed σ ‫ישׁן‬ ‫ פגר‬corpse of an animal or person who has died or been killed σ ‫גויה‬ ‫ פגשׁ‬to meet with, encounter σ ‫יעד‬ ‫ פדה‬to redeem → ‫ פדה‬redemption, ‫פדות‬ making redeemed ?? Is 50:2, Ps 111:9, 130:7, ‫ פדיום‬,‫ פדים‬redemption price Nu 3:49, 51, ‫ פדין‬redemption, cost of redeeming ‫ פדה‬redemption ← ‫פדה‬ ‫< פדהאל‬name> ‫< פדהצור‬name> ‫ פדות‬making redeemed ?? Is 50:2, Ps 111:9, 130:7 ← ‫פדה‬ ‫ פדיום‬,‫ פדים‬redemption price Nu 3:49, 51 ← ‫פדה‬ ‫< פדון‬name> ‫< פדיה‬name> ‫< פדיהו‬name> ‫ פדין‬redemption, cost of redeeming ← ‫פדה‬ ‫< פדן‬name> ‫ פדע‬to let loose ?? Jb 33:24 αλ from being in jail on death row? ‫ פדר‬Gesenius says this is from the root meaning to fatten fat though could also come from the idea of fodder 240 ‫ פוץ‬to disperse (flow away) → ‫מפיץ‬ (something (weapon?) that causes dispersion) ?? Nh 2:2, Pr 25:14, ‫ מפץ‬one who causes to be dispersed Jr 51:20 αλ, ‫ תפוצה‬dispersion σ ‫ זרה‬to spread out (net, people or seed), ‫ פזר‬to apportion out Jr 3:13, Ps 147:16, disperse (push away) Jl 4:2 (3:2), Ps 53:6 (5), 89:11 (10), 141:7 ‫ פוצה‬β ‫פצה‬ ‫< פוצי‬name> ?? Zp 3:10 ‫ פוק‬to reach out (to) for the purpose of giving, taking or for support when stumbling → ‫ פוקה‬stumbling (reason for reaching out for support) 1S 25:31 αλ σ ‫נגע‬ ‫ פוקה‬stumbling (reason for reaching out for support) 1S 25:31 αλ ← ‫פוק‬ ‫ פור‬β ‫ פרה‬,‫פור‬ ‫ פורר‬,‫ פור‬to sir up ?? Is 24:19, Ps 74:13 ‫ פור‬lot, a special type used by Haman Es 3:7, 9:24, 26, after which the holiday of Purim is named Es 9:26, 28–9 σ ‫גורל‬ ‫ פורה‬vat Hg 2:16 (that can be used as a winepress Is 63:3) σ ‫יקב‬ ‫< פורתא‬name> ‫ פושׁ‬to paw, used only of calves pawing at feed, grass Jr 50:11 ‫< פותי‬name> ‫ פותה‬cooped, enticed to dwell in a dovecot ?? Hs 7:11 αλ ← ‫פתה‬ ‫ פז‬gold made into decorative shapes ?? Is 13:12, Pr 8:19, Jb 28:17 ← ‫ אפז‬σ ‫זהב‬ ‫ פזז‬to be active ?? Gn 49:24 → ‫ מפזז‬being active as in dancing ?? 2S 6:16 ‫ פזר‬to apportion out Jr 3:13, Ps 147:16, disperse (push away) Jl 4:2 (3:2), Ps rumen, stomach, used only 3 times without explanation ?? Lv 1:8, 12, 8:20 ‫ פה‬mouth, ‫“ פה אחד‬one mouth” saying the same thing, in agreement Js 9:2, 2C 18:12, ‫ מפה‬when it refers to an utterance, the context always indicates what is the utterance ‫ פו‬,‫ פה‬here ‫< פואה‬name> ‫ פוג‬to stop (indeterminate) → ‫הפגות‬ stopping Lm 3:49 αλ, ‫ פוגת‬cessation Lm 2:18 αλ σ ‫שׁבת‬ ‫ פוגת‬cessation Lm 2:18 αλ ← ‫פוג‬ ‫< פוה‬name> ‫ פוט‬Libya ‫< פוטי פרע‬name> ‫< פוטיאל‬name> ‫< פוטיפר‬name> ‫ פוח‬to come forth Hb 2:3, Pr 29:8, So 2:17, 4:6 σ ‫הלך‬ ‫ פוטר‬releasing (of waters) (in a place where there is irrigation, a person who is opening forth or releasing waters is stealing from his neighbors) Pr 17:14 ← ‫פטר‬ ‫ פוך‬jet, a soft black stone used in jewelry Is 54:11, 1C 29:2, also ground into a paste to apply around the eyes 2K 9:30, Jr 4:30 ‫ פול‬broad bean 2S 17:28, Ez 4:9 ‫< פול‬name> ‫ פון‬despair ?? Ps 88:16 αλ σ ‫ירא‬ ‫ פונה‬β ‫פנה‬ ‫< פוני‬name> ‫< פונן‬name> ‫< פועה‬name> 241 53:6 (5), 89:11 (10), 141:7 → ‫מפזר‬ (something) dispersed Pr 11:24, Es 3:8, ‫ פזר‬something to distribute Ps 112:9 αλ σ ‫פוץ‬ ‫ פזר‬something to distribute Ps 112:9 αλ ← ‫פזר‬ ‫ פח‬flat plate, net that is flattened out to catch prey that flies or runs into it ← ‫ פחח‬σ ‫מוקשׁ‬ ‫ פחד‬to dread → ‫ פחד‬what one dreads σ ‫ירא‬ ‫ פחד‬what one dreads ← ‫פחד‬ ‫ פחד‬thigh ?? something that causes dread ? Jb 40:17 αλ ‫ פחה‬governor (Aramaic loan word) Ne 5:14, 18, 12:26 σ ‫מלך‬ ‫ פחז‬to be spineless, unprincipled Gn 49:4, Jd 9:4, Jr 23:32, Zp 3:4 → ‫ פחז‬spineless, unprincipled Jd 9:4, Zp 3:4, ‫פחזות‬ spinelessness, lack of principle Jr 23:32 αλ σ ‫פרע‬ ‫ פחז‬spineless, unprincipled Jd 9:4, Zp 3:4 ← ‫פחז‬ ‫ פחזות‬spinelessness, lack of principle Jr 23:32 αλ ← ‫פחז‬ ‫ פחח‬to flatten out, as a bird’s net slung between two trees → ‫ פח‬flat plate, net that is flattened out to catch prey that flies or runs into it ‫ פחי‬β ‫נפח‬ ‫( פחם‬char)coal Is 44:12, 54:16, Pr 26:21 σ ‫גחל‬ ‫ פחם‬governor ?? (Aramaic loan word ??) Ne 5:14 αλ σ ‫מלך‬ ‫ פחת‬β ‫ פחת‬,‫פחה‬ ‫ פחת‬pit, sinkhole, natural pit ?? 2S 17:9, 18:17, Is 24:18 σ ‫בור‬ ‫< פחת מואב‬name> ‫ פחתת‬mildew ?? Lv 13:55 αλ ‫ פטדה‬topaz Ex 28:17, 39:10, Ez 28:13 ‫ פטיר‬,‫ פטור‬β ‫פטר‬ ‫ פטישׁ‬mattock ?? Is 41:7, Jr 23:29, 50:23 ‫ פטר‬to open forth, release (from duties) 2C 23:8 to slip out (escape) 1S 19:10 → ‫ פוטר‬releasing (of waters) (in a place where there is irrigation, a person who is opening forth or releasing waters is stealing from his neighbors) Pr 17:14, ‫ פטר‬first born, who opens forth a mother’s womb Ex 13:2, 12, Ez 20:26, ‫( פטר‬carved decorations that) open forth (from a door, wall) 1K6:35, ‫פטרת‬ status of being first born Nu 8:16 σ ,‫פרץ‬ ‫פתח‬ ‫ פטר‬first born, who opens forth a mother’s womb Ex 13:2, 12, Ez 20:26 ← ‫פטר‬ ‫( פטר‬carved decorations that) open forth (from a door, wall) 1K6:35 ← ‫פטר‬ ‫ פטרת‬status of being first born Nu 8:16 ← ‫פטר‬ ‫ פי‬has a much wider meaning than just “mouth”, also includes what comes out of the mouth (‫ פרי פי‬Pr 12:14, 13:2, 18:20 and other examples of speech), command 2C 35:22, 36:12, “opening” (‫פי‬ ‫ באר‬Gn 29:2), edge of a sword (‫פי‬ ‫)חרב‬, entrance (‫ פי קרת‬Pr 8:3, ‫פי דרכו‬ Pr 22:6), measure, measured to eat (‫פי‬ ‫ אכל‬Ex 12:4, 16:16, 18, 21), double edged sword (‫ חרב פיות‬Jd 3:16, Pr 5:4) (need to watch out for ‫ כפי‬as it usually refers to ‫ כף‬in plural, though in 1C 12:24, 2C 31:2 it refers to command) ‫ פי‬singular of ‫? פנים‬ 242 ‫< פי בסת‬name> ‫< פי החירת‬name> ‫ פיד‬calamity Pr 24:22, Jb 30:24, 31:29 σ ‫איד‬ ‫ פיות‬β ‫פה‬ ‫ פיח‬fine ash as remains from a very hot fire, as from a forge Ex 9:8, 10 σ ‫אפר‬ ‫< פיכל‬name> ‫ פלגשׁ‬,‫ פילגשׁ‬concubine ‫ פים‬forging ?? 1S 13:21 αλ ‫ ?? פימה‬a type of armor? Breastplate? Jb 15:27 αλ ‫< פינחס‬name> ‫< פינן‬name> ‫ פיפיות‬edged (of sharp instruments) ‫< פישׁון‬name> ‫< פיתון‬name> ‫ פך‬flask 1S 10:1, 2K 9:1, 3 ← ‫פכה‬ ‫ פכה‬to trickle (of water) Ez 47:2 αλ → ‫פך‬ flask 1S 10:1, 2K 9:1, 3 ‫< פכרת הצביים‬name> ‫ פלא‬to be beyond reach to set aside: when an animal was designated to be a sacrifice, it was deemed “beyond reach” in that it was not to be exchanged for another animal to be miraculous: something that is beyond reach of a human to accomplish → ‫מפלא‬ miraculous action ?? Jd 13:19 αλ, ‫ מפלאות‬beyond reach, miraculous Jb 37:16 αλ, ‫ נפלאות‬things beyond reach, miraculous things, ‫ פלא‬beyond reach, a miracle σ ‫קדשׁ‬ ‫ פלא‬beyond reach, a miracle ← ‫פלא‬ ‫< פלאי‬name> ‫< פלאיה‬name> ‫ פלג‬to divide into parts 1C 1:19 to channel (water) Jb 38:25 → ‫( פלג‬water, oil, tears) channel Is 30:25, Ps 55:10 (9), 65:10 (9), the amount of fluid in a channel Ps 119:136, Pr 5:16, Lm 3:48, ‫ פלגה‬division Jd 5:15–6, Jb 20:17, 2C 35:5, 12 ‫( פלג‬water, oil, tears) channel Is 30:25, Ps 55:10 (9), 65:10 (9), the amount of fluid in a channel Ps 119:136, Pr 5:16, Lm 3:48 ← ‫פלג‬ ‫< פלג‬name> ‫ פלגה‬division Jd 5:15–6, Jb 20:17, 2C 35:5, 12 ← ‫פלג‬ ‫< פלדשׁ‬name> ‫( פלדת‬part of a chariot) Nh 2:4 ?? αλ ‫ פלה‬to mark out, to select for separate treatment Ex 9:4, 11:7, Js 13:6, Ps 4:4 (3), 17:7 σ ‫ תוה‬to mark in the sense of graffiti 1S 21:14, as a brand to identify people Ez 9:4, to treat God’s name as graffiti, impiously ?? Ps 78:41 ‫< פלוא‬name> ‫ פלח‬to slice → ‫ פלח‬slice σ ‫כרת‬ ‫ פלח‬slice ← ‫פלח‬ ‫< פלחא‬name> ‫ פלט‬to make one into a surviver, i.e. got away and still live → ‫ מפלט‬survival shelter, ‫ פליט‬survivor, ‫ פליטה‬surviving, act of surviving σ ‫ ברח‬to pass through to become a refugee, ‫ חסה‬to seek refuge, ‫ מלט‬to slip away, ‫ נוס‬to flee, ‫עוז‬ to flee to refuge, ‫ שׂרד‬to escape Js 10:20 αλ ‫< פלט‬name> ‫< פלטי‬name> ‫< פלטיאל‬name> 243 ‫< פלטיה‬name> ‫< פלטיהו‬name> ‫< פליה‬name> ‫ פליט‬survivor ← ‫ פלט‬σ ‫ שׂריד‬escapee ‫ פליטה‬surviving, act of surviving ← ‫פלט‬ ‫ פליל‬intercessor, lawyer Dt 32:31, Is 28:7, Jb 31:11, 28 ← ‫פלל‬ ‫ פלילה‬intercession Is 16:3 αλ ← ‫פלל‬ ‫ פלך‬circuit, referring to a district Ne 3:9, 12, 14–8, also a spindle, from idea of spinning around Pr 31:19 (used as a curse, of a man doing a woman’s work 2S 3:29) ‫ פלל‬to intercede, act as a lawyer → ‫פליל‬ intercessor, lawyer Dt 32:31, Is 28:7, Jb 31:11, 28, ‫ פלילה‬intercession Is 16:3 αλ, ‫ תפלה‬intercession Is 1:15, 56:7, Ps 86:1, Jb 1:22 σ ‫ פגע‬to come up to, where in ancient Hebrew it had the expectation of in order to accomplish a task: in order to attack, to request, to intercede for (where the people interceded for are designated by a ‫( ל‬prefix)), to pressure ‫< פלל‬name> ‫< פלליה‬name> ‫ פלמוני‬someone ?? Dn 8:13 αλ ‫ פלני‬in the phrase ‫ פלני אלמני‬anywhere, somewhere ?? 1S 21:3, 2K 6:8, Rt 4:1 ‫< פלני‬name> ‫ פלס‬to level, i.e. make (a road) straight, not bumpy Is 26:7, Pr 4:26, 5:6, 21, used of making the way to actions quick and easy Ps 58:3, 78:50 → ‫ מפלס‬causing to be level ?? Pr 5:21 αλ, ‫ פלס‬scale, like a steelyard Is 40:12, Pr 16:11 σ ‫ישׁר‬ ‫ פלס‬scale, like a steelyard Is 40:12, Pr 16:11 σ ‫מאזנים‬ ‫ פלץ‬to tremble as in shivering (from fright or disgust) Jb 9:6 → ‫ מפלצת‬objects of shivering (from fright, disgust) used in idol worship 1K 15:13, 2C 15:16, ‫פלצות‬ shivering (from fright, disgust) Is 21:4, Ez 7:18, Ps 55:6 (5), Jb 21:6, ‫תפלצת‬ that which makes one shiver (from fright, disgust) Jr 49:16 αλ σ ‫רגז‬ ‫ פלצות‬shivering (from fright, disgust) Is 21:4, Ez 7:18, Ps 55:6 (5), Jb 21:6 ← ‫פלץ‬ ‫ פלשׁ‬to wallow ‫< פלשׁת‬name> ‫< פלשׁתי‬name> ‫< פלת‬name> ‫ פלתי‬usual dictionary entry for ‫הפלתי‬ heavily armed or professional soldier, a Philistine loanword? (hoplite?) (never used before David’s sojourn among the Philistines) σ ‫הפלתי‬ ‫ פן‬β ‫ פנה‬,‫פן‬ ‫ פן‬such that Gn 3:3, Pr 5:9–10, 22:25, there’s no exact equivalent in English, when included in the phrase ‫השׁמר לך‬ ‫ פן‬gives it a negative meaning “such that not” or “lest” Gn 24:6, Dt 11:16, 12:13, immediately followed by the verb that it modifies lest (such that not) often used in English because English has a different syntax than Biblical Hebrew. ‫ פנג‬a type of food Ez 27:17 αλ ‫ פנה‬to face to turn as in to face a direction, prepare as in to give a good appearance, ‫ פנה בית‬clean a house → ‫ פנה‬face ‫ לפנות‬at the face of, just before (morning, evening) Gn 24:63, Ex 14:27, Dt 23:12 (11), Jd 19:26, Ps 46:6 244 (5), ‫ פנה‬face of a building, altar side, extension 1K 17:24, Jb 1:19, ‫פנה‬ (metaphorically) someone who is prominent in a society Jd 20:2, 1S 14:38, Is 19:13, Zp 3:6, ‫ פנים‬face, almost always used in plural, apparently referring to the many parts of a face used in idioms such as ‫“ לפני‬before my face” or ”before the face of…” referring to “before” either physical presence, or refers to time before, ‫“ מלפנו‬from before him” time before something else Jb 35:11, Ko 1:10 ‫ פנה‬face ‫ לפנות‬at the face of, just before (morning, evening) Gn 24:63, Ex 14:27, Dt 23:12 (11), Jd 19:26, Ps 46:6 (5) ← ‫פנה‬ ‫ פנה‬face of a building, altar side, extension 1K 17:24, Jb 1:19 ← ‫פנה‬ ‫( פנה‬metaphorically) someone who is prominent in a society Jd 20:2, 1S 14:38, Is 19:13, Zp 3:6 ← ‫פנה‬ ‫< פנואל‬name> ‫< פנחס‬name> ‫ פני‬β ‫פנים‬ ‫< פניאל‬name> ‫ פנים‬face, almost always used in plural, apparently referring to the many parts of a face used in idioms such as ‫לפני‬ “before my face” or ”before the face of…” referring to “before” either physical presence, or refers to time before, ‫מלפנו‬ “from before him” time before something else Jb 35:11, Ko 1:10 ← ‫פנה‬ ‫ פנימה‬inside a structure (tent, house) Lv 10:18, 1K6:30, 2K 7:11, 2C 29:16, 18 ‫ פנימי‬inner ‫ פנינים‬red coral, or some other red precious stone Pr 8:11, 20:15, 31:10, Jb 28:18, Lm 4:7 ‫< פננה‬name> ‫ פנק‬to treat with respect ?? Pr 29:21 αλ ‫ פס‬I have seen two definitions: variegated and long sleeved, used of royal clothing ?? Gn 37:3, 23, 32, 2S 13:18–9 ‫< פס דמים‬name> ‫ פסג‬to climb to the top Ps 48:14 αλ → ‫ פסגה‬peak, promontory Nu 21:20, 23:14, Dt 3:17, 27, 34:1 ‫ פסגה‬peak, promontory Nu 21:20, 23:14, Dt 3:17, 27, 34:1 ← ‫ פסג‬σ ‫ צור‬promontory, ‫ שׁפי‬protrusion promontory Nu 23:3, Is 41:18, Jr 12:12, 14:6 ‫< פסגה‬name> ‫ פסו‬β ‫פסס‬ ‫ פסח‬to hop over to be lame (hopping on one leg) → ‫ פסח‬Passover, from the concept of hopping over the houses of Israel, celebration of Passover and its sacrifice, lame σ ‫עבר‬ ‫ פסח‬Passover, from the concept of hopping over the houses of Israel, celebration of Passover and its sacrifice, lame ← ‫פסח‬ ‫< פסח‬name> ‫ פסל‬,‫ פסיל‬carved image, often used as a synonym for idol Ex 20:4, Lv 26:1, Is 44:9 ← ‫ פסל‬σ ‫דמה‬ ‫ פסילים‬toponym, next to Gilgal Jd 3:19, 26 ‫< פסך‬name> ‫ פסל‬to carve (out) Ex 34:1, 4, Dt 10:1, 3 to quarry (stones) 1K 5:32 (18) → ‫ פסל‬,‫ פסיל‬carved image, often used as a synonym for idol Ex 20:4, Lv 26:1, Is 44:9 245 ‫ פסס‬to be no more ?? Ps 12:2 (1) αλ σ ‫שׁבת‬ ‫< פספה‬name> ‫ פסת‬profusion Ps 72:16 αλ ‫ פעה‬to cry out in pain ?? Is 42:14 αλ ‫< פעו‬name> ‫< פעור‬name> ‫< פעי‬name> ‫ פעל‬to accomplish, finish, to make or do focusing on the completion of the job → ‫( מפעל‬completed) deed, ‫ פעל‬one who accomplishes (a job), ‫פעלה‬ accomplishment σ ‫עשׂה‬ ‫ פעל‬one who accomplishes (a job) ← ‫פעל‬ ‫ פעלה‬accomplishment ← ‫פעל‬ ‫< פעלתי‬name> ‫ פעם‬repeatedly to goad, push (as the mind returns again and again to a problem), to step → ‫ פעם‬time, occasion, as an individual event in a series, step, ‫פעמן‬ bell, ‫ פעמת‬short leg to hold a box off the ground Ex 25:12, 37:3 or extension upon which one sets a basin, to hold it upright 1K 7:30 ‫ פעם‬time, occasion, as an individual event in a series, step ← ‫פעם‬ ‫ פעמן‬bell ← ‫פעם‬ ‫ פעמת‬short leg to hold a box off the ground Ex 25:12, 37:3 or extension upon which one sets a basin, to hold it upright 1K 7:30 ← ‫פעם‬ ‫< פענח‬name> ‫ פער‬to gape, open wide σ ‫פתח‬ ‫< פערי‬name> ‫ פצה‬to set in motion σ ‫נוד‬ ‫ פצוע‬injured Dt 23:2 αλ ← ‫פצע‬ ‫ פצח‬to break out (all but once followed with ‫ רנן‬or ‫ רנה‬meaning to break out with shouts of joy) σ ‫ שׂתר‬to break out (a disease, break out boils, rash, buboes 1S 5:9) αλ ‫ פצירה‬demand ?? 1S 13:21 αλ ← ‫פצר‬ ‫ פצל‬to peel Gn 30:37–8 → ‫ פצלה‬peeling Gn 30:37 αλ σ ‫פשׁט‬ ‫ פצלה‬peeling Gn 30:37 αλ ‫ פצם‬to shake apart ?? Ps 60:4 αλ σ ‫רגז‬ ‫ פצני‬β ‫פצה‬ ‫ פצע‬to injure → ‫ פצוע‬injured Dt 23:2 αλ, ‫ פצע‬injury σ ‫חלה‬ ‫ פצע‬injury ← ‫פצע‬ ‫ פצץ‬to shatter (with heavy blows) Jr 23:29, Hb 3:6 ‫ פצפץ‬repeatedly shatter with heavy blows Jb 16:12 σ ‫שׁבר‬ ‫< פצץ‬name> ‫ פצר‬to put pressure on someone to do something to beg Gn 19:3, Jd 19:7, 2K 2:17 to urge Gn 19:9, 33:11, 1S 15:23, 2K 5:16 → ‫ פצירה‬demand ?? 1S 13:21 αλ ‫ פק‬β ‫פוק‬ ‫ פקד‬to attend (to), look after, take care of, to have an affect on: this is a word used with a wide meaning in many contexts both positive and negative, often as a framework within which other but unnamed action takes place, used in the context of attending to the count of people Lv 1–2 to assign a task of looking after, to assign a person (to cause him) to attend to a task Gn 39:4, 41:34 to appoint (cause to attend to, to affect an action) → ‫ פקדה‬someone or something to be watched over, e.g. 246 ‫ פרפר‬repeatedly treat as nothing Jb 16:12 ‫ פר‬bull ‫ פרא‬to be wild ?? Hs 13:15 ‫ פרא‬wild donkey Is 32:14, Jr 14:6, Jb 6:5, also used as an adjective to describe a person as untamable as a wild donkey Gn 16:12, Jb 11:12 σ ‫חמור‬ ‫ פראות‬wild, unrestrained growth of a plant ?? Ez 17:6 αλ ‫< פראם‬name> ‫ פראת‬unrestrained growth ?? Ez 31:8, 12– 3 ‫ פרבר‬courtyard ‫ פרד‬to separate as in parting, dividing apart Gn 2:10, 25:23, putting a distance between (individuals, groups, settlements) Gn 10:5, 32, 13:9, Es 3:8, Ne 4:13 (19) → ‫ נפרד‬a person who is solitary, separated from others ?? Pr 18:1 αλ, ‫ פרדות‬separateness, separate parts ?? Jl 1:17 αλ ‫ פרדה‬,‫ פרד‬mule 2S 13:29, 1K 1:33, 2C 9:24 ‫ פרדות‬separateness, separate parts ?? Jl 1:17 αλ ← ‫פרד‬ ‫ פרדס‬garden (of pleasure) (loan word) So 4:13, Ko 2:5, Ne 2:8 σ ‫גן‬ ‫ פרה‬β ‫ פרר‬,‫ פרה‬,‫ פר‬,‫פרא‬ ‫ פרה‬to fruit, be fruitful → ‫ פרי‬fruit ‫ פרה‬cow ‫< פרה‬name> ‫< פרודא‬name> ‫ פרוזים‬β ‫פרזי‬ ‫< פרוח‬name> ‫ פרוים‬made into leaf (used of gold) ?? 2C 3:6 αλ prisoners in prison, orders, responsibilities, etc., ‫ פקדון‬something for an appointed purpose ?? Gn 41:36, (Lv 5:19 Aleppo), ‫ פקדת‬appointed position, appointed place 2K 11:18, Jr 37:13, 52:11, ‫ פקיד‬one who is appointed to look after, attend to (someone, something) 2K 25:19, Jr 20:1, 52:25, Ne 11:9, 2C 31:13 σ ‫עבד‬ ‫ פקדה‬someone or something to be watched over, e.g. prisoners in prison, orders, responsibilities, etc. ← ‫פקד‬ ‫ פקדון‬something for an appointed purpose ?? Gn 41:36, (Lv 5:19 Aleppo) ← ‫פקד‬ ‫ פקדת‬appointed position, appointed place 2K 11:18, Jr 37:13, 52:11 ← ‫פקד‬ ‫ פקו‬β ‫פוק‬ ‫< פקור‬name> ‫ פקח‬to open in the sense of giving vision, hearing → ‫ פקח‬one who is able to see Ex 4:11 αλ σ ‫פתח‬ ‫ פקח‬one who is able to see Ex 4:11 αλ ← ‫פקח‬ ‫< פקח‬name> ‫< פקחיה‬name> ‫ פקיד‬one who is appointed to look after, attend to (someone, something) 2K 25:19, Jr 20:1, 52:25, Ne 11:9, 2C 31:13 ← ‫ פקד‬σ ‫מלך‬ ‫ פקע‬architectural ornament, possibly round ?? 1K 6:18, 7:24 ‫ פקעת‬pod, such as from okra 2K 4:39 ‫( פר‬biliteral verb) to void, treat as nothing (an agreement, treaty) to make void (advice 2S 7:14, Ezr 4:5, Ne 4:9) (usually found in hophal binyan) 247 ‫ פרוע‬untamed, used once of loose hair Lv 14:35 αλ ← ‫פרע‬ ‫ פרור‬pot, pan σ ‫( כד‬large) storage jar, to store wet or dry foods, ‫ כיר‬,‫ כיור‬vat, ‫ מחבת‬frying pan Lv 2:5, 6:14, 7:9, Ez 4:3, 1C 23:29, ‫ מרחשׁת‬sauce pan Lv 2:7, 7:9, ‫( סיר‬pl ‫ )סירות‬cauldron (always made of metal?), ‫ צפחת‬jug 1S 26:11–2, 16, 1K 17:12, 14, 16, 19:6, ‫ קלחת‬cauldron 1S 2:14, Mc 3:3 ‫ פרות‬β ‫חפר פרות‬ ‫ פרז‬to be undefended Hb 3:14 → ,‫פרזון‬ ‫ פרזן‬undefended unarmed Jd 5:7, 11, ‫ פרזות‬undefended land Ez 38:11, Zc 2:8 (4), Es 9:19, ‫ פרזי‬one who dwells on undefended land 1S 6:18 ‫ פרזן‬,‫ פרזון‬undefended unarmed Jd 5:7, 11 ← ‫פרז‬ ‫ פרזות‬undefended land Ez 38:11, Zc 2:8 (4), Es 9:19 ← ‫פרז‬ ‫ פרזי‬one who dwells on undefended land 1S 6:18 ← ‫פרז‬ ‫< פרזי‬name> ‫ פרח‬to bud out → ‫ פרח‬bud Nu 17:23, Is 5:24, 18:5, Nh 1:4 bud shaped ornament Ex 25:31, 33–4, 1K 7:26, 2C 4:5, 21 budding out, popping out Ex 9:9–10, Ps 92:8, ‫ פרחה‬budding out, spreading (of leprosy) Lv 14:20, 25, bud shaped ornament Nu 8:4, Ez 13:20, ‫ פרחת‬budding ?? Gn 40:10, ‫ פרחת‬a type of infectious leprosy Lv 13:42, 57 σ ‫ שגה‬to put forth leaves Ps 92:12, Jb 8:7, 11 ‫ פרח‬bud Nu 17:23, Is 5:24, 18:5, Nh 1:4 bud shaped ornament Ex 25:31, 33–4, 1K 7:26, 2C 4:5, 21 budding out, popping out Ex 9:9–10, Ps 92:8 ← ‫פרח‬ σ ‫ציץ‬ ‫ פרחה‬budding out, spreading (of leprosy) Lv 14:20, 25, bud shaped ornament Nu 8:4, Ez 13:20 ← ‫פרח‬ ‫ פרחח‬swarm, repeated or continuing swarming (in attack) ?? Jb 30:12 αλ σ ‫שׁרץ‬ ‫ פרחת‬budding ?? Gn 40:10 ← ‫פרח‬ ‫ פרחת‬a type of infectious leprosy Lv 13:42, 57 ← ‫פרח‬ ‫ פרט‬improvising, knocking off a tune (used of a drunkard messing with a bagpipe) Am 6:5 αλ → ‫ פרט‬knocked off grape ?? Lv 19:10 αλ ‫ פרט‬knocked off grape ?? Lv 19:10 αλ ← ‫פרט‬ ‫ פרי‬fruit ← ‫פרה‬ ‫ פרים‬ß ‫ פרי‬,‫פר‬ ‫ פריץ‬out of bounds violent, one who causes violence Is 35:9, Ez 7:22, 18:10, Ps 17:4, Dn 11:14 ← ‫פרץ‬ ‫< פרירא‬name> ‫ פרך‬crushing labor, severity Ex 1:13–4, Lv 25:43, 46, 53, Ez 34:4 ‫ פרכת‬curtain, standard type hanging down σ ‫ יריעה‬curtain hanging loose, to flutter in the wind, ‫ קלע‬curtain held up at the corners and slung between them Ex 27:9, 11–2, 38:14–5, Nu 4:26 ‫ פרם‬to rip, tear Lv 10:6, 13:45, 21:10 σ ‫קרע‬ ‫< פרמשׁתא‬name> ‫< פרנך‬name> ‫ פרס‬to reach out a hand, to comfort with food Is 58:7, to comfort in mourning Jr 16:7 (hiphil) leg ending with a hoof 248 Lv 11:5–6, Dt 14:7 → ‫“ מפרס‬hoofing” having hoofs ?? Lv 11:3–4, 26, Dt 14:6, ‫ פרסה‬hoof (that which the animal reaches out at the end of his legs) σ ‫נגע‬ ‫ פרס‬lamb-vulture ?? Lv 11:13, Dt 14:12 σ ‫עוף‬ ‫ פרס‬Persia ‫ פרסה‬hoof ← ‫פרס‬ ‫< פרסי‬name> ‫ פרע‬to set loose, as free from restraint Lv 10:6, Pr 1:25, 8:33 → ‫ פרוע‬untamed, used once of loose hair Lv 14:35 αλ, ‫פרע‬ hair-lock Nu 6:5, Ez 44:20, ‫פרעות‬ unrestrained, also used of wild fighters in an army, berserkers Dt 32:42, Jd 5:2 σ ‫ פחז‬to be spineless, unprincipled Gn 49:4, Jd 9:4, Jr 23:32, Zp 3:4, ‫ רוד‬to be loose, not tied down, free Jr 2:31 (Hiphil) cause to be free 2K 11:19, Ps 55:3 set free, untie Gn 27:40, Js 8:29, 11:27 σ ‫עצר‬ ‫ פרע‬hair-lock Nu 6:5, Ez 44:20 ← ‫פרע‬ ‫ פרעה‬pharaoh ‫ פרעות‬unrestrained, also used of wild fighters in an army, berserkers Dt 32:42, Jd 5:2 ← ‫פרע‬ ‫ פרעשׁ‬flea 1S 24:15, 20 σ ‫חיה‬ ‫< פרעשׁ‬name> ‫< פרעתון‬name> ‫< פרעתוני‬name> ‫ פרפר‬ß ‫( פר‬bilateral verb) ‫< פרפר‬name> ‫ פרץ‬to break down barriers, to expand, bursting though bounds because they are too restrictive, a violent breaking forth in anger, to break proper etiquette, in this sense used of an inferior putting pressure on a superior, either a son on a father or a slave on his master, breaking bounds to get what does not belong to him → ‫ מפרץ‬wharf ?? a weakness of port cities is that there had to be an opening in the defenses of the city to allow ships to tie up to load and unload their cargos Jd 5:17 αλ, ‫מפרץ‬ broken down Ne 1:3 αλ, ‫ פריץ‬out of bounds violent, one who causes violence Is 35:9, Ez 7:22, 18:10, Ps 17:4, Dn 11:14, ‫ פרץ‬a person who violates bounds, ‫ פרץ‬break in a (defensive wall) σ ‫ גיח‬to flow forth Mc 4:10, Ps 22:10, Jb 38:8, 40:23, ‫ פטר‬to open forth, release (from duties) 2C 23:8 to slip out (escape) 1S 19:10 σ ‫שׁחת‬ ‫ פרץ‬a person who violates bounds ← ‫פרץ‬ ‫ פרץ‬break in a (defensive wall) ← ‫פרץ‬ ‫< פרץ‬name> ‫< פרץ עזה‬name> ‫< פרצי‬name> ‫< פרצים‬name> ‫ פרק‬to remove Gn 27:40, Zc 11:16, Ps 136:24 take off Ex 32:2–3, 24, Ez 19:12 → ‫ מפרק‬remove mountains (causing mountains to move ??) 1K 19:11 αλ, ‫ ?? מפרקת‬base of the skull, where the neck joins the skull 1S 4:18 αλ, ‫פרק‬ something or person that removes Is 65:4, Ps 7:3 (2), Lm 5:8 object removed, plundered Ob 14, Nh 3:1 ‫ פרק‬something or person that removes Is 65:4, Ps 7:3 (2), Lm 5:8 object removed, plundered Ob 14, Nh 3:1 ← ‫פרק‬ ‫ פרר‬β ‫( פר‬biliteral verb) 249 ‫ פרשׁ‬,‫ פרשׂ‬to spread out hands as in preparing to hug, also to spread out a cloth, book, net, entrails for divination to divine (by looking at entrails) used metaphorically to require information from the Lord Lv 24:12 ‫פרשׂ כנף על‬ to marry Rt 3:9, Ez 16:8 → ‫ מפרשׂ‬sail, since ancient times Egyptian cotton had the reputation of making the best sails Ez 27:7, ‫ פרשׁ‬entrails, guts Ex 29:14, Lv 4:11, 8:17, 16:27, Nu 19:5, Ml 2:3, ‫פרשׁ‬ horseman (⇐ spreading legs to sit astride), ‫ פרשׁדנה‬cloakroom (where clothing is spread out) ?? Jd 3:22 αλ, ‫ פרשׁת‬accounting (⇐ laying out the books) σ ‫ טפח‬to spread out using the hands to put down a layer of clay, sand, ‫ יצע‬to spread out a covering Is 14:11, 58:5, Es 4:3, ‫ מתח‬to spread out (cloth) tightly as a tent Is 40:22 αλ, ‫ פשׁה‬,‫פשׂה‬ to spread, used of disease, deformity, horsemen (spreading of legs to sit astride a horse), ‫ רדד‬to spread out 1K 6:32, Ps 144:2, ‫ שׁטח‬to spread around ‫ פרשׁ‬to divine (by looking at entrails) σ ‫ענן‬ ‫ פרשׁ‬entrails, guts Ex 29:14, Lv 4:11, 8:17, 16:27, Nu 19:5, Ml 2:3 ← ‫ פרשׁ‬σ ‫כבד‬ liver, this is the organ in the body known for its density, weight Ex 29:13, 22, Lv 7:4, Ez 21:26, Pr 7:23, ‫ כליה‬kidney, often used as a representation of the emotions, ‫ כסל‬intestines Lv 3:4, 10, Ps 38:8, both as a source of strength (food digested there) and as a symbol of perversity (⇐ the crooked shape) strength Ps 78:7, Jb 8:14, Pr 3:26, perversity Ko 7:25 ‫ פרשׁ‬horseman (⇐ spreading legs to sit astride) ← ‫פרשׁ‬ ‫< פרשׁ‬name> ‫ פרשׁדנה‬cloakroom (where clothing is spread out) ?? Jd 3:22 αλ ← ‫פרשׁ‬ ‫ פרשׁז‬to wrap around ?? Jb 26:9 αλ σ ‫עטה‬ ‫< פרשׁנדתא‬name> ‫ פרשׁת‬accounting (⇐ laying out the books) ← ‫פרשׁ‬ ‫ פרת‬β ‫פרה‬ ‫< פרת‬name> Euphrates River ‫ פרתם‬noble (person) Es 1:3, 6:9, Dn 1:3 σ ‫מלך‬ ‫ פשׁ‬foolish arrogance ?? Jb 35:15 αλ σ ‫אויל‬ ‫ פשׁה‬,‫ פשׂה‬to spread, used of disease, deformity, horsemen (spreading of legs to sit astride a horse) σ ‫ פרשׁ‬,‫פרשׂ‬ ‫ פשׁח‬to lead astray ?? Lm 3:11 αλ σ ‫הלך‬ ‫< פשׁחור‬name> ‫ פשׁט‬to strip off as in removing a covering, skin, also used to strip the wealth from a city, land (plunder) or to strip dead bodies of their valuables σ ‫ חשׂף‬to strip off in making bare, ‫ פצל‬to peel Gn 30:37–8 ‫ פשׂע‬to make a step → ‫ מפשׂעה‬crotch or below where a stride can be seen ?? 1C 19:4 αλ, ‫ פשׂע‬a false step or step out of line 1S 20:3 αλ σ ‫הלך‬ ‫ פשׁע‬to rebel (step out of line) in the sense of sedition, armed revolt → ‫פשׁע‬ rebellion against authority most often used as a rebellion against God, a moral failing σ ‫ מרא‬to be defiant Zp 3:1, Jb 39:18, ‫ מרד‬to rebel in the sense of not obeying, declaring independence (in 250 ‫ פתגם‬decree (Aramaic loan word) Ko 8:11, Es 1:20 σ ‫חק‬ ‫ פתה‬to allure, entice Dt 11:16, 1K 22:20, 22, Pr 1:10 → ‫ פותה‬cooped, enticed to dwell in a dovecot ?? Hs 7:11 αλ, ‫פתי‬ gullible, gullibility σ ‫עשׁק‬ ‫ פתה‬something for doors, made of gold ?? 1K 7:50 αλ ‫< פתואל‬name> ‫ פתוח‬engraving (opening the forms into the stone, wood) ← ‫פתח‬ ‫< פתור‬name> ‫< פתורה‬name> ‫ פתות‬β ‫פתת‬ ‫ פתח‬to open, the basic sense is to open a hole, opening, door to dig or engrave a hole, ditch, groove as in writing, furrow in field, carving in relief on a wall or door, to free from a burden, unload Gn 24:32, Is 58:6, also used as in other languages to operate a tool, such as a musical instrument Ps 49:5 (4) → ‫מפתח‬ key Jd 3:25, Is 22:22 doorman, one in charge of opening the door 1K 20:11, Zc 3:9 office of doorman 1C 9:27, ‫פתוח‬ engraving (opening the forms into the stone, wood), ‫ פתח‬opening, hole, though often to a particular type of opening, namely a doorway, ‫ פתחות‬opened forth public ?? Ps 55:22 αλ σ ‫חרות‬ engraved ?? Ex 32:16 αλ, ‫ פטר‬to open forth, release (from duties) 2C 23:8 to slip out (escape) 1S 19:10, ‫ פער‬to gape, open wide, ‫ פקח‬to open in the sense of giving vision, hearing ancient times also to stop paying tribute if a vassal nation), ‫ מרה‬to defy, openly resist, oppose ( to dare, as “I’ll go my way, now what are you going to do about it?” as said in rebellion against God) Dt 9:23, 1S 12:15, 1K 15:21, Ne 9:26 ‫ פשׂע‬a false step or step out of line 1S 20:3 αλ ← ‫פשׂע‬ ‫ פשׁע‬rebellion against authority most often used as a rebellion against God, a moral failing ← ‫ פשׁע‬σ ‫חטאת‬ ‫ פשׂק‬to spread apart ‫ פשׁר‬explanation Ko 8:1 αλ ‫ פשׁתה‬,‫ פשׁת‬flax linen (cloth made of flax), a little strip of which was often used as a wick in a lamp ‫“( פשׁתי העץ‬tree flax”) cotton, cotton bolls ?? Js 2:6 αλ ‫ פת‬crumb, broken off portion of food. In Daniel used in connection with ‫ בג‬to mean assigned food from the king ← ‫ פתת‬σ ‫ צלול‬crumb ?? Jd 7:13 αλ ‫ פת‬front 1K 7:50, Is 3:17 ‫ פתא‬simple-minded ?? Ps 116:6, Pr 8:5, 9:6, 14:18, 27:12 ‫ פתאם‬this refers to an action that is done quickly without long forethought, planning or expectation sudden Nu 6:9, Pr 3:25, Jb 22:10, suddenly Nu 12:4, Jr 6:26, 2C 29:36, at once Jb 5:2 σ ‫פתע‬ instant ‫ פתבג‬β ‫פת‬ ‫ פתג‬repudiation, discrediting ?? Ko 8:11 αλ LXX αντιρρησις ‫ פתגם‬β ‫ פתגם‬,‫פתג‬ 251 ‫ פתח‬opening, hole, though often to a particular type of opening, namely a doorway ← ‫ פתח‬σ ‫שׁער‬ ‫ פתחות‬opened forth public ?? Ps 55:22 αλ ← ‫פתח‬ ‫< פתחיה‬name> ‫ פתי‬β ‫ פתי‬,‫ פתה‬,‫פת‬ ‫ פתי‬gullible, gullibility ← ‫פתה‬ ‫ פתיגיל‬embroidered clothing ?? (something beautiful) Is 3:24 αλ σ ‫בגד‬ ‫ פתיל‬string ← ‫ פתל‬σ ‫חבל‬ ‫ פתל‬to entangle → ‫ נפתולים‬wrestling ?? Gn 30:8 αλ, ‫ פתיל‬string, ‫פתלתל‬ entangled, also in a moral sense Dt 32:5 αλ σ ‫ עקשׁ‬,‫חבל‬ ‫ פתלתל‬entangled, also in a moral sense Dt 32:5 αλ ← ‫פתל‬ ‫< פתם‬name> ‫ פתן‬cobra, a very poisonous snake of Africa and Asia σ ‫נחשׁ‬ ‫ פתע‬instant σ ‫פתאם‬ ‫ פתר‬to interpret (a dream) Gn 40:16, 22, 41:12–3, 15 → ‫ פתר‬interpretation, meaning Gn 40:8, 41:15, ‫פתרון‬ implication (of a dream), portend Gn 40:5, 41:11, ‫ פתרן‬interpretation (of dreams) Gn 40:5, 12, 18 ‫ פתר‬interpretation, meaning Gn 40:8, 41:15 ← ‫פתר‬ ‫ פתרון‬implication (of a dream), portend Gn 40:5, 41:11 ← ‫פתר‬ ‫ פתרן‬interpretation (of dreams) Gn 40:5, 12, 18 ← ‫פתר‬ ‫< פתרוס‬name> ‫< פתרוים‬name> ‫ פתשׁגן‬copy Es 3:14, 4:8, 8:13 ‫ פתת‬β ‫ פתת‬,‫פתה‬ ‫ פתת‬to crumble Lv 2:6 αλ → ‫ פת‬crumb, broken off portion of food. In Daniel used in connection with ‫ בג‬to mean assigned food from the king ‫ צ‬eighteenth letter, has no meaning in Hebrew on its own, where letters are used as numbers, it refers to the number 90. ‫ צאה‬excrement ← ‫צוא‬ ‫ צאי‬filthy, rag used to wipe the backsides ← ‫צוא‬ ‫ צאל‬a type of shade tree ?? Jb 40:21, 22 ‫ צאן‬sheep σ ‫חיה‬ ‫ צאצא‬offspring ← ‫יצא‬ ‫ צב‬turtle ?? Lv 11:29, covered wagon Nu 7:3, Is 66:20 σ ‫ עגלה‬,‫חיה‬ ‫ צבא‬to muster out (an army), i.e. to call out a group into existence, usually a group of men to form into a fighting force for battle, but also for other groups of people (e.g. Israel Ex 7:4) and also for all life Gn 2:1 → ‫ צבא‬pl. ‫צבאות‬ muster, army mustered out or any group that has been called into existence (e.g. Gn 2:1, Ex 7:4) σ ‫מסר‬ ‫ צבא‬pl. ‫ צבאות‬muster, army mustered out or any group that has been called into existence (e.g. Gn 2:1, Ex 7:4) ← ‫צבא‬ ‫< צבא‬name> ‫ צבאות‬female gazelles ?? So 2:7, 3:5 ‫ צבאים‬people mustered out (to battle) Nu 31:42, Is 29:7–8, Hs 11:8 ‫ צבאים‬gazelles ?? people mustered out 1C 12:9 αλ ‫< צבאים‬name> ‫< צבבה‬name> ‫< צבוא‬name> 252 ‫ צבוע‬pointed out ?? Jr 12:9 αλ LXX υαινα ← ‫צבע‬ ‫ צבט‬to pass to, hold out to Rt 2:14 αλ ‫ צבי‬splendor σ ‫כבוד‬ ‫ צבי‬gazelle Dt 14:5, 1K 5:3 ‫ צביה‬female gazelle So 4:5, 7:4 ‫< צביה‬name> ‫< צביים‬name> ‫< צבים‬name> ‫ צבע‬to finger as in pointing out, designating Jd 5:30 αλ → ‫ אצבע‬finger, ‫ צבוע‬pointed out ?? Jr 12:9 αλ LXX υαινα ‫< צבעון‬name> ‫ צבר‬to pile up Gn 41:35, 49, Hb 1:10, Jb 27:16 → ‫ צבר‬pile 2K 10:8 αλ σ ‫ערם‬ ‫ צבר‬pile 2K 10:8 αλ ← ‫צבר‬ ‫ צבת‬handful (as one harvests with a sickle, one grabs a handful of stalks in one hand, then cuts them off with the sickle in the other hand) Rt 2:16 αλ ‫ צד‬side as not in area or region, beside σ ‫פאה‬ ‫ צד‬one who hunts Gn 27:33, Jd 2:3 ← ‫צדה‬ ‫ צדדה‬toponym Nu 34:8, Ez 47:15 ‫ צדה‬to hunt Ex 21:13, 1S 24:11 → ‫ צד‬one who hunts Gn 27:33, Jd 2:3, ‫צדה‬ hunter’s, for hunting 1S 20:20 αλ, ‫צדיה‬ hunting down Nu 35:20, 22 ‫ צדה‬hunter’s, for hunting 1S 20:20 αλ ← ‫צדה‬ ‫ צדה‬provisions Gn 42:25, 45:21, Ex 12:39, Jd 7:8, 20:10 ← ‫צוד‬ ‫< צדוק‬name> ‫ צדיה‬hunting down Nu 35:20, 22 ← ‫צדה‬ ‫ צדיק‬a man who works for justice Gn 6:9, 18:23–6, Dt 4:8 ← ‫צדק‬ ‫< צדיק‬name> ‫< צדני‬name> ‫< צדנית‬name> ‫ צדק‬to act with justice (transitive verb) to justify another, count that person as just (passive) to be counted as just, justified (‫ רשׁע‬is the opposite) → ‫ צדיק‬a man who works for justice Gn 6:9, 18:23–6, Dt 4:8, ‫ צדק‬that which is just, just person, ‫צדק‬, ‫ צדקה‬adj. just, not false, ‫ צדקה‬justice, actions that are just (private actions that are just, fair), ‫ צדקות‬justness 1S 12:7, Is 33:15, 45:24, Mc 6:5, Ps 11:7 σ ‫שׁפט‬ ‫ צדק‬that which is just, just person ← ‫צדק‬ ‫צדק‬, ‫ צדקה‬adj. just, not false ← ‫צדק‬ ‫< צדק‬name> ‫ צדקה‬justice, actions that are just (private actions that are just, fair) ← ‫ צדק‬σ ‫משׁפט‬ ‫ צדקות‬justness 1S 12:7, Is 33:15, 45:24, Mc 6:5, Ps 11:7 ← ‫צדק‬ ‫< צדקיה‬name> ‫< צדקיהו‬name> ‫ צהב‬yellowish ?? Lv 13:30, 32, 36 LXX ξανθιζουσα ‫ צהל‬to laugh joyfully Is 12:6, 54:1, Jr 31:7 used of the laughing sound of a stream Is 24:14 to neigh (of horses, which sounds like a laugh) Jr 5:8 → ‫ מצהלות‬neighing Jr 8:16, 13:27 ‫ צהר‬to press out oil Jb 24:11 αλ → ‫יצהר‬ new oil Nu 18:12, Dt 7:13, 2C 31:5 ‫ צהר‬ventilation (duct) Gn 6:16 ?? αλ ‫ צהרים‬noon 253 ‫ צו‬command, emphasizing the command itself Is 28:10, 13, Hs 5:11 ← ‫צוה‬ ‫ צוא‬to be filthy → ‫ צאה‬excrement, ‫צאי‬ filthy, rag used to wipe the backsides ‫ צואר‬area of the upper body between the shoulders including the neck Gn 27: 16, 40, Jr 30:8, So 4:4 used for shoulder armor ?? Jb 15:26 ‫< צובא‬name> ‫< צובה‬name> ‫ צוד‬to track down in order to acquire to hunt: to get possession of in order to keep for food, not for sport Gn 27:3, 5, Lv 17:13, Ez 13:18; in warfare as warriors track down people to capture or kill Mc 7:2, Pr 6:26, Lm 3:52 → ‫מצוד‬ hunting, pursuing Pr 12:12, Jb 19:6, ‫ מצודה‬hunting net, used to catch prey both on land Ez 12:13, 17:20 and in water Ko 9:12, ‫ צדה‬provisions, ‫ציד‬ hunter Jr 16:16 αλ, ‫ ציד‬hunt, getting provisions from hunting Gn 10:9, 25:27, food, wild game Gn 25::28, 27:5, 7, 25, 31, 33, Lv 17:3, provisions, food brought from outside Ne 13:15, ‫ צידה‬provisions, food to eat Gn 27:3, Js 1:11, 9:11, 1S 22:10, Ps 78:25, 132:15 σ ‫נתן‬ ‫ צוה‬to order, give a command → ‫מצוה‬ command, with an emphasis on that which is commanded, ‫ צו‬command, emphasizing the command itself Is 28:10, 13, Hs 5:11, ‫ צוית‬commanding Ps 7:7 (6) ‫ צוח‬to clamor Is 42:11 αλ → ‫ צוחה‬clamor Is 24:11, Jr 14:2, 46:12, Ps 144:14 σ ‫הום‬ ‫ צוחה‬clamor Is 24:11, Jr 14:2, 46:12, Ps 144:14 ← ‫ צוח‬σ ‫מהומה‬ ‫ צוית‬commanding Ps 7:7 (6) ← ‫צוה‬ ‫ צולה‬deep waters Is 44:27 αλ σ ‫תהום‬ ‫ צום‬ß ‫ צום‬,‫צוה‬ ‫ צום‬to fast, as an act of worship → ‫צום‬ fast, not eating food ‫ צום‬fast, not eating food ← ‫צום‬ ‫< צוער‬name> ‫ צוף‬to flow upon or over Dt 11:4, 2K 6:6, Lm 3:54 → ‫ צוף‬honey comb, ‫צפצפה‬ watering, irrigation ?? Ez 17:5 αλ, ‫צפת‬ fluid Ez 32:6 αλ σ ‫זוב‬ ‫ צוף‬honey comb ← ‫ צוף‬σ ‫ יערה‬,‫ יער‬forest, woods wild honey (found in the forest) ‫< צוף‬name> ‫< צופח‬name> ‫< צופי‬name> ‫ צופיה‬the one (fem.) overseeing Pr 31:27 αλ ← ‫צפה‬ ‫< צופים‬name> ‫< צופר‬name> ‫ צוץ‬to blossom → ‫ ציצה‬,‫ ציץ‬blossom, flower tassel ‫ צוק‬to wear down (by constant and/or repeated troubles, e.g. attacks from an enemy Dt 28:53, 55, 57, Jr 19:9, nagging Jd 14:17, 16:16, Ps 41:9, troubled in spirit Jb 32:18) → ‫ מצוק‬that which wears down (caused by constant or repeated troubles) Dt 28:53, 55, 57, 1S 22:2, Jr 19:2, Ps 119:143, ‫מצוקה‬ generalized troubles that wear one down Zp 1:15, Ps 25:17, 107:6, 28, ‫ מציק‬one who causes troubles that wear down Is 29:7, 51:13, ‫ צוקה‬that which wears down, constant troubles Is 8:22, 30:6, Pr 1:27 σ ‫יאשׁ‬ 254 ‫ צוקה‬that which wears down, constant troubles Is 8:22, 30:6, Pr 1:27 ← ‫צוק‬ ‫ צור‬to shut in → ‫ מצור‬rampart, both offensive (siege) and defensive that encircle cities siege, ‫ מצורה‬walled, defended Nh 2:2, 2C 14:5, ‫צורן‬ necklace ?? So 4:9 αλ σ ‫סגר‬ ‫ צור‬promontory σ ‫פסגה‬ ‫< צור‬name of prominent Phoenician city, Tyre> ‫< צוריאל‬name> ‫< צורישׁדי‬name> ‫ צורן‬necklace ?? So 4:9 αλ ← ‫צור‬ ‫ צורף‬act of refining, forming as a smith Jd 17:4, Is 41:19, 46:6 one behind the action Jr 9:7, 10:9, 14 ← ‫צרף‬ ‫ צורת‬ground plan ?? Ez 43;11 ← ‫יצר‬ ‫ צות‬to burn hotly to burn down (houses that get burned hotly, get burned down) Is 27:4 αλ → ‫ מצית‬one who causes to burn hotly Ez 21:3 αλ σ ‫שׂרף‬ ‫ צח‬bright, clear Is 18:4, Jr 4:11, So 5:10 ← ‫צחח‬ ‫ צחה‬whitish bright, as bones bleaching in the sun Is 5:13 αλ ← ‫צחח‬ ‫ צחא‬β ‫ציחה‬ ‫< צחה‬name> ‫ צחות‬brightly, clearly Is 32:4 αλ ← ‫צחח‬ ‫ צחח‬to be whitish bright, clear Lm 4:7 → ‫ צח‬bright, clear Is 18:4, Jr 4:11, So 5:10, ‫ צחה‬whitish bright, as bones bleaching in the sun Is 5:13 αλ, ‫ צחות‬brightly, clearly Is 32:4 αλ, ‫ צחחי‬a rock strewn place that’s bright and clear Ne 4:7 (13) αλ, ‫ צחיח‬used only in the phrase ‫צחיח‬ ‫ סלע‬bare rock Ez 24:7–8, 26:4, 14, ‫ צחיחה‬generalized places that are bright and clear, as found in deserts Ps 68:7 (6) αλ, ‫ צחצחות‬brightness Is 58:11 σ ‫זהר‬ ‫ צחחי‬a rock strewn place that’s bright and clear Ne 4:7 (13) αλ ← ‫צחח‬ ‫ צחיח‬used only in the phrase ‫צחיח סלע‬ bare rock Ez 24:7–8, 26:4, 14 ← ‫צחח‬ ‫ צחיחה‬generalized places that are bright and clear, as found in deserts Ps 68:7 (6) αλ ← ‫צחח‬ ‫ צחנת‬stench ?? LXX βροµος sound of fire Jl 2:20 αλ ‫ צחצחות‬brightness Is 58:11 ← ‫צחח‬ ‫ צחק‬to laugh at, jest, mock → ‫יצחק‬ laughter, ‫ מצחק‬joke, something to laugh at Gn 19:14 αλ, ‫ צחק‬laughter σ ‫שׂחק‬ ‫ צחק‬laughter ← ‫צחק‬ ‫ צחר‬white ?? Jd 5:10, Ez 27:18 σ ‫לבן‬ ‫< צחר‬name> ‫ צטיד‬β ‫צוד‬ ‫ צטיר‬β ‫ציר‬ ‫ צי‬warship, not used in trade Nu 24:24, Is 33:21, Dn 11:30 σ ‫אניה‬ ‫ צי‬barren land inhabitant, some sort of animal Is 13:21, 23:13, 34;14, Jr 50:39, Ps 72:9, 74:14 ‫< ציבא‬name> ‫ ציד‬hunter Jr 16:16 αλ ← ‫צוד‬ ‫ ציד‬hunt, getting provisions from hunting Gn 10:9, 25:27, food, wild game Gn 25::28, 27:5, 7, 25, 31, 33, Lv 17:3, provisions, food brought from outside Ne 13:15 ← ‫צוד‬ ‫ צידה‬provisions, food to eat Gn 27:3, Js 1:11, 9:11, 1S 22:10, Ps 78:25, 132:15 ← ‫צוד‬ ‫< צידון‬name> ‫< צידן‬name> 255 ‫< צידני‬name> ‫ ציה‬barren, fruitless, useless Is 35:1, Jr 2:6, Ez 19:13, Jl 2:20, Jb 39:14 ‫ ציון‬barren land ‫ ציון‬marker ‫ ציון‬Zion, name of place ‫< ציון‬name> ‫< ציונה‬name> ‫< ציחא‬name> ‫ ציים‬barren land’s inhabitant, a type of animal ‫< צין‬name> ‫ צינים‬β ‫ציון‬ ‫ צינק‬iron collar, used in punishment ?? Jr 29:26 αλ ‫< ציער‬name> ‫< ציף‬name> ‫ ציצה‬,‫ ציץ‬blossom, flower tassel ← ‫צוץ‬ σ ‫ נצה‬blossom, ‫ סמדר‬in blossom (vines blossom in spring for fruit in late summer to fall) So 2:13, 15, ‫ פרח‬bud Nu 17:23, Is 5:24, 18:5, Nh 1:4 bud shaped ornament Ex 25:31, 33–4, 1K 7:26, 2C 4:5, 21 budding out, popping out Ex 9:9–10, Ps 92:8 ‫< ציץ‬name> ‫ ציק‬β ‫צוק‬ ‫< ציקלג‬name> ‫ ציר‬to go back and forth Js 9:4 αλ → ‫ציר‬ messenger, one who carries messages (⇐ who goes back and forth) Is 45:16, 57:9, Jr 49:14, Ob 1, Pr 13:17, 25:13, convulsion 1S 4:19, Is 13:8, 21:3, Dn 10:16, hinge (⇐ the action of going back and forth) Pr 26:14 ‫ ציר‬messenger, one who carries messages (⇐ who goes back and forth) Is 45:16, 57:9, Jr 49:14, Ob 1, Pr 13:17, 25:13, convulsion 1S 4:19, Is 13:8, 21:3, Dn 10:16, hinge (⇐ the action of going back and forth) Pr 26:14 ← ‫ ציר‬σ ‫מלאך‬ ‫ צל‬shadow, shade ← ‫צלל‬ ‫ צלה‬to char-broil (over a fire) Is 44:16, 19 → ‫ צלי‬char-broiled (over a fire) Ex 12:8–9, Is 44:16 ‫< צלה‬name> ‫ צלול‬crumb ?? Jd 7:13 αλ σ ‫פת‬ ‫ צלח‬to effect to succeed, to prosper, to achieve σ ‫ נוב‬to prosper, be productive Zc 9:17, Ps 62:11, 92:15 (14), Pr 10:31 ‫ צלחת‬,‫ צלחית‬dish ‫ צלי‬char-broiled (over a fire) Ex 12:8–9, Is 44:16 ← ‫צלה‬ ‫ צליל‬crumb ?? Jd 7:13 αλ ‫ צלל‬to shadow, shade Ne 13:19 to cup one’s hands over one’s ears (shading them), either better to hear, or to prevent from hearing 1S 3:11, 2K 21:12, Jr 19:3, to clap one’s hands over his mouth Hb 3:16 → ‫ מצל‬shade Ez 31:3, ‫ מצלה‬a place in shadow Mc 7:19, Zc 1:8, 14:20, Ps 68:23, 88:7, ‫ מצלתים‬cymbals, ‫ צל‬shadow, shade, ‫ צלל‬shadow Jr 6:4, So 2:17, 4:6, ‫ צלצל‬locust swarm that shades the land Dt 28:42, Is 18:1, ‫ צלצלים‬cymbals or was this a type of rattle ?? 2S 6:5, of which there were two types, ‫ צלצלי שׁמע‬and ‫ צלצלי תרועה‬Ps 150:5 ‫ צלל‬shadow Jr 6:4, So 2:17, 4:6 ← ‫צלל‬ ‫ צלם‬β ‫ צלם‬,‫צל‬ ‫ צלם‬shadow shape (as a shadow is in the shape of an object, person, animal but is less than the object so the shape is 256 ‫( צלצל‬fish) scales ?? Jb 40:31 (41:7) αλ ‫ צלצלים‬cymbals or was this a type of rattle ?? 2S 6:5, of which there were two types, ‫ צלצלי שׁמע‬and ‫ צלצלי תרועה‬Ps 150:5 ← ‫צלל‬ ‫< צלק‬name> ‫< צלתי‬name> ‫ צמא‬to be dry to thirst → ‫ צמא‬thirst, thirsty, ‫ צמאה‬dryness thirstiness Dt 29:18, Jr 2:25, ‫ צמאון‬dry, thirsty land ‫ צמא‬thirst, thirsty ← ‫צמא‬ ‫ צמאה‬dryness thirstiness Dt 29:18, Jr 2:25 ← ‫צמא‬ ‫ צמאון‬dry, thirsty land ← ‫צמא‬ ‫ צמד‬to bind on (as a yoke) → ‫ צמד‬yoke pair, i.e. the number of animals under a yoke, ‫ צמיד‬binding, something tied on, most often used for a bracelet (with precious stones, metal ??) Gn 24:22, 47, Nu 31:50, Ez 23:42, also a binding (of string) to hold on a cover over a pot Nu 19:15 ‫ צמד‬yoke pair, i.e. the number of animals under a yoke ← ‫ צמד‬σ ‫על‬ ‫ צמד‬a measure of land area 1S 14:14, Is 5:10 ‫ צמוקה‬raison cake ← ‫צמק‬ ‫ צמח‬to grow → ‫ צמח‬growth ‫ צמח‬growth ← ‫צמח‬ ‫ צמיד‬binding, something tied on, most often used for a bracelet (with precious stones, metal ??) Gn 24:22, 47, Nu 31:50, Ez 23:42, also a binding (of string) to hold on a cover over a pot Nu 19:15 ← ‫צמד‬ ‫ צמים‬a type of trap ?? Jb 5:5, 18:9 different from the original, never to be confused with it, can even be made of different materials) σ ‫דמה‬ ‫ צלמון‬place of shadows ?? Ps 68:15 (14) αλ LXX σελµων ‫< צלמון‬name> ‫ צלםות‬darkness, deep and fearful shadows (shadow of death, Ps 23:4) ‫< צלמנה‬name> ‫< צלמנע‬name> ‫ צלע‬to limp i.e. to favor one side → ‫צלע‬ side (of a building, mountain, etc., possibly two leaves to a door 1K 6:34), ‫ צלעה‬those who are limping and/or stumbling, a group of people Mc 4:6–7, Zp 3:19, ‫ צלעות‬siding, flooring (i.e. framework covered with planks) 1K 6:5, 15–6, 7:3, Ez 41:6–9, 26, ‫צלעת‬ framework, frame Gn 2:21, Ex 25:14, 27:7, 30:4, 37:5, 27, 38:7 ‫ צלע‬side (of a building, mountain, etc., possibly two leaves to a door 1K 6:34) ← ‫ צלע‬σ ‫פאה‬ ‫< צלע‬name> ‫ צלעה‬those who are limping and/or stumbling, a group of people Mc 4:6–7, Zp 3:19 ← ‫צלע‬ ‫ צלעות‬siding, flooring (i.e. framework covered with planks) 1K 6:5, 15–6, 7:3, Ez 41:6–9, 26 ← ‫צלע‬ ‫ צלעת‬framework, frame Gn 2:21, Ex 25:14, 27:7, 30:4, 37:5, 27, 38:7 ← ‫צלע‬ ‫< צלף‬name> ‫< צלפחד‬name> ‫< צלצח‬name> ‫ צלצל‬locust swarm that shades the land Dt 28:42, Is 18:1 ← ‫צלל‬ 257 ‫ צמיתת‬causing to be silent, a legal term, the same idea as “forever hold your peace” giving no right of redemption of sold property after a certain date Lv 25:30 αλ ← ‫צמת‬ ‫ צמק‬to shrivel up Hs 9:14 αλ → ‫צמוקה‬ raison cake σ ‫יבשׁ‬ ‫ צמר‬wool σ ‫ גזה‬,‫ גז‬fleece, shorn wool ‫< צמרי‬name> ‫< צמרים‬name> ‫ צמרת‬spray, a stem or small branch of a tree or plant, bearing flowers and foliage σ ‫דלית‬ ‫ צנא‬livestock ?? misspelling for ‫ ?? צאן‬Nu 32:24 αλ ‫ צנה‬netting ?? Am 4:2 αλ ‫ צנה‬shield, a tall one that covers the whole body or much of it 1S 17:7,41, 1K 10:16, 2C 9:15 σ ‫מגן‬ ‫ צנה‬tame, tamable ?? Ps 8:8, 91:4 ‫ צנה‬place name Nu 34:4, Js 15:3 ‫ צנוע‬quiet action people who act quietly Pr 11:2 αλ ← ‫צנע‬ ‫ צנור‬watercourse, place where water flows 2S 5:8, Ps 42:8 (7) ‫ צנח‬to go down Jd 4:21 to dismount Js 15:18, Jd 1:14 σ ‫ירד‬ ‫ צנן‬,‫ צנין‬prickling, that causes pain Nu 33:55, Js 23:13 σ ‫מכאוב‬ ‫ צניף‬turban for decoration Is 3:23, Zc 3:5, Jb 29:14 ← ‫ צנף‬σ ‫בגד‬ ‫ צנם‬barren, ears with no grain inside Gn 41:23 αλ σ ‫שׁדף‬ ‫ צנן‬hook, barb (of a hook) ?? used metaphorically Js 23:13 αλ ‫< צנן‬name> ‫ צנע‬to act in quietness “out of the limelight” Mc 6:8 αλ → ‫ צנוע‬quiet action people who act quietly Pr 11:2 αλ σ ‫שׁקט‬ ‫ צנף‬to wind around (as in making a turban) Lv 16:4, Is 22:18 → ‫מצנפת‬ turban, used as a badge of authority Ex 28:4, 37, 39, Lv 8:9, Ez 21:31 (26), ‫צניף‬ turban for decoration Is 3:23, Zc 3:5, Jb 29:14, ‫ צנפה‬winding, wrapping made by winding Is 22:18 αλ ‫ צנפה‬winding, wrapping made by winding Is 22:18 αλ ← ‫צנף‬ ‫( צנצנת‬small, covered) vessel Ex 16:33 αλ ‫ צמת‬β ‫ צמת‬,‫ צמא‬,‫צום‬ ‫ צמת‬to silence 2S 22:41, Ps 18:41, 143:12, Jb 23:17 → ‫ מצמית‬one who would cause to silence another person Ps 69:5 (4) αλ, ‫ צמיתת‬causing to be silent, a legal term, the same idea as “forever hold your peace” giving no right of redemption of sold property after a certain date Lv 25:30 αλ, ‫ צמתת‬a legal term, the same idea as “forever hold your peace” giving no right of redemption of sold property Lv 25:23 αλ σ ‫שׁקט‬ ‫ צמתת‬a legal term, the same idea as “forever hold your peace” giving no right of redemption of sold property Lv 25:23 αλ ← ‫צמת‬ ‫ צמת‬veil, made of netting covering the face Is 47:2, So 4:1, 3, 6:7 σ ‫צעיף‬ ‫ צן‬β ‫ צן‬,‫הצן‬ ‫ צן‬net flattened over a game trail for catching game ?? Pr 22:5 αλ ← ‫צנה‬ ‫< צן‬name> 258 ‫ צנתרות‬pipes ?? Zc 4:12 αλ ‫ צע‬wandering around, going about Am 9:1 αλ ← ‫צעה‬ ‫ צעד‬to stride, march 2S 6:13, Jr 10:5, Hb 3:12, Pr 7:8, Jb 18:14 → ‫ מצעד‬step as in walking Ps 37:23, Pr 20:24, Dn 11:43, ‫ צעד‬stride, march, ‫ צעדות‬some sort of ornamentation that shows up while striding Is 3:20 αλ σ ‫הלך‬ ‫ צעד‬stride, march ← ‫צעד‬ ‫ צעדות‬some sort of ornamentation that shows up while striding Is 3:20 αλ ← ‫צעד‬ ‫ צעה‬to wander around Is 51:14, 63:1, Jr 2:20, 48:12, Ps 139:8 → ‫ צע‬wandering around, going about σ ‫הלך‬ ‫ צעור‬youth or other insignificant person Jr 14:3, 48:4 ← ‫צער‬ ‫ צעים‬β ‫צעה‬ ‫ צעיף‬veil, the cloth that covers the face under the eyes σ ‫ צמת‬veil, made of netting covering the face Is 47:2, So 4:1, 3, 6:7 ‫ צעיר‬small, insignificant ← ‫ צער‬σ ‫קטן‬ ‫ צעירה‬smallness, insignificance youthfulness (less significant in the family) ← ‫צער‬ ‫< צעירה‬name> ‫ צען‬to strike (a tent) Is. 33:20 αλ ‫< צען‬name> ‫< צעננים‬name> ‫ צעצעים‬base metal (plated with gold) ?? 2C 3:9 αλ ‫ צעק‬to cry out → ‫ צעקה‬outcry σ ‫דבר‬ ‫ צעקה‬outcry ← ‫צעק‬ ‫ צער‬to be insignificant → ‫ מצער‬smallness as in insignificance, ‫ צעור‬youth or other insignificant person Jr 14:3, 48:4, ‫צעיר‬ small as in insignificant, ‫ צעירה‬smallness as in insignificance youthfulness (less significant in the family), ‫צער‬ insignificant one Zc 13:7 σ ‫קטן‬ ‫ צער‬insignificant one Zc 13:7 ← ‫צער‬ ‫< צער‬name> ‫< צערה‬name> ‫ צפד‬to shrivel (from dryness) Lm 4:8 αλ σ ‫יבשׁ‬ ‫ צפה‬to look out (for, upon) → ‫מצפה‬ watch post Is 21:6, Hs 5:1, 2C 20:24, ‫ צופיה‬the one (fem.) overseeing Pr 31:27 αλ, ‫ צפה‬watchman, ‫ צפית‬looking out Is 21:5 αλ, ‫ צפת‬crown (of a pillar) 2C 3:15 αλ σ ‫ראה‬ ‫ צפה‬to cover to plate → ‫ צפוי‬covering, plating Ex 38:17, 19, Nu 17:3–4 (16:38– 9), Is 30:22 ‫ צפה‬watchman ← ‫צפה‬ ‫< צפו‬name> ‫ צפוי‬covering, plating Ex 38:17, 19, Nu 17:3–4 (16:38–9), Is 30:22 ← ‫צפה‬ ‫ צפון‬secreted, hidden things ← ‫צפן‬ ‫ צפן‬,‫ צפון‬north ‫< צפון‬name> ‫ צפוני‬northern ‫< הפוני‬name> ‫ צפוע‬dried dung used for fuel Ez 4:15 αλ σ ‫גלל‬ ‫ צפר‬,‫ צפור‬sparrow, often used as a reference to any small, quick moving bird ← ‫ צפר‬σ ‫עוף‬ ‫< צפור‬name> ‫ צפחת‬jug 1S 26:11–2, 16, 1K 17:12, 14, 16, 19:6 σ ‫פרור‬ 259 ‫( צפיחת‬honey) comb (like a collection of little jugs) Ex 16:31 αλ σ ‫דבשׁ‬ ‫ צפיע‬β ‫צפוע‬ ‫ צפיר‬he goat (with large horns?) ← ‫צפר‬ σ ‫עז‬ ‫ צפירה‬goad ?? something that causes one to spring into action Is 28:5, Ez 7:7 ← ‫ צפר‬σ ‫דרבן‬ ‫ צפית‬looking out Is 21:5 αλ ← ‫צפה‬ ‫ צפן‬to make out of sight Jb 24:1, by hiding Ex 2:2, Js 2:4, also as hiding in an ambush Pr 1:11, 18, by covering Ex 25:11, by packing into a storage place used both literally So 7:13 and figuratively Ps 31:20, Pr 10:14, Jb 10:13 → ‫ מצפנים‬hidden things (treasures secreted from invader) σ ‫סתר‬ ‫< מפניה‬name> ‫< צפניה‬name> ‫< צפנת פענח‬name> ‫( צפע‬a type of venomous animal related to snakes, dinosaurs) ?? Is 14:29 αλ ‫ צפעני‬,‫ צפעוני‬a type of serpent, flying dinosaur with shiny scales ?? Is 11:8, 59:5, Jr 8:17, Pr 23:32 σ ‫נחשׁ‬ ‫ צפעות‬that which comes out ?? Is 22:24 αλ ‫ צפצף‬to cheep to speak softly (as in divination, a bird) Is 29:4, 38:14 → ‫ מצפצף‬one who speaks softly in divination Is 8:19, 10:14 σ ‫דבר‬ ‫ צפצפה‬watering, irrigation ?? Ez 17:5 αλ ← ‫צוף‬ ‫ צפר‬β ‫ צפר‬,‫ צפור‬,‫צופר‬ ‫ צפר‬to spring into movement in order to leave, to fly Jd 7:3 αλ → ‫ צפר‬,‫צפור‬ sparrow, often used as a reference to any small, quick moving bird, ‫ צפיר‬he goat (with large horns?), ‫ צפירה‬goad ?? something that causes one to spring into action Is 28:5, Ez 7:7, ‫ צפרדע‬frog, toad Ex 7:27–8:5, 7–9 (8:2–9, 11–3), Ps 78:45, 105:30, ‫ צפרה‬goading ?? Ez 7:10 αλ, ‫ צפרן‬tip Jr 17:1 fingernail Dt 21:12 ‫< צפר‬name> ‫ צפרדע‬frog, toad Ex 7:27–8:5, 7–9 (8:2–9, 11–3), Ps 78:45, 105:30 ← ‫צפר‬ ‫ צפרה‬goading ?? Ez 7:10 αλ ← ‫צפר‬ ‫< צפרה‬name> ‫ צפרן‬tip Jr 17:1 fingernail Dt 21:12 ← ‫צפר‬ ‫ צפת‬fluid Ez 32:6 αλ ← ‫צוף‬ ‫ צפת‬crown (of a pillar) 2C 3:15 αλ ← ‫צפה‬ ‫< צפת‬name> ‫< צפתה‬name> ‫ צצים‬β ‫ציץ‬ ‫ צקון‬β ‫צוק‬ ‫< צקלג‬name> ‫ צקלן‬a medium sized bag able to carry several loaves of bread ?? 2K 4:42 αλ σ ‫שׂק‬ ‫ צקת‬pouring out Ex 38:27, Jb 38:38 ← ‫יצק‬ ‫ צר‬narrow restricted ← ‫צרר‬ ‫ צר‬enemy, from the concept of closing in, such as cornering a person, restricting a person’s freedom to do things through hostile actions, being in-your-face hostile ← ‫ צרר‬σ ‫אויב‬ ‫ צר‬flint ‫< צר‬name> ‫ צרב‬to scar, from a burn, boil Ez 21:3 (20:47) αλ → ‫ צרב‬scarring Pr 16:27 αλ, 260 ‫ צרבת‬scar left by a burn, ulcer Lv 13:23, 28 ‫ צרב‬scarring Pr 16:27 αλ ← ‫צרב‬ ‫ צרבת‬scar left by a burn, ulcer Lv 13:23, 28 ← ‫צרב‬ ‫< צרדה‬name> ‫< צרדתה‬name> ‫ צרה‬distress ← ‫צרר‬ ‫< צרויה‬name> ‫ צרוע‬person recognized as having leprosy, leper Lv 13:44–5, 14:3, 22:4, Nu 5:2 ← ‫צרע‬ ‫< צרועה‬name> ‫ צרור‬tied up Gn 42:35, Hs 13:12, joined to 1S 25:29, tied to a destiny Nu 25:17 a small bag (possibly leather) that could be tied up, to hold valuables Hg 1:6, Jb 14:17, So 1:13 ← ‫ צרר‬σ ‫שׂק‬ ‫ צרור‬clod (of dirt held together) 2S 17:13, Am 9:9 ← ‫צרר‬ ‫< צרור‬name> ‫ צרח‬to echo Is 42:13, Zp 1:14 → ,‫צרח‬ ‫ צריח‬vault (⇐ where sounds echo) possibly underground, as a root cellar ? Jd 9:46, 49, 1S 13:6 ‫ צריח‬,‫ צרח‬vault (⇐ where sounds echo) possibly underground, as a root cellar ? Jd 9:46, 49, 1S 13:6 ← ‫צרח‬ ‫ צרי‬β ‫ צרי‬,‫צר‬ ‫ צרי‬balsam distilled in Gilead, used for healing of wounds Gn 37:25, Jr 8:22, 46:11, 51:8 ‫< צרי‬name> ‫< צריה‬name> ‫ צריך‬β ‫ צר‬,‫צרי‬ ‫ צרים‬β ‫ צר‬,‫צור‬ ‫< צרים‬name> ‫ צרך‬need ?? 2C 2:15 αλ ‫ צרע‬to have leprosy → ‫ מצרע‬leprous, having leprosy 2S 3:29, 2K 15:5, 2C 26:20–1, person suffering from leprosy, leper Lv 14;2, Nu 12:10, 2K 5:1, 11, 27, 7:3, 8, ‫ צרוע‬person recognized as having leprosy, leper Lv 13:44–5, 14:3, 22:4, Nu 5:2, ‫ צרעת‬leprosy as described in Lv 13 ‫ צרעה‬hornet ?? (metaphorically speaking ?) Ex 23:28, Dt 7:20, Js 24:12 ‫< צרעה‬name> ‫< צרעי‬name> ‫ צרעת‬leprosy as described in Lv 13. This leprosy is not the same as modern leprosy. Modern leprosy is mainly a disease of the nervous system caused by a bacterium Mycobacterium leprae, where most injuries are self-inflicted. There is no spontaneous cure. Ancient leprosy seems mainly a disease of the circulation system, mainly to the skin: the skin turns white (no blood) then becomes indented and ulcerated (skin dies off). Sometimes there is swelling around the ulceration. It is apparently easily caught, apparently caused by a fungus which also infects cloth, leather (Lv 13:47–59, 14:55) and even houses (Lv 14:35–53, 55), that enters the body through breaks in the skin (cuts, burns, etc.). A person can become healed from it or remain infected the rest of his life. ← ‫צרע‬ ‫< צרעתי‬name> ‫ צרף‬to refine, getting the metal out of the rocks and removing impurities Zc 13:9, figuratively used for moral refining, 261 straightens us, ‫ צררות‬straitness, distress, ‫ תצר‬distress, be distressing ?? 1S 30:6 αλ σ ‫חבל‬ ‫ צרר‬enemy, one who straightens us ← ‫ צרר‬σ ‫אויב‬ ‫< צררה‬name> ‫< צרת‬name> ‫< צרת השׁחר‬name> ‫< צרתן‬name> ‫< צרתנה‬name> ‫ ק‬nineteenth letter, has no meaning in Hebrew on its own, where letters are used as numbers, it refers to the number 100. ‫ קאם‬,‫ קאה‬,‫ קא‬β ‫קיא‬ ‫ קאת‬a pterosaur ?? Lv 11:17, Dt 14:16, Is 34:11, Zp 2:14, Ps 102:7 σ ‫עוף‬ ‫ קב‬a measure ?? 2K 6:25 αλ ‫ קבה‬to make a hollow space Jb 5:3 or chamber to execrate, call down a curse on such that something or someone becomes hollowed out, without strength or resources Nu 23: ,Jb 3:8, Pr 11:26, 24:24 → ‫ קבה‬a hollow space ?? rib cage ?? Dt 18:3, bed chamber ?? Nu 25:8 σ ‫ארר‬ ‫ קבה‬a hollow space ?? rib cage ?? Dt 18:3, bed chamber ?? Nu 25:8 ← ‫קבה‬ ‫ קברה‬,‫ קבורה‬grave, burial ← ‫קבר‬ ‫ קבל‬to take as one’s own, personally to take possession of ?? Pr 19:20, Jb 2:10, Ezr 8:30, 1C 12:19 (18), 2C 29:16, 22 → ‫ קבל‬that which people take as their own ?? Es 9:23, 27 personal possessions ?? Ez 26:9 αλ purity Is 48:10, Zc 13:9, Ps 26:2, 66:10 also figuratively “to refine” a group of people so that only the best remain Jd 7:4 → ‫ מצרף‬retort for smelting metals Ml 3:2–3, Pr 17:3, 27:21, ‫ צורף‬act of refining, forming as a smith Jd 17:4, Is 41:19, 46:6 one behind the action Jr 9:7, 10:9, 14, ‫( צרף‬gold)smith Is 40:19, Jr 51:17, Pr 25:4, ‫ צרפי‬goldsmith guild Ne 3:31 αλ σ ‫ברר‬ ‫( צרף‬gold)smith Is 40:19, Jr 51:17, Pr 25:4 ← ‫צרף‬ ‫ צרפי‬goldsmith guild Ne 3:31 αλ ← ‫צרף‬ ‫< צרפת‬name> ‫< צרפתה‬name> ‫ צרר‬β ‫ צרר‬,‫צרור‬ ‫ צרר‬to straiten, i.e. to make narrow (a distance), a term meaning to tie up tightly, to close in as an enemy, to close in on others in battle and as troubles overwhelm someone, to close in, surround a person as bodyguards surround an important person (from which we get “straitjacket”) → ‫מצר‬ place of distress Ps 116:3, 118:5, Lm 1:3, ‫ צר‬narrow restricted, ‫ צר‬enemy, from the concept of closing in, such as cornering a person, restricting a person’s freedom to do things through hostile actions, being in-your-face hostile, ‫צרה‬ distress, ‫ צרור‬tied up Gn 42:35, Hs 13:12, joined to 1S 25:29, tied to a destiny Nu 25:17 a small bag (possibly leather) that could be tied up, to hold valuables Hg 1:6, Jb 14:17, So 1:13, ‫ צרור‬clod (of dirt held together) 2S 17:13, Am 9:9, ‫ צרר‬enemy, one who 262 ‫ קבל‬that which people take as their own ?? Es 9:23, 27 personal possessions ?? Ez 26:9 αλ ← ‫קבל‬ ‫ קבע‬to withhold what is due Is 51:17, 22, Ml 3:8–9, Pr 22:23 σ ‫ עשׁק‬,‫מנע‬ ‫ קבעת‬covered (cup) ?? ‫ קבץ‬to collect → ‫ קבצה‬collection Mc 1:7 αλ σ ‫אסף‬ ‫< קבצאל‬name> ‫ קבצה‬collection Mc 1:7 αλ ← ‫קבץ‬ ‫< קבצים‬name> ‫ קבר‬to entomb, bury → ‫ קברה‬,‫קבורה‬ grave, burial, ‫ קבר‬tomb, grave σ ‫ טמן‬to bury, as an act of concealment ‫ קבר‬tomb, grave ← ‫קבר‬ ‫< קברות התאוה‬name> ‫( קד‬a copyist error in Leningradensis ??) αλ Ps102:4 Aleppo Codex has it part of ‫מוקד‬ ‫ קדד‬to bow down σ ‫שׁחה‬ ‫ קדה‬cassia (buds) used as a spice Ex 30:24, Ez 27:19 σ ‫בשׂם‬ ‫ קדומים‬from of old ?? Jd 5:21 αλ ← ‫קדם‬ ‫ קדושׁ‬set apart holy ← ‫קדשׁ‬ ‫ קדח‬to glow, used of a fire giving off heat → ‫ קדחת‬lingering fever, illness Lv 26:16, Dt 28:22 ‫ קדחת‬lingering fever, illness Lv 26:16, Dt 28:22 ← ‫ קדח‬σ ‫דבר‬ ‫ קדים‬east winds (which in that area of the world are hot and dry) ← ‫קדם‬ ‫ קדם‬to go before, both temporally and physically to precede, go in front of go eastward ⇐ heavenly bodies are in the east before going to the west → ‫ מקדם‬a type of fortunetelling ?? Is 2:6 αλ, ‫ קדומים‬from of old ?? Jd 5:21 αλ, ‫ קדים‬east winds (which in that area of the world are hot and dry), ‫ קדם‬in front, east, ancient, ‫ קדמה‬in front of, beginning, towards the east, ,‫קדמון‬ ‫ קדמוני‬eastern, ‫ קדמני‬old, ancient 1S 24:14 (13) σ ‫נגד‬ ‫ קדם‬in front, east, ancient ← ‫קדם‬ ‫ קדמה‬in front of, beginning, towards the east ← ‫קדם‬ ‫< קדמה‬name> ‫ קדמוני‬,‫ קדמון‬eastern ← ‫קדם‬ ‫< קדמות‬name> ‫< קדמיאל‬name> ‫ קדמני‬old, ancient 1S 24:14 (13) ← ‫קדם‬ ‫< קדמני‬name> ‫< קדמת‬name> ‫ קדקד‬crown (top of head) Gn 49:26, 2S 14:25, Is 3:17, Jb 2:7 ‫ קדר‬to be gloomy, both in the physical sense (darkness) 1K 18:45, Jr 4:28, Ez 32:7, Jl 2:10, 4:15 (3:15) and mental (sad) Jr 8:21, 14:2, Mc 3:6 → ‫קדר‬ gloom, gloomy person Ps 38:7 (6), 42:10 (9 ), gloomy place Jb 5:11, 6:16, ‫קדרות‬ gloom, gloominess Is 50:3 αλ, ‫קדרנית‬ gloomily Ml 3:14 αλ σ ‫חשׁך‬ ‫ קדר‬gloom, gloomy person Ps 38:7 (6), 42:10 (9 ), gloomy place Jb 5:11, 6:16 ← ‫קדר‬ ‫< קדר‬name> ‫< קדרון‬name> ‫ קדרות‬gloom, gloominess Is 50:3 αλ ← ‫קדר‬ ‫ קדרנית‬gloomily Ml 3:14 αλ ← ‫קדר‬ ‫ קדשׁ‬to set up something that’s apart Jr 6:4, 22:7, 51:27–8, Jl 1:14, Mc 3:5 to consider or make holy (opposite of ‫חלל‬ 263 to make common) → ‫ מקדשׁ‬set apart action of setting apart, holy person or object that set something apart, makes holy set apart, holy (place, object tabernacle, temple), ‫ קדושׁ‬set apart holy, ‫ קדשׁ‬set apart (considered holy) person (can refer to God), object or place, ‫ קדשׁה‬,‫( קדשׁ‬temple) prostitute Gn 38:21–2, Dt 28:13, Hs 4:14 (was the male prostitute a homosexual, gigolo or both? Dt 23:18, 1K 14:24, 15:12, 22:47, 2K 23:7) σ ‫ פלא‬to be beyond reach to set aside: when an animal was designated to be a sacrifice, it was deemed “beyond reach” in that it was not to be exchanged for another animal ‫ קדשׁ‬set apart (considered holy) person (can refer to God), object or place ← ‫קדשׁ‬ ‫ קדשׁה‬,‫( קדשׁ‬temple) prostitute Gn 38:21– 2, Dt 28:13, Hs 4:14 (was the male prostitute a homosexual, gigolo or both? Dt 23:18, 1K 14:24, 15:12, 22:47, 2K 23:7) ← ‫ קדשׁ‬σ ‫זונה‬ ‫< קדשׁ‬name> ‫< קדשׁ ברנע‬name> ‫< קדשׁה‬name> ‫ קדשׁת‬the collection of all that is set apart Is 65:5 ← ‫קדשׁ‬ ‫ קהה‬to be blunt (the eating of unripe grapes, because of their high acid content, blunts teeth quickly) ‫ קהל‬to group (together), which can be in close physical proximity Ex 32:1, Nu 16:19 or groupings by classification Gn 28:3, 25:11 → ‫ מקהל‬assembly, ,‫קהל‬ ‫ קהלה‬assembly, ‫ קהלת‬one who speaks before an assembly σ ‫ יעד‬,‫אסף‬ ‫ קהלה‬,‫ קהל‬assembly σ ‫ להקת‬assembly ?? 1S 19:20 αλ ← ‫קהל‬ ‫ קהלת‬one who speaks before an assembly ← ‫קהל‬ ‫< קהלתה‬name> ‫< קהת‬name> ‫< קהתה‬name> ‫( קו‬measuring) line, to make a ‫ קוה‬σ ‫חבל‬ ‫ קובע‬helmet 1S 17:5, 38, Is 59:17, Ez 23:24, 27:10, 38:5 β ‫כובע‬ ‫ קוה‬to wait for, await → ‫ תקוה‬hope, that which one waits for σ ‫יחל‬ ‫ קוה‬to gather together, to collect together Gn 1:9, Jr 3:17 → ‫ מקוה‬gathering (of waters) Gn 1:10, Ex 7:19, Lv 11:36, (of people) Ezr 10:2, act of collecting 1K 10:28, 2C 1:16, one who gathers Jr 14:8, 17:13, 50:7, 1C 29:15 ⇐ go together with place where things, water are brought together Is 22:11 ‫ קוה‬measurement, made by a ‫קו‬ ‫ קוח‬strength, stronghold ‫ קוט‬to be short (in spirit) with to loathe Ps 95:10, Jb 8:14 σ ‫שׂנא‬ ‫ קול‬sound, voice ‫< קוליה‬name> ‫ קום‬β ‫ קום‬,‫קו‬ ‫ קום‬to stand (up), the motion of standing up from a lying or sitting position to rise up as an enemy to fight → ‫יקום‬ anything that rises up, animal and plant ?? Gn 7:4, 23, Dt 11:6, ‫ קומה‬height, ‫ קוממיות‬standing straight Lv 16:23 αλ, ‫ קימה‬,‫ קים‬rising up (against), ‫קמה‬ standing grain (in the field) Dt 16:9, 264 23:26, Jd 15:5, Hs 8:2, ‫ תקומה‬ability to stand Lv 26:37 αλ, ‫ תקומם‬one who stands against another Is 58:12 αλ σ ‫יצב‬ to take one’s stand, always found in Hitpael, ‫ עור‬to arouse, as in get active ‫ ערר‬repeatedly or continuously arousing Jb 17:8, 31:29, Pr 10:12, So 8:4, ‫ עושׁ‬to stand up ?? to rise up ?? Jl 4:11 αλ, ‫עמד‬ to stand (still), used in the contexts of standing, rising to a stand from sitting or lying down and stopping other actions to come to a stand to stop an action (metaphoric stand), ‫ שׁכם‬to rise up ‫ קומה‬height ← ‫קום‬ ‫ קוממיות‬standing straight Lv 16:23 αλ ← ‫קום‬ ‫ קונה‬one who acquires, purchases Is 24:2, Ez 7:12, Pr 15:32, 20:14 ← ‫קנה‬ ‫ קונן‬β ‫קין‬ ‫ קוסם‬β ‫קסם‬ ‫ קוע‬an official or rich person ?? Ez 23:23 αλ ‫ קוף‬ape ?? 1K 10:22, 1C 9:21 ‫ קוץ‬to be aroused in the sense of disliking, wanting to avoid, caused by fear, pain or loathing Gn 27:46, Ex 1:12, Nu 21:5, Pr 3:11 → ‫ קוץ‬thorn-bush Gn 3:18, Jd 8:7, 16, Ez 28:24, Hs 10:8 σ ‫שׂנא‬ ‫ קוץ‬thorn-bush Gn 3:18, Jd 8:7, 16, Ez 28:24, Hs 10:8 σ ‫שׁמיר‬ ‫< קוץ‬name> ‫ קוצות‬locks of hair So 5:2, 11 σ ‫שׂערה‬ ‫ קור‬to set roof beams to roof Ne 3:3, 1C 34:11 → ‫ קורה‬log, cut down tree trunk to use in building 2K 6:2, 5, ‫ קרת‬roof beam Gn 19:8, So 1:17, Ne 2:8 2C 3:7, 34:11 ‫ קור‬thread (of spider web) Is 59:5–6 σ ‫חבל‬ ‫ קורה‬log, cut down tree trunk to use in building 2K 6:2, 5 ← ‫קור‬ ‫ קושׁ‬to become like straw as in weak, not valued ?? 1S 2:4, Ze 2:1 → ‫ קושׁ‬straw, left over after harvesting grain ‫< קושׁיהו‬name> ‫ קח‬β ‫לקח‬ ‫ קט‬β ‫קוט‬ ‫ קטב‬destruction Dt 32:24, Is 28:2, Hs 13:14 → ‫ מקטב‬one who destroys Ps 91:6 αλ σ ‫שׁחת‬ ‫ קטורה‬smoke from sacrifices Dt 33:10 αλ ← ‫ קטר‬σ ‫עשׁן‬ ‫< קטורה‬name> ‫ קטל‬to oppress (separate from killing) ?? Ps 139:19, Jb 13:15, 24:14 → ‫מקטל‬ oppressions ?? Ob 9 αλ σ ‫הרג‬ ‫ קטן‬to be small, both in physical size and in importance or rank → ‫ קטן‬small σ ‫ צער‬to be insignificant ‫ קטן‬small σ ‫ צעיר‬small, insignificant ‫< קט ֿן‬name> ‫ קטף‬to pluck off Dt 23:25, Ez 17:4, 22, Jb 8:12 → ‫ קטף‬one who plucks Jb 30:4 αλ ‫ קטף‬one who plucks Jb 30:4 αλ ← ‫קטף‬ ‫ קטר‬to smoke i.e. burn incense to burn a sacrifice → ‫ מקטרות‬,‫ מקטר‬incense altar(s), ‫ מקטרת‬censer, ‫ קטורה‬smoke from sacrifices Dt 33:10 αλ, ‫ קטרת‬smoke from burning incense, sacrifice that which is burned to make smoke, incense, ‫ קיטר‬,‫ קיטור‬smoke Gn 19:28, Ps 110:83, 148:8 σ ‫ שׂרף‬,‫עשׁן‬ ‫< קטרות‬name> 265 ‫ קטרת‬smoke from burning incense, sacrifice that which is burned to make smoke, incense ← ‫ קטר‬σ ‫עשׁן‬ ‫< קטת‬name> ‫ קיא‬to vomit → ‫ קיא‬vomit ‫ קיא‬vomit ← ‫ קיא‬σ ‫ זרא‬vomit Nu 11:20 αλ ‫ קיטר‬,‫ קיטור‬smoke Gn 19:28, Ps 110:83, 148:8 ← ‫ קטר‬σ ‫עשׁן‬ ‫ קימה‬,‫ קים‬rising up (against) ← ‫קום‬ ‫ קין‬to sing a lament, dirge → ‫ קינה‬dirge, song of mourning σ ‫ שׁיר‬,‫כעס‬ ‫ קין‬lance σ ‫חנית‬ ‫< קין‬name> ‫ קינה‬dirge, song of mourning ← ‫קין‬ ‫< קיני‬name> ‫< קינן‬name> ‫ קיץ‬β ‫ קיץ‬,‫קוץ‬ ‫ קיץ‬summer, summer fruit ‫ קיצון‬outermost ‫ קיקיון‬caster oil plant ‫ קיקלון‬lightness disgrace Hb 2:16 αλ ← ‫קלל‬ ‫ קיר‬wall, as in a house or city, σ ‫ גדר‬a low wall or fence around a field, (sheep, cattle) fold, ‫ חומה‬protective barrier Ex 14:22, 29 (most commonly) fortified wall (of a city) Dt 3:5, 2S 20:15, Ne 1:3, 2C 36:19, ‫ כתל‬wall (made of pounded earth ?) So 2:9 αλ, ‫ שׁורה‬,‫ שׁור‬supporting wall, one that restrains “chains in” the hillside, ‫ שׂכוי‬screen ?? set up for protection Jb 38:36 αλ ‫ קיר‬chilling ?? Is 25:4 αλ ← ‫קרר‬ ‫< קיר‬place name> ‫< קיר חרשׂ‬name> ‫< קיר חרשׂת‬name> ‫< איר מאב‬name> ‫< קירה‬name> ‫< קירס‬name> ‫< קישׁ‬name> ‫< קישׁון‬name> ‫< קישׁי‬name> ‫ קל‬β ‫ קלה‬,‫ קל‬,‫קול‬ ‫ קל‬light, quick ← ‫קלל‬ ‫ קלה‬β ‫ קלה‬,‫ קל‬,‫קול‬ ‫ קלה‬to roast → ‫ קלוי‬roasted Lv 2:14, Js 5:11, ‫ קלי‬roasted grain Lv 23:14, Rt 2:14, 25:18, 2S 17:28, ‫ קליא‬roasted food 1S 17:17 ‫ קלוט‬stunted ?? Lv 22:23 αλ ‫ קלון‬lightness dishonor, opposite of ‫ כבד‬,‫ כבוד‬heaviness riches, honor ← ‫ קלל‬σ ‫בושׁ‬ ‫ קלחת‬cauldron 1S 2:14, Mc 3:3 σ ‫פרור‬ ‫ קלי‬β ‫ קלי‬,‫קול‬ ‫ קלוי‬roasted Lv 2:14, Js 5:11 ← ‫קלה‬ ‫ קלי‬roasted grain Lv 23:14, Rt 2:14, 25:18, 2S 17:28 ← ‫קלה‬ ‫ קליא‬roasted food 1S 17:17 ← ‫קלה‬ ‫< קלי‬name> ‫< קליה‬name> ‫< קליטא‬name> ‫ קלל‬to treat lightly (unimportant), also to move lightly, quickly, to become light → ‫ מקל‬staff, stick Gn 30:37–9, 41, Jr 1:11, 48:17 walking stick (something that aids people to walk swiftly) Gn 32:11 (10), Ex 12:11, Nu 22:27, 1S 17:40, 43, Ez 39:9, ‫ מקל‬swift (one who is normally swift, light on his feet) ⇐ light weight Am 2:14 αλ, ‫ מקל‬that which causes to be treated lightly, cursed Jr 3:9, Hs 4:12, ‫ מקלות‬swiftness ⇐ lightness Ps 93:4 αλ ‫ קיקלון‬lightness disgrace Hb 2:16 αλ, 266 ‫ קל‬light, quick, ‫ קלון‬lightness dishonor, opposite of ‫ כבד‬,‫כבוד‬ heaviness riches, honor, ‫ קללה‬slight (noun) a reason to be lightly esteemed, slighting remark curse, ‫ קלקל‬lightly esteemed σ ‫ בזה‬,‫ בושׁ‬,‫ארר‬ ‫ קלל‬burnished ‫ קללה‬slight (noun) a reason to be lightly esteemed, slighting remark curse ← ‫קלל‬ ‫ קלס‬to amuse in the sense of making fun of 2K2:23, Ez 22:5, Hb 1:10 → ‫קלס‬ object of derision laughed at Jr 20:8 Ez 16:31, 22:4, Ps 44:13, 79:4, ‫קלסה‬ derision Ez 22:4 αλ σ ‫שׂמח‬ ‫ קלס‬object of derision laughed at Jr 20:8 Ez 16:31, 22:4, Ps 44:13, 79:4 ← ‫קלס‬ ‫ קלסה‬derision Ez 22:4 αλ ← ‫קלס‬ ‫ קלע‬to hold in a sling to suspend, sling → ‫ מקלעת‬sling, used to hold things 1K 6:18, 7:31, ‫ קלע‬curtain held up at the corners and slung between them Ex 27:9, 11–2, 38:14–5, Nu 4:26, ‫ קלע‬sling, where one suspends a stone prior to slinging (throwing) it 1S 17:40, 50, 25:29, Zc 9:15, Jb 41:20, 2C 26:14, ‫ קלע‬slinger, one who fights with stones flung from a sling 2K 3:25 αλ ‫ קלע‬curtain held up at the corners and slung between them Ex 27:9, 11–2, 38:14–5, Nu 4:26 σ ‫פרכת‬ ‫ קלע‬sling, where one suspends a stone prior to slinging (throwing) it 1S 17:40, 50, 25:29, Zc 9:15, Jb 41:20, 2C 26:14 ← ‫קלע‬ ‫ קלע‬slinger, one who fights with stones flung from a sling 2K 3:25 αλ ← ‫קלע‬ ‫ קלקל‬shaking Jr 4:24 some sort of divination made by shaking wooden tokens from a cup ?? Ez 21:26 (21) ‫ קלקל‬lightly esteemed Nu 21:5, Ko 10:10 ← ‫קלל‬ ‫ קלשׁון‬pitch fork, ‫ שׁלשׁ קלשׁון‬trident 1S 13:21 σ ‫ רחת‬pitchfork, a light one used for straw Is 30:24 αλ ‫ קם‬those who rise up against one to fight ← ‫קום‬ ‫ קמה‬standing grain (in the field) Dt 16:9, 23:26, Jd 15:5, Hs 8:2 ← ‫קום‬ ‫< קמואל‬name> ‫< קמון‬name> ‫ קמושׂ‬thistle Is 34:13, Hs 9:6 σ ‫שׁמיר‬ ‫ קמח‬a type of grain 2S 17:28, Is 47:2, possibly prepared a certain way Nu 5:15 not the same as dough Gn 18:6 σ ‫חטה‬ ‫ קמט‬to hold fast Jb 16:8, 22:16 σ ‫קנה‬ ‫ קמל‬to dry up dead Is 19:6, 33:9 σ ‫שׁדף‬ ‫ קמץ‬to fill the hand → ‫ קמץ‬handful Lv 2:2, 5:12, 6:15, Nu 5:26, in plural “handfuls” i.e. bountiful(ly) Gn 41:47 σ ‫שׁעל‬ ‫ קמץ‬handful Lv 2:2, 5:12, 6:15, Nu 5:26, in plural “handfuls” i.e. bountiful(ly) Gn 41:47 σ ‫כף‬ ‫ קמשׂנים‬a type of weed ?? Pr 24:31 αλ ‫שׁמיר‬ ‫ קן‬nest Nu 24:21, Pr 27:8, Jb 39:27 stall (for animals) Gn 6:14 ← ‫קנן‬ ‫ קנא‬to be jealous → ‫ קנוא‬,‫ קנא‬jealous, ‫קנאה‬ jealousy Nu 5:14, 30, Pr 14:30, So 8:6 ‫ קנוא‬,‫ קנא‬jealous ← ‫קנא‬ ‫ קנאה‬jealousy Nu 5:14, 30, Pr 14:30, So 8:6 ← ‫קנא‬ ‫ קנה‬to get possession of to acquire → ‫ מקנה‬acquisition, possession (cattle, 267 ‫ קסם‬to tell fortunes 2K 17:17, Ez 13:23 be paid to tell a fortune Mi 3:11 → ‫מקסם‬ divining Ez 12:24, 13:7, Mc 3:6, ‫קסם‬ diviner fortuneteller Nu 23:23, Is 3:2, ‫ קסם‬divination Dt 18:10, Ez 21:26, fortune Pr 16:10, payment for divination Nu 22:7 σ ‫ענן‬ ‫ קסם‬diviner fortuneteller Nu 23:23, Is 3:2 ← ‫קסם‬ ‫ קסם‬divination Dt 18:10, Ez 21:26, fortune Pr 16:10, payment for divination Nu 22:7 ← ‫קסם‬ ‫ קסס‬to wrinkle, make wrinkly Ez 17:9 αλ ‫( קסת‬writing) kit Ez 9:2–3, 11 ‫< קעילה‬toponym> ‫< קעלה‬toponym> name of a region in which the city of ‫ קעילה‬is found ?? 1S 23:3, 13 ‫ קעקע‬tattoo Lv 19:28 αλ ‫ קערה‬platter Ex 25:29, 37;16, Nu 7 ‫ קף‬β ‫קוף‬ ‫ קפא‬to put pressure on, as in squeezing out whey to make cheese Ex 15:8, Zp 1:12, Jb 10:10 → ‫ קפאון‬thickening, congealing Zc 14:6 αλ ‫ קפאון‬thickening, congealing Zc 14:6 αλ ← ‫קפא‬ ‫ קפד‬to trim off (loose threads after weaving) Is 38:12 αλ → ‫ קפדה‬trimming off Ez 7:25 αλ ‫ קפוד‬,‫ קפד‬hedgehog ?? Is 14:23 (DSS ‫)קפז‬, 34:11, Zp 2:14 ‫ קפדה‬trimming off Ez 7:25 αλ ← ‫קפד‬ ‫( קפוז‬some wild animal that makes nests) ?? Is 34:15 αλ ‫ קפץ‬referring to a quick motion as in opening the mouth in astonishment Is field) (when this noun is used to refer to an object, it does not conjugate to a ‫ ת‬in construct, but when it refers to the action of acquiring, then it does conjugate to a ‫ ת‬in construct), ‫ קונה‬one who acquires, purchases Is 24:2, Ez 7:12, Pr 15:32, 20:14, ‫ קנה‬possessing, acquiring, ‫קנין‬ possession, ‫ קנית‬that which has been acquired, possessed, acquisition Is 43:24, Ps 74:2 σ ‫ אחז‬to hold, ‫ ירשׁ‬to expropriate, as in to transfer ownership from one (person, nation, people) to another to inherit, ‫ נחל‬to possess, ‫קמט‬ to hold fast Jb 16:8, 22:16, ‫ רכשׁ‬to own, collect, ‫ תפשׂ‬to take hold of, to hold, σ ‫שׂפק‬ ‫( קנה‬plural ‫ )קנים‬stalk of a grain plant Gn 41:5, 22, cane, like bamboo, used of the arms of the menorah Ex 25:32–3, 35, as a measurement Ez 42:16–9 σ ‫גמא‬ ‫ קנה‬possessing, acquiring ← ‫קנה‬ ‫< קנה‬name> ‫< קנז‬name> ‫< קנזי‬name> ‫< קני‬name> ‫ קנים‬β ‫ קנה‬,‫ קן‬,‫קין‬ ‫ קנין‬possession ← ‫קנה‬ ‫ קנית‬that which has been acquired, possessed, acquisition Is 43:24, Ps 74:2 ← ‫קנה‬ ‫ קנמן‬,‫ קנמון‬cinnamon ‫ קנן‬to nest → ‫ קן‬nest Nu 24:21, Pr 27:8, Jb 39:27 stall (for animals) Gn 6:14 ‫ קנץ‬defenses, as in to defend oneself ?? Jb 18:2 αλ ‫< קנת‬name> 268 ‫ קצף‬to become furious (with a desire for vengeance) This is always from a superior onto an inferior who fails to follow commands, therefore fury mixed with disgust and readiness to punish → ‫ קצף‬anger with a desire for vengeance σ ‫ אנף‬to be angry, used only with God ‫ קצף‬anger with a desire for vengeance ← ‫ קצף‬σ ‫אף‬ ‫ קצף‬splinter, from a smashed tree or wood Hs 10:7 αλ ‫ קצפה‬splintering, the act of chopping up a tree Jl 1:7 αλ ‫ קצץ‬to remove by cutting off to remove (objects) Ex 39:3, Jd 1:6–7, 2C 28:24 → ‫ מקץ‬removing, removal Jr 50:26 αλ σ ‫ סור‬,‫הלך‬ ‫ קצר‬to cut short to harvest (cut short the stalks) → ‫ קצר‬,‫ קצור‬short, ‫קציר‬ harvest, ‫ קצר‬one who cuts short harvester ‫ קצר‬one who cuts short harvester ← ‫קצר‬ ‫ קצתה‬β ‫קצץ‬ ‫ קר‬β ‫ קר‬,‫קיר‬ ‫ קר‬cold Is 22:5, Jr 18:14, Pr 17:27, 25:25 ← ‫קרר‬ ‫ קרא‬β ‫ קרה‬, ‫קרא‬ ‫ קרא‬to call (out) (used of public reading of a document), summon ‫קראו לי‬ summon to me, bring to me 1K 1:28, 32, 2K 10:19 → ‫ מקרא‬something that is called out, a message Is 48:12 though most often people called out for a meeting Lv 23, Nu 28–9 public meeting (εκκλησια), ‫ קריא‬summoned, 52:15, Ps 107:42, Jb 5:16, removing Ps 77:10 (9), Jb 24:24 (a hand as if burned) Dt 15:7, a voice bouncing over the hills So 2:8 ‫ קץ‬β ‫ קץ‬,‫קוץ‬ ‫ קץ‬end ← ‫קצה‬ ‫ קצב‬to cut off as in carving, forming, shearing → ‫ קצב‬cut, i.e. form, shape 1K 6:25, 7:37 where the cut is made Jn 2:7, ‫ קצוב‬sheared So 4:2 αλ σ ‫כרת‬ ‫ קצב‬cut, i.e. form, shape 1K 6:25, 7:37 where the cut is made Jn 2:7 ← ‫ קצב‬σ ‫דמות‬ ‫ קצה‬to make an end → ‫ קץ‬end, ‫ קצה‬end, edge, ‫ קצות‬ends (plural of ‫)קצה‬ referring to the dregs of society σ ‫ סוף‬to end Nu 11:25, Am 3:15, Es 9:28 ‫ קצה‬end, edge ← ‫קצה‬ ‫ קצוב‬sheared So 4:2 αλ ← ‫קצב‬ ‫ קצוי‬β ‫קצה‬ ‫ קצר‬,‫ קצור‬short ← ‫קצר‬ ‫ קצות‬β ‫ קצת‬,‫קצות‬ ‫ קצות‬ends (plural of ‫ )קצה‬referring to the dregs of society ← ‫קצה‬ ‫ קצח‬black cumin Is 28:25, 27 σ ‫חטה‬ ‫ קצין‬commander Js 10:24, Jd 11:6, Pr 6:7 σ ‫מלך‬ ‫ קציעות‬cassia Ps 45:9 αλ ← ‫קצע‬ ‫< קציעה‬name> ‫< קציץ‬name> ‫ קציר‬harvest ← ‫קצר‬ ‫ קצע‬to gouge out → ‫ מקצע‬,‫ מקצוע‬corner Ez 46:21, Ne 3:20, 24–5, 2C 26:9, ‫מקצעה‬ gouge Is 44:13 αλ, ‫ מקצעת‬corner of a building Ex 26:23–4, 28–9, Ez 46:22, ‫ קציעות‬cassia Ps 45:9 αλ 269 called out, ‫ קריאה‬proclamation, that is called out σ ‫דבר‬ ‫ קרא‬partridge 1S 26:20, Jr 17:11 ‫< קרא‬name> ‫ קרב‬to come up (to), to approach, come near → ‫ מקרב‬from (our) midst, ,‫קרב‬ ‫ קרבה‬near, approaching, middle, insides, ‫ קרבן‬sacrifice (that which is made to come up to the altar), ‫ קרוב‬near σ ‫הלך‬ ‫ קרבה‬,‫ קרב‬near, approaching, middle, insides ← ‫קרב‬ ‫ קרבן‬sacrifice (that which is made to come up to the altar) ← ‫ קרב‬σ ‫זבח‬ ‫ קרדם‬hatchet 1S 13:20–1 ‫ קרדמות‬generalized chopping tool, usually with a wooden handle Jd 9:48, Jr 46:22, Ps 74:5 ‫ קרה‬β ‫ קרה‬,‫קורה‬ ‫ קרא‬,‫ קרה‬to happen (upon), occur to meet (with) → ‫ מקור‬source, ‫מקרה‬ (chance) happening Rt 2:3, 1S 6:9, Ko 9:3 opportunity Ko 10:18, “room of happening” recognized as a euphemism for restroom Jd 3:20, 24, ‫ קריה‬happening ?? 1K 1:41, ‫( קריה‬market) town (where people come together to meet) σ ‫ אנה‬to experience, in particular going through an unpleasant experience or occurrence that is not entirely by chance (hit) to make oneself an unpleasant experience, i.e. to seek a pretext 2K 5:7 ‫ קרה‬coldness Na 3:17, Ps 147:17, Jb 17:9, 24;7, Pr 25:20 ← ‫קרר‬ ‫ קרוב‬near ← ‫קרב‬ ‫ קרוהו‬β ‫קור‬ ‫ קרות‬β ‫קרת‬ ‫ קרח‬to make bald Ez 29:13 (used at times as a sign of mourning among pagan societies Lv 21:5, Jr 16:6, Mc 1:16) → ‫ קרח‬bald person Lv 13:40, in making fun of “baldy” 2K 2:23, ‫ קרחה‬baldness Dt 14:1, Is 3:24, 15:2, 22:12, Am 8:10, ‫קרחת‬ bald spot Lv 13:42–3, 55, Mc 1:16 ‫ קרח‬freezing cold air Jb 6:16, 37:10, 38:29 freezing (air) at night Gn 31:40, Jr 36:30 clear ice ?? Ez 1:22, Ps 147:17 σ ‫ כפור‬frost Ps 147:16 αλ ‫ קרח‬bald person Lv 13:40, in making fun of “baldy” 2K 2:23 ← ‫קרח‬ ‫< קרח‬name> ‫ קרחה‬baldness Dt 14:1, Is 3:24, 15:2, 22:12, Am 8:10 ← ‫קרח‬ ‫< קרחי‬name> ‫< קרחים‬name> ‫ קרחת‬bald spot Lv 13:42–3, 55, Mc 1:16 ← ‫ קרח‬σ ‫ גבח‬one who has a receding hairline Lv 13:41 αλ, ‫ גבחת‬place where there’s a receding hairline Lv 13:42–3, 53, ‫ נתק‬bald spot that can be a temporary reaction to skin problems, or permanent due to leprosy Lv 13:30–7 ‫ קרי‬hostily, with hostility Lv 26:21, 23–4, 27–8, 40–1 ‫ קריא‬summoned, called out ← ‫קרא‬ ‫ קריאה‬proclamation, that is called out ← ‫קרא‬ ‫ קריה‬happening ?? 1K 1:41 ← ‫קרה‬ ‫( קריה‬market) town (where people come together to meet) ← ‫ קרה‬σ ‫עיר‬ ‫ קריה‬hostility ?? Pr 29:8‫< קרית‬name> ‫< קרית ארבע‬name> ‫< קרית בעל‬name> ‫< קרית בעלה‬name> 270 ‫< קרית חצות‬name> ‫< קרית יערים‬name> ‫< קרית סנה‬name> ‫< קריות‬name> ‫< קריתים‬name> ‫ קרם‬to overlay Ez 37:6, 8 ‫ קרן‬to shine Ex 34:29–30, 35 → ‫קרן‬ shining Hb 3:4 αλ ‫ קרן‬horn (of an animal), can also be used to make music ‫ קרן‬shining Hb 3:4 αλ ← ‫קרן‬ ‫< קרן בן שמן‬name> ‫< קרן הפוך‬name> ‫ קרנה‬an architectural feature usually connected with altars, horn. ‫< קרנים‬name> ‫ קרס‬to make a deep bow with the body in a hook shape, head down → ‫קרס‬ (curved) hook σ ‫שׁחה‬ ‫( קרס‬curved) hook ‫< קרס‬name> ‫ קרסל‬ankle 2S 22:37, Ps 18:37 (36) ‫ קרע‬to tear (open, apart) → ‫ קרע‬torn rag σ ‫ פרם‬to rip, tear Lv 10:6, 13:45, 21:10 ‫ קרע‬torn rag ← ‫קרע‬ ‫ קרץ‬to pinch (together) to squint (eyes, as in hate) Ps 35:19, Pr 6:13, 10:10 (lips) Pr 16:30, to form things from clay (done by pinching the clay) Jb 33:6 → ‫ קרץ‬mosquito, or some other pinching or biting bug ‫ קרץ‬mosquito, or some other pinching or biting bug ← ‫קרץ‬ ‫ קרקע‬floor (horizontally flat area of a building), ceiling Nu 5:17, 1K 6:15–6, 30, 7:7, bottom (floor) Am 9:3 ‫< קרקע‬name> ‫ קרקר‬to make cold (as in death) Nu 24:17 (referring to the future destruction of the Amalekites), Is 22:5 ← ‫קרר‬ ‫ קרקר‬Amalekite place name Nu 24:17, Jd 8:10 ‫ קרר‬to be cold Is 22:5, Jr 6:7 → ‫מקרה‬ cooling, ‫ קיר‬chilling ?? Is 25:4 αλ, ‫קר‬ cold Is 22:5, Jr 18:14, Pr 17:27, 25:25 ‫ קרה‬coldness Na 3:17, Ps 147:17, Jb 17:9, 24;7, Pr 25:20 ‫ קרשׁ‬board, a large, heavy beam σ ‫ לוח‬flat board of wood or stone, plank ‫ קרת‬β ‫ קרת‬,‫ קרה‬, ‫קורה‬ ‫( קרת‬walled) village σ ‫מושׁב‬ ‫ קרת‬roof beam Gn 19:8, So 1:17, Ne 2:8 2C 3:7, 34:11 ← ‫קור‬ ‫< קרתה‬name> ‫ קרתי‬β ‫קרה‬ ‫< קרתן‬name> ‫ קשׁ‬straw, left over after harvesting grain ← ‫ קושׁ‬σ ‫תבן‬ ‫ קשׁא‬cucumber Nu 11:5 αλ ‫ קשׁב‬to give attention → ‫ מקשׁיב‬one who causes to give attention to Pr 1:24, 17:4, 29:12, So 8:13, ‫ קשׁב‬attentive, attention ‫ קשׁב‬attentive, attention ← ‫קשׁב‬ ‫ קשׁה‬to become hard, unyielding → ‫מקשׁה‬ hardened, hardened place, ‫נקשׁה‬ hardened, that which is hard Is 8:21 αλ, ‫ קשׁה‬hard, unyielding, ‫ קשׁי‬hardness Dt 9:27 αλ σ ‫אמץ‬ ‫ קשׁה‬hard, unyielding ← ‫קשׁה‬ ‫ קשׂוה‬shallow bowl, scale shaped ?? designed for pouring libations Ex 37:16, Nu 4:7, 1C 28:17 ‫ קשׁח‬to abandon, treat not as one’s own Is 63:17, Jb 39:16 σ ‫עזב‬ 271 ‫ קשׁט‬stark truth Ps 60:6 (4), Pr 22:21 σ ‫אמת‬ ‫ קשׁי‬hardness Dt 9:27 αλ ← ‫קשׁה‬ ‫< קשׁיון‬name> ‫ קשׂיטה‬a measure of weight ‫ קשׂקשׂת‬scale σ ‫מאזנים‬ ‫ קשׁר‬to bind, often used in an indirect sense meaning to join oneself with another in conspiracy, obligation or for what ever other reason → ‫ מקשׁר‬strong (i.e. muscle bound) Gn 30:41 αλ, ‫קשׁר‬ conspiracy, joining (in marriage), tied on jewelry, ‫ תקשׁרים‬tied on adornments ?? Is 49:18 σ ‫חבל‬ ‫ קשׁר‬conspiracy, joining (in marriage), tied on jewelry ← ‫קשׁר‬ ‫ קשׁשׁ‬to glean, picking up stuff fallen on the ground σ ‫אסף‬ ‫ קשׁת‬bow, as in bow and arrows, bowman ‫ דרך קשׁת‬to draw a bow ‫ קשׂתה‬cranium, top of skull (Is 13:18) σ ‫גלגלת‬ ‫ ר‬twentieth letter, has no meaning in Hebrew on its own, where letters are used as numbers, it refers to the number 200. ‫ ראה‬to look, also in the sense of to consider, think about. This word has a very wide usage, from active looking to more passive seeing, used both physically seeing with one’s eyes to metaphorically looking with one’s mind at what is not visible; the Yiqtol form sometimes omits the final ‫ ה‬and sometimes includes it. Including it indicates a directed looking at or examination while omitting it is more generalized seeing → ‫ מרא‬what can be looked at Dt 26:8, Ko 11:9, ‫מראה‬ something looked at Dt 28:34, 67, looks, sight Gn 2:9, 12:11, 24:16, (in) the sight (of) Ex 38:8, vision (revelation from God) Gn 46:2, Dn 10:7–8, 16, ‫מראה‬ contents of crop (of a bird) (looked at in some ancient societies for fortune telling) ?? Lv 1:16 αλ, ‫ ראה‬seer 1S 9:9, 18–9, Is 30:10, ‫( ראוה‬sorry) sight ?? Ez 28:17, ‫ ראי‬one who looks Gn 16:13, Ps 22:8 (7), 31:12 (11) upon the king’s face (courtier) 2K 25:19, Jr 52:25, Es 1:14, sight, looking Jb 7:8, 33:21, (good) looks 1S 16:12, ‫ ראית‬sight σ ‫ בקר‬to look after to take care of, ‫ הבר‬to observe Is 47:13 αλ, ‫ חוס‬to regard with concern for (upon), ‫ חזה‬to vision, view, ‫ נבט‬to stare, i.e. look closely at or with expectation, ‫ נכר‬to view (or listen) for purposes of recognition, both familiar and strange, and to give recognition to estrange, make strange (give recognition that is a stranger), (hit) to make oneself recognized, either as a stranger Gn 42:7 or the type of person he is Pr 20:11, ‫עין‬ to have one’s eye on (somebody), ‫צפה‬ to look out (for, upon) to plate (the plating is what is looked upon), ,‫שׂבר‬ ‫ שׁבר‬to look to, in the sense of looking over, inspecting, looking to as in making sure something gets done, provided for Jb 38:10 to look after in the sense of taking care of, providing for Gn 41:56–7 to look to in the sense of expectation, waiting for Rt 1:13, Is 38:18, Es 9:1, ‫שׁגח‬ to look steadily, to gaze, ‫ שׁור‬to gaze (upon), ‫ שׁזף‬to glimpse for a moment, 272 ‫ שׁעה‬to look with pleasure, approval Gn 4:4–5, Is 17:7–8, Ps 119:117, hit. look to oneself with approval Is 41:10, 23 ‫ שׁעה מ‬remove approval from Ps 39:14, Jb 7:19, 14:6, ‫ שׁקף‬to look out (e.g. from a window) Gn 18:16, 19:28, 26:8, draw one’s attention to (for purposes of looking, acting) Jd 5:28, 2S 6:16, Pr 7:6, 1C 15:29, ‫ תאה‬to survey, both in marking boundaries Nu 34:7–8 and looking over Dt 33:21 ‫ ראה‬red kite ?? possibly misspelling for ‫ דאה‬σ ‫עוף‬ ‫ ראה‬seer 1S 9:9, 18–9, Is 30:10 ← ‫ראה‬ ‫< ראובן‬name> ‫< ראובני‬name> ‫ ראוה‬β ‫ ראוה‬,‫ראה‬ ‫( ראוה‬sorry) sight ?? Ez 28:17 ← ‫ראה‬ ‫< ראומה‬name> ‫ ראי‬one who looks Gn 16:13, Ps 22:8 (7), 31:12 (11) upon the king’s face (courtier) 2K 25:19, Jr 52:25, Es 1:14, sight, looking Jb 7:8, 33:21, (good) looks 1S 16:12 ← ‫ראה‬ ‫< ראיה‬name> ‫ ראים‬β ‫ראם‬ ‫ ראית‬sight ← ‫ראה‬ ‫ ראל‬β ‫אראל‬ ‫ ראם‬wild (untamable) ox, possibly a horned dinosaur? Nu 23:22, Dt 33:17, Ps 92:11 (10) ‫< ראמה‬name> ‫< ראמה‬name> ‫< ראמות‬name> ‫ ראמת‬a semiprecious stone ?? Ez 27:16 αλ ‫< ראמת‬name> ‫< ראמת נגב‬name> ‫ ראמות‬unknown valuable product Jb 28;18, Pr 24:7 ‫< ראמות‬name> ‫ ראשׁ‬to be head to be first → ‫מראשׁת‬ pillow Gn 28:11, 18, place of the head 1S 19:13, 16, place beside the head 1S 26:7, 11–2, 16, 1K 19:6, ‫ ראשׁ‬head, including both a physical head as well as leader as in being top or first, ‫ראשׁה‬ crown (top of head) Jr 13:18 ‫אבן‬ ‫ ראשׁה‬crowning stone Zc 4:7, ‫ראשׁון‬ first one, ‫ ראשׁונה‬prior actions, things, before other actions first things Lv 5:8Jr 7:2, Ezr 9:2, 2C 29:3, ‫ראשׁית‬ initiation, that which starts beginning, at the head, something that comes first first fruits, ‫ ראשׁן‬first Ex 12:15, 18, Lm 2:10, ‫ ראשׁנה‬before, both in space and/or time first (before doing something else), ‫ ראשׁנית‬first, that started ?? Jr 25:1 αλ, ‫ראשׁת‬ previous situation ?? Ez 36:11 αλ ‫ ראשׁ‬head, including both a physical head as well as leader as in being top or first ← ‫ ראשׁ‬σ ‫מלך‬ ‫ ראשׁ‬poppy, opium, listed as a spice Ex 30:23 ‫ ראשׁ‬bitter poverty, poisonous bitterness that comes from poverty ?? Pr 6:11, 10:4, 30:8 impoverished person Pr 11:26 13:23 σ ‫רישׁ‬ ‫ ראשׁ‬poison ?? Dt 29:17, 32:33, Am 6:12, Jb 20:10, Lm 3:5, 19 ‫ ראשׁ מר דרור‬a type of spice Ex 30:23 αλ σ ‫בשׂם‬ ‫< ראשׁ‬name> 273 ‫ ראשׁה‬crown (top of head) Jr 13:18 ‫אבן‬ ‫ ראשׁה‬crowning stone Zc 4:7 ← ‫ראשׁ‬ ‫ ראשׁון‬first one ← ‫ראשׁ‬ ‫ ראשׁונה‬prior actions, things, before other actions first things Lv 5:8Jr 7:2, Ezr 9:2, 2C 29:3 ← ‫ראשׁ‬ ‫ ראשׁית‬initiation, that which starts beginning, at the head, something that comes first first fruits ← ‫ ראשׁ‬σ ‫תחלה‬ beginning, referring to the initiation of action, starting of making common ‫ ראשׁן‬first Ex 12:15, 18, Lm 2:10 ← ‫ראשׁ‬ ‫ ראשׁנה‬before, both in space and/or time first (before doing something else) ← ‫ראשׁ‬ ‫ ראשׁנית‬first, that started ?? Jr 25:1 αλ ← ‫ראשׁ‬ ‫ ראשׁת‬previous situation ?? Ez 36:11 αλ ← ‫ראשׁ‬ ‫ רב‬β ‫ ריב‬,‫ רבה‬,‫ רבב‬, ‫רב‬ ‫ רוב‬,‫ רב‬multitude great (one), numerous ← ‫רבב‬ (‫ רב‬arrow ← ‫ )רבה‬See note under ‫רבה‬ ‫ רב‬interrogative opening of a sentence, “Is it too much (that) … ?” Nu 16:3 ← ‫רבב‬ ‫מג‬-‫ רב‬a Chaldean official ‫ רבא‬β ‫רבו‬ ‫ רבה‬,‫ רבב‬to become numerous, great → ‫ מרבה‬great, numerous, ‫ מרבית‬majority, greater part, ‫ רב‬multitude great (one), numerous, ‫ רב‬interrogative opening of a sentence, “Is it too much (that) … ?”, ‫ רבבה‬ten thousand Lv 26:8, 1S 18:7, 21:12, 29:5, sometimes taken metaphorically for a great number Gn 24:60, Ps 91:7, So 5:10 or increase Ez 16:7, ‫ רבוא‬,‫ רבו‬myriad, multitude, ‫רבית‬ multiplying, ‫ תרבות‬increase, ‫תרבית‬ interest (on a loan) ‫ רבבה‬ten thousand Lv 26:8, 1S 18:7, 21:12, 29:5, sometimes taken metaphorically for a great number Gn 24:60, Ps 91:7, So 5:10 or increase Ez 16:7 ← ‫רבב‬ ‫ רבד‬to drape, cover with a hanging ?? Pr 7:16 αλ → ‫ מרבד‬drape, hanging ?? Pr 7:16, 31:22, ‫ רביד‬,‫ רבד‬neckband or stole, made of cloth or gold Gn 41:42, Ez 16:11 σ ‫כפר‬ ‫ רביד‬,‫ רבד‬neckband or stole, made of cloth or gold Gn 41:42, Ez 16:11 ← ‫רבד‬ ‫ רבה‬β ‫ רבה‬,‫רבב‬ (‫ רבה‬to shoot arrows → ‫ רב‬arrow) Other than being in the dictionary, I can’t find it in the text. Every use listed in the concordance refers to numerous or greatness. ‫< רבה‬name> ‫ רבוא‬,‫ רבו‬myriad, multitude ← ‫רבב‬ ‫ רבוע‬square, as opposed to rectangular, of four equal parts ← ‫רבע‬ ‫ רבבים‬,‫ רביבים‬downpour (of rain), soaking drizzle ‫ רביד‬β ‫רבד‬ ‫ רבים‬β ‫ ריב‬,‫רב‬ ‫ רביעי‬fourth ‫ רבית‬multiplying ← ‫רבב‬ ‫< רבית‬name> ‫ רבך‬fry, deep fry σ ‫עוג‬ ‫< רבלה‬name> ‫ רבע‬to lie down used as a euphemism for to mate ‫ רבע‬to fourth, make into fourths → ‫רבע‬ fourth (part), fourth generation, ‫רבוע‬ 274 tremble, shiver Ps 104:32, Ezr 10:9, ‫רעשׁ‬ to quake as in shaking, ‫ רפף‬to totter ?? Jb 26:11 αλ ‫ רגז‬one who causes shuddering, alarm ← ‫רגז‬ ‫ רגזה‬shuddering Ez 12:18 αλ ← ‫רגז‬ ‫ רגל‬to scout (out), spy with the main emphasis on bringing a report for the purpose of overthrowing what is spied on Nu 21:32, Js 6:25, 2S 10:3, 19:28 → ‫ מרגל‬agent 2S 15:10 spy Gn 42:9, Js 2:1 scout 1S 26:4, ‫ מרגלה‬lower leg— shin, ankle, foot ?? Rt 3:4, 7–8, 12, Dn 10:6, ‫ רגל‬foot and by extension leg; occasion time Ex 23:14, Nu 22:28, 32– 3; report for overthrowing Ps 15:3, ‫רגלי‬ footmen, infantry, ‫ תרגלתי‬my giving help to walk ?? Hs 11:3 αλ ‫ רגל‬foot and by extension leg; occasion time Ex 23:14, Nu 22:28, 32–3; report for overthrowing Ps 15:3 ← ‫רגל‬ ‫ רגלי‬footmen, infantry ← ‫רגל‬ ‫< רגלים‬name> ‫ רגם‬to throw together to stone → ‫ מרגמה‬pile of stones Pr 26:8 αλ, ‫רגמת‬ gathering Ps 68:28 αλ ‫< רגם‬name> ‫< רגם מלך‬name> ‫ רגמת‬gathering Ps 68:28 αλ ← ‫רגם‬ ‫ רגן‬to murmur (as in complaining) Dt 1:27, Ps 106:25 → ‫ נרגן‬that which is murmured about Pr 16:28, 18:8, 26:20, 22, ‫ רוגן‬one who murmurs, murmurer Is 29:24 αλ σ ‫דבר‬ ‫ רגע‬to make a pause, stop → ‫ארגיעה‬ pausing, hesitant, ‫ מרגעה‬,‫ מרגוע‬place to square, as opposed to rectangular, of four equal parts, ‫ רבעית‬fourth of what’s measured Nu 15:4, 1K 6:33, Jr 25:1, Zc 6:3, Ne 9:3 ‫ רבע‬fourth (part), fourth generation ← ‫רבע‬ ‫< רבע‬name> ‫ רבעית‬fourth of what’s measured Nu 15:4, 1K 6:33, Jr 25:1, Zc 6:3, Ne 9:3 ← ‫רבע‬ ‫ רבץ‬to recline → ‫ רבץ‬,‫ מרבץ‬resting place, where one can recline σ ‫ישׁב‬ ‫ רבץ‬resting place, where one can recline ← ‫רבץ‬ ‫< רבקה‬name> ‫ רבת‬β ‫ רבת‬,‫ ריב‬,‫רבב‬ ‫ רבת‬numerous, great amount ?? Jr 51:13, Ez 24:12, Lm 1:1, large number of people ?? Ps 129:1–2, 2C 30:18 ← ‫רבב‬ ‫ רבת‬name of Ammonite city ‫< רבתה‬name> ‫ רגב‬sticky mud Jb 21:33, 38:38 σ ‫עפר‬ ‫ רגז‬to be aroused, excited to shudder (hitpael) to rouse oneself, excite oneself → ‫ ארגז‬container of some sort for traveling 1S 6:8, 11, 15, ‫ מרגיז‬one who causes to rouse up Is 14:16, Jb 9:6, 12:6, ‫ רגז‬one who causes shuddering, alarm, ‫ רגזה‬shuddering Ez 12:18 αλ σ ‫ געשׁ‬to set in motion, ‫ חיל‬to writhe, ‫ חרד‬to shiver (from concern for another, fright or great awe) be concerned for, ‫ מוג‬to waver Ex 15:15, Js 2:9, 24, Is 14:31, Ps 46:7, ‫ מעד‬to tremor, tremble 2S 22:37, Ps 18:37, 26:1, 37:31, ‫ נוט‬to vibrate ?? Ps 99:1 αλ, ‫ פלץ‬to tremble as in shivering (from fright or disgust) Jb 9:6, ‫ פצם‬to shake apart ?? Ps 60:4 αλ, ‫ רעד‬to 275 pause for rest, ‫ רגע‬moment, pause, those who pause for rest σ ‫שׁבת‬ ‫ רגע‬moment, pause, those who pause for rest ← ‫רגע‬ ‫ רגשׁ‬to be agitated Ps 2:1 αλ → ‫רגשׁ‬ agitating Ps 55:15 αλ, ‫ רגשׁת‬agitation Ps 64:3 αλ ‫ רגשׁ‬agitating Ps 55:15 αλ ← ‫רגשׁ‬ ‫ רגשׁת‬agitation Ps 64:3 αλ ← ‫רגשׁ‬ ‫ רד‬β ‫ רדה‬,‫ רד‬,‫ירד‬ ‫( רד‬adj.) descended, i.e. late in the day Jd 19:11 ← ‫ירד‬ ‫ רדד‬to spread out 1K 6:32, Ps 144:2 → ‫ רדיד‬shawl worn by women Is 3:23, So 5:7 σ ‫פרשׂ‬ ‫ רדה‬to take in hand to have authority, to boss σ ‫בעל‬ ‫< רדי‬name> ‫ רדיד‬shawl worn by women Is 3:23, So 5:7 ← ‫ רדד‬σ ‫בגד‬ ‫ רדם‬β ‫ רדם‬,‫ירד‬ ‫ רדם‬to lie still (on the ground as in laziness, fear or sleep) to sleep deeply Jn 1:5, Ps 68:28 (27), 76:7 (6), Dn 8:18 → ‫ נרדם‬lazing, lying still on the ground Jd 4:21, Jn 1:6, Pr 10:5, Dn 10:9, ‫תרדמה‬ deep sleep Gn 2:21, 15:12, Js 2:15, 1S 26:12, Is 29:10, Jr 19:15, Jb 4:13, 33:15 ‫ רדף‬to pursue, in the sense of striving for (that which is good Ps 34:15), follow after (God Jr 15:15), and chase (down enemies Gn 14:14) → ‫ מרדף‬pursuer, one who pursues Is 14:6, Pr 11:19, 12:11, 15:9, 19:7, 28:19 σ ‫ דלק‬to burn quickly, as a fire on dry grassland Ez 24:10, Ob 18 to pursue hotly (like a raging range fire) Gn 31:36, 1S 17:53, Ps 10:2, Lm 4:19, ‫ נטר‬to pursue, also metaphorically (to pursue a career) to take care of, ‫ נכא‬to hound, chase continually Ps 109:16, Jb 30:8, Dn 11:30 ‫ רדת‬descent ← ‫ירד‬ ‫ רהב‬to embolden Is 3:5, So 6:5, act with strength and freshness Ps 138:3, Pr 6:3 → ‫ רהב‬boldness, strength, freshness Is 30:7, Ps 90:10, bold (one) Ps 40:5 (4), 89:11 (10) ‫ רהב‬boldness, strength, freshness Is 30:7, Ps 90:10, bold (one) Ps 40:5 (4), 89:11 (10) ← ‫רהב‬ ‫ רהב‬a type of animal ?? Is 51:9, Jb 9:13, 26:12 ‫< רהגה‬name> ‫ רהה‬to fear, used only in connection with dread in context that this was announced before, therefore don’t dread and don’t __, DSS has ‫ ירא‬Is 44:8 αλ σ ‫ירא‬ ‫ רהט‬sheep pen containing a watering trough ?? Gn 30:38, 41, Ex 2:16, So 7:6 (5) ‫ רוב‬β ‫ ריב‬,‫רב‬ ‫ רוגן‬one who murmurs, murmurer Is 29:24 αλ ← ‫רגן‬ ‫ רוד‬to be loose, not tied down, free Jr 2:31 (Hiphil) cause to be free 2K 11:19, Ps 55:3 set free, untie Gn 27:40, Js 8:29, 11:27 → ‫ מרוד‬homeless(ness) Is 58:7, Lm 1:7, 3:19 σ ‫פרע‬ ‫< רודנים‬name> ‫ רוה‬to moisten, to make moist freshness and strength are still moist (in botany, one wants a garden that is moist, not soaking wet) “moisten” here refers to giving a drink, rain upon, work oil into 276 8:11, Lm 3:56, ‫ ריח‬scent σ ‫ יפח‬to pant, sigh ?? Jr 4:31, Hb 2:3, Ps 27:12, Pr 14:25, ‫ נדף‬to blow away Is 19:7, Ps 68:3, Jb 32:13, ‫ נפח‬to blow (e.g. using a bellows) Gn 2:7, Ez 22:21, Hg 1:9, ‫ נפשׁ‬to take a breather, revive, ‫ נשׁב‬to blow (wind) Is 40:7, Ps 147:18, ‫ נשׁם‬to pant, breathe, ‫ נשׁף‬to blow (upon) Ex 15:10, Is 40:24 to dawn Ps 139:11 (⇐ come to a time of dawn or dusk, when the strong winds of the day or night tend to blow more softly), ‫ סער‬to blow a wind, to be windy, sometimes a strong wind Jn 1:11, 13 to blow away Hs 13:3, Zc 7:14 be blown away referring to complete mental bafflement 2K 6:11 ‫ רוח‬breath Ps 33:6 spirit as in thoughts, guiding principles, motivating force within a person Pr 1:23 feelings, mood, attitude, frame of mind Jd 9:23, 1S 16:14–6, 18:10, 19:9 relief (can take a breath, can catch one’s breath) Es 4:14 distance, breathing space Gn 32:17, breeze, wind (blowing) cool (of the day) Gn 3:8, spirit as a sentient, thinking but non-physical being Gn 1:2, Is 48:16 ← ‫רוח‬ ‫ רוחה‬relief, rest, breather Ex 8:11, Lm 3:56 ← ‫רוח‬ ‫ רויה‬made moist, wet (a cup is moist because it has been filled) Ps 23:5, 66:12 ← D‫רו‬ ‫ רום‬to rise to lift up (motion upwards) (used in many contexts, some literal, some allegorical, where the lifting up refers to picking up to carry, for the purpose to remove hence sometimes the skin or leather to make soft, water the ground which makes it soft and receptive to plowing and seeding, hence figuratively to moisten a person is to make a person soft as in renewing his youth, or just as moist soil is (relatively) soft and receptive to plowing and seeding, so to moisten a person is to soften him, making him receptive to one’s entreaties → ‫ רוה‬moist, that which is moist Dt 29:18 (19), Is 58:11, Jr 31:12, ‫ רויה‬made moist, wet (a cup is moist because it has been filled) Ps 23:5, 66:12 σ ‫ רטב‬to be moist Jb 8:16, 24:8, ‫ שׁקה‬to water (which can include other liquids as well, e.g. oil, wine) to give to drink ‫ רוה‬moist, that which is moist Dt 29:18 (19), Is 58:11, Jr 31:12 ← ‫רוה‬ ‫ רזן‬,‫( רוזן‬distinguished) dignitary, one who attained his post Jd 5:3, Is 40:23, Hb 1:10, Ps 2:2, Pr 8:15, 31:4 σ ‫מלך‬ ‫ רוח‬to take a breather, to catch one’s breath to get relief, rest 1S 16:23, Is 11:3, Jb 32:20, to smell Gn 8:21, 27:27, Lv 26:31, Jb 39:25 → ‫ רוח‬breath Ps 33:6 spirit as in thoughts, guiding principles, motivating force within a person Pr 1:23 feelings, mood, attitude, frame of mind Jd 9:23, 1S 16:14–6, 18:10, 19:9 relief (can take a breath, can catch one’s breath) Es 4:14 distance, breathing space Gn 32:17, breeze, wind (blowing) cool (of the day) Gn 3:8, spirit as a sentient, thinking but non-physical being Gn 1:2, Is 48:16, ‫ רוחה‬relief, rest, breather Ex 277 purpose fulfilled, to exalt, to rear (children), to give burnt offerings, etc.) → ‫ ירום‬rising up ?? Ps 140:9 (8) αλ, ‫ מרום‬heights, ‫( רומה‬head) lifted high, ‫ רוממת‬,‫ רומם‬lifting up praise, ‫רם‬ high, ‫ רמה‬height, ‫ תרומיה‬,‫תרומה‬ offering, contribution (not to be burnt on the altar), ‫ תרומות‬making contributions (i.e. bribes) Pr 29:4 αλ σ ‫סבל‬ ‫( רומה‬head) lifted high ← ‫רום‬ ‫< רומה‬name> ‫ רוממת‬,‫ רומם‬lifting up praise ← ‫רום‬ ‫ רון‬to become sober Ps 78:65 αλ ‫ רוע‬to sound forth (blowing a trumpet, shouting Ps 47.2) → ‫ תרועה‬sounding forth, can be done with cymbals, stringed instruments Ps 33:3 as well as trumpets σ ‫דבר‬ ‫ רוץ‬to run, i.e. to go quickly to move (an object 2S 22:30) → ‫ מרוץ‬race, course Ko 9:11 αλ, ‫ מרוצת‬running 2S 18:27, Jr 8:6, 23:10, ‫ מרצת‬person running 2S 18:27 αλ, ‫ רץ‬runner σ ‫הלך‬ ‫ רוק‬β ‫ריק‬ ‫ רוקח‬mixed together Ex 30:35, Ko 10:1 ← ‫רקח‬ ‫ רור‬β ‫ריר‬ ‫ רושׁ‬to have little, as in being poor Ps 34:11, Pr 13:7 cause to be few ?? 2C 28:3 → ‫ רישׁ‬lack of resources, money, poorness Pr 10:15, 13:18: 24:34, 28:19, 31:7, ‫ רשׁ‬poor, as in having little 1S 18:23, 2S 12:3, Pr 18:23, 29:13, Ko 5:7 σ ‫חסר‬ ‫< רות‬name> ‫ רזה‬to emaciate, make as having no energy Is 17:4, Zp 2:11, 14 → ‫ רזה‬emaciated, lean, with no energy Nu 13:20, Ez 34:20, ‫ רזון‬emaciation Is 10:16, Mc 6:10, Ps 106:15, Pr 14:28, ‫ רזי‬something that causes emaciation ?? Is 24:16 ‫ רזה‬emaciated, lean, with no energy Nu 13:20, Ez 34:20 ← ‫רזה‬ ‫ רזון‬emaciation Is 10:16, Mc 6:10, Ps 106:15, Pr 14:28 ← ‫רזה‬ ‫< רזון‬name> ‫ רזח‬temple or shrine for a false god ?? A place of sorrow as often the worship of false gods results is sorrow ?? Am 6:7 αλ ‫ רזי‬something that causes emaciation ?? Is 24:16 ← ‫רזה‬ ‫ רזם‬to wink ?? Jb 15:12 αλ ‫ רחב‬to become spacious, which includes both width and distance (of a mouth) to open wide, to make powerful (⇐ making living area spacious, both family and national, requiring (military) might to acquire and maintain Pr 28:25) → ‫ מרחב‬wide open space 2S 22:20, Hs 4:16, Hb 1:6, Ps 18:20, 31:9, 118:5, ,‫רחב‬ ‫ רחוב‬wide, spacious place, (city) square, width, ‫ רחב נפשׁ‬β ‫נפשׁ‬, and, ‫ רחב לבב‬β ‫לבב‬ ‫< רחב‬name> ‫< רחבות‬name> ‫< רחביה‬name> ‫< רחביהו‬name> ‫< רחבעם‬name> ‫ רחוב‬,‫ רחב‬wide, spacious place, (city) square, width σ ‫דרך‬ ‫ רחה‬β ‫רחים‬ ‫ רחוב‬β ‫רחב‬ ‫< רחוב‬name> ‫ רחום‬compassionate ← ‫רחם‬ 278 ‫< רחום‬name> ‫ רחוק‬distance, far, distant ← ‫רחק‬ ‫ רחיט‬rafter, plank of wood to hold up the roof So 1:17 αλ ‫ רחים‬grinding stones, come in pairs ‫ רחל‬ewe, female sheep ‫< רחל‬name> ‫ רחם‬to have an emotional connection with, most often as having compassion on → ‫ רחום‬compassionate, ‫ רחם‬womb, belly (place where one feels compassion) ‫ רחם רחמתים‬wombs, i.e. sex slaves taken in battle Jd 5:30, ‫רחמים‬ compassion, ‫ רחמני‬compassionate Lm 4:10 αλ σ ‫ חוס‬to regard with concern for (upon), ‫ חמל‬to pity, ‫ חנן‬to favor, as in having mercy, bestowing grace, (hit.) request a favor Dt 3:23, Jb 9:15—this was a favor that resulted in action, as in giving help to the poor Pr 19:17 ‫ רחם‬womb, belly (place where one feels compassion) ‫ רחם רחמתים‬wombs, i.e. sex slaves taken in battle Jd 5:30 ← ‫רחם‬ ‫ רחם‬,‫ רחמה‬carrion vulture ?? Lv 11:18, Dt 14:17, Ps 106:46 σ ‫עוף‬ ‫< רחם‬name> ‫ רחמים‬compassion ← ‫רחם‬ ‫ רחמני‬compassionate Lm 4:10 αλ ← ‫רחם‬ ‫ רחף‬to descend and come to a rest, as a bird broods its chicks Dt 32:11 and bones of a depressed person who lacks energy Jr 23:9 σ ‫ דגר‬to sit (on a nest) Is 34:18 to luxuriate as in a nest Jr 17:11 ‫ רחץ‬to wash → ‫ רחצה‬,‫ רחץ‬washing Ps 60:10, 108:10, So 4:2, 6:6 σ ‫ טהר‬to become pure, ‫ כבס‬to launder, wash, ‫מרק‬ to rub, massage to polish, i.e. to rub until it shines, ‫ שׁטף‬to overflow, wash over to rinse, this is not necessarily with water, as almost every time water is meant, it is specifically mentioned, Dn 9:26, 11:40 with military forces ‫ רחצה‬,‫ רחץ‬washing Ps 60:10, 108:10, So 4:2, 6:6 ← ‫רחץ‬ ‫ רחק‬to make distant, i.e. make a separation of a distance Ex 8:24 (28), 23:7, Is 6:12 → ‫ מרחק‬distance, ‫רחוק‬ distance, far, distant, ‫ רחק‬distance Gn 21:16, ‫ רחק‬those who are distant ‫ רחק‬distance Gn 21:16 ← ‫רחק‬ ‫ רחק‬those who are distant ← ‫רחק‬ ‫ רחשׁ‬to bubble up as in boiling a sauce Ps 45:2 (1) → ‫ מרחשׁת‬sauce pan Lev 2:7, 7:9 ‫ רחת‬pitchfork, a light one used for straw Is 30:24 αλ σ ‫קלשׁון‬ ‫ רטב‬to be moist Jb 8:16, 24:8 σ ‫רוה‬ ‫ רטט‬to paralyze, make unable to move ?? Jb 16:11 αλ → ‫ רטט‬paralysis ?? Jr 49:24 αλ ‫ רטפשׁ‬to recover as in heal from illness, regain youthfulness Jb 33:25 αλ ‫ רטשׁ‬to kill by smashing with a blunt object e.g. rock 2K 8:12, Is 13:16, 18, Hs 10:14, 13:16, Nh 3:10 σ ‫דכה‬ ‫ ריב‬to contend (verbally), quarrel argue for → ‫ יריב‬one who argues (against), brings a (law)suit (against) Is 49:25, Jr 18:19, Ps 35:1, ‫ מריב‬one who continually argues (against) 1S 2:10, ‫מריבה‬ argument(ation), strife Gn 13:8, Nu 27:14, ‫ ריב‬arguing, contention σ ‫ שׂטן‬to attack, by words, deeds and physical weapons σ ‫נכה‬ 279 ‫ ריב‬arguing, contention ← ‫ריב‬ ‫< ריבי‬name> ‫ ריח‬β ‫ ריח‬,‫רוח‬ ‫ ריח‬scent ← ‫רוח‬ ‫ רים‬unknown wild animal, apparently fairly large Jb 39:9–10 ‫ ריע‬β ‫רע‬ ‫ רפות‬,‫ ריפות‬threshed grain 2S 17:10, Pr 27:22 ‫< ריפת‬name> ‫ ריק‬to empty, pour out Jr 48:12, Ml 3:10, Ko 11:3 (used figuratively of Abram to empty his camp of trained people to chase after the kings who captured Lot in Gn 14:14), hi. to cause a weapon “to empty” after or upon a people Lv 26:33, Ps 35:3, Ez 28:7, 30:11 → ‫ לריק‬for naught (emptily), ‫ מרק‬guts, emptied from an animal when meat is prepared, ‫ ריק‬emptiness, empty, useless(ly), ‫ריקם‬ empty (handed) ‫ ריק‬emptiness, empty, useless(ly) ← ‫ ריק‬σ ‫הבל‬ ‫ ריקם‬empty (handed) ← ‫ריק‬ ‫ ריר‬to ooze, salivate → ‫ ריר‬saliva σ ‫זוב‬ ‫ ריר‬saliva ← ‫ריר‬ ‫ רישׁ‬lack of resources, money, poorness Pr 10:15, 13:18: 24:34, 28:19, 31:7 ← ‫ רושׁ‬σ ‫ ראשׁ‬bitter poverty, poisonous bitterness that comes from poverty ?? Pr 6:11, 10:4, 30:8 impoverished person Pr 11:26 13:23 ‫ רישׁון‬a typo for ‫ ראשׁון‬or adjective of poor, impoverished ?? Jb 8:8 αλ ‫ רך‬soft, tender; softness ← ‫רכך‬ ‫ רכב‬to ride → ‫ מרכב‬any object that is regularly ridden, whether wagon or animal Lv 15:9, ‫ מרכבה‬wagon, chariot, made for riding, ‫ רכב‬rider, something ridden (horse, chariot, wagon), ‫רכבה‬ riding ‫ רכב‬rider, something ridden (horse, chariot, wagon) ← ‫רכב‬ ‫< רכב‬name> ‫ רכבה‬riding ← ‫רכב‬ ‫< רכבי‬name> ‫< רכה‬name> ‫ רכשׁ‬,‫ רכושׁ‬possession, movable stuff, often referring to animals though not limited to them ← ‫רכשׁ‬ ‫ רכיל‬influence peddling, gossiping, an act that destroys others Lv 19:16, Jr 6:28, 9:3 (4), Ez 22:9, Pr 11:13, 20:19 ← ‫רכל‬ ‫ רכך‬to be soft, tender → ‫מרך‬ cowardliness (δειλια) Lv 26:36 αλ, ‫רך‬ soft, tender; softness σ ‫חלה‬ ‫ רכל‬to trade, large scale often involving bulk commodities and often wholesale to trade gossip → ‫ מרכלת‬market, where trade takes place Ez 27:24 αλ, ‫רכיל‬ influence peddling, gossiping, an act that destroys others Lv 19:16, Jr 6:28, 9:3 (4), Ez 22:9, Pr 11:13, 20:19, ‫ רכל‬trader, ‫ רכלה‬trade σ ‫סחר‬ ‫< רכל‬name> ‫ רכס‬to knot on Ex 28:28, 39:21 → ‫רכס‬ knotty, bunched up like knots, used of people who are crooked and twisted like knots Ps 31:21 (20), of places that are jumbled up like knots, difficult to get through Is 40:4 σ ‫חבל‬ ‫ רכס‬knotty, bunched up like knots, used of people who are crooked and twisted like knots Ps 31:21 (20), of places that are 280 ‫ רמכים‬post horses (Aramaic loan word) Es 8:10 αλ σ ‫סוס‬ ‫< רמליהו‬name> ‫ רמם‬β ‫ רמם‬,‫רום‬ ‫ רמם‬to uplift, elevate Ex 15:2, Ez 31:4, Ps 107:32, 1C 25:4 ‫ רמם‬to become wormy Ex 16:20 αλ → ‫ רמה‬worm ‫< רממתי עזר‬name> ‫ רמן‬β ‫רמון‬ ‫< רמן‬name> ‫ רמס‬to tread down underfoot, trample on 2K 7:17, 20, Ps 91:13, Dn 8:7, 10 → ‫ מרמס‬that which is tread underfoot Is 5:5, 7:25, 10:6, 28:18, Ez 34:19, Dn 8:13, Mc 7:10, ‫ רמס‬person who treads Is 1:12, 16:4, Mc 5:7, Nh 3:14 σ ‫הלך‬ ‫ רמס‬person who treads Is 1:12, 16:4, Mc 5:7, Nh 3:14 ← ‫רמס‬ ‫ רמשׂ‬to move, contrasted to plants that are stationary → ‫ רמשׂ‬animal ⇐ something that moves ‫ רמשׂ‬animal ⇐ something that moves ← ‫ רמשׂ‬σ ‫חיה‬ ‫< רמת‬name> ‫< רמתי‬name> ‫< רמתים‬name> ‫ רנה‬,‫רן‬, ‫ רנה‬β ‫ רנה‬,‫רן‬ ‫ רנה‬to present a request ?? Pr 8:3, Lm 2:19 → ‫ רנה‬presented request 1K 8:28, 22L36, Jr 7:16, Ps 88:3, 119:169, 2C 6:19 σ ‫שׁאל‬ ‫ רנה‬to rattle Jb 39:23 αλ ‫ רנה‬shout of joy ← ‫רנן‬ ‫ רנה‬presented request 1K 8:28, 22L36, Jr 7:16, Ps 88:3, 119:169, 2C 6:19 ← ‫רנה‬ ‫< רנה‬name> jumbled up like knots, difficult to get through Is 40:4 ← ‫רכס‬ ‫ רכשׁ‬to own, collect → ‫ רכושׁ‬possession, movable stuff, often referring to animals though not limited to them σ ‫קנה‬ ‫ רם‬high ← ‫רום‬ ‫< רם‬name> ‫ רמה‬to dupe, con, lead people to do something that they normally would not do Gn 29:25, Ex 15:1, 21, Jo 9:22 → ‫ מרמה‬duping, trickery, ‫ רמיה‬duping, deceptive, ‫ תרמות‬intent to dupe Jr 14:14, ‫ תרמית‬duping Ze 3:13, Ps 119:118, ‫תרמת‬ intent to dupe Jr 8:5, 23:26 σ ‫חטא‬ ‫ רמה‬height ← ‫רום‬ ‫ רמה‬name of district ‫ רמה‬worm ← ‫ רמם‬σ ‫תולע‬ ‫< רמה‬name> ‫ רמון‬pomegranate Nu 13:23, So 6:11 pomegranate shaped ornaments, on the hem of a garment Ex 39:25–6 and as a sculptural ornamentation 1K 7:18, 42, Jr 52:23 ‫ רמז‬β ‫רזם‬ ‫ רמח‬a type of weapon, possibly a short, thrusting spear Lv 25:7, equivalent to a sword 1K 18:28 held in one hand with a shield in the other 2C 26:14, can be carried along with bow, mail, shield, Ne 4:4, 10 ← ‫חנית‬ ‫< רמון‬name> ‫< רמונו‬name> ‫< רמות‬name> ‫ רמיה‬duping, deceptive ← ‫רמה‬ ‫< רמיה‬name> ‫< רמים‬name> 281 ‫ רנן‬to shout for joy → ‫ רנה‬shout of joy, ‫ רננה‬joyful shout Ps 63:6, 100:2, Jb 3:7, 20:5 σ ‫שׂמח‬ ‫ רננה‬joyful shout Ps 63:6, 100:2, Jb 3:7, 20:5 ← ‫ רנן‬σ ‫שׂמחה‬ ‫< רסה‬name> ‫ רסיס‬spattering into little drops, pieces Am 6:11, So 5:2 ← ‫רסס‬ ‫ רסן‬bridle Is 30:28, Ps 32:9, Jb 30:11, 41:13 σ ‫ מתג‬bit, part of bridle placed between the lips 2S 8:1, 2K 19:28, Is 37:29, Ps 32:9, Pr 26:3 ‫< רסן‬name> ‫ רסס‬to spatter (break into drops) Ez 46:14 αλ → ‫ רסיס‬spattering into little drops, pieces Am 6:11, So 5:2 σ ‫נטף‬ ‫ רע‬neighbor, one who lives close by, with whom one has frequent contact (one who one feeds, as was done in public feasts) (with third person singular suffix ‫ רעהו‬except Jr 6:21) ← ‫רעה‬ ‫ רעה‬,‫ רע‬displeasing, displeasure, that which brings displeasure Is 45:7 (God does not create evil, but he does bring that which is displeasing for punishment, correction) Pr 25:20 (this is not an evil heart, but one that is displeased) Ex 34:4 bringing displeasure often translated as evil as evil is displeasing to God Ez 20:44, Pr 26:23 ← ‫רעע‬ ‫ רעב‬to hunger → ‫ רעב‬hungry, ‫ רעבון‬,‫רעב‬ hunger, famine ‫ רעב‬hungry ← ‫רעב‬ ‫ רעבון‬,‫ רעב‬hunger, famine ← ‫רעב‬ ‫ רעד‬to tremble, shiver Ps 104:32, Ezr 10:9 → ‫ רעדהרעד‬,‫ רעד‬trembling, a specific action Ex 15:15, ‫ רעדה‬trembling, shaking, shivering not necessarily physical Is 33:14, Ps 2:11, Jb 4:14 σ ‫רגז‬ ‫ רעד‬trembling, a specific action Ex 15:15 ← ‫רעד‬ ‫ רעדה‬trembling, shaking, shivering not necessarily physical Is 33:14, Ps 2:11, Jb 4:14 ← ‫רעד‬ ‫ רעה‬to feed (on) → ‫ מרע‬friend, apparently a close friend, almost like a brother (those who feed together with you) Jd 15:2, ‫ מרעה‬feed(ing) Is 32:14 pasture Ez 34:14, Nh 2:12, 1C 4:41, ‫ מרעה‬fellow person, friend, this being a generalized statement rather than referring to a specific person ?? Gn 26:26, Jd 14:20, 15:6, Jr 3:20, Pr 19:7, ‫ מרעית‬feeding, pasturing Is 49:9, Jr 10:21, Ez 34:31, Ps 100:3, ‫ רע‬neighbor, one who lives close by, with whom one has frequent contact (one who one feeds, as was done in public feasts) (with third person singular suffix ‫ רעהו‬except Jr 6:21), ‫ רעה‬generalized neighbor ?? Jd 14:20, 2S 15:37, 16:16, 1K 4:5, Pr 27:10, ‫ רעה‬shepherd, one who feeds the sheep, ‫ רעות‬female companion Ex 11:2, Is 34:15–6, Jr 9:19, Zc 11:9, Es 1:19, ‫ רעיתי‬my girl friend (only in So) σ ‫אכל‬ ‫ רעה‬generalized neighbor ?? Jd 14:20, 2S 15:37, 16:16, 1K 4:5, Pr 27:10 ← ‫רעה‬ ‫ רעה‬shepherd, one who feeds the sheep ← ‫רעה‬ ‫ רעה‬an action or an object that is displeasing or causes displeasure Is 13:11, Am 3:6 (God does not create evil, but he does bring displeasing things for 282 ‫ רעמה‬agitation, mental and/or physical 1S 1:6, Jb 39:19 ← ‫רעם‬ ‫< רעמה‬name> ‫< רעמיה‬name> ‫< רעמסס‬name> ‫ רענן‬to grow green, flourish Jb 15:32 αλ → ‫ רענן‬green, flourishing ‫ רענן‬green, flourishing ← ‫רענן‬ ‫ רעע‬to act in a displeasing manner to be displeasing (the opposite of ‫ טוב‬to be pleasing) when followed with a ‫ל‬ (prefix) to act in a way that brings displeasure to the person after the ‫ל‬, this is not the same as “evil” as evil necessarily includes a moral aspect as part of its meaning, while “displeasing” is morally neutral. Morally evil people can often act in a way that is displeasing, thus when describing such people “evil” can be used in translation, but that is adding to what this word means. God cannot cause evil, as he is totally good, however, he can bring on that which is displeasing, even disaster, as a correction or punishment, where such displeasing events are not morally “evil” → ‫ מרע‬one who causes displeasure Is 1:4, 9:6, Jr 20:13, Ps 22:17, Pr 24:19, ‫ רעה‬,‫רע‬ displeasing, displeasure, that which brings displeasure Is 45:7 (God does not create evil, but he does bring that which is displeasing for punishment, correction) Pr 25:20 (this is not an evil heart, but one that is displeased) Ex 34:4 bringing displeasure often translated as evil as evil is displeasing to God Ez 20:44, Pr 26:23, ‫ רעה‬an action or an punishment, correction) Pr 27:12 often translated as evil as evil is displeasing to God ← ‫רעע‬ ‫ רעו‬β ‫ רעע‬,‫ רעה‬,‫רע‬ ‫< רעו‬name> ‫< רעואל‬name> ‫ רעות‬female companion Ex 11:2, Is 34:15– 6, Jr 9:19, Zc 11:9, Es 1:19 ← ‫רעה‬ ‫ רעות‬displeasingness Ko 1:14, 2:11, 17, 26, 4:4, 6, 6:9 ← ‫רעע‬ ‫< רעי‬name> ‫ רעיון‬displeasure Ko 1:17, 2:22, 4:16 ← ‫רעע‬ ‫ רעיתי‬my girl friend (only in So) ← ‫רעה‬ ‫ רעל‬to reel, as a sailor or drunkard Nh 2:4 αλ → ‫ רעל‬reeling Zc 12"2 αλ, ‫רעלה‬ long, loose fitting garment, in a day when everything was hand made, was a sign of wealth and luxury Is 3:19 αλ, ‫ תרעלה‬causing reeling from getting drunk Is 51:17, 22, Ps 60:5 ‫ רעל‬reeling Zc 12"2 αλ ← ‫רעל‬ ‫ רעלה‬long, loose fitting garment, in a day when everything was hand made, was a sign of wealth and luxury Is 3:19 αλ ← ‫ רעל‬σ ‫בגד‬ ‫< רעליה‬name> ‫ רעם‬to agitate, a face Ez 27:35, the sea and what’s in it Ps 96:11, 98:7, 1C 16:32, using one’s voice Jb 37:4, 40:9 → ‫רעם‬ agitating Is 29:6, Ps 77:19, 104:7, Jb 26:14, 39:25, ‫ רעמה‬agitation, mental and/or physical 1S 1:6, Jb 39:19 σ ‫דבר‬ ‫ רעם‬agitating Is 29:6, Ps 77:19, 104:7, Jb 26:14, 39:25 ← ‫רעם‬ ‫< רעמא‬name> 283 ‫ רפד‬to lay out ?? Jb 17:13, 41:22, So 2:5 → ‫ רפידת‬place of reclining ?? So 3:10 αλ σ ‫שׂים‬ ‫ רפה‬β ‫רפה‬, (‫ רפא‬Jr 19:11 ??) ‫ רפה‬to slacken, droop, make without energy Is 5:24, 13:7, Ez 7:17 to be drooping, tired 2S 17:2, “slacken the day” the day is coming to its end Jd 19:9, to dishearten (make spirits droop) Jb 5:18, 12:21, Ezr 4:4, to allow (slacken opposition to) Jd 11:37, 2K 4:27, Jr 3:22, slacken hold onto, let go Jb 27:6, slacken activity, slack off, goof off Ex 5:8, 17, Js 18:3, Pr 18:9, 24:10, Ne 6:3 stop Ez 1:24–5 → ‫מרפה‬ slackening relaxation ?? Jr 8:15 αλ, ‫ רפה‬slack disheartened dishearteners, those who make others disheartened 2S 21:16, 18, 20, 22, ‫רפיון‬ slackness Jr 47:3 αλ σ ‫יאשׁ‬ ‫ רפה‬slack disheartened dishearteners, those who make others disheartened 2S 21:16, 18, 20, 22 ← ‫רפה‬ ‫< רפה‬name> ‫< רפוא‬name> ‫ רפות‬β ‫ רפה‬,‫ריפות‬ ‫< רפח‬name> ‫< רפידים‬name> ‫ רפידת‬place of reclining ?? So 3:10 αλ ← ‫רפד‬ ‫< רפיה‬name> ‫ רפיון‬slackness Jr 47:3 αλ ← ‫רפה‬ ‫ רפס‬to restrict, as in narrowing options, restricting water flow ?? Ez 32:2, Ps 68:31, Pr 6:3 ‫ רפסד‬raft 2C 2:15 (16) αλ σ ‫דברות‬ ‫ רפף‬to totter ?? Jb 26:11 αλ σ ‫רגז‬ object that is displeasing or causes displeasure Is 13:11, Am 3:6 (God does not create evil, but he does bring displeasing things for punishment, correction) Pr 27:12 often translated as evil as evil is displeasing to God, ‫רעות‬ displeasingness Ko 1:14, 2:11, 17, 26, 4:4, 6, 6:9, ‫ רעיון‬displeasure Ko 1:17, 2:22, 4:16 ‫ רעף‬to precipitate Ps 65:12–3, Pr 3:20, Jb 36:28 σ ‫גשׁם‬ ‫ רעץ‬to overpower, ride roughshod over (in war) Ex 15:6, Jd 10:8 σ ‫גבר‬ ‫ רעשׁ‬to quake as in shaking → ‫רעשׁ‬ earthquake, shaking σ ‫רגז‬ ‫ רעשׁ‬earthquake, shaking ← ‫רעשׁ‬ ‫ רפא‬to cure → ‫ מרפא‬healing, ‫ רפא‬one who cures, a doctor, or witchdoctor and those connected with enchantment, and embalmers in Egypt Gn 50:2, ‫רפאים‬ witchcraft or status of being connected with evil e.g. in hell, ‫ רפאות‬healing, ‫ תרופה‬remedy Ez 47:12 αλ σ ‫ גהה‬to heal Hs 5:13 αλ ‫ רפא‬one who cures, a doctor, or witchdoctor and those connected with enchantment, and embalmers in Egypt Gn 50:2 ← ‫רפא‬ ‫ רפאות‬healing ← ‫רפא‬ ‫ רפאים‬β ‫ רפאים‬,‫רפא‬ ‫ רפאים‬witchcraft or status of being connected with evil e.g. in hell ← ‫רפא‬ ‫< רפאים‬name, both a place name and connected with a people noted as giants> ‫< רפאל‬name> 284 ‫ רפק‬to lean over, as a man snuggles close to his love while sitting So 8:5 αλ ‫ רפשׂ‬to muddy (waters) Ez 34:18, Pr 25:26 → (‫מרפשׂ רגליכם תשׁתינה( מרפשׂ‬ (prefix ‫ )מ‬you make them drink from what your feet have muddied Ez 34:19), ‫ רפשׁ‬muddied waters Is 57:20 αλ ‫ רפשׁ‬muddied waters Is 57:20 αλ ← ‫רפשׂ‬ ‫ רפת‬feedlot Hb 3:17 αλ ‫ רץ‬runner ← ‫רוץ‬ ‫ רצא‬β ‫ רצה‬,‫רצא‬ ‫ רצא‬to send (forth) ?? Ez 43:27 αλ → ‫ רצוא ושוב‬going back and forth ?? Ez 1:14 αλ σ ‫הלך‬ ‫ רצד‬to fancy, bring to mind Ps 68:17 (16) αλ ‫ רצה‬to satisfy to satisfy a debt i.e. pay back, used for the satisfaction (paying back) the debt of sin → ‫ רצן‬,‫רצון‬ satisfaction often used in the sense of satisfaction (paid for) for the debt of sin ‫ רצן‬,‫ רצון‬satisfaction often used in the sense of satisfaction (paid for) for the debt of sin ← ‫רצה‬ ‫ רצוץ‬subjected to rough treatment Dt 28:33, 2K 18:21, Is 36:6, 42:3, Hs 5:11 victim of rough treatment Is 58:6 ← ‫רצץ‬ ‫ רצח‬to manslaughter murder (manslaughter is the deliberate killing of another person, allowed in war and execution of justice, but murder when done unjustly) → ‫ מרצח‬one who cause others to be man-slaughtered on his behalf 2K 6:32, Is 1:21, ‫ רצח‬manslaughterer σ ‫הרג‬ ‫ רצח‬man-slaughterer ← ‫רצח‬ ‫< רציא‬name> ‫< רצין‬name> ‫ רצם‬β ‫ רצה‬.‫רוץ‬ ‫ רצע‬to awl, pierce with an awl Ex 21:6 αλ → ‫ מרצע‬awl Ex 21:6, Dt 15:17 ‫ רצף‬to heat ?? 1K 19:6 αλ → ‫מרצפת‬ pavement (flat like an oven) 2K 16:17 αλ, ‫ רצף‬cooked on a hot stone ?? 1K 19:6 αλ, ‫ רצפה‬hot stone pavement, flagstones that gets hot under the sun Ez 40:17–8, 42:3, Es 1:6, 2C 7:3, stone heated by fire Is 6:6, ‫ רצפה‬pavement, made of flat stones as a baking oven ‫ רצף‬cooked on a hot stone ?? 1K 19:6 αλ ← ‫רצף‬ ‫< רצף‬name> ‫ רצפה‬hot stone pavement, flagstones that gets hot under the sun Ez 40:17–8, 42:3, Es 1:6, 2C 7:3, stone heated by fire Is 6:6 ← ‫רצף‬ ‫< רצפה‬name> ‫ רצץ‬to savage, treat roughly Gn 25:22, 1S 12:3–4, Is 42:4 → ‫ מרוצה‬savage action Jr 22:17 αλ, ‫ רצוץ‬subjected to rough treatment Dt 28:33, 2K 18:21, Is 36:6, 42:3, Hs 5:11 victim of rough treatment Is 58:6 σ ‫נכה‬ ‫ רק‬β ‫ רק‬,‫ ריק‬,‫ירק‬ ‫ רק‬only, also used as an emphatic, to indicate something special about the subject of ‫ רק‬e.g. Ps 32:6 ‫ רק‬saliva Jb 7:19 spittle Is 50:6, Jb 30:10 ← ‫ ירק‬σ ‫ תפת‬spitting, as a sign of contempt Jb 17:6 used to designate a place where altars to idols were built 2K 23:10, Jr 7:31, 19:11–4 ‫ ?? רק‬Ez 24:11 LXX no mention 285 ‫ רקב‬to decay Is 40:20, Pr 10:7 → ‫רקב‬ decay Hs 5:12, Hb 3:16, Pr 12:4, 14:30, Jb 13:28, ‫ רקבון‬decayed Jb 41:19 (27) αλ σ ‫מקק‬ ‫ רקב‬decay Hs 5:12, Hb 3:16, Pr 12:4, 14:30, Jb 13:28 ← ‫רקב‬ ‫ רקבון‬decayed Jb 41:19 (27) αλ ← ‫רקב‬ ‫ רקד‬to skip, as in dancing Is 13:21, Jl 2:5, Ps 114:4, 6. Jb 21:11 → ‫( מרקד‬adj) skipping Mh 3:2, 1C 15:29 ‫ רקה‬β ‫ רק‬,‫ריק‬ ‫< רקון‬name> ‫ רקות‬emaciated Gn 41:19–20, 27 ‫ רקח‬to mix spices together (as drugs) Ex 30:25, 33, Ez 24:10 → ‫ מרקח‬anointed with mixed spices So 5:13, 2C 16:14, ‫ מרקחה‬place where spices are mixed Ez 24:10, Jb 41:23, ‫ מרקחת‬mixed spices Ex 30:25, 1C 9:30, 2C 16:14, ‫ רוקח‬mixed together Ex 30:35, Ko 10:1, ‫ רקח‬mixed spices Ex 30:35, one who mixes spices Ex 30:25, 1S 8:13, 1C 9:30, ‫ רקחה‬woman who mixes (spices) 1S 8:13 σ ‫בלל‬ ‫ רקח‬mixed spices Ex 30:35, one who mixes spices Ex 30:25, 1S 8:13, 1C 9:30 ← ‫רקח‬ σ ‫בשׂם‬ ‫ רקחה‬woman who mixes (spices) 1S 8:13 ← ‫רקח‬ ‫ רקיע‬expanse, used specifically of the expanses of the heavens Gn 1, Ps 19:2 (1), 150:1, a defined space above a cherub Ez 1:22–26, 10:1 ← ‫רקע‬ ‫ רקיק‬wafer σ ‫לחם‬ ‫ רקם‬to adorn, in cloth often by embroidery or the attachment of precious stones or bangles → ‫ רקמה‬adornment, often as embroidered cloth Jd 5:30, Ez 16:10,13, 18, also used of stone (presumably for mosaics) 1C 29:2 σ ‫ פאר‬,‫שׁזר‬ ‫< רקם‬name> ‫ רקמה‬adornment, often as embroidered cloth Jd 5:30, Ez 16:10,13, 18, also used of stone (presumably for mosaics) 1C 29:2 ← ‫רקם‬ ‫ רקע‬to expand, spread out, in metal expand into plates Nu 16:38–9, for gold into thin pieces that could be cut into thread for weaving Ex 39:3, also used of expanding, spreading out the earth Is 42:5, 44:24, Ps 136:6, expanding out clouds of dust or mist 2S 22:43, Jb 37:18, to spread over as gold leaf or silver to cover an idol Is 40:19, Jr 10:9 because spreading of metals is often done by pounding or stamping, also used of stamping with feet (used || with clapping hands) Ez 6:11, 25:6 → ‫רקיע‬ expanse, used specifically of the expanses of the heavens Gn 1, Ps 19:2 (1), 150:1, a defined space above a cherub Ez 1:22– 26, 10:1 σ ‫ כבר‬to become spread out, expansive, draw out (length and breadth, both area and time) ?? Jb 35:16 ‫ רקת‬temple (of head) Jd 4:21–22, 5:26, So 4:3, 6:7 ‫< רקת‬name> ‫ רר‬β ‫ריר‬ ‫ רשׁ‬β ‫ רשׁ‬,‫רושׁ‬ ‫ רשׁ‬poor, as in having little 1S 18:23, 2S 12:3, Pr 18:23, 29:13, Ko 5:7 ← ‫רושׁ‬ ‫ רשׁו‬β ‫רושׁ‬ ‫ רשׁום‬that which is prescribed, i.e. foreordained (Aram. to write) Dn 10:21 αλ 286 ‫ רשׁיון‬edict Ezr 3:7 αλ σ ‫משׁפט‬ ‫ רשׁית‬β ‫ראשׁית‬ ‫ רשׁע‬to be guilty from doing unjust actions to be wicked → ‫ רשׁע‬guilty, ‫רשׁעה‬ guilt σ ‫חטא‬ ‫ רשׁע‬guilty ← ‫רשׁע‬ ‫ רשׁעה‬guilt ← ‫רשׁע‬ ‫< רשׁעתים‬name> ‫ רשׁף‬wasting, as in a wasting disease or destruction by war or fire ?? Dt 23:24, Hb 3:5, Jb 5:7, Ct 8:6, that which causes wasting Ps 76:4 (3), 78:48 ‫< רשׁף‬name> ‫ רשׁשׁ‬to be shattered, smashed Jr 5:17, Ml 1:4 σ ‫שׁבר‬ ‫( רשׁת‬fixed) net, when used to catch prey, spread out to catch legs and feet Ps 9:15, 25:15 Jb 18:8, could be a “network” of holes dug and hidden as fall-traps Ps 35:7–8, also used of a “network” of bronze that held up the fire-pan of the transportable altar to dissipate heat from the fire so as not to damage the wooden frame Ex 27:4–5 σ ‫( חרם‬fish) trap, net Is 34:5, Ez 26:5, 14, Hb 1:15–17, ‫מכמרת‬ drop net, possibly from the idea of stretched out on hot days over water so that fish gather under it to avoid the heat, then to drop the net on them Is 19:8, Hb 1:15–6, ‫ מצודה‬hunting net, used to catch prey both on land Ez 12:13, 17:20 and in water Ko 9:12 ‫ רתוק‬fastener ?? Ez 7:23 αλ ← ‫רתק‬ ‫ רתח‬to stew Ez 24:5, Jb 30:27 → ‫רתח‬ stew Ez 24:5 σ ‫בשׁל‬ ‫ רתח‬stew Ez 24:5 ← ‫רתח‬ ‫ רתיקות‬fasteners ?? 1K 6:21 αλ ← ‫רתק‬ ‫ רתם‬to hitch (horses to wagon, people into a chain gang) Mc 1:13 αλ → ‫ מרתים‬one who connects people or animals into a team, such as horses to a wagon, people into a chain gang ?? Jr 50:21 or is it a <name> ‫ רתם‬broom tree retama roetam a small desert plant known for its burning properties, used for cooking and heating 1K 19:4–5, Ps 120:4, Jb 30:4 σ ‫עץ‬ ‫< רתמה‬name> ‫ רתק‬to fasten Nh 3:10,Ko 12:6 → ‫רתוק‬ fastener ?? Ez 7:23 αλ, ‫רתיקות‬ fasteners ?? 1K 6:21 αλ, ‫ רתקות‬fasteners Is 40:19 αλ ‫ רתקות‬fasteners Is 40:19 αλ ← ‫רתק‬ ‫ רתת‬trembling Hs 13:1 αλ σ ‫ירא‬ ‫ שׁ‬,‫ שׂ‬twenty-first letter, in Biblical Hebrew this was one letter, not two as today. As a result, I list entries in alphabetical order as if they were one as in Biblical Hebrew, not as two as do many modern lexicons / dictionaries. The only reasons it are listed as two letters is because of tradition, and even some unpointed tests still differentiate them. Indications are that these were differentiated under the influence of Aramaic. Where letters are used as numbers, it refers to the number 300. ‫( שׁ‬prefix) has the same meaning as ‫אשׁר‬ but in a shortened form. It’s not an indication of late Hebrew, as it’s used even as early as Genesis. It may have had a slightly different nuance that isn’t recognized today β ‫אשׁר‬ ‫ שׁא‬β ‫שׁוא‬ 287 ‫ שׁאב‬to draw water (by dipping a jug into the water) → ‫ משׁאב‬place to draw water ?? Jd 5:11 αλ, ‫ שׁאב‬water-drawer σ ‫ דלה‬to suspend, hang Pr 26:7 to support as in holding up (like a puppet on a string) Ps 30:2, to draw water using a bucket suspended on a rope Ex 2:16, 19, Pr 20:5 ‫ שׁאב‬water-drawer ← ‫שׁאב‬ ‫ שׁאג‬to roar → ‫ שׁאגה‬roar σ ‫ נהם‬to growl Is 5:29–30, Pr 5:11, 19:12, 20:2, 28:15 ‫ שׁאה‬to storm, as in taking over, capturing a city in battle 2K 19:25, Is 6:11, 37:26, like the roar of waves Is 17:12–3 (hit.) to have a storm of emotions Gn 28:21 → ‫ שׁאה‬storming Is 47:11, Ez 38:9, Zp 1:15, Jb 30:14, 38:27, ‫ משׁאה‬storming, violent action Is 30:27, Pr 3:28, Jb 30:3, 38:27, ‫ שׁאוה‬storm Pr 1:27 αλ, ‫שׁאון‬ storming, roaring (of waves) Is 17:12–3, Ps 65:8 (7) loud rejoicing Is 24:8 roaring, the sound of storming Is 25:5, 66:6 the underworld is a place of storming Is 5:14 Ps 40:3 (2) storming as of an army invasion Jr 25:31, Am 2:2 group of people involved in riotous, loud action, e.g. army Is 13:4, Jr 51:55, Ps 74:23, ‫ שׁאיה‬destruction caused by storming Is 24:12 αλ, ‫ שׂאת‬storming that causes fear Jb 13:11, Pr 3:25 as in the violence of war ֿLa 3:47 or criminality Pr 3:25, ‫ תשׁאות‬storms, both weather Jb 36:29, 39:7 and people’s actions Is 22:2, Zc 4:7 ‫ שׁאה‬storming Is 47:11, Ez 38:9, Zp 1:15, Jb 30:14, 38:27 ← ‫ שׁאה‬σ ‫סופה‬ ‫ שׁאוה‬storm Pr 1:27 αλ ← ‫ שׁאה‬σ ‫סופה‬ ‫ שׁאול‬Hades ← ‫ שׁאל‬σ ‫ אבדון‬place of the lost, used as a euphemism for the grave Jb 26:6, 28:22, 31:12, Ps 88:12 (11), Pr 15:11 ‫< שׁאול‬name> ‫< שׁאולי‬name> ‫ שׁאון‬storming, roaring (of waves) Is 17:12–3, Ps 65:8 (7) loud rejoicing Is 24:8 roaring, the sound of storming Is 25:5, 66:6 the underworld is a place of storming Is 5:14 Ps 40:3 (2) storming as of an army invasion Jr 25:31, Am 2:2 group of people involved in riotous, loud action, e.g. army Is 13:4, Jr 51:55, Ps 74:23 ← ‫שׁאה‬ ‫ שׁאט‬to despise Ez 16:57 → ‫ שׁאט‬act of despising Ez 25:6, 15, 36:5 person who despises Ez 28:24, 26 σ ‫שׂנא‬ ‫ שׁאט‬act of despising Ez 25:6, 15, 36:5 person who despises Ez 28:24, 26 ← ‫שׁאט‬ ‫ שׁאיה‬destruction caused by storming Is 24:12 αλ ← ‫שׁאה‬ ‫ שׁאל‬β ‫ שׁאל‬,‫אל‬ ‫ שׁאל‬to ask, request, usually with the expectation that something be given in return, whether an answer or an object → ‫ משׁאלה‬what is being requested for Ps 20:6, 37:4, ‫ שׁאול‬Hades, ‫ שׁאלה‬request σ ‫ עתר‬to plead Gn 25:21, Jd 13:8, Jb 33:26, 2C 33:13, 19, ‫ רנה‬to present a request ?? Pr 8:3, Lm 2:19 ‫< שׁאל‬name> ‫ שׁאלה‬request ← ‫ שׁאל‬σ ‫ ארשׁת‬petition Ps 21:3 αλ ‫< שׁאלתיאל‬name> ‫ שׁאן‬,‫ שׂאן‬to be quietly confident → ‫שׁאנן‬ quiet confidence arrogance σ ‫שׁלה‬ 288 ‫< שׁאן‬name> ‫ שׁאנן‬quiet confidence arrogance ← ‫שׁאן‬ ‫ שׁאס‬some sort of bad action, related to looting ?? Jr 30:16 αλ σ ‫שׁסה‬ ‫ שׁאף‬to breath in air Is 42:14, Ps 119:131 to sniff, smell, as an animal sniffs around and follows a scent to what it wants Jr 2:24, 14:6, used metaphorically to refer to searching out, as a bloodhound follows a scent Ps 56:1, 3 (2) → ‫ שׁאף‬one who hunts down Am 2:7, 8:4, Ps 57:4 (3), ‫ שׁאף‬that which is hunted down and caught Jb 5:5, ‫שׁואף‬ searching out Qo 1:5 αλ ‫ שׁאף‬one who hunts down Am 2:7, 8:4, Ps 57:4 (3) ← ‫שׁאף‬ ‫ שאף‬that which is hunted down and caught Jb 5:5 ← ‫שׁאף‬ ‫ שׁאר‬to remain, from the idea of what’s left behind, after all else is gone → ‫משׁארת‬ kneading trough from the concept of leaving behind a bit of dough to use as a starter for the next batch of sourdough Ex 7:28 (8:3), 12:34, Lv 25:49, Dt 28:5, 17, ‫ שׂאר‬yeast, in sourdough, that which is left to leaven the next loaf Ex 12:15, 19, 13:7, Lv 2:11, Dt 16:4, ‫ שׁאר‬close relative Lv 18:6, 12–3, 21:2, Pr 5:11, 11:17, ‫ שׁארית‬,‫ שׁאר‬remainder σ ‫ יתר‬to remain, be left over, from the concept of abundance leading to leftovers, ‫ עדף‬to leave over, have a surplus ‫ שׂאר‬yeast, in sourdough, that which is left to leaven the next loaf Ex 12:15, 19, 13:7, Lv 2:11, Dt 16:4 ← ‫שׁאר‬ ‫ שׁאר‬close relative Lv 18:6, 12–3, 21:2, Pr 5:11, 11:17 ← ‫שׁאר‬ ‫ שׁארית‬,‫ שׁאר‬remainder ← ‫שׁאר‬ ‫ שׁאר‬sustenance those who give sustenance, i.e. close relatives ‫< שׁאר ישׁוב‬name> ‫< שׁארה‬name> ‫ שׂאת‬lifting up able to carry, lift up, bear Gn 4:7, 44:1, 49:3, Pr 30:21, swelling (scar tissue) Lv 13, lifting up as in presenting Jr 15:15, 17:27, Jb 27:1, 29:1, lifting up as in favoring, giving special regard for Pr 18:5 ← ‫נשׂא‬ ‫ שׂאת‬storming that causes fear Jb 13:11, Pr 3:25 as in the violence of war ֿLa 3:47 or criminality Pr 3:25 ← ‫שׂאה‬ ‫ שׂב‬β ‫שׂיב‬ ‫ שׁבא‬β ‫ שׁבא‬,‫בוא‬ ‫< שׂבא‬place name> ‫< שׁבא‬name> ‫< שׁבאים‬name> ‫< שׁבאל‬name> ‫( שׁבב‬also ‫ )שׁובב‬to move from one’s former place ?? Is 58:12, Jr 50:19, Ez 39:2, in a moral sense, to move away from God, be apostate → ‫ משׁבה‬apostasy, continuous or repeated action Jr 3:6, 8, 11–2, 8:5, ‫ שׁבבים‬apostasy Hs 8:6 αλ, ‫ שׁובב‬apostate Is 57:17, Jr 3:14, 22, 50:6, ‫ שׁובבת‬that which moves (a person) ?? Is 47:10 αλ σ ‫שׁוב‬ ‫ שׁבבים‬apostasy Hs 8:6 αλ ← ‫שׂבב‬ ‫ שׁבה‬to take captive Dt 21:10, 2K 6:22, Am 8:4, Ps 68:19 (18), 2C 28:11 → ‫שׁבה‬ captor Is 14:2, Jr 50:33, ‫ שׁבות‬captivity, those in captivity Dt 30:3, Zp 2:7, Ps 85:1, 126:4, ‫ שׁבי‬captive 1K 8:46–7, 50, Is 1:27, ‫( שׁבי‬adj) status of being captive Ne 3:36 (4:4), Jr 48:46, ‫ שׁביה‬captive 289 (female) Dt 21:13, group of captives Dt 21:11, 2C 28:5, 11, 13–5, ‫ שׁבית‬captivity Nu 21:29, that which was taken captive Jb 42:10, 49:39, Ez 16:53, 39:25, Lm 2:14 ‫ שׁבה‬captor Is 14:2, Jr 50:33 ← ‫שׂבה‬ ‫ שׁבו‬β ‫ שׁוב‬,‫ שׁבו‬,‫ישׁב‬ ‫ שׁבו‬agate Ex 28:19, 39:12 ‫< שׁבואל‬name> ‫ שׁבוים‬β ‫שׁבה‬ ‫ שׁבוע‬week ‫ שׁבעה‬,‫ שׁבועה‬oath, that which is sworn to ← ‫שׂבע‬ ‫ שׁבור‬broken Lv 22:22 αλ ← ‫שׁבר‬ ‫ שׁבות‬captivity, those in captivity Dt 30:3, Zp 2:7, Ps 85:1, 126:4 ← ‫שׁבה‬ ‫ שׁבח‬to raise up be raised up Pr 29:11, make waves of the sea high Ps 89:10 (9) to exult Ps 63:4 (3), 117:1, 145:4, 147:12, Ko 4:2, 8:15 → ‫ משׁביח‬one who causes to raise up (waves of the sea) Ps 65:8 (7) αλ σ ‫שׂמח‬ ‫ שׁבט‬to apply a rod, such as in punishment, guiding, pointing, smashing ?? Is 9:3, Jb 21:9 → ‫ שׁבט‬rod, referring to a prepared rod, not necessarily made of wood tribe ‫ שׁבט‬rod, referring to a prepared rod, not necessarily made of wood tribe σ ‫בד‬ staff (as in big stick, often referring to a carrying pole), part, ‫ מטה‬branch tribe, branch of a group, ‫ מקל‬staff, stick Gn 30:37–9, 41, Jr 1:11, 48:17 walking stick (something that aids people to walk swiftly) Gn 32:11 (10), Ex 12:11, Nu 22:27, 1S 17:40, 43, Ez 39:9, ‫ משׁען‬person or object that supports, that can be leaned on 2S 22:19, Ps 18:19 (18) used of food and water that support life Is 3:1, ‫ משׁענה‬support, sustainment Is 3:1, ‫ משׁענת‬staff to lean on, for support Ex 21:19, Nu 21:18, Jd 6:21, Zc 8:4, Ps 23:4 not usable when made of a reed 2K 4:29, 31, Is 36:6, Ez 29:6, ‫ שׁרביט‬scepter ‫< שׁבט‬name> ‫ שׁבי‬β ‫ שׁוב‬,‫ שׁבי‬,‫שׁבה‬ ‫ שׁבי‬captive 1K 8:46–7, 50, Is 1:27 ← ‫שׁבה‬ ‫( שׁבי‬adj) status of being captive Ne 3:36 (4:4), Jr 48:46 ← ‫שׁבה‬ ‫ שׁבי‬captive ← ‫שׁבה‬ ‫< שׁבי‬name> ‫ שׁביב‬ember, something that burns ?? Jb 18:5 αλ σ ‫אשׁ‬ ‫ שׁביה‬captive (female) Dt 21:13, group of captives Dt 21:11, 2C 28:5, 11, 13–5 ← ‫שׁבה‬ ‫ שׁביל‬hard walkway (hardened by many people treading on it) Jr 18:15, Ps 77:20 (19) ← ‫ שׁבל‬σ ‫דרך‬ ‫ שׁביס‬headband Is 3:18 αλ ‫ שׁביעי‬seventh ‫ שׁבית‬captivity Nu 21:29, that which was taken captive Jb 42:10, 49:39, Ez 16:53, 39:25, Lm 2:14 ← ‫שׁבה‬ ‫ שׂבכה‬lattice (largely ornamental) 1K 7:17–18, Jr 52:22–23, used over a window 2K 1:2, likened to a net Jb 18:8 ‫ שׁבל‬to be in bunches → ‫ שׁביל‬hard walkway (hardened by many people treading on it) Jr 18:15, Ps 77:20 (19), ‫ שׁבל‬bunch ear of grain Gn 41:5–7, 22–24, Zac 4:12, ‫ שׁבל‬train (of a long garment) Is 47:2, ‫ שׁבלול‬a snail or slug, named for the slimy trail it leaves behind, ‫ שׁבלת‬bunch, group of things 290 bunched together (grain, grapes, dates, rush of water) ear of grain ‫ שׁבל‬train (of a long garment) Is 47:2 ← ‫שׁבל‬ ‫ שׁבל‬bunch ear of grain Gn 41:5–7, 22– 24, Zac 4:12 ← ‫שׁבל‬ ‫ שׁבלול‬a snail or slug, named for the slimy trail it leaves behind ← ‫שׁבל‬ ‫ שׁבלת‬bunch, group of things bunched together (grain, grapes, dates, rush of water) ear of grain σ ‫ מלילת‬ear of grain Dt 23:26 αλ ← ‫שׁבל‬ ‫< שׂבמה‬name Moabite city> ‫< שׁבנא‬name> ‫< שׁבני‬name> ‫< שׁבניה‬name> ‫< שׁבניהו‬name> ‫ שׂבע‬to be(come) satiated → ‫ שׂבע‬satiated, full, ‫ שׂבעה‬,‫ שׂבע‬satiatedness, fullness σ ‫מלא‬ ‫ שׁבע‬to swear a type of oath to be fulfilled through a gift or action, this verb is usually used as a Niphal verb → ,‫שׁבועה‬ ‫ שׁבעה‬oath, that which is sworn to σ ‫ אלה‬to make an oath containing a curse of what will happen if the oath is not kept, ‫ נדר‬to make a vow σ ‫ארר‬ ‫ שׂבע‬satiated, full ← ‫שׂבע‬ ‫ שׁבענה‬,‫ שׁבעה‬,‫ שׁבע‬seven ‫ שׂבעה‬,‫ שׂבע‬satiatedness, fullness ← ‫שׂבע‬ ‫< שׁבע‬name> ‫< שׁבעה‬name> ‫ שׁבעים‬seventy ‫ שׁבץ‬to wrap around Ex 28:4, 39 to set (a jewel) on clothing (by sewing a wrapping around the jewel to hold it on the clothing) → ‫ משׁבצת‬,‫משׁבצות‬ wrapping, used of a wide border on clothing Ex 28:11, 13–4, Ps 45:14, a border setting a jewel on clothing Ex 18:11, 39:6, 13, ‫ משׁבצים‬status of being wrapped Ex 28:20 αλ, ‫ שׁבץ‬surrounding forces 2S 1:9 αλ σ ‫עטה‬ ‫ שׁבץ‬surrounding forces 2S 1:9 αλ ← ‫שׁבץ‬ ‫ שׁבר‬,‫ שׂבר‬to look to, in the sense of looking over, inspecting, looking to as in making sure something gets done, provided for Jb 38:10 to look after in the sense of taking care of, providing for Gn 41:56–7 to look to in the sense of expectation, waiting for Rt 1:13, Is 38:18, Es 9:1 → ‫ משׁביר‬person who looks after, takes care of Gn 42:6, Pr 11:26, ,‫שׂבר‬ ‫ שׁבר‬what is looked to (for expectation, provision) hope, ‫ שׂבר‬inspector Ne 2:13, 15, ‫ שׁבר‬provision food Gn 42:1, Am 8:5, Ne 10:32 (31) σ ‫ ראה‬,‫נתן‬ ‫ שׁבר‬to break or tear apart → ‫משׁבר‬ breaking the water bag in the birth of a child, ‫ משׁבר‬breakers (waves), ‫נשׁברת‬ broken, torn apart as in getting injured Ez 27:24, 20:22, 34:4, 16, Zc 11:16, ‫שׁבור‬ broken Lv 22:22 αλ, ‫ שׁבר‬fracture, breaking, ‫ שׁברון‬breaking down, tearing apart Jr 17:18, Ez 21:6 σ ‫ נפץ‬to break apart to split off, divide (apart), ‫פצץ‬ to shatter (with heavy blows) Jr 23:29, Hb 3:6 ‫ פצפץ‬repeatedly shatter with heavy blows Jb 16:12, ‫ רשׁשׁ‬to be shattered, smashed Jr 5:17, Ml 1:4 ‫ שׂבר‬inspector Ne 2:13, 15e ← ‫שׂבר‬ ‫ שׁבר‬,‫ שׂבר‬what is looked to (for expectation, provision) hope ← ‫שׂבר‬ 291 ‫ שׁבר‬provision food Gn 42:1, Am 8:5, Ne 10:32 (31) ← ‫שׁבר‬ ‫ שׁבר‬fracture, breaking ← ‫שׁבר‬ ‫< שׁבר‬name> ‫ שׁברון‬breaking down, tearing apart Jr 17:18, Ez 21:6 ← ‫שׁבר‬ ‫ שׁבת‬β ‫ שׁוב‬,‫ שׁבת‬,‫ישׁב‬ ‫ שׁבת‬to stop (temporarily), usually to take the action up again → ‫ משׁבת‬cessation Lm 1:7 αλ, ‫ שׁבת‬stopping, Sabbath, ‫שׁבתון‬ sabbatical feast (stopping everyday actions) σ ‫ בטל‬to cease working Ko 12:3 αλ, ‫ גמר‬to make a cessation once and for all Ps 7:10 (9), 12:2 (1), 138:8, ‫ המם‬to make cease, not to continue, ‫ חדל‬to abandon as in forsaking (person or effort), quitting (“forget about it”) abandon the effort, also used as a prior restraint, i.e. “give up that idea”, ‫ נאשׁ‬to “knock it off” as in stopping, stopping a continuing or repeating action Jb 6:26 αλ, ‫ פוג‬to stop (indeterminate), ‫ פסס‬to be no more ?? Ps 12:2 (1) αλ, ‫ רגע‬to make a pause, stop ‫ שׁבת‬stopping, Sabbath ← ‫שׁבת‬ ‫ שׁבת‬settling down ← ‫ישׁב‬ ‫ שׁבת‬turning (away) ← ‫שׁוב‬ ‫ שׁבתה‬β ‫ שׁוב‬,‫שׁבת‬ ‫ שׁבתון‬sabbatical feast (stopping everyday actions) ← ‫שׁבת‬ ‫ שׁבתי‬,‫ שׂבתי‬β ‫ שׂיב‬,‫ שׁוב‬,‫ שׁבת‬,‫ישׁב‬ ‫< שׁבתי‬name> ‫ שׂגא‬to be exalted, (hi) to cause to exalt Jb 36:24 αλ → ‫ משׂגיא‬one who causes another to be exalted, “too big for his britches” Jb 12:23 αλ, ‫ שׂגיא‬high, exalted Jb 36:26, 37;23, ‫ שׂגיאות‬exalted thoughts, concepts, exaltedness Ps 19:13 αλ ‫< שׁגא‬name> ‫ שׂגב‬to exult, lift up high, to elevate → ‫ משׂגב‬exultation σ ‫סבל‬ ‫ שׁגה‬,‫ שׁגג‬to do an unintentional action, an accident 1S 26:21, Pr 5:20, 23, Jb 6:24, in a positive sense, be playful, spontaneous Pr 5:19 → ‫ משׁגה‬something done unintentionally, by accident Gn 43:12, a person who makes others do thing they don’t intend to do, e.g. stray off a road Dt 27:18, Pr 28:10, ‫ משׁוגת‬mistake Jb 19:4 αλ, ‫ שׁגג‬one who does an unintentional action Ps 119:67, Jb 12:16, ‫( שׁגגה‬often in form ‫ )בשׁגגה‬accident, unintentional action Lv 5:18, 22:14, Ko 10:5, ‫ שׁגינות‬,‫ שׁגיון‬concerning mistakes ?? plaint ?? Hb 3:1, Ps 7:1 σ ‫חטא‬ ‫ שׁגג‬one who does an unintentional action Ps 119:67, Jb 12:16 ← ‫שׁגג‬ ‫( שׁגגה‬often in form ‫ )בשׁגגה‬accident, unintentional action Lv 5:18, 22:14, Ko 10:5 ← ‫שׁגג‬ ‫ שׂגה‬to put forth leaves Ps 92:12, Jb 8:7, 11 σ ‫פרח‬ ‫< שׁגה‬name> ‫ שׁגו‬β ‫שׁגג‬ ‫< שׂגוב‬name> ‫ שׁגח‬to look steadily, to gaze σ ‫ראה‬ ‫ שׂגיא‬high, exalted Jb 36:26, 37;23 ← ‫שׂגא‬ ‫ שׂגיאות‬exalted thoughts, concepts, exaltedness Ps 19:13 αλ ← ‫שׂגא‬ ‫ שׁגינות‬,‫ שׁגיון‬concerning mistakes ?? plaint ?? Hb 3:1, Ps 7:1 ← ‫שׁגג‬ ‫ שׁגל‬to have sex, become a consort to Dt 28:30, Jr 3:2 (in war) to rape Is 292 13:16, Zc 14:2 → ‫ שׁגל‬consort Ps 45:10, Ne 2:6 σ ‫שׁכב‬ ‫ שׁגל‬consort Ps 45:10, Ne 2:6 ← ‫שׁגל‬ ‫ שׁגע‬to be(come) insane → ‫ שׁגעון‬insanity ‫ שׁגעון‬insanity ← ‫ שׁגע‬σ ‫דבר‬ ‫ שׁגר‬calving, offspring of animals Ex 13:12, Dt 7:13, 28:4, 18, 51 σ ‫בן‬ ‫ שׂגשׂג‬to sprout ?? Is 17:11 αλ σ ‫דשׁא‬ ‫ שׁד‬breast ‫ שׁד‬violence, demon ← ‫שׁדד‬ ‫ שׁדד‬,‫ שׂדד‬to tear up and overturn (physically and figuratively), an action that when the object is dirt is defined as to furrow, plow, make into a field → ‫ שׂדי‬,‫( שׂדה‬plowed) field; when the object is a person, people or city, is defined as to act violently in treating with violence, ‫ שׁדוד‬person who is the victim of violence Jd 5:27, Is 33:1, Mc 2:4 as an adjective Ps 137:8 violence Jr 4:30, 47:4 → ‫ שׁד‬violence, demon σ ‫נכה‬ ‫ שׁדה‬lady, courtier Ko 2:8 αλ σ ‫אשׁה‬ ‫ שׂדי‬,‫( שׂדה‬plowed) field ← ‫ שׂדד‬σ ‫כרם‬ vineyard, ‫ כרמל‬vegetable vegetable garden, ‫ ניר‬field flattened and prepared for cultivation Jr 4:3, Hs 10:12, Pr 3:23, ‫ מזרע‬crop, seeded field Is 19:7 αλ, ‫שׁדמה‬ cultivated field Dt 32:32, 2K 23:4, Is 16:8, 37:27, Hb 3:12, ‫ תלם‬furrow Hs 10:4, 12:12 (11), Ps 65:11 (10), Jb 31:38, 39:10 ‫ שׁדוד‬person who is the victim of violence Jd 5:27, Is 33:1, Mc 2:4 as an adjective Ps 137:8 violence Jr 4:30, 47:4 ← ‫שׂדד‬ ‫ שׁדי‬β ‫ שׁדי‬,‫שׁד‬ ‫( שׁדי‬used only of God) most powerful ?? ‫< שׁדיאור‬name> ‫< שׂדים‬name> ‫ שׁדין‬β ‫דין‬ ‫ שׁדמה‬cultivated field Dt 32:32, 2K 23:4, Is 16:8, 37:27, Hb 3:12 σ ‫שׂדה‬ ‫ שׁדף‬wither to the point of death (at which point the plant does not give seed) → ‫ שׁדפה‬withered (by the east wind) Gn 41:23, 27, 2K 19:26, ‫ שׁדפון‬withering Dt 28:22, 1K 8:37, Am 4:9, Hg 2:17, 2C 6:28 σ ‫ מול‬to clip off, ‫ צנם‬barren, ears with no grain inside Gn 41:23 αλ, ‫ קמל‬to dry up dead Is 19:6, 33:9 ‫ שׁדפה‬withered (by the east wind) Gn 41:23, 27, 2K 19:26 ← ‫שׂדף‬ ‫ שׁדפון‬withering Dt 28:22, 1K 8:37, Am 4:9, Hg 2:17, 2C 6:28 ← ‫שׂדף‬ ‫ שׂדרת‬,‫( שׂדרות‬used of an area of the temple, to delimit its bounds) ?? 1K 6:9, 2K 11:8, 15, 2C 23:14 ‫< שׁדרך‬name> ‫ שׂה‬lamb, kid ‫ שׂהד‬one who gives testimony Jb 16:19 αλ σ ‫עד‬ ‫ שׁהם‬sardonyx, a semiprecious stone often used for cameos Gn 2:12, Ex 25:7, 28:9, 1C 29:2 ‫< שׁהם‬name> ‫ שׂהרנים‬little moons (ornaments) ‫ שׂוא‬β ‫נשׂא‬ ‫( שׁוא‬for) no good reason, idle or empty words, meaningless(ness) → ‫משׁואה‬ making worthless Zp 1:15, Ps 73:18, ‫ משׁואות‬ruins, places empty of inhabitants Ps 73:18 αλ, ‫שׁוא‬ worthlessness; that which has no value, is empty or of no use Ex 20:7, Jb 7:3, 11:11, ‫ שׁואה‬destruction that makes 293 ‫ שׂובך‬limb, large branch 2S 18:9 αλ σ ‫דלית‬ ‫< שׁובל‬name> ‫< שׁובק‬name> ‫ שׁוג‬,‫ שׂוג‬to hold (back), turn (back) ?? 2 Sm 1:22, Ps 119;118, Jb 24:2 ‫ שׁוד‬β ‫ שׁדד‬,‫שׁד‬ ‫ שׁוה‬to arrange, put in order Is 28:25, 38:13, Ps 89:20, 119:30, 131:2 to classify, place or fit into a class Is 40:25, Hs 10:1, Ps 21:6, Pr 26:4, Lm 2:13 → ‫ משׁוה‬one who arranges, classifies 2S 22:34, Ps 18:34, 21:6, ‫ תושׁיה‬forethought, this is thinking ahead of time concerning concepts and ideas, considering options and making contingency plans where applicable (arranging of thoughts ??) Is 28:29, Pr 18:1, Jb 11:6, 12:16, ‫תשׁוה‬ arranged, prepared ?? Jb 30:22 αλ, ‫תשׁיה‬ arrangement, things set up Jb 5:12, 6:13, 26:3, Pr 3:21 ‫ שׁוה‬acceptable Jb 33:27, Es 3:8, 5:13, 7:4 ‫< שׁוה‬name> ‫ שׂוח‬to walk about Gn 24:63 αλ (possibly Qal for a Hiphil ‫ ?? שׂיח‬see entry) σ ‫הלך‬ ‫ שׁוח‬to bring down Pr 2:18 αλ → ‫ שׁוח‬low places (of a land) such as wadis, sinkholes Jr 2:6, ‫ שׁוחה‬fall trap, made by digging a hole, then usually covering it with a flimsy cover to hide it, but the covering falls into the trap when stepped upon Jr 18:20, 22, Pr 22:14, 23:27 σ ‫ירד‬ ‫ שׁוח‬low places (of a land) such as wadis, sinkholes Jr 2:6 ← ‫שׁוח‬ ‫< שׁוח‬name> ‫ שׁיחה‬,‫ שׁוחה‬fall trap, made by digging a hole, then usually covering it with a worthless Is 10:3, Zp 1:15, Ps 35:8, 63:10, Jb 30:3, Pr 1:27 ‫ שׁוא‬worthlessness; that which has no value, is empty or of no use Ex 20:7, Jb 7:3, 11:11 ← ‫שׁוא‬ ‫< שׁוא‬name> ‫ שׁואה‬destruction that makes worthless Is 10:3, Zp 1:15, Ps 35:8, 63:10, Jb 30:3, Pr 1:27 ← ‫שׁוא‬ ‫ שׁואף‬searching out Qo 1:5 αλ ← ‫שׁאף‬ ‫ שׁוב‬to turn (back, away) to return (pillel to restore) → ‫ משׁובת‬repeated actions bad habits (what one keeps returning to) Jr 3:22, 5:6, 14:7, Js 11:7, 14:4, Pr 1:32, ‫ משׁיבת‬that which causes to return (restore) Ps 19:8 (7) αλ, ‫שׁבת‬ turning (away), ‫ שׁובה‬return Is 30:15 αλ, ‫( שׁיבה‬those who) return, ‫ תשׁובת‬return, object that is returned Jb 21:34, ‫תשׁובת‬ ‫ השׁנה‬return to the same time of year 2S 11:1, 1K 20:22, 26, 2C 36:10 σ ‫ שׁבב‬to move from one’s former place ?? Is 58:12, Jr 50:19, Ez 39:2, in a moral sense, to move away from God, be apostate ‫< שׁובאל‬name> ‫ שׁובב‬β ‫ שׁובב‬,‫ שׁוב‬,‫שׁבב‬ ‫ שׁובב‬used as a quadriliteral root for ‫שׁבב‬ in Is 49:5, Ez 38:4, Mc 2:4, Ps 23:3, 60:1 (3) as a participle Ez 38:8, 39:27 ← ‫שׁבב‬ ‫ שׁובב‬apostate Is 57:17, Jr 3:14, 22, 50:6 ← ‫שׁבב‬ ‫< שׁובב‬name> ‫ שׁובבת‬that which moves (a person) ?? Is 47:10 αλ ← ‫שׁבב‬ ‫ שׁובה‬return Is 30:15 αλ ← ‫שׁוב‬ ‫< שׁובה‬name> 294 ‫ שׂוכה‬hedge-wood (easily set aflame) possibly deadwood from a hedge Jd 9:48–9 ← ‫שׂוך‬ ‫< שׂוכה‬name> ‫ שׁוס‬looting Is 17:14 αλ ← ‫שׁסה‬ ‫< שׂוכו‬name> ‫< שׂוכתים‬name> ‫ שׁול‬outer hem, could be quite long Ex 28:33–4, 39:24–6, Is 6:1, Na 1:9 ‫ שׁולל‬despoiled Jb 12:17, 19 ← ‫שׁלל‬ ‫< שׁולמית‬name> ‫ שׂום‬β ‫שׂים‬ ‫ שׁום‬garlic Nu 11:5 αλ ‫< שׁומר‬name> ‫< שׁוני‬name> ‫( שׁונים‬an)other ‫< שׁונם‬name> ‫< שׁונמית‬name> ‫ שׁוע‬to cry on the generosity of a greater for help → ‫ שׁוע‬noble, one who is generous to help ?? Is 32:5, Ez 23:23, Jb 34:19, ‫ שׁועה‬,‫ שׁוע‬cry for help σ ‫דבר‬ ‫ שׁועה‬,‫ שׁוע‬cry for help ← ‫ שׁוע‬σ ‫תפלה‬ ‫ שׁוע‬noble, one who is generous to help ?? Is 32:5, Ez 23:23, Jb 34:19 ← ‫ שׁוע‬σ ‫מלך‬ ‫< שׁוע‬name> ‫< שׁועא‬name> ‫ שׁועל‬fox ‫< שׁועל‬name> ‫ שׁוער‬gate-men, guard at the gate ‫ שׁוף‬to bruise, injure Gn 3:15, Jb 9:17 σ ‫נכה‬ ‫< שׁופמי‬name> ‫< שׁופן‬name> ‫ שׁפר‬,‫ שׁופר‬ram’s horn, shofar Js 6:4–6, 2S 18:16 ← ‫שׁפר‬ flimsy cover to hide it, but the covering falls into the trap when stepped upon Jr 18:20, 22, Pr 22:14, 23:27 ← ‫שׁוח‬ ‫< שׁוחה‬name> ‫< שׁוחי‬name> ‫< שׁוחם‬name> ‫< שׁוחמי‬name> ‫ שטט‬,‫ שטה‬,‫ שוט‬,‫ שוט‬to go about (with a purpose, spreading lies Ps 40:5, in trade Ez 27:8, etc.) → ‫ משוט‬oar (called from its purposeful movement to move the ship), ‫ שוט‬whip, roving about 1K 12:11, 14, Pr 26:3, 2C 10:11, 14, ‫( שטה‬plural ‫ )שטים‬acacia, a tree known also for its thorns and its wood for its hardness and resistance to rot ?? this is a type of tree able to produce beams at least six feet long by over two feet wide, ‫ שטט‬spur ?? Js 23:13 αλ (both spurs and whips are used to make draft animals move) σ ‫הלך‬ ‫ שׁוט‬whip, roving about 1K 12:11, 14, Pr 26:3, 2C 10:11, 14 ← ‫שׁוט‬ ‫ שׂוך‬to screen (often with a hedge) → ‫ משׂוכת‬hedging Is 5:5 αλ, ‫משׂכיות‬ mounting (hedge around) for ornaments Ps 73:7, Pr 25:11, ‫ משׂכית‬a shrine Lv 26:1, Nu 33:52 that includes walls and rooms Ez 8:12, Pr 18:11, ‫ משׂכת‬hedging Pr 15:19, 18:11, ‫ שׂוכה‬hedge-wood (easily set aflame) possibly deadwood from a hedge Jd 9:48–9, ‫ שׂך‬one who hedges Lm 2:6, screening Ho 2:8, ‫שׂכוי‬ screen ?? set up for protection Jb 38:36 αλ 295 ‫ שׁוק‬to go out, often for the purpose to acquire stuff, through foraging, purchase or looting, being out to get something that one wants, used of God being out and about guarding Is 27:3, of people being out like a swarm of locusts Is 33:4, of bears as they foraged for food when they can be quite dangerous Pr 28:15 → ‫ משׁק‬being out and about being all over the place (like locusts in a field) Is 33:4 αλ, ‫ שׁק‬,‫ שׁוק‬shin (bone) (⇐ the idea of being out, walking around “legging about”), an animal’s right rear leg given as part of a feast to show honor, ‫ שׁוק על ירך‬idiom, meaning “dead”, for people who lie with their legs so twisted can only be dead, it is very uncomfortable for the living Jd 15:8, ‫שׁוק‬ city street lined with stalls and shops market where people are out and about among the sales stalls and shops to acquire stuff Pr 7:8, So 3:2, Ko 12:4–5, ‫ תשׁוקת‬attraction, fondness, hankering after Gn 3:16, 4:7, So 7:11 (10) ‫ שׁק‬,‫ שׁוק‬shin (bone) (⇐ the idea of being out, walking around “legging about”), an animal’s right rear leg given as part of a feast to show honor, ‫ירך‬-‫ שׁוק על‬idiom, meaning “dead”, for people who lie with their legs so twisted can only be dead, it is very uncomfortable for the living Jd 15:8 ← ‫שׁוק‬ ‫ שׁוק‬city street lined with stalls and shops market where people are out and about among the sales stalls and shops to acquire stuff Pr 7:8, So 3:2, Ko 12:4–5 ← ‫ שׁוק‬σ ‫דרך‬ ‫ שׁוקק‬β ‫ שׁקק‬,‫שׁוק‬ ‫ שׁור‬to gaze (upon) σ ‫ראה‬ ‫ שׁור‬ox(en) ‫ שׁור‬defensive wall ?? Gn 49:22, 2S 22:30, Ps 18:30 ‫< שׁור‬name> ‫ שׂורה‬β ‫ שׂרה‬,‫שׂורה‬ ‫ שׂורה‬millet ?? Is 28:25 αλ ‫ שׁורה‬supporting wall, one that restrains “chains in” the hillside Jr 5:10, Jb 24:11 ← ‫ שׁרר‬σ ‫קיר‬ ‫< שׁורה‬name> ‫< שׂורק‬name> ‫ שׁורר‬those who would chain in, i.e. one who would find cause to restrict another’s actions, options Ps 5:9, 27:11, 56:3 ← ‫שׁרר‬ ‫ שׂישׂ‬,‫ שׂושׂ‬to be glad → ‫ משׂושׂ‬being glad Is 8:6, 24:8, Ho 2:13, Lm 5:15, ‫ שׂשׂ‬one who is glad Is 64:4, ‫ שׂשׂון‬gladness σ ‫שׂמח‬ ‫( שׁושׁ‬mispelling for ‫ שׁסה‬Is 10:13) β ‫שׁסה‬ ‫< שׁושׁא‬name> ‫ שׁושׁנה‬,‫ שׁושׁן‬flower with a bell shaped blossom Hs 14:6, So 2:1–2, 16, 6:2–3, 2C 4:5 flower shaped sculptural design 1K 7:19, 22, 26, 2C 4:5 a type of wind instrument so shaped Ps 60:1, 69:1 ‫ שׁושׁן‬city name, Persian capitol ‫( שׁושׂ‬misspelling for ‫ שׁסה‬Is 10:13) β ‫שׁסה‬ ‫ שׁות‬β ‫שׁית‬ ‫< שׁותלח‬name> ‫ שׁזף‬to glimpse for a moment σ ‫ראה‬ ‫ שׂח‬softly spoken thought ← ‫שׂיח‬ ‫ שׁח‬β ‫ שׁחח‬,‫ שׁחה‬,‫שׁוח‬ ‫ שׁחד‬to bribe Ez 16:33, Jb 6:22 → ‫שׁחד‬ bribe Ex 23:8, Dt 10:17, 16:19, Pr 17:23, ‫ שׁחד‬one to gives a bribe Jb 15:34 296 ‫ שׁחד‬bribe Ex 23:8, Dt 10:17, 16:19, Pr 17:23 ← ‫ שׁחד‬σ ‫ מתנת‬gifts given with strings attached ?? Gn 25:6 that they renounce all claims to inherit along with Isaac, Ez 20:31, Pr 15:27 short of a bribe ‫ שׁחד‬one to gives a bribe Jb 15:34 ← ‫שׁחד‬ ‫ שׂחה‬to swim Is 25:11, used figuratively for the tossing and turning when can’t get to sleep Ps 6:7 → ‫ שׂחו‬swimming Ez 47:5 αλ ‫ שׁחה‬,‫ שׂחה‬to prostrate (when one prostrates oneself, he does so for the purpose of honoring another) with forehead to the ground, hands outstretched σ ‫ גהר‬to prostrate oneself 1K 18:42, 2K 4:34–5, ‫ כפף‬to bend down, make a curve (like a palm frond, leaf of a marsh reed) (often pictures the action in worship to God and obeisance to authorities), ‫ כרע‬to crouch (as a sign of obeisance, as a cat hunting prey), curl up into a fetal position (while dying), ‫סגד‬ to make obeisance (a gesture of reverence) Is 44:15, 17, 19, 46:6, ‫ קדד‬to bow down, ‫ קרס‬to make a deep bow with the body in a hook shape, head down ‫ שׂחו‬β ‫ שׂחו‬,‫שׂח‬ ‫ שׂחו‬swimming Ez 47:5 αλ ← ‫שׂחה‬ ‫ שׁחוה‬to do obeisance, found only in Hitpael binyan. ‫ שחוח‬downcast Is 60:14 αλ ← ‫שׁחח‬ ‫ שׁחוט‬alloyed ‫ שׂחק‬,‫ שׂחוק‬laughter ← ‫שׂחק‬ ‫ שׁחור‬dark Jr 2:18, So 1:5, Lm 4:8 ← ‫שׁחר‬ ‫ שׁחות‬ruination ?? Ps 35:14, Pr 28:10 ← ‫שׁחת‬ ‫ שׁחח‬to downcast, bring down Jb 9:13, Ps 44:26 → ‫ ישׁח‬that which brings one down ?? Mc 6:14 αλ, ‫ שחוח‬downcast Is 60:14 αλ ‫ שׂחט‬to squeeze out (grapes) Gn 40:11 αλ seeing as the phrase “blood of grapes” is found Gn 49:11, Dt 32:14, it’s not a stretch to think that the ancients talked about a “slaughter of grapes” in the making of wine. ‫ שׁחט‬to slaughter (murder Jr 41:7, Ez 23:39, combatants in war Jd 12:6, execution Nu 14:16, 1K 18:40, animals Gn 37:31 as preparation for sacrifices Ex 12:6, 21, 34:25, food 1S 14:32, 34, metaphorically grapes as their red juice (blood) is poured into wine Gn 40:11) → ‫ שׁחטה‬slaughter, killing as in murder Hs 5:2 αλ, ‫ שׁחיטת‬slaughtering for sacrifices 2C 30:17 αλ σ ‫הרג‬ ‫ שׁחטה‬slaughter, killing as in murder Hs 5:2 αλ ← ‫שׁחט‬ ‫ שׁחיטת‬slaughtering for sacrifices 2C 30:17 αλ ← ‫שׁחט‬ ‫ שׁחין‬skin ulcer, that is infectious, flowing pus Ex 9:9–11, Lv 13:18–20, Jb 2:7 σ ‫דבר‬ ‫ שׁחיס‬self-sown grain ?? Is 37:30 αλ (DSS ‫ )שׁעיס‬σ ‫ סחישׁ‬self-sown grain ?? 2K 19:29 αλ ‫ שׂחיף‬cladding of (wood) ?? Ez 41:16 αλ ‫ שׁחל‬jackal ?? Hs 5:14, 13:7, Ps 91:13, Pr 26:13, Jb 4:10, 10:16, 28:8 ‫ שׁחלת‬a type of perfume Ex 30:34 αλ ‫ שׁחף‬seagull ?? Lv 11:16, Dt 14:15 σ ‫עוף‬ 297 ‫ שׁחפת‬consumption, where people waste away because of the disease Lv 26:16, Dt 28:22 σ ‫דבר‬ ‫ שׁחץ‬a type of (sea?) animal ?? Jb 28:8, 41:26 (34) ‫< שׁחצימה‬name> ‫ שׂחק‬to laugh with joy, rejoice → ‫משׂחק‬ action of laughing, person who is laughing, ‫ שׂחק‬,‫ שׂחוק‬laughter σ ‫ התל‬to treat with contempt in a way that makes fun of, mocks Gn 31:7, Ex 8:25, Jd 16:10, 13, 15, Jr 9:4, Jb 13:9, 17:2 to mock contemptuously 1K 18:27, ‫ לעב‬to mock, ‫ לעג‬to laugh derisively Is 33:19, Ps 2:4, 59:9, Pr 30:17, Ne 3:33 (4:1), ‫ מוק‬to deride ?? Ps 73:8 αλ, ‫ נחר‬to snort, making the sound of a derisive laugh ?? So 1:6, ‫ צחק‬to laugh at, jest, mock, ‫תעע‬ to scoff ‫ שׁחק‬to grind finely to make into a powder Ex 30:36, 2S 22:43, Ps 18:43, Jb 14:19 → ‫ שׁחק‬fine particles of dust Is 40:15 or water, used of clouds Dt 33:26, Jr 51:9, Ps 36:6 ‫ שׁחק‬fine particles of dust Is 40:15 or water, used of clouds Dt 33:26, Jr 51:9, Ps 36:6 ← ‫ שׁחק‬σ ‫ אד‬water vapor Gn 2:6, Jb 36:27 σ ‫ענן‬ ‫ שׁחר‬to become dark Jb 30:30 → ‫שׁחור‬ dark Jr 2:18, So 1:5, Lm 4:8, ‫ שׁחר‬dawn just as it starts to get light before the sun rises σ ‫חשׁך‬ ‫ שׁחר‬to look for in sense of really searching Is 26:9, Hs 5:15, Pr 1:28, 7:15, 11:27, 13:24 → ‫ שׁחרות‬being good looking Ko 11:10 αλ, ‫ שׁחרחר‬good looking So 1:6 αλ σ ‫בקשׁ‬ ‫ שׁחר‬dawn just as it starts to get light before the sun rises ← ‫שׁחר‬ ‫ שׁחר‬a musical instrument ?? Ps 22:1, 57:9 (8), 108:3 (2) || ‫הנבל וכנור‬ ‫< שׁחר‬name> ‫ שׁחרות‬being good looking Ko 11:10 αλ ← ‫שׁחר‬ ‫ שׁחרחר‬good looking So 1:6 αλ ← ‫שׁחר‬ ‫< שׁחריה‬name> ‫< שׁחרים‬name> ‫ שׁחת‬to ruin as in being destroyed, made of no use → ‫ משׁחית‬ruination Dn 10:8, 2C 22:4 person or group causing ruination Ex 12:13, 23, e.g. raiding party (that leaves ruins in its wake) 1S 13:17, 14:15 also used as a hi participle Gn 19:14, 2S 24:16, 1C 21;12, ‫משׁחת‬ ruination, ‫ שׁחות‬ruination ?? Ps 35:14, Pr 28:10, ‫ שׁחת‬ruination σ ‫ אלח‬to corrupt Ps 14:3, 53:3, Jb 15:16, ‫ בוק‬to depopulate, ‫ בלק‬to devastate (unused root), ‫ בקק‬to lay waste such that the land is emptied Jr 19:7, 51:2, Nh 2:3 (2), ‫ הגה‬to eliminate to remove 2S 20:13, Pr 25:4–5 destroy, ruin Is 27:8, Ps 90:9, ‫ הרס‬to tear down (wall, boundary, altar) to make into a ruin, ‫ חרב‬to desolate in the sense of removing (inhabitants, water), to make into nothing to dry (up) when dealing with waters, rivers, ‫ נתץ‬to pull down (altar, idol, house) as an act of destruction, ‫ שׁמד‬to destroy, ‫ שׁמם‬to be unable to react to be desolated, referring to both the physical destruction and the mental grief, used also to the total shock that leaves one speechless at 298 ‫ שׂטנה‬place name where attacked Gn 26:21 ← ‫שׂטן‬ ‫ שׁטף‬to overflow, wash over to rinse, this is not necessarily with water, as almost every time water is meant, it is specifically mentioned, Dn 9:26, 11:40 with military forces → ‫ שׁטף‬washing over flood σ ‫רחץ‬ ‫ שׁטף‬washing over flood ← ‫ שׁטף‬σ ‫חנמל‬ devastating flood ?? Ps 78:47 αλ, ‫מבול‬ great amount world wide flood, used only of the flood in Genesis 6–11, Ps 29:10 ‫ שׁטר‬officer, one who passes down commands from higher officials and is in charge of making sure the orders are fulfilled σ ‫מלך‬ ‫< שׁטרי‬name> ‫( שׁי‬shouted out) praise ?? Is 18:7, Ps 68:30 (29), 76:12 (11) σ ‫שׂמחה‬ ‫ שׂיא‬height, loftiness ?? Jb 20:6 αλ ← ‫נשׂא‬ ‫< שׁיא‬name> ‫< שׂטאן‬name> ‫< שׁיאן‬name> ‫ שׂיב‬to have one’s hair become white from age to become old 1K 14:4 αλ → ,‫שׂיב‬ ‫ שׂיבה‬white hairs old age Gn 15:15, 44:29, Jd 8:32, Rt r:15, Hs 7:9, Pr 16:21 σ ‫זקן‬ ‫ שׂיבה‬,‫ שׂיב‬white hairs old age Gn 15:15, 44:29, Jd 8:32, Rt r:15, Hs 7:9, Pr 16:21 ← ‫שׂיב‬ ‫( שׁיבה‬those who) return ← ‫שׁוב‬ ‫ שׂיג‬β ‫ שׂיג‬,‫נשׂג‬ ‫ שׂיג‬to relieve oneself 1K 18:27 αλ ‫ שׂיד‬to whitewash, i.e. apply lime to the exterior of a house to protect it → ‫שׂיד‬ a surprising, usually negative, event or situation σ ‫פרץ‬ ‫ שׁחת‬ruination ← ‫ שׁחת‬σ ‫ גוה‬elimination destruction, ruination ?? Jr 13:17, Jb 20:25, 22:29, 33:17, ‫ מבלקה‬making devastated ?? Nh 2:11 (10) αλ, ‫קטב‬ destruction Dt 32:24, Is 28:2, Hs 13:14, Ps 91:6 ‫ שׂט‬one who moves away from (God as an apostate) Hs 5:2, Ps 101:3 ← ‫שׂטה‬ ‫ שׂטה‬β ‫ שׁטה‬,‫שׂוט‬ ‫ שׂטה‬to turn away (from, towards) Nu 5:12, 19–20, 29, Pr 4:15, 7:25 → ‫ שׂט‬one who moves away from (God as an apostate) Hs 5:2, Ps 101:3 σ ‫סור‬ ‫( שׁטה‬plural ‫ )שׁטימ‬acacia, a tree known also for its thorns and its wood for its hardness and resistance to rot ?? this is a type of tree able to produce beams at least six feet long by over two feet wide ← ‫שׁוט‬ ‫ שׁטח‬to spread around → ‫ משׁטח‬,‫משׁטוח‬ place to spread (nets) around (to dry them) σ ‫פרשׂ‬ ‫ שׁטט‬spur ?? Js 23:13 αλ ← ‫ שׁוט‬σ ‫דרבן‬ ‫< שׁטים‬name> ‫ שׂטם‬to treat roughly Gn 27:41, 49:23, 50:15, Ps 53:3, Jb 16:9, 30:21 → ‫משׂטמה‬ rough treatment Hs 9:7–8 σ ‫נכה‬ ‫ שׂטן‬to attack, by words, deeds and physical weapons → ‫ שׂטן‬attacker, enemy, ‫ שׂטנה‬attack, accusation Ezr 4:6 αλ, place name where attacked Gn 26:21 σ ‫ריב‬ ‫ שׂטן‬attacker, enemy ← ‫ שׂטן‬σ ‫אויב‬ ‫ שׂטנה‬attack, accusation Ezr 4:6 αλ 299 deposit Lv 5:21 (6:2) αλ σ ‫ ברא‬to create, set up to make sleek (well fed) (set up with good food), ‫ גלע‬to set up ?? Pr 17:14, 18:1, 20:3, ‫ זעך‬to set up, prepare ?? Jb 17:1 αλ, ‫ יסד‬to set up, establish—earth Ps 24:2 and all that is in it Ps 89:12, a country (Egypt) Ex 9:18. God’s witnesses i.e. laws Ps 119:152 to lay a foundation for a house, building, ‫ יצג‬to position, ‫ כון‬to establish, in the sense of setting up, making firm, trustworthy, ‫ נצב‬to set up e.g. monument, building, fort over occupied territory, appointed officer over a fort, ‫ ערך‬to set up in the sense of putting in order, arranging, valuing, ‫ רפד‬to lay out ?? Jb 17:13, 41:22, So 2:5, ‫ שׁית‬to put, this verb has a wide circle of meaning including to moving to or placing into a particular position, bringing into a particular state or condition and causing the action to be done ‫“ שׁית לב‬to put one’s heart” to consider, think about Ex 7:23, Pr 22:17, 24:32, 27:23, ‫ שׁפת‬to set up, as a tool, dishes, something to be used Ex 15:10, 2K 4:38, Is 26:12, Jr 5:16, Ez 24:3, Ps 22:16 (15) ‫< שׁימון‬name> ‫( שׁין‬hitpael) to relieve oneself urinate → ‫ שׁין‬urine ‫ שׁין‬urine ← ‫שׁין‬ ‫ שׁיפוח‬β ‫פוח‬ ‫ שׁיר‬to sing → ‫ משׁורר‬continuous singing ?? 1C 6:18, 2C 23:13, 29:28, ‫ משׁררים‬refers to a group of priests whose job it was continually to keep lime (made by burning limestone, bones) whitewash, made from lime ‫ שׂיד‬lime (made by burning limestone, bones) whitewash, made from lime σ ‫ גר‬lime ?? Is 27:9 αλ ‫< שׁיזא‬name> ‫ שׁיזעו‬β ‫זוע‬ ‫ שׁיח‬,‫ שׂיח‬to talk to oneself, putting one’s thoughts into words, to speak softly (possibly Hiphil for ‫ )?? שׂוח‬Is 53:8, Ps 69:13 (12), 77:13 → ‫ שׂיח‬,‫ שׂח‬softly spoken thought, ‫ שׂיחה‬meditation spoken to oneself Ps 119:85, 99, Jb 15:4 σ ‫דבר‬ ‫ שׂיח‬shrub Gn 2:5, 21:15, Jb 30:4, 7 σ ‫דשׁא‬ ‫ שׂיח‬softly spoken thought ← ‫שׂיח‬ ‫ שׂיחה‬meditation spoken to oneself Ps 119:85, 99, Jb 15:4 ← ‫שׂיח‬ ‫ שׁיחה‬pit ?? Jr 18:22, Ps. 57:7 (6) σ ‫בור‬ ‫ שׁחר‬,‫ שׁחור‬,‫ שׁיחור‬creek ?? ‫< שׁיחור‬name> ‫< שׁיחור לבנת‬name> ‫ שׁיט‬flood, i.e. the sea, referring to much water Is 28:15, 33:21 ‫( שׁילה‬a word with disputed meaning) ?? Gn 49:10 αλ this appears to be a corruption of ‫ שׁלה‬also attested to in some copies of the Samaritan Pentateuch meaning “to whom it belongs” (modern Hebrew ‫)שׁלו‬ ‫< שׁילה‬name> ‫< שׁילו‬name> ‫< שׁילוני‬name> ‫ שׁילל‬β ‫שׁלל‬ ‫< שׁילני‬name> ‫ שׂים‬to set, place, put → ‫ שׁם‬there, that place, name title, reputation (⇐ to place a person by his handle), ‫תשׂומת‬ 300 ‫ שׁכב‬to lie down as a euphemism for sexual relationship → ‫ משׁכב‬couch, bed, ‫ שׁכבת‬lying down (with) often used as a euphemism for sexual relations σ ‫ שׁגל‬to have sex, become a consort to Dt 28:30, Jr 3:2 (in war) to rape Is 13:16, Zc 14:2, ‫ישׁב‬ ‫ שׁכבת‬lying down (with) often used as a euphemism for sexual relations ← ‫שׁכב‬ ‫ שׁכה‬to mount, used of a male animal as it mates Jr 5:8 αλ ‫ שׂכו‬name of town ‫ שׂכו‬β ‫שׂוכ‬ ‫ שׂכוי‬screen ?? set up for protection Jb 38:36 αλ ← ‫ שׂוך‬σ ‫קיר‬ ‫ שׁכול‬fruitless(ness) childless(ness) Is 47:8–9, 49:21 like a bear who has lost its cubs 2S 17:8, Hs 13:8, Pr 17:12 ← ‫שׁכל‬ ‫ שׁכור‬drunkard Is 19:14, 24:20, Ps 107:27, Pr 26:9, Jb 12:25 drunk Jr 23:9, ‫ שׁתה שׁכור‬drink to excess, to become drunk 1K 16:9, 20:16 ← ‫שׁכר‬ ‫ שׂכות‬grammatically this can be either something that is instrumental or something to be filled. Traditionally has been understood as harpoons Jb 40:31 (41:7) αλ ‫ שׁכח‬to forget σ ‫ בעט‬to neglect Dt 32:15, 1S 2:29, ‫ נשׁה‬to put out of mind Gn 41:51, Dt 32:18, Is 44:21, Jr 15:10, 23:39, Jb 11:6, 39:17, Lm 3:17 ‫< שׂכיה‬name> ‫< שׁכיה‬name> ‫ שׂכיות‬objects cargo Is 2:16 αλ ‫ שׂכין‬knife ?? something sharp that sticks in one’s throat, i.e. bone ?? Pr 23:2 αλ σ ‫ מחלף‬slaughtering knife ?? priestly constant singing with instrumental accompaniment in the temple (this is a word used only in post-Babylonian exile Biblical Hebrew), ‫ שׁירה‬,‫ שׁיר‬song, ,‫שׁר‬ ‫ שׁרה‬singer σ ‫ זמר‬to sing with instrumental accompaniment Ps 27:6, 71:22–3, 146:2, ‫ קין‬to sing a lament, dirge ‫ שׁירה‬,‫ שׁיר‬song ← ‫ שׁיר‬σ ‫ זמרה‬song with instrumental accompaniment Is 51:3, Ps 81:3 (2), 98:5, 147:1, ‫ קינה‬dirge, song of mourning ‫ שׁירות‬decorative chains ?? Is 3:19 αλ ← ‫שׁרר‬ ‫ שׂישׂ‬β ‫ שׂישׂ‬,‫שׂושׂ‬ ‫ שׂישׂ‬white marble ?? 1C 29:2 αλ ‫< שׁישׁא‬name> ‫< שׁישׁק‬name> ‫ שׁית‬to put, this verb has a wide circle of meaning including to moving to or placing into a particular position, bringing into a particular state or condition and causing the action to be done ‫“ שׁית לב‬to put one’s heart” to consider, think about Ex 7:23, Pr 22:17, 24:32, 27:23 → ‫ שׁית‬putting (on, forth (action)) Ps 73:6 Pr 7:10 σ ‫שׂים‬ ‫ שׁית‬putting (on, forth (action)) Ps 73:6 Pr 7:10 ← ‫שׁית‬ ‫ שׁית‬weed(s), e.g. thistle Is 5:6, 7:23–5, 9:17, 10:17, 27:4 σ ‫שׁמיר‬ ‫ שׂך‬β ‫ שׂך‬,‫שׂוך‬ ‫ ?? שׂך‬something that pokes eyes Nu 33:55 αλ σ ‫שׂכין‬ ‫ שׂך‬one who hedges Lm 2:6, screening Ho 2:8 ← ‫שׂוך‬ 301 robes ?? Ezr 1:9 αλ, ‫( שׂך‬something that pokes eyes) ?? Nu 33:55 αλ ‫ שׂכיר‬hireling, hired worker Ex 12:45, 22:15, Lv 25:6, 40, Jb 7:1–2, 14:6 ← ‫שׂכר‬ σ ‫עבד‬ ‫ שׁכך‬to abate go down water level Gn 8:1, go down anger Est 7:10 ‫ שׁככה‬β ‫ שׁכך‬,‫כה‬ ‫ שׂכל‬to discern, act with discernment → ‫ אשׂכיל‬giving discernment Ps 32:8 αλ, ‫ משׂכיל‬causing discernment success, a type of psalm, to give discernment? ‫ שׂכל‬discernment σ ‫ידע‬ ‫ שׁכל‬to be(come) fruitless, childless → ‫ שׁכול‬fruitless(ness) childless(ness) Is 47:8–9, 49:21 like a bear who has lost its cubs 2S 17:8, Hs 13:8, Pr 17:12 ‫ שׂכל‬discernment ← ‫שׂכל‬ ‫ שׂכלות‬β ‫סכלות‬ ‫ שׁכם‬to rise up → ‫ שׁכם‬rising, i.e. morning 1S 17:16, ‫ שׁכם‬shoulder (inward from ‫ )כתף‬used to carry, i.e. to make things rise? portion (carried on a shoulder), ‫ שׁכם אחד‬portion, advantage ?? Gn 48:22, Zp 3:9 σ ‫קום‬ ‫ שׁכם‬rising, i.e. morning 1S 17:16 ← ‫שׁכם‬ ‫ שׁכם‬shoulder (inward from ‫ )כתף‬used to carry, i.e. to make things rise? portion (carried on a shoulder) ← ‫שׁכם‬ ‫< שׁכם‬name> ‫< שׁכמה‬name> ‫< שׁכמי‬name> ‫ שׁכן‬β ‫ שׁכן‬,‫אשׁר כן‬ ‫ שׁכן‬to dwell → ‫ משׁכן‬place for dwelling, which can be a tent, building or even a neighborhood, city or territory, ‫שׁכן‬ neighbor, one who dwells in the neighborhood σ ‫ישׁב‬ ‫< שׁכניה‬name> ‫< שׁכניהו‬name> ‫ שׂכר‬to hire → ‫ משׂכרה‬wages, ‫שׂכיר‬ hireling, hired worker Ex 12:45, 22:15, Lv 25:6, 40, Jb 7:1–2, 14:6, ‫ שׂכר‬wages σ ‫עבד‬ ‫ שׁכר‬to become drunk → ‫ שׁכור‬drunkard Is 19:14, 24:20, Ps 107:27, Pr 26:9, Jb 12:25 drunk Jr 23:9, ‫ שׁתה שׁכור‬drink to excess, to become drunk 1K 16:9, 20:16, ‫ שׁכר‬alcoholic drink, ‫ שׁכרון‬drunkenness σ ‫ סבא‬to get drunk Is 56:12 αλ ‫ שׂכר‬wages ← ‫שׂכר‬ ‫ שׁכר‬alcoholic drink ← ‫ שׁכר‬σ ‫סבא‬ drunkard Dt 21:20, Pr 23:20–1, strong drink to get drunk on Is 1:22, Hs 4:18, getting drunk Nh 1:10 ‫< שׂכר‬name> ‫ שׁכרון‬drunkenness ← ‫שׁכר‬ ‫< שׁכרונה‬name> ‫ שׂכתי‬β ‫שׂוך‬ ‫ שׁל‬β ‫ שׁל‬,‫נשׁל‬ ‫ שׁל‬overconfidence, action taken in overconfidence, not giving proper honor, respect 2S 6:7, Ko 8:17 ← ‫שׁלה‬ ‫ שׁלאנן‬β ‫שׁאנן‬ ‫ שׁלב‬to dovetail, join with dovetails Ex 26:17, 36;22 → ‫ שׁלב‬dovetail 1K 7:28–9 ‫ שׁלב‬dovetail 1K 7:28–9 ← ‫שׁלב‬ ‫ שׁלג‬to snow → ‫ שׁלג‬snow ‫ שׁלג‬snow ← ‫שׁלג‬ ‫ שׁלה‬to be confident, at peace Hiphil give reason for confidence, satisfaction → ‫שׁל‬ overconfidence, action taken in overconfidence, not giving proper honor, 302 respect 2S 6:7, Ko 8:17, ‫ שׁלה‬reason for confidence, peace, satisfaction, i.e. what Hannah had prayed for 1S 1:17 αλ, ,‫שׁלו‬ ‫ שׁליו‬at ease, ‫ שׁלוה‬quietness, confidence, ‫ שׁלום‬peace at peace, quietness, confidence ?? (like ‫ ערום‬and ‫ פדיום‬this is derived from a root that ends in a ‫)ה‬ (the antonym of ‫ מלחמת‬is ‫שׁקט‬ “peaceful”), ‫ שׁלי‬in confidence, tell a secret 2S 3:27 αλ, ‫ שׁלית‬that which causes comfort, i.e. children, afterbirth, placenta ?? Dt 28:57 αλ σ ‫ שׁאן‬to be quietly confident ‫ שׁלה‬reason for confidence, peace, satisfaction, i.e. what Hannah had prayed for 1S 1:17 αλ ← ‫שׁלה‬ ‫< שׁלה‬name> ‫ שׁלהבת‬flame Jb 15:30, So 8:6, Dn 11:33 ← ‫להב‬ ‫ שׂלו‬quail Ex 16:13, Lv 11:31–2, Ps 105:40 σ ‫עוף‬ ‫ שׁליו‬,‫ שׁלו‬at ease ← ‫שׁלה‬ ‫ שׁלוה‬quietness, confidence ← ‫שׁלה‬ ‫ שׁלוחים‬sending away (gift), in a marriage, the dowry Ex 18:2, 1K 9:16, Mc 1:14 ← ‫שׁלח‬ ‫ שׁלום‬peace at peace, quietness, confidence ?? (like ‫ ערום‬and ‫ פדיום‬this is derived from a root that ends in a ‫)ה‬ (the antonym of ‫ מלחמת‬is ‫שׁקט‬ “peaceful”) (see following words) ← ‫ שׁלה‬σ ‫שׁקט‬ ‫ שׁלום‬fullness Ez 7:25 (in) full agreement (after making a treaty) fullness in the concept of being at one with a relative or friend, holding nothing back welfare, as in being full with all that one needs that which makes full or complete (the word itself doesn’t mean “peace”) ← ‫שׁלם‬ ‫ שׁלום‬paying back, giving retribution Is 34:8, Mc 7:3 ← ‫שׁלם‬ ‫< שׁלום‬name> ‫ שׁלומים‬status of being complete, completely Is 34:8, Jr 13:19, Ps 69:23 (22) ← ‫שׁלם‬ ‫< שׁלומית‬name> ‫< שׁלון‬name> ‫< שׁלוני‬name> ‫ שׁלשׁ‬,‫ שׁלושׁ‬three ← ‫שׁלשׁ‬ ‫ שׁלות‬β ‫שׁלל‬ ‫ שׁלח‬to send (out) → ‫ משׁלח‬place where livestock sent out to graze Is 7:25, 27:10, ‫ משׁלח‬,‫ משׁלוח‬sending, ‫ שׁלוחים‬sending away (gift), in a marriage, the dowry Ex 18:2, 1K 9:16, Mc 1:14, ‫ שׁלח‬something that is sent out, such as a missile, thrown weapon ‫ שׁלח‬something that is sent out, such as a missile, thrown weapon ← ‫שׁלח‬ ‫< שׁלח‬name> ← ‫שׁלח‬ ‫< שׁלחי‬name> ‫ שׁלחים‬ß ‫ שׁלח‬,‫שׁלוחים‬ ‫< שׁלחים‬name> ‫ שׁלחן‬table ‫ שׁלט‬to have authority, more in the sense of having power, ability, prestige Ps 119:133, Ko 2:19, 5:18, 6:2,, 8:9, Es 9:1 → ‫ שׁלט‬shield, showing badge of authority 2S 8:7. 2K 11:10, Jr 51:11, Ez 27:11, So 4:4, 1C 18:7, 2C 23:9, ‫שׁלטון‬ authority Ko 8:4, 8, ‫ שׁלטת‬acting as if with authority or backing of authoity Ez 16:30 αλ, ‫( שׁליט‬person of) authority Gn 303 76:6 (5) αλ, ‫ שׁולל‬despoiled Jb 12:17, 19, ‫ שׁלל‬spoils gain taken from war, trade σ ‫גנב‬ ‫ שׁלל‬spoils gain taken from war, trade ← ‫ שׁלל‬σ ‫ מלקוח‬spoil, booty ‫ שׁלם‬to make whole, to fill in what was lacking, to fulfill (curses, promises to give settlement both pleasing and displeasing) to repay, pay back → ‫ שׁלום‬fullness Ez 7:25 (in) full agreement (after making a treaty) fullness in the concept of being at one with a relative or friend, holding nothing back welfare, as in being full with all that one needs that which makes full or complete (the word itself doesn’t mean “peace”), ‫ שׁלום‬paying back, giving retribution Is 34:8, Mc 7:3, ‫ שׁלם‬wholly, completely 1K 8:61, 11:4, wholeness Ez 13:16, wholeness as in complete agreement ?? 1K 5:26, payback, response Gn 37:4 payback, revenge 1K 2:5–6. ‫ לבב שׁלם‬whole hearted 1K 11:4, 15:3, 14, 2C 19:9, 25:2, ‫ שׁלמה‬whole proper size Dt 25:15, Pr 11:1, complete(ness) Am 1:6, 9, Rt 2:12, So 1:7, ‫שׁלמן‬ kickback, an under the table payment to smooth the way in business Hs 10:14 αλ, ‫ שׁלמת‬fullness end, what comes when all is fulfilled Ps 91:8 ‫ שׁלם‬wholly, completely 1K 8:61, 11:4, wholeness Ez 13:16, wholeness as in complete agreement ?? 1K 5:26, payback, response Gn 37:4 payback, revenge 1K 2:5–6. ‫ לבב שׁלם‬whole hearted 1K 11:4, 15:3, 14, 2C 19:9, 25:2 ← ‫שׁלם‬ ‫< שׁלם‬name> Ps 76:3 (2) 42:6, Ko 5:18 (19), 6:2, 7:19, 8:8, 10:5 σ ‫בעל‬ ‫ שׁלט‬shield, showing badge of authority 2S 8:7. 2K 11:10, Jr 51:11, Ez 27:11, So 4:4, 1C 18:7, 2C 23:9 ← ‫שׁלט‬ ‫ שׁלטון‬authority Ko 8:4, 8 ← ‫שׁלט‬ ‫ שׁלטת‬acting as if with authority or backing of authoity Ez 16:30 αλ ← ‫שׁלט‬ ‫ שׁלי‬β ‫ שׁלי‬,‫אשׁר לי‬ ‫ שׁלי‬in confidence, tell a secret 2S 3:27 αλ ← ‫שׁלה‬ ‫ שׁליו‬β ‫שׁלו‬ ‫( שׁליט‬person of) authority Gn 42:6, Ko 5:18 (19), 6:2, 7:19, 8:8, 10:5 ← ‫ שׁלט‬σ ‫מלך‬ ‫ שׁלשׁ‬,‫ שׁלישׁ‬person third in line of command, three stringed instrument ← ‫שׁלשׁ‬ ‫ שׁלישׁי‬,‫ שׁלישׁ‬third third time ← ‫שׁלשׁ‬ ‫ שׁלית‬that which causes comfort, i.e. children, afterbirth, placenta ?? Dt 28:57 αλ ← ‫שׁלה‬ ‫ שׁלך‬to throw down → ‫ שׁלכת‬throwing down σ ‫ טול‬to toss (down), ‫ נגר‬to hurl down, pour down (stones Mc 1:6, waters 2S 14:14, Mc 1:4, people Jr 18:21, Ez 8:5, Ps 63:11), ‫ נשׁל‬to leave Rt 2:16, 2C 29:11 (ax head from the wooden shaft) Dt 19:5 used in the context of people leaving their homes Dt 7:1, 22, 2K 16:6, ‫ תזז‬to strike away Is 18:5 αλ ‫ שׁלך‬cormorant ?? Lv 11:17, Dt 14:17 σ ‫עוף‬ ‫ שׁלכת‬throwing down ← ‫שׁלך‬ ‫< שׁלכת‬name> ‫ שׁלל‬to despoil, take spoils → ‫אשׁתוללו‬ despoiled (by their own actions) ?? Ps 304 ‫< שׂלמא‬name> ‫ שׂלמה‬garment, as far as I can tell, identical to ‫( שׂמלה‬found 10 times) σ ‫שׂמלה‬ ‫ שׁלמה‬whole proper size Dt 25:15, Pr 11:1, complete(ness) Am 1:6, 9, Rt 2:12, So 1:7 ← ‫שׁלם‬ ‫< שׂלמה‬name> ‫< שׁלמה‬name> ‫< שׂלמון‬name> ‫< שׁלמות‬name> ‫< שׁלמי‬name> ‫< שׁלמיאל‬name> ‫< שׁלמיה‬name> ‫< שׁלמיהו‬name> ‫< שׁלמית‬name> ‫ שׁלמן‬kickback, an under the table payment to smooth the way in business Hs 10:14 αλ ← ‫שׁלם‬ ‫< שׁלמן‬name> ‫< שׁלמנאסר‬name> ‫ שׁלמת‬fullness end, what comes when all is fulfilled Ps 91:8 ← ‫שׁלם‬ ‫< שׁלני‬name> ‫ שׁלף‬to pull something off or out of its usual place σ ‫משׁך‬ ‫< שׁלף‬name> ‫ שׁלשׁ‬to make into three, thirds (in the case of thread, twined from three threads) → ‫ שׁלשׁ‬,‫ שׁלושׁ‬three trident, ‫ שׁלשׁ‬,‫שׁלישׁ‬ person third in line of command, three stringed instrument, ‫ שׁלישׁי‬,‫ שׁלישׁ‬third third time, ‫ שׁלשׁ‬three-stringed instrument, a type of lute? 1S 18:6, ‫שׁלשׁ‬ some sort of measuring container ?? Is 40:12, ‫ שׁלשׁ קלשׁון‬trident 1S 13:21, ‫ שׁלשׁום‬three days ago previously (idiomatic use) Gn 31:2, Rt 2:11, Pr 22:20, 1C 11:2, ‫ שׁלשׁים‬thirty, third generation, great grandchildren, third story ‫ שׁלשׁ‬three-stringed instrument, a type of lute? 1S 18:6 ← ‫שׁלשׁ‬ ‫ שׁלשׁ‬some sort of measuring container ?? Is 40:12 ← ‫שׁלשׁ‬ ‫< שׁלשׁ‬name> ‫< שׁלשׁה‬name> ‫ שׁלשׁום‬three days ago previously (idiomatic use) Gn 31:2, Rt 2:11, Pr 22:20, 1C 11:2 ← ‫שׁלשׁ‬ ‫ שׁלשׁים‬thirty, third generation, great grandchildren, third story ← ‫שׁלשׁ‬ ‫ שׁלשׁלמה‬β ‫שׁלמה‬ ‫ שׁלת‬β ‫שׁלה‬ ‫< שׁלתיאל‬name> ‫ שׁם‬there, that place, name title, reputation (⇐ to place a person by his handle) ← ‫שׂים‬ ‫< שׁם‬name> ‫< שׁמא‬name> ‫< שׁמאבר‬name> ‫< שׁמאה‬name> ‫ שׂמאל‬,‫ שׂמאול‬left (side), to the left ← ‫שׂמאל‬ ‫ שׂמאל‬to go to the left Gn 13:9 → ,‫שׂמאול‬ ‫ שׂמאל‬left (side), to the left ‫ שׂמאלי‬left ‫< שׁמגר‬name> ‫ שׁמד‬to destroy σ ‫שׁחת‬ ‫< שׁמד‬name> ‫ שׁמה‬β ‫ שׁמה‬,‫שׁם‬ ‫ שׁמה‬desolation ← ‫שׁמם‬ ‫< שׁמה‬name> ‫< שׁמהות‬name> 305 ‫ שׁמו‬β ‫ שׁמם‬,‫שׁם‬ ‫< שׁמואל‬name> ‫ שׁמנה‬,‫ שׁמונה‬eight ‫< שׁמוה‬name> ‫ שׁמעה‬,‫ שׁמועה‬report ← ‫שׁמע‬ ‫< שׁמועני‬name> ‫< שׁמות‬name> ‫ שׂמח‬to be joyful → ‫ שׂמח‬joyful, ‫ שׂמחה‬joy σ ‫ אשׁר‬to have joyful contentment from doing the right thing, ‫ גיל‬to be cheerful, ‫ הלל‬to boast, as a form of praise either for self or for others Gn 12:15, Jd 16:24, Ps 150:6 (hit.) boasting about oneself sometimes taken as a sign of madness 1S 21:13, Jr 51:7, ‫ חדה‬to be encouraged, ‫ עלז‬to rejoice 2S 1:20, Zp 3:14, Pr 23:16, ‫ עלס‬to make merry Pr 7:18, Jb 20:18, 39:13, ‫ עלץ‬to exult, show or feel elation or jubilation, esp. as the result of a success 1S 2:1, Ps 25:2, Pr 11:10, ‫פצח‬ (all but once followed with ‫ רנן‬meaning to break out with shouts of joy), ‫ קלס‬to amuse in the sense of making fun of 2K2:23, Ez 22:5, Hb 1:10, ‫ רנן‬to shout for joy, ‫ שׁבח‬to raise up be raised up Pr 29:11, make waves of the sea high Ps 89:10 (9) to exult Ps 63:4 (3), 117:1, 145:4, 147:12, Ko 4:2, 8:15, ‫ שׂישׂ‬,‫ שׂושׂ‬to be glad ‫ שׂמח‬joyful ← ‫שׂמח‬ ‫ שׂמחה‬joy ← ‫ שׂמח‬σ ‫ הידד‬,‫ הד‬joyful shout Is 16:9–10, Jr 25:30, 48:33, 51:14, ‫עליזה‬ rejoicing Is 22:2, 23:7, 32:13, Zp 2:15, ‫ רננה‬joyful shout Ps 63:6, 100:2, Jb 3:7, 20:5, ‫( שׁי‬shouted out) praise ?? Is 18:7, Ps 68:30 (29), 76:12 (11) ‫ שׁמט‬to let drop (people 2K 9:33, Jr 17:4, object 2S 6:6, Ps 141:6, 1C 9:33, debt Dt 15:3) lie fallow (of a field) Ex 23:11 → ‫ שׁמטה‬release from debt Dr 15:1–2, 9, 31:10 σ ‫עזב‬ ‫ שׁמטה‬release from debt Dr 15:1–2, 9, 31:10 ← ‫שׁמט‬ ‫< שׁמי‬name> ‫< שׁמידע‬name> ‫< שׁמידעי‬name> ‫ שׂמיכה‬quilt Jd 4:18 αλ σ ‫מכבר‬ ‫ שׁמיכם‬β ‫ שׁמים‬,‫שׁם‬ ‫ שׁמים‬heavens ‫ שׁמיני‬eighth ‫ שׁמינית‬an eight stringed instrument ?? Ps 6:1, 12:1, 1C 15:21 ‫ שׁמיר‬thorn, long pointed one such as gotten from desert trees σ ‫אטד‬ buckthorn Jd 9:14–5, Ps 58:10 (9), ‫ ברקנים‬cactus ?? Jd 8:7, 16, ‫ דרדר‬briar, bramble, ‫ חוח‬thorny plant with long, sharp thorns 2K 14:9, Is 34:14, Jb 31:40 spine, a long, sharp thorn Pr 26:9, Jb 40:24, So 2:2, ‫ חרל‬,‫ חרול‬chickweed ?? Zp 2:9, Pr 24:31, Jb 30:7, ‫ נעצוץ‬thornbush Is 7:19, 55:13, ‫( סיר‬pl ‫)סירים‬ bramble, a thorny plant that grows in the forest whose seed pods have hooked shaped thorns that catch in animal fur Is 34:13, Hs 2:8, Nh 1:10, which can burn hotly in a fire to cook Ko 7:6 fisherman’s hook Am 4:2, ‫ סלון‬is this some sort of poisonous thorn plant that cause infections, or some sort of bug that has an infectious bite ?? used in parallel with ‫ עקרב‬and ‫ קוץ‬Ez 2:6, 28:24, ‫סרבים‬ to be refractory, a stubborn resistance or 306 a balking at control, direction ?? Ez 2:6 αλ, used in parallel with ‫ סלון‬and ‫עקרב‬ so could this refer to a type of thorn ??, ‫ סרפד‬stinging nettle κονυζααλ , ‫קוץ‬ thorn-bush Gn 3:18, Jd 8:7, 16, Ez 28:24, Hs 10:8, ‫ קמושׂ‬thistle Is 34:13, Hs 9:6, ‫ קמשׂנים‬a type of weed ?? Pr 24:31 αλ, ‫ שׁית‬weed(s), e.g. thistle Is 5:6, 7:23–5, 9:17, 10:17, 27:4 ‫< שׁמיר‬name> ‫< שׁמירמות‬name> ‫ שׂמלה‬β ‫ שׂמלה‬,‫מלה‬ ‫ שׂמלה‬covering, apparently a flat piece of cloth that can be worn by wrapping around (as a kilt, dress) though can be spread out as a blanket Gn 9:25, Ex 22:26 (27), wrapped around other objects Ex 12:34, lain on as a sheet Dt 22:17, laid flat Jd 8:25 garment (found 28 times) σ ‫ שׂלמה‬garment, as far as I can tell, identical to ‫שׂמלה‬ (found 10 times) ‫< שׂמלה‬name> ‫< שׁלמה‬name> ‫ שׁמם‬to be unable to react to be desolated, referring to both the physical destruction and the mental grief, used also to the total shock that leaves one speechless at a surprising, usually negative, event or situation → ‫משׁמה‬ state of desolation, being continuously desolated Is 15:6, Ez 5:15, 6:14, 33:28– 9, 35:3, ‫ משׁמם‬causing to be desolated Dn 9:27, 1131, ‫ שמה‬desolation, ‫שׁמם‬ that which desolates, desolator Mc 6:13, Dn 8:13, 9:27, 12:11, desolated Lm 3:11, 5:18, Dn 9:27, ‫ שׁממה‬desolation, physical and/or mental, status of being desolated, ‫ שׁממון‬status or place of being desolated Ez 4:16, 12:19 σ ‫שׁחת‬ ‫ שׁמם‬that which desolates, desolator Mc 6:13, Dn 8:13, 9:27, 12:11, desolated Lm 3:11, 5:18, Dn 9:27 ← ‫שׁמם‬ ‫ שׁממה‬desolation, physical and/or mental, status of being desolated ← ‫שׁמם‬ ‫ שׁממון‬status or place of being desolated Ez 4:16, 12:19 ← ‫שׁמם‬ ‫ שׂממית‬gecko Pr 30:28 αλ ‫ שׁמן‬to oil (skin) to be slippery (figuratively) → ‫ אשׁמנים‬oily, slippery places ?? Is 59:10 αλ, ‫ שׁמן‬oil olive tree (⇐ trees that produce oil) fat ‫ שׁמן‬oil olive tree (⇐ trees that produce oil) fat σ ‫ חלב‬milk, fat, but sometimes includes a wider meaning than in English, often with the idea more of produce, production, as in the “fat of the land” Gn 45:18 or even the “produce of new wine” which is not fat Lv 18:12 “produce of wheat” Ps 81:17 (16) ‫ שׁמנים‬eighty ‫ שׁמע‬to listen. This word has a wide usage, from active listening to passive hearing → ‫ השׁמעות‬communication Ez 24:26 αλ, ‫ משׁמע‬hearing, ‫ משׁמעת‬close, trusted people, troops (⇐ those within hearing), ‫ שׁמעה‬,‫ שׁמועה‬report, ‫ שׁמע‬sound, report, rumor σ ‫ אזן‬to give ear ‫ שׁמע‬sound, report, rumor ← ‫שׁמע‬ ‫< שׁמע‬name> ‫< שׁמעא‬name> ‫< שׁמעה‬name> ‫< שׁמעון‬name> ‫< שׁמעי‬name> 307 ‫< שׁמעיה‬name> ‫< שׁמעני‬name> ‫< שׁמעת‬name> ‫< שׁמעתים‬name> ‫ שׁמץ‬depraved ?? Jb 4:12, 26:14 → ‫שׁמצה‬ depravity ?? Ex 32:25 αλ ‫ שׁמצה‬depravity ?? Ex 32:25 αλ ← ‫שׁמץ‬ ‫ שׁמר‬to watch over, in the sense of to keep or guard, not to forget, lose nor neglect → ‫ אשׁמרת‬,‫ אשׁמורה‬watch (of the night) Ex 14:24, Jd 7:19, 1S 11:11, Ps 90:4, ‫ משׁמר‬guarding guard (not a single person) Jb 7:12, Ne 4:17 (23), a place under guard, e.g. prison Gn 40:3, 4, 7, Nu 15:34 or a guard to watch a place Jr 51:12, “on watch” time of service Ne 4:3 (9), 16 (22), 1C 26:16, ‫משׁמרות‬ position of service, assigned tasks ?? Ko 12:11, Ne 7:3, 13:30, 1C 26:12, 2C 35:2, ‫ משׁמרת‬watching, guarding in order to observe, practice, ‫ שׁמר‬watcher, patroller, ‫ שׁמרה‬watch, ‫ שׁמרנים‬guardians ?? a class of officials ?? 2K 17:29 αλ σ ‫ גנן‬to protect 2K 19:34, 20:6, Is 31:5, 37:35, 38:6, Zc 9:15, 12:8, ‫ ישׁע‬to save, ‫ נצר‬to guard as a protector, ‫ שׁקד‬to keep watch in the sense of guarding, making sure something gets done Jr 31:28, Ps 102:7, 127:1, Pr 8:34, Lm 1:14, Ez 8:29, Dn 9:14 ‫ שׁמר‬dregs in bottom of cup Is 25:6, Ps 75:9 ‫ שׁמר‬watcher, patroller ← ‫שׁמר‬ ‫< שׁמר‬name> ‫ שׁמרה‬watch ← ‫שׁמר‬ ‫< שׁמרון‬name> ‫< שׁמרי‬name> ‫< שׁמריה‬name> ‫< שׁמריהו‬name> ‫< שׁמרים‬name> ‫< שׁמרימות‬name> ‫< שׁמרין‬name> ‫< שׁמרן‬name> ‫< שׁמרני‬name> ‫ שׁמרנים‬guardians ?? a class of officials ?? 2K 17:29 αλ ← ‫שׁמר‬ ‫< שׁמרת‬name> ‫ שׁמשׁ‬sun σ ‫ חרס‬hot, burning sun Jb 9:7 αλ ‫< שׁמשׁון‬name> ‫< שׁמשׁי‬name> ‫< שׁמשׁרי‬name> ‫ שׁמשׁת‬an architectural feature ?? Is 54:12 αλ ‫< שׁמתי‬name> ‫ שׁן‬tooth ivory σ ‫ מלתעות‬fangs ?? Ps 58:7(6) αλ, ‫ מתלעות‬canine teeth ?? Jl 1:6, Pr 30:14, Jb 29:17 ‫< שׁן‬name> ‫ שׁנא‬β ‫שׁנה‬ ‫ שׂנא‬to hate → ‫ שׂונא‬,‫ שׂנא‬one who hates, ‫ שׂנאה‬hate, ‫ שׂניא‬hated σ ‫ בוז‬to have contempt, ‫ בוס‬to kick aside, as an act of contempt, ‫ בזה‬to disdain, ‫ בחל‬to loathe ?? Zc 11:8 αλ, ‫ געל‬to spurn Lv 26:11, 15, 30, Jr 14:19, ‫ זהם‬to be disgusted with ?? Jb 33:20 αλ, ‫ זור‬to press out, expel to estrange, ‫ זנח‬to turn or push away from, an action connected with rejecting or spurning someone or something Hs 8:3,5, Ps 44:10, 24, Lm 3:17, 31, ‫ לעע‬to consume treat as valueless or worth nothing Ob 16, Pr 20:25, Jb 6:3, ‫ מאן‬to refuse Ex 10:3, Jr 5:3, Ne 9:17, ‫ מאס‬to reject Lv 26:15, 43– 4, 1S 8:7, Pr 3:11, ‫ נאץ‬to have contempt 308 2S 12:14,Ko 12:5, ‫ נאר‬to renounce Ps 89:40, Lm 2:7, ‫ נקע‬to become disgusted Jr 6:8, Ez 23:18, 22, 28, ‫ סלה‬to despise ?? Ps 57:4 (3), 119:118, ‫ קוט‬to be short (in spirit) with to loathe Ps 95:10, Jb 8:14, ‫ קוץ‬to be aroused in the sense of disliking, wanting to avoid, caused by fear, pain or loathing Gn 27:46, Ex 1:12, Nu 21:5, Pr 3:11, ‫ קלל‬to treat lightly, ‫ שׁאט‬to despise Ez 16:57, ‫ שׁקץ‬to detest Lv 11:11, 13, 43, 25:20, Dt 7:26, Ps 22:25, ‫ תעב‬to treat as an abomination, i.e. as something that goes against God’s created order Dt 7:26, Am 5:10, Ps 106:40, Jb 19:19, to practice abominations 1K 21:26, Ps 14:1, 53:2 ‫ שׂונא‬,‫ שׂנא‬one who hates ← ‫שׂנא‬ ‫< שׁנאב‬name> ‫ שׂנאה‬hate ← ‫שׂנא‬ ‫ שׁנאן‬iteration or is this a place name ?? Ps 68:18 αλ ‫< שׁנאצר‬name> ‫ שׁנה‬to do over, both in the sense of doing a second time (repetition), and in the sense changing things the second time around to change in the sense of concealment, disguise 1K 14:2 → ‫משׁנה‬ second, not first 1S 8:2, 17:13, 1C 5:12, second in rank Gn 41:43, 1S 23:17, 2C 35:24. aide(s) (second) person(s) on the staff 2K 23:4, Es 10:3, 1C 16:5, 2C 28:7, twice as much (second amount) Gn 43:12, 15, Ex 16:5, 22, Jb 42:10, second (additional) copy Dt 15:18, Js 8:32 seconds, additional (blessing) Is 61:7, ‫ שׁנה‬year Gn 5, 11, change Ps 90:5 ‫ שׁנה‬year Gn 5, 11, change Ps 90:5 ← ‫שׁנה‬ ‫ שׁנה‬sleep ← ‫ישׁן‬ ‫ שׁנהבים‬ivory, tusks ?? 1K 10:22, 1C 9:21 ‫ שׁני‬β ‫ שׁני‬,‫ שׁנה‬,‫שׁן‬ ‫ שׁנים‬,‫ שׁני‬scarlet σ ‫אדם‬ ‫ שׁני‬second ‫ שׂניא‬hated ← ‫שׂנא‬ ‫ שׁנים‬two ‫ שׁנינה‬sharp, cutting statement ← ‫שׁנן‬ ‫ שׁנינו‬β ‫ שׁנינו‬,‫שׁנה‬ ‫ שׁנינו‬we two Gn 31:37, 1S 20:42 ‫< שׂניר‬name> ‫ שׁנן‬to be sharp, piercing → ‫ שׁנינה‬sharp, cutting statement σ ‫חדד‬ ‫ שׁנס‬to gird up, i.e. to get his robe up out of the way of his legs so he could run 1K 18:46 αλ σ ‫חגר‬ ‫ שׁנער‬toponym, recognized for a style of cloth Jo 7:21 ‫ שׁס‬looter Jd 2:14, 16, 1S 14:18, 23:1, 2K 17:20, Jr 50:11 ← ‫שׁסה‬ ‫ שׁסה‬to loot 1S 17:53, Is 13:16, Hs 13:15, Zc 14:2, Ps 44:11, 89:42 → ‫משׁוסה‬ company of looters ?? Is 42:24 αλ, ‫משׁסה‬ loot 2K 21:14, Is 42:22, Jr 30:16, Zp 1:13, ‫ שׁוס‬looting Is 17:14 αλ, ‫ שׁס‬looter Jd 2:14, 16, 1S 14:18, 23:1, 2K 17:20, Jr 50:11, ‫ שׁסה‬one who is looting 1S 14:48 αλ σ ‫גנב‬ ‫ שׁסה‬one who is looting 1S 14:48 αλ ← ‫שׁסה‬ ‫ שׁסע‬to split in the sense of spreading apart, not necessarily into pieces Lv 1:17, 11:7, 26, Jd 14:6, used metaphorically to indicate scolding, disapproval, similar to how “flay” can sometimes be used in English 1S 24:8 (7) → ‫ שׁסע‬split, division Lv 11, 3, 7, 26, Dt 14:6 σ ‫בקע‬ 309 ‫ שׁסע‬split, division Lv 11, 3, 7, 26, Dt 14:6 ← ‫שׁסע‬ ‫ שׁסף‬to cut to pieces ?? 1S 15:33 αλ σ ‫כרת‬ ‫ שׁעה‬to look with pleasure, approval Gn 4:4–5, Is 17:7–8, Ps 119:117, hit. look to oneself with approval Is 41:10, 23 ‫ שׁעה מ‬remove approval from Ps 39:14, Jb 7:19, 14:6 → ‫ משׁעי‬good looking, from being clean ?? Ez 16:4 αλ, ‫ תשׁעה‬looking around with pleasure (from rejoicing in their victory) ?? 2S 19:3 αλ σ ‫ראה‬ ‫ שׁעו‬β ‫ שׁעע‬,‫שׁעה‬ ‫ שׁעטנז‬blended cloth Lv 19:19, Dt 22:11 ‫ שׁעטת‬stamping (of horses) Jr 47:3 αλ ‫( שׁעיס‬DSS Is 37:30) β ‫שׁחיס‬ ‫ שׂעיפים‬β ‫שׂעף‬ ‫ שׂעיר‬β ‫ שׂערה‬,‫שׂעיר‬ ‫ שׂעירה‬,‫ שׂעיר‬goat (⇐ the idea of something hairy?) demon (often pictured as a hairy creature) ← ‫ שׂער‬σ ‫עז‬ ‫< שׂעיר‬name> ‫< שׂעירה‬name> ‫ שׂעירם‬small desert storm, though violent, not large enough to cause much damage (from a distance, they often look like hats with hair trailing down from them, sometimes not reaching the ground though the lightning does) Dt 32:2 αλ ← ‫ שׂער‬σ ‫זרם‬ ‫ שׁעל‬β ‫ שׁעל‬,‫ שׁועל‬,‫על‬ ‫ שׁעל‬to be hollow, unused → ‫ משׁעול‬hollow way Nu 22:24 αλ, ‫ שׁעל‬hollow place Ez 13:4, 19 hollow of foot 1K 20:10 or hand (palm) Is 40:12, Ps 63:11 (10) ‫ שׁעל‬hollow place Ez 13:4, 19 hollow of foot 1K 20:10 or hand (palm) Is 40:12, Ps 63:11 (10) ← ‫ שׁעל‬σ ‫כף‬ ‫< שׁעלנים‬name> ‫< שׁעלבין‬name> ‫< שׁעלבני‬name> ‫< שׁעלים‬name> ‫ שׁעמהם‬β ‫ עם‬with Ch 5:20 ‫ שׁען‬to lean on as in relaxing Jd 16:26, Jb 8:15 to prop up 2S 1:6, Pr 3:5 → ‫משׁען‬ person or object that supports, that can be leaned on 2S 22:19, Ps 18:19 (18) used of food and water that support life Is 3:1, ‫ משׁענה‬support, sustainment Is 3:1, ‫ משׁענת‬staff to lean on, for support Ex 21:19, Nu 21:18, Jd 6:21, Zc 8:4, Ps 23:4 not usable when made of a reed 2K 4:29, 31, Is 36:6, Ez 29:6 σ ‫סמך‬ ‫ שׁעע‬to become darkened (eyes), cataracts ?? Is 6:10, 29:9 ‫ שׂעף‬thought ?? Jb 4:13, 20:2 σ ‫מחשׁבה‬ ‫< שׁעף‬name> ‫ שׂער‬to storm Jr 2:12, Ps 50:3, 58:10 (9), Dn 11:40, to act violently Ez 27:35, 32:10, to remove (violently) Dt 32:17, Jb 27:21 in violent action, the hair goes flying → ‫ שׂעירה‬,‫ שׂעיר‬goat (⇐ the idea of something hairy?) demon (often pictured as a hairy creature), ‫שׂעירם‬ small desert storm, though violent, not large enough to cause much damage (from a distance, they often look like hats with hair trailing down from them, sometimes not reaching the ground though the lightning does) Dt 32:2 αλ, ‫ שׂער‬hairy, ‫ שׂערה‬hair, ‫ שׂערה‬barley, the heads of which are quite “hairy”, ‫שׂערה‬ 310 ‫< שׁערים‬name> ‫ שׁעריר‬that which causes gruesomeness Hs 6:10 αλ ‫ שׁעררת‬gruesomeness Jr 18:13 αλ ‫< שׁעשׁגז‬name> ‫ שׁעשׁוע‬that which gives delight ?? Is 5:7, Pr 8:30 ← ‫שׁעשׁע‬ ‫ שׁעשׁע‬to take delight in Ps 94:19, 119:70 to play Is 11:8, 66:12 (hit.) to delight oneself (with) Is 29:9, Ps 119:16, 47 → ‫ שׁעשׁוע‬that which gives delight ?? Is 5:7, Pr 8:30, ‫ שׁעשׁע‬that in which one can take delight Jr 31:20, Ps 119:24, 77, 92, Pr 8:30–31 σ ‫טוב‬ ‫ שׁעשׁע‬that in which one can take delight Jr 31:20, Ps 119:24, 77, 92, Pr 8:30–31 ← ‫שׁעשׁע‬ ‫ שׂפד‬β ‫ספד‬ ‫ שׁפה‬to protrude, jut out → ‫ שׂפה‬lip (of a person, cup 1K 7:26, cloth (edge) Ex 26:10, river or sea (shore) Ex 7:15, 14:30, use of the lips in speech Ps 120:2, Pr 12:19 language Gn 11:1, 6, 7, 9, Is 19:18, Ps 81:6 (5)), ‫ שׁפות‬a type of cattle, humped 2S 17:29 αλ, ‫שׁפי‬ protrusion promontory Nu 23:3, Is 41:18, Jr 12:12, 14:6, ‫ על שׂפת לשׁון‬upon the tip of the tongue, i.e. spoken about (in a bad way) Ez 36:3 ‫ שׂפה‬lip (of a person, cup 1K 7:26, cloth (edge) Ex 26:10, river or sea (shore) Ex 7:15, 14:30, use of the lips in speech Ps 120:2, Pr 12:19 language Gn 11:1, 6, 7, 9, Is 19:18, Ps 81:6 (5)) ← ‫ שׁפה‬σ ‫דבר‬ ‫< שׁפו‬name> ‫ שׁפוט‬judgement ← ‫שׁפט‬ ‫ שׂפון‬β ‫שׂפן‬ storming, i.e. violent action both literally and figuratively Jd 20:16, Nh 1:3, Jb 9:17, ‫ שׁערים‬hairy, used of barley, mildewed figs ‫ שׂער‬hairy ← ‫שׂער‬ ‫ שׁער‬gate, gateway, this referred not only to the gate itself which was called a ‫דלת‬, but to the complete construction surrounding the gate, the fortifications, gateposts, as well as the gate. As a result, we can talk about opening and locking the gates, metaphorically can refer to a barrier between people σ ‫ איל‬portal, a decorated doorway extending out of the wall, ‫ דלת‬door, the movable divider between two areas. In original tents was a hanging that could be moved aside (the earliest way to write the Hebrew letter dalet was as a picture of such a hanging), though later applied to heavy wooden doors on hinges even in the gates of cities to protect them from invaders, ‫ פתח‬opening, hole, though often to a particular type of opening, namely a doorway ‫ שׂערה‬hair ← ‫ שׂער‬σ ‫ קוצות‬locks of hair So 5:2, 11 ‫ שׂערה‬storming, i.e. violent action both literally and figuratively Jd 20:16, Nh 1:3, Jb 9:17 ← ‫שׂער‬ ‫ שׂערה‬barley, the heads of which are quite “hairy” ← ‫שׂער‬ ‫ שׁערורה‬gruesomeness Jr 5:30, 23:14 ‫< שׁעריה‬name> ‫ שׁערים‬hairy, used of barley, mildewed figs ← ‫שׂער‬ ‫< שׂערים‬name> 311 ‫< שׁפופם‬name> ‫< שׁפופן‬name> ‫ שׁפות‬a type of cattle, humped 2S 17:29 αλ ← ‫שׁפה‬ ‫ שׂפח‬to tear out (hair) as in grabbing woman’s hair to rape her ?? Is 3:17 αλ → ‫ משׂפח‬tearing out Is 5:7 αλ ‫ שׁפחה‬female slave, this term refers to a household female slave, often very intimate with her master or mistress σ ‫ אמה‬female slave, a more general term, ‫עבד‬ ‫ שׁפט‬to judge (for) → ‫ משׁפט‬adjudication; law or rule used as the basis for judgement; justification the result of a favorable ruling in court (in 2K 1:7 the question was about the authority, not the looks, of the man) (This is public, societal justice, not just private actions), ‫ שׁפוט‬judgement, ‫ שׁפט‬judge(ment) σ ‫דון‬ argue with, fight against ?? Gn 6:3 αλ ‫ דין‬to cause an argument, fight to be a prosecutor, bring a lawsuit, accuse, ‫צדק‬ to act with justice (transitive verb) to justify another, count that person as just (passive) to be counted as just, justified (‫ רשׁע‬is the opposite) (Both ‫ שׁפט‬and ‫ צדק‬refer to acting justly, the difference is that ‫ שׁפט‬refers to judicial justice as before a court of law, while ‫ צדק‬refers to private actions that are just and to count someone as justified.) ‫ שׁפט‬judge(ment) ← ‫שׁפט‬ ‫< שׁפט‬name> ‫< שׁפטיה‬name> ‫< שׁפטיהו‬name> ‫< שׁפטן‬name> ‫ שׁפי‬protrusion promontory Nu 23:3, Is 41:18, Jr 12:12, 14:6 ← ‫ שׁפה‬σ ‫פסגה‬ ‫< שׁפי‬name> ‫< שׁפים‬name> ‫ שׁפיפן‬horned adder Gn 49:17 αλ ‫< שׁפיר‬toponym> ‫ שׁפך‬to pour out → ‫ שׁפך‬place of pouring out, ‫ שׁפכה‬male organ ?? Dt 23:2 αλ σ ‫ זקק‬to pour out as in casting ?? Ml 3:3 αλ, ‫ יצק‬to pour, used not only for liquids such as oil Gn 28:18, 1S 10:1 and water Ez 24:3, but also for solid objects Js 7:23, 2S 15:24 to cast (metal) by pouring molten metal into a mold Ex 25:12, 1K 7:46, ‫ נסך‬to pour (drink, metal for casting, libation) make a libation, ‫נתך‬ to pour down, e.g. as metal is poured down into a mold for casting Ex 9:33, Jr 42:18, 2C 34:21 ‫ שׁפך‬place of pouring out ← ‫שׁפך‬ ‫ שׁפכה‬male organ ?? Dt 23:2 αλ ← ‫שׁפך‬ ‫ שׁפל‬to become depressed low → ‫שׁפל‬ low, ‫ שׁפלה‬lowness, lowland, ‫שׁפלות‬ position of being low ?? (hands not active) Ko 10:18 αλ σ ‫ירד‬ ‫ שׁפל‬low ← ‫שׁפל‬ ‫ שׁפלה‬lowness, lowland ← ‫שׁפל‬ ‫ שׁפלות‬position of being low ?? (hands not active) Ko 10:18 αλ ← ‫שׁפל‬ ‫ שׂפם‬mustache Lv 13:45, 2S 19:25, Ez 24:17, 22, Mc 3:7 ‫< שׁפם‬name> ‫< שׁפמה‬name> ‫< שׂפמות‬name> ‫< שׁפמי‬name> 312 ‫ שׂפן‬to dig up Dt 33:19 αλ → ‫ שׁפן‬rock badger, hyrax ?? Lv 11:5, Dt 14:7, Ps 104:18, Pr 30:26 ‫ שׁפן‬rock badger, hyrax ?? Lv 11:5, Dt 14:7, Ps 104:18, Pr 30:26 ← ‫שׂפן‬ ‫< שׁפן‬name> ‫ שׁפע‬abundance Dt 33:19 αλ ‫< שׁפעי‬name> ‫ שׁפעת‬large quantity Jb 22:11, 38:34, of troops, large group of people 2K 9:17, large number of horses or camels Is 60:6, Ez 26:10 ‫ שׂפק‬to adhere (to), stick to 1K 20:10, Is 2:6, Jb 27:23 → ‫ שׂפק‬that which adheres to someone Jb 20:22 αλ σ ‫ דבק‬to join to, stick to, ‫ חשׁק‬to assemble, as in putting together linking all the parts together Ex 38:28 link to Gn 34:8, Dt 21:11, Ps 91:14, to associate with as in linked with Dt 7:7, 10:15, ‫ לוה‬to attach (oneself to) to borrow ⇐ joining oneself to another through obligation of repayment, ‫קנה‬ ‫ שׂפק‬that which adheres to someone Jb 20:22 αλ ← ‫שׂפק‬ ‫ שׁפר‬to make noisy Jb 26:13 to give a loud or piercing sound ?? Hs 8:1 → ‫ שׁפר‬,‫ שׁופר‬ram’s horn, shofar Js 6:4–6, 2S 18:16, ‫ שׁפר‬loudness, piercedness ?? Gn 49:21 αλ, ‫ שׁפרה‬noisiness as in troubles ?? Ps 16:6 αλ LXX κρατιστη, ‫ שׁפרור‬pavilion (royal tent) Jr 43:10 αλ ‫ שׁפר‬loudness, piercedness ?? Gn 49:21 αλ ← ‫שׁפר‬ ‫< שׁפר‬name> ‫ שׁפרה‬noisiness as in troubles ?? Ps 16:6 αλ LXX κρατιστη ← ‫שׁפר‬ ‫< שׁפרה‬name> ‫ שׁפרור‬pavilion (royal tent) Jr 43:10 αλ ← ‫ שׁפר‬σ ‫אהל‬ ‫ שׂפת‬β ‫ שׁפת‬,‫שׂפה‬ ‫ שׁפת‬to set up, as a tool, dishes, something to be used Ex 15:10, 2K 4:38, Is 26:12, Jr 5:16, Ez 24:3, Ps 22:16 (15) → ‫שׁפתים‬ places of setting up, pack saddles ?? Ez 40:43, Ps 68:14 (13) σ ‫שׂים‬ ‫ שׁפתים‬places of setting up, pack saddles ?? Ez 40:43, Ps 68:14 (13) ← ‫שׁפת‬ ‫ שׁצף‬overwhelming ?? Is 54:8 αλ ‫ שׂק‬sack, mainly refers to the rough sacks used to transport bulk items, big enough that one can wear them if needed or as a sign of penance rough cloth used to make the sacks σ ‫ אוב‬leather bottle Jb 32:19 αλ, ‫ אמתחת‬gunny sack, a piece of cloth that is laid on the ground, its load placed on it, then the cloth is closed up around its load making a sack Gn 42:27– 28, 44:11–12, ‫ חמת‬sack for fluids, used to carry the poisons of snakes Ps 58:5 or spiders Ps 140:4, sack of water Gn 21:14 canteen, ‫ חרט‬,‫ חריט‬tooled leather purse ?? 2K 5:23, Is 3:22, ‫ טנא‬woven grass bag, cheaply and quickly made for carrying things Dt 26:2, 4, 28:5, 17, ‫ ילקוט‬small bag that is quick to take things out of 1S 17:40 αλ, ‫ כיס‬leather purse, bag, used to hold valuables Is 46:6, Pr 1:14, weights (which were then valuable) Dt 25:13, Mc 6:11, Pr 16:18, wineskin Pr 23:31, ‫ משׁך‬small sack used by farmers to hold seed while sowing, named from its design to have seed drawn out of it to scatter in the field Am 313 9:13, Ps 126:6, ‫ נאד‬skin bottle 1S 16:20, Ps 56:9 (8), 119:83 (plural ‫ נאדות‬Js 9:4, 13), ‫ נבל‬bag (made of skin), used for holding workers’ tools Lm 4:2 as well as wine 1S 1:24; 10:3; 25:18, Jr 13:12 bagpipe 1S 10:5, Ps 92:4, 2C 29:25 windbag i.e. bellows used in a forge Is 30:14 also in referring to a fool as a windbag Dt 32:6, 21, Ps 14:1, Pr 17:21, wind blown cloud Jb 38:37, ‫ צקלן‬a medium sized bag able to carry several loaves of bread ?? 2K 4:42 αλ, ‫ צרור‬tied up Gn 42:35, Hs 13:12, joined to 1S 25:29, tied to a destiny Nu 25:17 a small bag (possibly leather) that could be tied up, to hold valuables Hg 1:6, Jb 14:17, So 1:13 ‫שׂקד‬, ‫ שׁקד‬to keep watch in the sense of guarding, making sure something gets done Jr 31:28, Ps 102:7, 127:1, Pr 8:34, Lm 1:14, Ez 8:29, Dn 9:14 σ ‫שׁמר‬ ‫ שׁקד‬almond Jn 43:1, Nu 17:23, Jr 1:11 ‫ משׁקד‬almond shaped Ex 25:33–35 ‫ שׁקד‬one who keeps watch Is 29:20, Jr 1:12, Ko 12:5, act of keeping watch Jr 5:6, 44:27 ← ‫שׁקד‬ ‫ שׁקה‬to water (which can include other liquids as well, e.g. oil, wine) to give to drink → ‫ משׁקה‬cup bearer, one who gives to drink Gn 40:1, 5, 13, 21, Ne 1:11, ‫ משׁקה‬drink, something to drink Lv 11:34, 1K 10:21, Is 32:6, ‫ משׁקה‬watered, a place naturally with sufficient rainfall or irrigated Gn 13:10, Ez 45:15, ‫שׁקוי‬ drink (watering), ‫ שׁקת‬watering trough Gn 24:20, 30:38 σ ‫ רוה‬to moisten, to make moist freshness and strength are still moist ‫ שׁקוי‬drink (watering) ← ‫שׁקה‬ ‫ שׁקוץ‬an object used in the performance of detestable actions, often used as a description of an idol Dt 29:16(17), Is 66:3, Dn 11:31, 12:11, 2C 15:8 ← ‫שׁקץ‬ ‫ שׁקט‬to be at peace (opposite of ‫ לחם‬to war) → ‫ שׁקט‬peaceful (this word is the antonym of ‫מלחמת‬, not ‫ )שׁלום‬σ ‫ דמם‬to be still (unmoving) to be silent (not speaking), ‫ הסה‬to hush, silence Nu 13:30, Jd 3:19, Am 6:10, Hb 2:20, Zp 1:7, Zc 2:17 (13), ‫ חרשׁ‬to keep silent Gn 24:5, Ex 14:14, Nu 30:12, 15, Jd 16:2, to be deaf, to be silent as in not doing anything 2S 19:11, Jr 38:27, ‫ חשׁה‬,‫חשׂה‬ to be still, as in not raising a ruckus or demands, ‫ סכת‬not to speak Dt 27:9 αλ, ‫ צמת‬to silence, ‫ צנע‬to act in quietness “out of the limelight” Mc 6:8 αλ, ‫ שׁתק‬to still (waves, accusation) Jn 1:11–12, Pr 26:20 ‫ שׁקל‬to measure by weight → ‫משׁקול‬ weighing Ez 4:10, ‫ משׁקל‬weight, ‫משׁקלת‬ level (for weighing), ‫ שׁקל‬a particular weight a coin of that weight, a sheckel σ ‫ נטל‬to weigh Is 63:9 ‫ שׁקל‬a particular weight a coin of that weight, a sheckel ← ‫שׁקל‬ ‫ שׁקמים‬,‫ שׁקמה‬sycamore tree, a tree known for its fruits, which needed to be pierced to ripen, and wood, used to be quite common in Israel 1K 10:27, Is 9:9, Am 7:14, Ps 78:47, 1C 27:28, 2C 1:15, 9:27 σ ‫עץ‬ 314 ‫ שׁקע‬to subside, go down → ‫ משׁקע‬hollow Ez 34:18 αλ ‫ שׁקערורת‬splotchy, with spots of spreading fungus ?? Lv 14:37 αλ ‫ שׁקף‬to look out (e.g. from a window) Gn 18:16, 19:28, 26:8, draw one’s attention to (for purposes of looking, acting) Jd 5:28, 2S 6:16, Pr 7:6, 1C 15:29 → ‫משׁקוף‬ lintel (of a doorway) that looks down on the door Ex 12:7, 22–3, ‫( נשׁקף‬place that’s) overlooking (another place) Nu 21:20, 23:28, 1S 13:18, ‫ שׁקף‬window for looking out 1K 6:4, 7:4–5 σ ‫ראה‬ ‫ שׁקף‬window for looking out 1K 6:4, 7:4–5, ‫ חלוני שׁקפים אטמים‬does this refer to glass windows that cannot be opened ?? 1K 6:4 (in ancient times glass windows were an expensive luxury) ← ‫שׁקף‬ ‫ שׁקץ‬to detest Lv 11:11, 13, 43, 25:20, Dt 7:26, Ps 22:25 → ‫ שׁקוץ‬an object used in the performance of detestable actions, often used as a description of an idol Dt 29:16(17), Is 66:3, Dn 11:31, 12:11, 2C 15:8, ‫ שׁקץ‬detestable thing Lv 7:11, 11:10–3, Ez 8:10 σ ‫שׂנא‬ ‫ שׁקץ‬detestable thing Lv 7:11, 11:10–3, Ez 8:10 ← ‫שׁקץ‬ ‫ שׁקק‬β ‫ שׁקק‬,‫שׁוק‬ ‫( שׁקק‬fem adj. ‫ )שׁקקה‬empty, flopped down like an empty bag ?? Ps 107:9 αλ σ ‫ תשׁקקה‬emptiness ?? Ps 65:10 (9) αλ ‫ שׂקר‬to apply mascara (is not applying makeup deceptive?) Is 3:16 αλ σ ‫ כחל‬to paint (eyes), as an act of ornamentation Ez 23:40 αλ ‫ שׁקר‬to deceive by any means → ‫שׁקר‬ deception, deceptive σ ‫ בגד‬to act under cover, act underhandedly, under the table (doing things under one’s clothes) Jr 3:20, Ml 2:14, ‫ כזב‬to speak or act untrustworthily to lie, ‫ כחשׁ‬to feign as in to lie, give a false report, also to fail to come through, in the sense of making a promise but being unwilling or unable to follow through, ‫ סלף‬to distort as in twisting one’s words Ex 23:8, Dt 16:19, Pr 19:3, ‫ עוה‬to pervert (← to twist, distort), ‫ עות‬to distort ‫ שׁקר‬deception, deceptive ← ‫ שׁקר‬σ ‫און‬ hypocrisy, pretense, pretending to be one thing while doing another (this is not just saying one thing and doing another, but doing it in such a way that it causes injury) Ps 10:7, Pr 17:4 injury caused by hypocrisy, pretense Pr 12:21, those who practice hypocrisy, pretender Is 41:29, Pr 11:7, ‫ בגדות‬treachery, underhandedness Zp 3:4 αλ ‫ שׁקר‬deception, deceptive ← ‫שׁקר‬ ‫ שׁקת‬watering trough Gn 24:20, 30:38 ← ‫שׁקה‬ ‫ שׂרה‬,‫ שׂר‬prince(ss), a title given to one who enforces rules sort of like a policeman or sheriff, to keep people “chained in” to where they should be and what they should do, also a title given to the children of a king, where it was understood that their authority was to enforce their father’s rule, not different from other “princes” who were not sons of kings ‫שׂרי המדינות‬ “regional sheriffs” those who were stationed in vassal lands to enforce the 315 ‫< שׁרוני‬name> ‫ שׂרוע‬spindly ?? Lv 21:18, 22:23 ← ‫שׂרע‬ ‫ שׂרוקים‬β ‫שׂרק‬ ‫ שׁרוקת‬β ‫שׁרקה‬ ‫ שׂרות‬,‫ שׁרות‬β ‫ שׁרות‬,‫ שׂרה‬,‫שׂירה‬ ‫ שׁרות‬wild, uncontrolled places ?? Jr 5:10 αλ ‫< שׂרח‬name> ‫ שׂרט‬to cut into Lv 21:5, Zc 12:3 → ‫שׂרט‬ incision Lv 19:28 αλ, ‫ שׂרטת‬series or pattern of incision, sometimes an outward sign of mourning Lv 21:5 αλ σ ‫כרת‬ ‫ שׂרט‬incision Lv 19:28 αλ ← ‫שׂרט‬ ‫< שׁרטי‬name> ‫ שׂרטת‬series or pattern of incision, sometimes an outward sign of mourning Lv 21:5 αλ ← ‫שׂרט‬ ‫< שׂרי‬name> ‫< שׁרי‬name> ‫ שׂריג‬creeper, vine branch Gn 40:10, Jl 1:7 ← ‫שׂרג‬ ‫ שׂריד‬escapee ← ‫ שׂרד‬σ ‫פליט‬ ‫< שׂריד‬name> ‫ שׁריה‬missile, can be an arrow from a bow, stone from a sling, etc. ?? Jb 41:18 αλ ← ‫שׁרה‬ ‫< שׂריה‬name> ‫< שׂריהו‬name> ‫ שׁריון‬s. 1S 17:5, 38, ‫ שׁרין‬mail, a type of armor (made of chain ??) 2K 22:34, Is 59:17, Ne 4:10 (16), 2C 18:33, 26:14 ← ‫שׁרר‬ ‫ שׂרין‬toponym, alternate name for Mt. Hermon Dt 3:9, Ps 29:6 ‫ שׂריקות‬those who cause to twist into twine, thread Is 19:9 αλ king’s rule 1K 20:14–5, 17, 19, Es 1:3, 8:9, 9:3 ← ‫ שׂרר‬σ ‫מלך‬ ‫ שׁר‬umbilical cord Ez 16:4 ← ‫שׂרר‬ ‫ שׁרה‬,‫ שׁר‬singer ← ‫שׁיר‬ ‫< שׂר סכים‬name> ‫< שׂראצר‬name> ‫< שׁראצר‬name> ‫ שׁרב‬shimmering heat (as the sun heats up rocks and sand, they then reflect it and they retain the heat into the evening) Is 35:7, 49:10 ‫< שׁרביה‬name> ‫ שׁרביט‬scepter ‫ שׂרג‬to intertwine → ‫שׂריג‬ Gn 40:10, Jl 1:7 ‫ שׂרד‬to escape Js 10:20 αλ → ‫שׂריד‬ escapee σ ‫פלט‬ ‫( שׂרד‬used only in connection ‫)בגדי שׂרד‬ clothing specially marked for service ?? Ex 31:10, 35:19, 39:1, 41 ‫ שׂרד‬a marking awl used by cabinet makers Is 44:13 αλ σ ‫מרצע‬ ‫ שׁרה‬β ‫ שׂרה‬,‫ שׁירה‬,‫שׁורה‬ ‫ שׂרה‬to strive as in wrestling Gn 32:29, Hs 12:4, 5 ‫ שׁרה‬to let loose Jb 37:3 words from one’s mouth → ‫ שׁריה‬missile, can be an arrow from a bow, stone from a sling, etc. ?? Jb 41:18 αλ, ‫ שׂרת‬someone let loose Lm 1:1 αλ ‫ שׂרה‬princess ← ‫שׂרר‬ ‫< שׂרה‬name> I‫< שׂרו‬name> ‫< שׁרוחן‬name> ‫ שׂרוך‬thong, shoe string Gn 14:23, Is 5:27 ← ‫שׂרך‬ ‫< שׁרון‬name> 316 ‫ שׁריר‬muscle, sinew ?? Jb 40:16 αλ ← ‫ שׁרר‬σ ‫גיד‬ ‫ שׁררות‬,‫ שׁרירות‬obstinacy always followed by ‫ לב‬Dt 29:19, Jr 3:17, 13:10, 23:17, Ps 81:13 ← ‫שׁרר‬ ‫ שׁרית‬β ‫שׁארית‬ ‫ שׂרך‬to run to and fro → ‫ שׂרוך‬thong, shoe string Gn 14:23, Is 5:27 σ ‫הלך‬ ‫ שׁרמות‬toponym ?? Jr 31:40 β ?? ‫שׁדמה‬ ‫ שׂרע‬to stretch out Is 28:20 αλ → ‫שׂרוע‬ spindly ?? Lv 21:18, 22:23 ‫ שׂרעף‬thought, consideration ?? Ps 94:19, 139:23 σ ‫מחשׁבה‬ ‫ שׂרף‬to burn up (entirely) → ‫משׂרפות‬ burning, ‫( שׂרפה‬place of) burning σ ‫דלק‬ to burn quickly, as a fire on dry grassland Ez 24:10, Ob 18 to pursue hotly (like a raging range fire) Gn 31:36, 1S 17:53, Ps 10:2, Lm 4:19, ‫ יקד‬to kindle, ‫ להב‬to flame, ‫ להט‬to reduce to ashes, to burn up Dt 32:22, Jl 1:19, 2:3, Ps 106:18, ‫ נצץ‬to enflame, burn hotly (often used for emotions, particularly anger) used poetically of pomegranates ripening as their fruits turn bright red So 6:11, 7:13, ‫ עתם‬to burn up ?? Is 9:18 (19) αλ, ‫קטר‬ to smoke i.e. burn incense to burn a sacrifice, ‫ צות‬to burn hotly to burn down (houses that get burned hotly, get burned down) ‫ שׂרף‬most modern lexicographers consider this an asp, number of small, poisonous snakes of Africa, Asia and Europe, however the context indicates a flying animal that is venomous and has scales Nu 21:6, 8, Dt 8:15, Is 14:29, 30:6 an image of flying angels Is 6:2, 6 σ ‫נחשׁ‬ ‫< שׂרף‬name> ‫“ שׂרף מעופף‬flying snake” apparently a flying dinosaur Is 14:29, 30:6 ‫( שׂרפה‬place of) burning σ ‫אשׁ‬ ‫ שׁרץ‬to swarm (used of living creatures) → ‫ שׁרץ‬swarm an animal that swarms σ ‫חיה‬ ‫ שׁרץ‬swarm an animal that swarms ← ‫ שׁרץ‬σ ‫ פרחח‬swarm, repeated or continuing swarming (in attack) ?? Jb 30:12 αλ σ ‫חיה‬ ‫ שׂרק‬dark, almost black, grapes that make a specialty, dark red wine Is 5:2, Jr 2:21 the color of those grapes Zc 1:8 σ ‫ענב‬ ‫ שׁרק‬to whistle as a way to call to come Is 5:26, 7:18, Jb 27:23 (in many societies, whistling is a sign of derision and approbation 1K 9:8, Jr 19:8, Lm 2:15) → ‫ שׁרקה‬whistle, whistling, as a way to call flocks Jd 5:16, whistling as a sign of approbation Jr 19:8, Mc 6:16, 2C 29:8 ‫< שׂרק‬name> ‫ שׂרקה‬grape vine that produces a dark, almost black, grapes that make a specialty, dark red wine Gn 49:11 αλ σ ‫גפן‬ ‫ שׁרקה‬whistle, whistling, as a way to call flocks Jd 5:16, whistling as a sign of approbation Jr 19:8, Mc 6:16, 2C 29:8 ← ‫שׁרק‬ ‫ שׁרר‬,‫ שׂרר‬to chain in ?? to be a head of a department to rule, this is a rule that is not law making, which the king did, but the enforcement of rules and laws, keeping the people in line metaphorically chaining them in, a more modern understanding: to be in charge 317 of, a sheriff or policeman Nu 16:13, Jd 9:22, Is 32:1, Ho 8:4, Pr 8:16 → ‫משׂרה‬ princedom, rule Is 9:5–6, ‫ שׁורה‬,‫שׁור‬ supporting wall, one that restrains “chains in” the hillside, ‫ שׁורר‬,‫ שׁור‬those who would chain in, i.e. one who would find cause to restrict another’s actions, options, ‫ שׁירות‬decorative chains ?? Is 3:19 αλ, ‫ שׁר‬umbilical cord Ez 16:4, ,‫שׂר‬ ‫ שׂרה‬prince(ss), a title given to one who enforces rules sort of like a policeman or sheriff, to keep people “chained in” to where they should be and what they should do, also a title given to the children of a king, where it was understood that their authority was to enforce their father’s rule, not different from other “princes” who were not sons of kings ‫“ שׂרי המדינות‬regional sheriffs” those who were stationed in vassal lands to enforce the king’s rule 1K 20:14–5, 17, 19, Es 1:3, 8:9, 9:3, ‫שׁריר‬ muscle, sinew ?? Jb 40:16 αλ, ‫ שׁריון‬s. 1S 17:5, 38, ‫ שׁרין‬mail, a type of armor (made of chain ??) 2K 22:34, Is 59:17, Ne 4:10 (16), 2C 18:33, 26:14, ,‫שׁרירות‬ ‫ שׁררות‬obstinacy always followed by ‫לב‬ Dt 29:19, Jr 3:17, 13:10, 23:17, Ps 81:13, ‫ שׁרשׁרת‬chain Ex 28:14, 39:15, 1K 7:17, 2C 3:5, 17 σ ‫מלך‬ ‫< שׁרר‬name> ‫ שׁרשׁ‬to root out → ‫ שׁרשׁ‬root ‫ שׁרשׁ‬root ← ‫שׁרשׁ‬ ‫< שׁרשׁ‬name> ‫ שׁרשׁרת‬chain Ex 28:14, 39:15, 1K 7:17, 2C 3:5, 17 ← ‫ שׁרר‬σ ‫ אגדה‬band that ties things together Is 58:6 group of objects held together Ex 12:22, Am 9:6 group of people banded together, troop 2S 2:25, ‫ חרצבות‬restraints, holding back ?? this is not physical, rather psychological, oppression, suffering ?? Is 58:6, Ps 73:4 ‫ שׂרת‬someone let loose Lm 1:1 αλ ← ‫שׁרה‬ ‫ שׁרת‬to wait upon, used in the sense of a personal servant or slave who waits upon his master like a valet and figuratively of the priests who wait upon the Lord in the temple → ‫ משׁרת‬retainer, waiter, servant, ‫ שׁרת‬service σ ‫עבד‬ ‫ שׁרת‬service ← ‫שׁרת‬ ‫ שׂרתי‬β ‫שׂרת‬ ‫ שׂשׂ‬one who is glad Is 64:4 ← ‫שׂושׂ‬ ‫ שׁשׁ‬six ← ‫שׁשׁה‬ ‫ שׁשׁי‬,‫ שׁשׁ‬cotton ?? σ ‫ בד‬linen, ‫ בוץ‬byssus, ‫ חור‬linen, ‫ כרפס‬fine cotton Es 1:6 αλ, ‫ משׁי‬silk Ez 16:10, 13 ‫ שׁשׁ‬a white stone, (alabaster, marble ??) ‫ שׁשׁא‬to lead by pulling on a rope Ez 39:2 αλ σ ‫נחה‬ ‫< שׁשׁבצר‬name> ‫ שׁשׁה‬to give a sixth part → ‫ שׁשׁ‬six, ‫שׁשׁי‬ sixth ‫ שׂשׂון‬gladness ← ‫שׂושׂ‬ ‫ שׁשׁי‬β ‫ שׁשׁי‬,‫שׁשׁ‬ ‫ שׁשׁי‬sixth ← ‫שׁשׁה‬ ‫< שׁשׁי‬name> ‫ שׁשׁך‬an alternate name for Babel Jr 25:26, 51:41 )from ‫ )?? שׂושׂ‬Some people say that it's actually an instance of Atbash, a classic cryptographic technique in which the letters of the alphabet are transposed following a simple rule: alef for tau, bet for shin, gimel for resh and so on. 318 ‫ שׁשׁם‬β ‫אשׁר שׁם‬ ‫< שׁשׁן‬name> ‫ שׁשׁנים‬β ‫שׁושׁן‬ ‫< שׁשׁק‬name> ‫ שׁשׁר‬vermillion, a red color Jr 22:14, Ez 23:14 ‫ שׂת‬β ‫שׂאת‬ ‫ שׁת‬β ‫שׁית‬ ‫ שׁת‬foundation Is 19:10, Ps 11:3 buttocks (foundation of the body) 2S 10:4, Is 20:4 ‫< שׁת‬name> ‫ שׁתה‬β ‫ שׁתה‬,‫שׁית‬ ‫ שׁתה‬to drink → ‫ משׁתה‬meal, where drinks are served, ‫ שׁתיה‬,‫ שׁתי‬drinking σ ‫ גמא‬to drink down, ‫ עלע‬to slurp down ?? Jb 39:30 αλ ‫ שׁתו‬β ‫ שׁתה‬,‫שׁית‬ ‫ שׁתול‬adj planted Jr 17:8, Ez 17:8, 10, Hs 9:13, Ps 1:3 ← ‫שׁתל‬ ‫ שׁתות‬β ‫ שׁתה‬,‫שׁת‬ ‫ שׁתי‬β ‫ שׁתי‬,‫ שׁתה‬,‫שׁית‬ ‫( שׁתי‬some sort of cloth) ?? Lv 13:48–59 ‫ שׁתיה‬,‫ שׁתי‬drinking ← ‫שׁתה‬ ‫ שׁתים‬β ‫שׁנים‬ ‫ שׁתל‬to plant (tree) Ez 17:22–3 → ‫שׁתול‬ adj planted Jr 17:8, Ez 17:8, 10, Hs 9:13, Ps 1:3, ‫ שׁתל‬act of planting Ps 128:3 αλ σ ‫זרע‬ ‫ שׁתל‬act of planting Ps 128:3 αλ ← ‫שׁתל‬ ‫< שׁתלחי‬name> ‫ שׁתם‬β ‫ תם‬,‫ שׁתם‬,‫שׁית‬ ‫ שׂתם‬,‫ שׁתם‬to shut up ?? Nu 24:3, 15, Lm 3:8 σ ‫סגר‬ ‫ שׁתן‬β ‫שׁין‬ ‫ שׁתק‬to still (waves, accusation) Jn 1:11– 12, Pr 26:20 σ ‫שׁקט‬ ‫ שׂתר‬to break out (a disease, break out boils, rash, buboes 1S 5:9) αλ σ ‫פצח‬ ‫< שׁתר‬name> ‫< שׁתר בוזני‬name> ‫ ת‬twenty-second letter, has no meaning in Hebrew on its own, where letters are used as numbers, it refers to the number 400. In really ancient writing, it was often written as a “X” and was used to indicate where on should put his identifying mark, such as a signature. Its pronunciation is the same as ‫ תו‬as used in Ezekiel 9:4. ‫ תא‬hall, large room as in a castle or temple 1K 14:28, Ez 40:7, 2C 12:11 σ ‫חדר‬ ‫ תאב‬β ‫תאב‬, (only once Am 6:8, a misspelling?) ‫תעב‬ ‫ תאב‬to long for → ‫ תאבה‬longing Ps 119:20, 40, 174 σ ‫כסף‬ ‫ תאבה‬longing Ps 119:20, 40, 174 ← ‫תאב‬ ‫ תאבו‬β ‫ תאב‬,‫אבה‬ ‫ תאה‬to survey, both in marking boundaries Nu 34:7–8 and looking over Dt 33:21 σ ‫ראה‬ ‫ תאו‬mountain sheep ?? Dt 14:5 αλ ‫ תאוה‬generalized desiring that which is desired ← ‫אוה‬ ‫ תאומים‬β ‫תואמים‬ ‫ תאות‬β ‫תאוה‬ ‫( תאות‬as a masculine singular Ps 78:29, Pr 10:24, 11:23 as a feminine in construct Ps 21:3, 112:10, Pr 21:25) ‫ תאירו‬β ‫נאר‬ ‫ תאלת‬curse ?? Lm 3:65 αλ ← ‫אלה‬ ‫ תאם‬to double, as in making a copy to bear twins So 4:2, 6:6 → ‫ תאם‬doubled, used of something copied once so there 319 ‫ תבואה‬yield, in the sense of produce of the field, vineyard Gn 47:24, Is 30:23, 2C 32:28 ← ‫בוא‬ ‫ תבונה‬practical insight leading to action, such as making things skill Ex 31:3, 35:31, Pr 24:3 ← ‫בון‬ ‫ תבינו‬β ‫ בין‬,‫בוא‬ ‫ תבוסת‬kicking aside rejection 2C 22:7 αλ ← ‫בוס‬ ‫ תבור‬name of place ‫ תבל‬β ‫ תבל‬,‫בלה‬ ‫( תבל‬used mostly poetically) dry land that can be inhabited, not including the sea σ ‫ארץ‬ ‫ תבל‬contamination, mixing up what ought not be mixed up Lv 18:23, 20:12 ← ‫בלל‬ ‫< תבל‬name> ‫< תבלי‬name> ‫ תבלית‬wearing away ?? Is 10:25 αλ ← ‫בלה‬ ‫ תבלל‬contaminated, wandering eye ?? Lv 21:20 αλ ← ‫בלל‬ ‫ תבן‬straw, used in making adobe bricks, also to feed animals ← ‫ בנה‬σ ‫ מתבן‬pile of straw Is 25:10 αλ, ‫ קשׁ‬straw, left over after harvesting grain ‫ תבנית‬model, used to plan a construction Ex 25:9, 40, Dt 4:16–8, 1C 28:11–2, 18–9 ← ‫ בנה‬σ ‫דמה‬ ‫ תבענה‬β ‫נבע‬ ‫< תבערה‬name> ‫< תבץ‬name> ‫ תגוף‬β ‫ נגף‬,‫גוף‬ ‫< תגלת פלאסר‬name> ‫ תגמול‬action that affects (e.g. benefit) Ps 116:12 αλ ← ‫גמל‬ ‫ תגר‬β ‫ נגר‬,‫גרה‬ are two of the object Ex 26:24 twin So 7:4 (3), ‫ תאומים‬twins Gn 38:27, So 4:5, 7:3, ‫ תואמם‬doubled, replicated Ex 36:29 αλ ‫ תאם‬doubled, used of something copied once so there are two of the object Ex 26:24 twin So 7:4 (3) ← ‫תאם‬ ‫ תאומים‬twins Gn 38:27, So 4:5 ← ‫תאם‬ ‫ תאמינו‬β ‫ימן‬ ‫ תאן‬distress Is 29:2 Ez 24:12 Lm 2:5 ← ‫אנה‬ ‫ תאן‬fig ?? banana ?? Nu 3:23, 2K 20:7, Jr 8:13, 24:1–3, 5, 8, Ne 13:15 ‫ תאנה‬fig tree (compare its leaves to the following) ?? banana tree (which has big, long and wide leaves, but needs warm and moist conditions to grow well) ?? Gn 3:7, Pr 27:18, So 2:13, Jl 2:22 ‫ תאנה‬occasion for an unpleasant experience, not a chance occurrence Jd 14:4, Jr 2:24 ← ‫אנה‬ ‫ תאניה ואניה‬phrase sort of like “toil and trouble” in English ?? Is 29:2, Lm 2:5 ← ‫אנה‬ ‫< תאנת שׁלה‬name> ‫ תאר‬to outline → ‫ תאר‬outline σ ‫דמה‬ ‫ תאר‬outline ← ‫ תאר‬σ ‫דמות‬ ‫< תארע‬name> ‫ תאשׁור‬cypress tree Is 41:19, 60:13, Ex 27:6 σ ‫עץ‬ ‫ תבה‬boat ?? used only in two contexts, that of Noah and Moses, to refer to a floating container designed to carry a cargo σ ‫אניה‬ ‫ תבוא‬β ‫ תבואה‬,‫ תבוא‬,‫בוא‬ ‫ תבוא‬arrival, coming in Jb 6:8 ← ‫בוא‬ 320 ‫< תגרמה‬name> ‫ תגרת‬provoking, stirring up trouble Ps 39:11 (10) αλ ← ‫גרה‬ ‫ תגשׁ‬β ‫ נגשׁ‬,‫גשׁשׁ‬ ‫ תדהר‬ash tree ?? Is 41:19, 60:13 σ ‫עץ‬ ‫ תדיחנו‬β ‫נדח‬ ‫< תדמר‬name> ‫< תדעל‬name> ‫ תהו‬uninhabited Is 45:18, uninhabited area, wilderness Dt 32:10, Jb 6:18 uninhabited empty place Jb 26:7, uninhabited because depopulated Is 24:10, 34:11, uselessly (lifelessly) Is 45:19 lifeless Gn 1:2, lifeless object Is 49:4, 59:4, used also with idols formed by casting and carving in contrast with the living God Is 41:29, 44:9 σ ‫הבל‬ ‫ תהום‬deep waters, of an ocean, lake or spring σ ‫ מצולה‬depth (low places), always connected with water (river, sea) Ex 15:5, Jn 2:4 (3), Ne 9:11, ‫ עמק‬deep place valley, ‫ צולה‬deep waters Is 44:27 αλ ‫ תהותתו‬β ‫הות‬ ‫ תהימנה‬β ‫הום‬ ‫ תהלה‬boast(ing) song of praise, Psalm ← ‫ הלל‬σ ‫ מכתם‬a type of poem ‫ תהלה‬sustenance Jb 4:18 ← ‫נהל‬ ‫ תהלכת‬procession Ne 12:31 αλ ← ‫הלך‬ ‫ תהם‬β ‫ תהם‬,‫ תהום‬,‫ המם‬,‫הום‬ ‫ תהם‬commotion, stirring (caused by unease) Ps 42:5, 12, 43:5 ← ‫הום‬ ‫ תהמת‬flowing turbulent waters ?? (masc noun) Ex 15:5, 8, Dt 8:7 (plural Is 63:13, Ps 71:20, 77:17 (16), 78:15, 106:9, 148:7, Pr 8:24) ← ‫הום‬ ‫ תהפכת‬,‫ תהפכות‬overturning perversity ← ‫הפך‬ ‫ תו‬identifying mark Ez 9:4 ← ‫תוה‬ ‫ תוא‬β ‫ תוא‬,‫תאו‬ ‫( תוא‬something to do with a drop net) ?? Is 51:20 ‫ תואמם‬doubled, replicated Ex 36:29 αλ ← ‫תאם‬ ‫< תובל‬name> ‫< תובל קין‬name> ‫ תובנתו‬β ‫תבונה‬ ‫ תוגה‬β ‫ יגה‬,‫תוגה‬ ‫ תוגה‬deep sorrow, grief Ps 119:28, Pr 14:13, 17:21 ← ‫יגה‬ ‫< תוגרמה‬name> ‫ תודה‬thank (offering) ← ‫ידה‬ ‫ תודה‬group of people singing in chorus ?? Ne 12:31, 38, 40 ← ‫ידה‬ ‫ תוה‬to mark in the sense of graffiti 1S 21:14, as a brand to identify people Ez 9:4, to treat God’s name as graffiti, impiously ?? Ps 78:41 → ‫ תו‬identifying mark Ez 9:4 σ ‫פלה‬ ‫< תוח‬name> ‫ תוחלת‬that which one waits for Ps 39:8 (7), Pr 13:12, Lm 3:18 ← ‫יחל‬ ‫ תוך‬β ‫ תך‬,‫תוך‬ ‫ תוך‬inside σ ‫ תיכן‬,‫ תיכון‬central σ ‫בית‬ ‫ תוך‬unfairness Ez 28:16 αλ one who commits unfairness against others Ps 72:14 αλ ← ‫תכך‬ ‫ תוכחה‬reason for setting forth one’s case, having a complaint 2K 18:3, Is 37:3, Hs 5:9 ← ‫יכח‬ ‫ תוכחות‬deserving of upbraiding, reproof Ez 25:17, Ps 38:15, 39:12, 149:7, Pr 29:1 ← ‫יכח‬ 321 ‫ תוכחת‬reasoning, reproof showing what needs to be improved ?? a reason for an action, often || to ‫ מוסר‬Pr 5:12, 10:17, 12:1, 13:18, 15;5, 29:15 ← ‫יכח‬ ‫< תולד‬name> ‫ תולדות‬history, the narratives that are brought forth Gn 2:4, descendants Rt 4:18 ← ‫ילד‬ ‫ תולדת‬brought forth narration Gn 5:1, 6:9, 10:1, 11:10, 27, 25:19, Nu 3:1, genealogy Gn 25:13, Ex 28:10, Nu 1 (12 x) ← ‫ילד‬ ‫ תולל‬oppressor ?? Ps 137:3 αλ σ ‫לחץ‬ ‫ תלעת‬,‫ תולעה‬,‫ תולע‬worm crimson dye made from worms cloth dyed crimson σ ‫ רמה‬worm ‫< תולע‬name> ‫< תולעי‬name> ‫ תולעת שׁני‬crimson dyed cloth ‫ תומיך‬β ‫תמך‬ ‫ תומים‬β ‫תואמים‬ ‫ תועבה‬abomination, i.e. something that goes against God’s created order ← ‫תעב‬ ‫ תועבת‬a pattern of practicing abominations Lv 18:26–7, 29–30, Dt 12:31, 18:9, 12 ← ‫תעב‬ ‫ תועה‬wandering, straying Is 32:6, Pr 21:16, Ne 4:2 (8) ← ‫תעה‬ ‫ תועפת‬,‫ תועפות‬pawing out, as in digging up Nu 23:22, 24:8, Ps 95:4, Jb 22:25 ‫ תופע‬β ‫יפע‬ ‫ תוצאות‬exit, going out extremity ← ‫יצא‬ ‫ תוקעים‬driving in deals, making deals ← ‫תקע‬ ‫ תור‬to go around, as in exploring to explore → ‫ תר‬explorer Nu 14:6, 1K 10:15, 2C 19:4, ‫ תר לחי‬string of beads or jewelry chain that hangs down from a headdress and hangs around the jaw ?? So 1:10 σ ‫בקשׁ‬ ‫ תר‬,‫ תורה‬,‫ תור‬turn, as in place in line ‫ תר‬,‫ תור‬turtle-dove ‫ תורה‬β ‫ תורה‬,‫תור‬ ‫ תורה‬instruction (pointing out) ← ‫ירה‬ ‫ תורק‬β ‫ריק‬ ‫ תורשׁ‬β ‫ רישׁ‬,‫ירשׁ‬ ‫ תשׁב‬,‫ תושׁב‬settler ← ‫ישׁב‬ ‫ תושׁיה‬forethought, this is thinking ahead of time concerning concepts and ideas, considering options and making contingency plans where applicable (arranging of thoughts ??) Is 28:29, Pr 18:1, Jb 11:6, 12:16 ← ‫ שׁוה‬σ ‫דע‬ ‫ תושׁעון‬β ‫ישׁע‬ ‫ תותח‬club ?? Jb 41:21 (29) αλ ‫ תזז‬to strike away Is 18:5 αλ σ ‫ שׁלך‬,‫נכה‬ ‫ תזל‬β ‫נזל‬ ‫ תזלי‬β ‫זלה‬ ‫ תזנות‬pattern of prostituting Ez 16, 23 ← ‫זנה‬ ‫ תזרח‬rising, refers not just to the rising of the sun, but also to its shining after rising Ps 104:22 αλ ← ‫זרח‬ ‫ תזרם‬β ‫זור‬ ‫ תזרני‬β ‫נזר‬ ‫ תחבלות‬binding (guiding) principles Pr 1:5, 11:14, 12:5, 20:18, 24:6 ← ‫חבל‬ ‫ תחד‬β ‫ חדה‬,‫חדד‬ ‫< תחו‬name> ‫ תחולל‬one who produces Is 51:2 ← ‫חלל‬ ‫< תחכמני‬name> ‫ תחל‬β ‫ חלל‬,‫חלה‬ ‫ תחלואים‬,‫ תחלאים‬wasting away (from hunger or disease) Dt 29:22, Jr 14:18, 16:4, Ps 103:3, 2C 21:19 ← ‫חלא‬ 322 ‫ תחלה‬beginning, referring to the initiation of action, starting of making common ← ‫ חלל‬σ ‫ראשׁית‬ ‫ תחלת‬β ‫ תחלה‬,‫תוחלת‬ ‫ תחמס‬a species of owl Lv 11:16, Dt 14:15 σ ‫עוף‬ ‫ תחן‬β ‫ חנן‬,‫חנה‬ ‫< תחן‬name> ‫ תחנה‬request for favor, help 2K 6:8, Jr 37:20, Ps 55:2, Ezr 9:8, 2C 6:39 ← ‫חנן‬ ‫ תחנון‬begging for mercy from troubles Jr 3:21, 31:8, Ps 28:2, 31:23, Pr 18:23 ← ‫חנן‬ ‫< תחנה‬name> ‫< תחני‬name> ‫ תחנת‬place of encampment ?? 2K 6:8 αλ ← ‫חנה‬ ‫ תחנתי‬β ‫ תחנת‬,‫תחנה‬ ‫< תחפנחס‬name> ‫< תחפניס‬name> ‫ תחרא‬shielded ?? an extra layer of cloth added to keep the neck area from wearing out ? Ex 28:32, 39:23 ‫ תחרה‬β ‫חרה‬ ‫< תחרע‬name> ‫ תחשׁ‬β ‫ תחשׁ‬,‫חושׁ‬ ‫ תחשׁ‬apparently a type of leather, identity unknown from the contexts, possibly chosen because of its water resistant nature Ex 25:5, 36;19, Nu 4, Ez 16:10 ?? ‫< תחשׁ‬name> ‫ תחת‬β ‫ תחת‬,‫ חתת‬,‫חתה‬ ‫ תחת‬positionally means “under”, “beneath”, “among”, however, something that comes afterwards in the place of something before is said to come “under” the previous object instead of “in the place of” as in English, the exchange being made not only afterwards but often because of a previous action hence can take the understanding of both “after” and “because”; (exchange) in place of, in exchange for, as payment for; (purpose) because of, on behalf of 2S 3:12, ‫תחת‬ ‫( אשׁר‬lit. “under which”) “following that”, “after which” often translated as “because”, “since” Nu 25:13, Dt 21:14, 22:29, 2K 22:17, 2C 34:25, ‫( תחת יד‬lit. “under hand”) in one’s possession and/ or control Gn 41:35, Ex 18:10, 1S 24:4–5, 9, ‫ תחתון‬lower city Js 16:3, 18:13, 1K 9:17, 1C 7:24, 8:5, ‫ תחתיו‬after (time) him, in his place, ‫ תחתיות‬lowest, depths Js 15:19, Is 44:23, Ez 26:20, 32:18, 24, ‫ תחתית‬below, lower Ex 19:17, Dt 32:22, Jd 1:15, Ez 31:14, 16, 18, Jb 41:16 ‫< תחת‬name> ‫ תחתון‬lower city Js 16:3, 18:13, 1K 9:17, 1C 7:24, 8:5 ← ‫תחת‬ ‫ תחתיו‬after (time) him, in his place ← ‫תחת‬ ‫ תחתיות‬lowest, depths Js 15:19, Is 44:23, Ez 26:20, 32:18, 24 ← ‫תחת‬ ‫< תחתים חדשׁי‬name> ‫ תחתית‬below, lower Ex 19:17, Dt 32:22, Jd 1:15, Ez 31:14, 16, 18, Jb 41:16 ← ‫תחת‬ ‫ תטף‬,‫ תטיף‬β ‫נטף‬ ‫ תטר‬β ‫נטר‬ ‫ תיכן‬,‫ תיכון‬central σ ‫תוך‬ ‫< תילון‬name> ‫< תימא‬name> ‫ תימן‬south σ ‫נגב‬ ‫< תימן‬name> ‫< תימני‬name> 323 ‫ תימר‬column with a capital on it (palm tree shape) Ez 40:22 αλ ← ‫תמר‬ ‫ תימרה‬a shape like a palm tree Jl 3:3, So 3:6 ← ‫תמר‬ ‫< תיצי‬name> ‫ תירשׁ‬,‫ תירושׁ‬new wine ← ‫ירשׁ‬ ‫< תיריא‬name> ‫ תישׁ‬he goat Gn 30:35, 32:14, Pr 30:31, 2C 17:11 σ ‫עז‬ ‫ תישׁן‬β ‫שׁנה‬ ‫ תוך‬,‫ תך‬oppression, something said or done that eats away at a person’s inside? Ps 10:7, 55:12 ← ‫ תכך‬σ ‫לחץ‬ ‫ תכו‬β ‫ תכך‬,‫נכה‬ ‫ תכונה‬measurement Ez 43:11, Nh 2:10 (9), Jb 23:3 ← ‫תכן‬ ‫ תכיים‬some sort of fancy bird, has to be imported ?? 1K 10:22, 1C 9:21 ‫ תכך‬to oppress Is 1:5 → ‫ תוך‬unfairness Ez 28:16 αλ one who commits unfairness against others Ps 72:14 αλ, ‫תך‬ oppression, something said or done that eats away at a person’s inside? Ps 10:7, 55:12, ‫ תככים‬one who continuously oppresses, status of oppressor ?? Pr 29:13 αλ ‫ תככים‬one who continuously oppresses, status of oppressor ?? Pr 29:13 αλ ← ‫ תכך‬σ ‫לחץ‬ ‫ תכלה‬perfection Ps 119:96 ← ‫כלה‬ ‫ תכלית‬completion Jb 11:7, 26:10, 28:3, Ne 3:21 complete Ps 139:22 ← ‫כלה‬ ‫ תכלת‬blue, also cloth dyed blue ‫ תכן‬β ‫ תכן‬,‫כון‬ ‫ תכן‬to measure → ‫ מתכנת‬set measurement according to a tally, recipe Ex 5:8, 30:32, 37, Ez 45:11, 2C 45:11, ‫תכונה‬ measurement Ez 43:11, Nh 2:10 (9), Jb 23:3, ‫ תכן‬measure σ ‫מדד‬ ‫ תכן‬measure ← ‫תכן‬ ‫< תכן‬name> ‫ תכנו‬β ‫נכה‬ ‫ תכנית‬foundation, setting up Ez 28:12, 43:10 ← ‫כנה‬ ‫ תכריך‬robe Es 8:15 αλ σ ‫לבשׁ‬ ‫ תל‬artificial hill built up by a city over generations ← ‫תלל‬ ‫< תל אביב‬name> ֿ‫< תל חרשׁא‬name> ‫< תל מלח‬name> ‫ תלאבות‬aridity ?? Hs 13:5 αλ ‫ תלאה‬vexation, trouble Ex 18:8, Nu 20:14, Jb 4:2, Lm 3:5, Ne 9:32 ← ‫לאה‬ ‫ תלאים‬status of being vexed, troubled Dt 28:66 αλ ← ‫לאה‬ ‫< תלאשׂר‬name> ‫ תלבשׁת‬dressing Is 59:17 αλ ← ‫לבשׁ‬ ‫< תלגת פלנסר‬name> ‫ תלדות‬narratives brought forth Gn 36:1, 9, 37:2 brought forth descendants 1C 1:29, 5:7, 7:2, 4, 9, 8:28, 9:9, 34 ← ‫ילד‬ ‫ תלדת‬narrative Gn 25:12 descent Ex 6:16, 19, 1C 26:31 ← ‫ילד‬ ‫ תלה‬β ‫ תלה‬,‫לאה‬ ‫ תלה‬to hang → ‫ תלי‬quiver ?? Gn 27:3 αλ σ ‫דלה‬ ‫ תלול‬lifted up ?? αλ ← ‫תלל‬ ‫ תלונת‬complaining Ex 16:12, Nu 17:25 ← ‫לון‬ ‫< תלח‬name> ‫ תלי‬quiver ?? Gn 27:3 αλ ← ‫תלה‬ ‫ תלל‬to lift up ?? Ez 17:22 αλ → ‫תל‬ artificial hill built up by a city over generations, ‫ תלול‬lifted up ?? αλ σ ‫סבל‬ 324 ‫ תלם‬furrow Hs 10:4, 12:12 (11), Ps 65:11 (10), Jb 31:38, 39:10 σ ‫שׂדי‬ ‫< תלמי‬name> ‫ תלמיד‬student 1C 25:8 αλ part of a contrast pair of insignificant with great, learned with student ← ‫למד‬ ‫ תלנת‬lodged complaint Ex 16:7–9, Nu 14:27, 17:20 (5) ← ‫לון‬ ‫ תלע‬dyed scarlet (indicating the wealth of the people) Nh 2:4 αλ → ,‫ תולעה‬,‫תולע‬ ‫ תלעת‬worm crimson dye made from worms cloth dyed crimson, ,‫תולעת שׁני‬ ‫ תלעת שׁני‬crimson dyed cloth ‫ תלפיות‬armory, where armor is stored So 4:4 αλ σ ‫ נשׁק‬armor ‫< תלשׂר‬name> ‫ תלתל‬hangings So 5:11 αλ ‫ תם‬complete, perfect, innocent Pr 11:3, Jb 2:3, 27:5 pure, i.e. innocent, if doing something wrong not realizing that it was wrong Gn 20:5–6, 2S 15:11 ← ‫תמם‬ ‫< תמא‬name> Jb 6:19 ?? αλ ‫< תמא‬name> ‫ תמה‬to wonder, not knowing what to do, what’s going on Gn 43:33, Is 13:8, 29:9, Hb 1:5, Ko 5:7 → ‫ תמהון‬wonderment, not knowing what to do, what’s going on Dt 28:28, Zc 12:4 ‫ תמה‬perfection Jb 12:2, So 5:2, 6:9 ← ‫תמם‬ ‫ תמהון‬wonderment, not knowing what to do, what’s going on Dt 28:28, Zc 12:4 ← ‫תמה‬ ‫ תמוז‬a Canaanite god who supposedly died each fall and resurrected in the spring. The worship of which included weeping in the fall, feasting and sexual orgies in the spring. Ez 8:14 ‫ תמול‬yesterday, day or time previous—the idiomatic phrase containing the words ‫ תמול‬,‫ אתמול‬or ‫ תמל‬together with ‫ שלשום‬or ‫ שלשם‬has the idea of “before”, “previously”, or “in times past” that the action named took place σ ‫אתמול‬ yesterday, previous(ly) ‫ תמונה‬form. a 3D object Ex 20:4, Dt 4:12, 15, 5:8, Jb 4:16 σ ‫דמה‬ ‫ תמורה‬substitute Lv 27:10, 33, Jb 15:31, 20:18, 28:17, Rt 4:7 ← ‫מור‬ ‫ תמות‬β ‫ תמה‬,‫ תם‬,‫מות‬ ‫ תמותה‬sentenced to death ?? Ps 79:11, 102:21 (20) LXX τεθανατωµενων || ‫אסיר‬ ‫< תמח‬name> ‫ תמיד‬continually ‫ תמים‬status of being complete, whole, as in completed development, perfect pure, i.e. innocent ← ‫תמם‬ ‫ תמים‬together with ‫ אורים‬β ‫אורים‬ ‫ תמך‬to take hold of σ ‫לקח‬ ‫ תמל‬β ‫תמול‬ ‫( תמלט‬a type of nesting animal) ?? Is 34:15 αλ ← ‫מלט‬ ‫ תמם‬to come to an end, to complete, used in the sense of coming to the end of, finishing a period of time Gn 47:18, Lv 25:29 and to come to the end of construction, to finish the making of something 1K 6:22, used of a person who is “complete” i.e. pure Ps 18:26 (25); sometimes used in the sense “there is no more” as all has been removed Gn 47:15, Dt 2:16 when in connection with a ‫מ‬ (prefix) on a following (pro)noun, has the idea of completely removing Jr 325 24:10, Ez 22:15 → ‫ מתם‬whole (as in all of it) Dt 2:34. 3:6, Jd 20:48 place that is whole, perfect, pure Is 1:6, Ps 38:4, 8, ‫ תם‬complete, perfect, innocent Pr 11:3, Jb 2:3, 27:5 pure, i.e. innocent, if doing something wrong not realizing that it was wrong Gn 20:5–6, 2S 15:11, ‫תמה‬ perfection Jb 12:2, So 5:2, 6:9, ‫תמים‬ status of being complete, whole, as in completed development, perfect pure, i.e. innocent σ ‫כלה‬ ‫ תמן‬β ‫תימן‬ ‫< תמנה‬name> ‫< תמני‬name> ‫< תמנע‬name> ‫ תמנת‬β ‫תמונה‬ ‫ תמס‬melting, trail of slime ← ‫מסס‬ ‫ תמר‬β ‫ תמר‬,‫מור‬ ‫ תמר‬date palm column to hold up a roof (also ornaments in the shape of palm trees) → ‫ תימר‬column with a capital on it (palm tree shape) Ez 40:22 αλ, ‫ תימרה‬a shape like a palm tree Jl 3:3, So 3:6, ‫ תמרה‬relief carving in the shape of palm tree 1K 6:32, 35–6, 7:36, Ez 41:18–9 ‫< תמר‬name> ‫ תמרה‬relief carving in the shape of palm tree 1K 6:32, 35–6, 7:36, Ez 41:18–9 ← ‫תמר‬ ‫ תמרו‬β ‫אמר‬ ‫ תמרוק‬massage Es 2:9, 12 ← ‫מרק‬ ‫ תמרורים‬bitterness Jr 6:26, 31:15, 31:21, Hs 12:15 (14) ← ‫מרר‬ ‫ תמרורים‬guide posts ?? Jr 31:21 αλ ‫ תמרות‬β ‫תימרה‬ ‫ תמשׁ‬β ‫מושׁ‬ ‫ תמת‬β ‫ תמה‬,‫ תם‬,‫מות‬ ‫ תן‬β ‫ תן‬,‫נתן‬ ‫ תן‬jackal ?? Is 34:13, 43:20. Jr 9:10, 10:22, 51:37, Ml 1:3 ‫ תנדו‬β ‫נוד‬ ‫ תנה‬β ‫ תנה‬,‫נתן‬ ‫ תנה‬to narrate, talk about Jd 5:11, 11:40, Hs 8:9–10, Ps 8:2 σ ‫דבר‬ ‫ תנו‬β ‫ נתן‬,‫ינה‬ ‫ תנואת‬repudiation Nu 13:34, Jb 33:10 ← ‫נוא‬ ‫ תנובה‬prosperity from production Dt 32:13, Jd 9:11, Is 27:6, Ez 36:30, Lm 4:9 ← ‫נוב‬ ‫ תנוך‬lobe (of the ear) Ex 29:20, Lv 8:23–4, 14:14, 17, 25, 28 ‫ תנומה‬lazing Ps 132:4, Pr 6:4, 10, 24:33, Jb 33:15 ← ‫נום‬ ‫ תנופה‬presentation (offering) Ex 35:22, Nu 8:13, 15, 21 ← ‫נוף‬ ‫ תנור‬oven Ex 7:28 (8:3), Lv 2:4, 7:9 smoke as from an oven Gn 15:17, Is 31:9 σ ‫אשׁ‬ ‫ תנות‬β ‫תן‬ ‫ תנחום‬consoling Jr 16:7, Ps 94:19 ← ‫נחם‬ ‫ תנחומת‬reason to console Jb 21:2 αλ ← ‫נחם‬ ‫ תנחם‬β ‫ נחם‬,‫נוח‬ ‫ תנחמה‬consolation Jb 15:11 αλ ← ‫נחם‬ ‫< תנחמת‬name> ‫ תנים‬β ‫ תנין‬,‫תן‬ ‫ תנין‬reptile. created along with man Gn 1:21, both small as snakes Ex 7:9–10, 12 and apparently quite large Ps 91:13, both land and sea Is 27:1, Ps 148:7, had udders and teats to suckle their young Lm 4:3 σ ‫נחשׁ‬ 326 ‫ תנשׁמת‬mentioned twice as a flying creature, once as a creeping creature, possibly a small pterosaur ?? Lv 11:18, 30 Dt 14:16 σ ‫ עוף‬,‫חיה‬ ‫ תסג‬β ‫סוג‬ ‫ תסיעי‬β ‫נסע‬ ‫ תסיתני‬β ‫סות‬ ‫ תסך‬β ‫נסך‬ ‫ תסכני‬β ‫סכך‬ ‫ תעב‬to treat as an abomination, i.e. as something that goes against God’s created order Dt 7:26, Am 5:10, Ps 106:40, Jb 19:19, to practice abominations 1K 21:26, Ps 14:1, 53:2 → ‫ מתעב‬one who practices abominations Is 49:7, Mc 3:9, ‫ תועבה‬abomination, i.e. something that goes against God’s created order, ‫ תועבת‬a pattern of practicing abominations Lv 18:26–7, 29– 30, Dt 12:31, 18:9, 12 σ ‫שׂנא‬ ‫ תעברת‬goings over the limit Ps 89:39 σ ‫עבר‬ ‫ תעגנה‬β ‫ עוג‬,‫עגן‬ ‫ תעד‬β ‫ עוד‬,‫עדה‬ ‫ תעה‬to wander, go astray → ‫תועה‬ wandering, straying Is 32:6, Pr 21:16, Ne 4:2 (8), ‫ תעות‬making stray ?? Ez 44:15, 48:11 σ ‫הלך‬ ‫< תעו‬name> ‫ תעודה‬that which gives witness Rt 4:2, Is 8:16, 20 ← ‫עוד‬ ‫ תעורר‬β ‫עור‬ ‫ תעות‬making stray ?? Ez 44:15, 48:11 ← ‫תעה‬ ‫ תעט‬β ‫עיט‬ ‫< תעי‬name> ‫ תעיק‬β ‫עוק‬ ‫ תעל‬to channel or constrain the flow of water, as in(to) a ditch Jb 6:16 → ‫תעלה‬ ditch, a place to channel or constrain the flow of water 1K 18:32, 35, 38, 2K 18:17, Is 7:3, 36:2 ‫ תעלה‬β ‫ תעלה‬,‫עלה‬ ‫ תעלה‬ditch, a place to channel or constrain the flow of water 1K 18:32, 35, 38, 2K 18:17, Is 7:3, 36:2 ← ‫ תעל‬σ ‫ארבה‬ sluice-gate of an irrigation ditch, which usually has constant standing water around it because of water turbulence at gate causing washing out, ‫ מיכל‬ditch ?? 2S 17:20 αλ, ‫ מנהרה‬trenches where people could move unseen by the enemy ?? Ju 6:2 αλ ‫ תעלה‬ascent (way of) 2K 20:5, Jr 30:13, 46:11, (parts taller than) Ez 31:4 ← ‫עלה‬ ‫ תעלול‬child, in reference to that small children like to repeat actions until learned ?? Is 3:4 αλ ← ‫ עלל‬σ ‫ילד‬ ‫ תעלל‬repeated actions done to harm ?? Is 66:4 αλ ← ‫עלל‬ ‫ תעלמה‬unknown thing Ps 44:22, Jb 11:6, 28:11 ← ‫עלם‬ ‫ תעלנו‬β ‫עלה‬ ‫ תענוג‬soft person or thing noble Mc 1:16, Pr 19:10, So 7:7 (6) ← ‫ענג‬ ‫ תענוגת‬softness nobility Ko 2:8 αλ (Aleppo ‫ענג ← )תענגות‬ ‫ תענג‬softness, pleasure Mc 2:9 αλ ← ‫ענג‬ ‫ תענית‬humiliation 1K 2:26, Ezr 9:5 ← ‫ענה‬ ‫< תענך‬toponym> ‫ תעע‬to scoff → ‫ מתעתע‬scoffer Gn 27:12, 2C 36:16, ‫ תעתע‬mockery Jr 10:15, 51:18 σ ‫שׂחק‬ 327 ‫ תעפה‬flying (as the morning) ?? Jb 11:17 ← ‫עוף‬ ‫ תעצמות‬firming up ?? Ps 68:35 αλ ← ‫עצם‬ ‫ תער‬β ‫ תער‬,‫ ערה‬,‫עור‬ ‫ תער‬case, sheath 1S 17:51, Ez 21:3–5 case knife Jr 36:23, razor carried in a sheath Nu 6:5, 8:7, Ez 5:1 σ ‫ נדן‬sheath 1C 21:27 vagina Ez 16:33 ‫ תערבות‬hostage, status of being a hostage 2K 14:14, 2C 25:24 ← ‫ערב‬ ‫ תערר‬β ‫עור‬ ‫ תעתע‬mockery Jr 10:15, 51:18 ← ‫תעע‬ ‫ תף‬tambourine ← ‫תפף‬ ‫ תפארה‬ornament, a specific object that embellishes Is 28:5, Jr 48:17 ← ‫ פאר‬σ ‫כבוד‬ ‫ תפארת‬ornamentation, a generic adornment ← ‫ פאר‬σ ‫כבוד‬ ‫ תפוח‬apple(tree) Jl 1:12, Pr 25:11, So 2:3, 5, 7:9, 8:5 ← ‫נפח‬ ‫< תפוח‬name> ‫ תפוצה‬dispersion ← ‫פוץ‬ ‫ תפושׂ‬β ‫פשׂה‬ ‫ תפי‬decorating, i.e. making beautiful ?? Jr 31:4, Ez 28:13 ← ‫יפה‬ ‫ תפין‬fried ?? Lv 6:14 αλ ‫ תפל‬β ‫ תפל‬,‫נפל‬ ‫ תפל‬insipid (food) Jb 6:6 αλ ‫ תפל‬whitewash, an inferior covering to hide faults Ez 13:10–1, 14–5, 22:28, Lm 2:14 ‫< תפל‬name> ‫ תפלה‬β ‫ תפלה‬,‫ תפל‬,‫נפל‬ ‫ תפלה‬intercession Is 1:15, 56:7, Ps 86:1, Jb 1:22 ← ‫ פלל‬σ ‫ שׁוע‬cry for help, ‫תחנה‬ request for favor, help 2K 6:8, Jr 37:20, Ps 55:2, Ezr 9:8, 2C 6:39, ‫ תחנון‬begging for mercy from troubles Jr 3:21, 31:8, Ps 28:2, 31:23, Pr 18:23 ‫( תפלה‬place of) falling Jr 23:13, Ps 109:4, Jb 24:12 ← ‫נפל‬ ‫ תפלצת‬that which makes one shiver (from fright, disgust) Jr 49:16 αλ ← ‫פלץ‬ ‫< תפסח‬name> ‫ תפע‬shining ?? Jb 10:22 αλ ← ‫יפע‬ ‫ תפף‬to drum Nh 2:8, Ps 68:26 → ‫תף‬ tambourine ‫ תפק‬β ‫פוק‬ ‫ תפר‬β ‫ תפר‬,‫ פרה‬,‫פור‬ ‫ תפר‬to sew (together) σ ‫שׁזר‬ ‫ תפשׂ‬to take hold of, to hold σ ‫קנה‬ ‫ תפת‬spitting, as a sign of contempt Jb 17:6 used to designate a place where altars to idols were built 2K 23:10, Jr 7:31, 19:11– 4 σ ‫רק‬ ‫< תפת‬toponym> ‫< תפתה‬name> ‫ תצפנו‬β ‫ צפן‬,‫צפה‬ ‫ תצפצף‬β ‫צפצף‬ ‫ תצר‬β ‫ תצר‬,‫ צרר‬,‫נצר‬ ‫ תצר‬guarding ?? Is 26:3 αλ ← ‫נצר‬ ‫ תצר‬distress, be distressing ?? 1S 30:6 αλ ← ‫צרר‬ ‫< תקהת‬name> ‫ תקוה‬hope, that which one waits for ← ‫קוה‬ ‫< תקוה‬name> ‫ תקומה‬ability to stand Lv 26:37 αλ ← ‫קום‬ ‫ תקומם‬one who stands against another Is 58:12 αλ ← ‫קום‬ ‫ תקוע‬β ‫ תקע‬,‫ תקוע‬,‫נקע‬ ‫ תקוע‬horn Ez 7:14 αλ ← ‫תקע‬ ‫< תקוה‬name> ‫ תקועה‬name of a town in Israel ‫< תקועי‬name> 328 ‫ תקופת‬going around (of year, days) Ex 34:22, 2C 24:23 (of action) Ps 19:7 ← ‫נקף‬ ‫ תקות‬cord Jos 2:18, 21 σ ‫חבל‬ ‫ תקם‬β ‫ קום‬,‫נקם‬ ‫ תקן‬to establish, set up (words and actions) ?? Jr 22:24, Ko 1:15, 7:13 → ‫ תקן‬one who presents ?? Ko 12:9 σ ant. ‫עות‬ ‫ תקן‬one who presents ?? Ko 12:9 ← ‫תקן‬ ‫ תקע‬β ‫ תקע‬,‫נקע‬ ‫ תקע‬to drive (in, out), e.g. tent stakes to pitch a tent, a spear in battle, breath into a horn to make a long, drawn out sound with the horn, metaphorically to strike a deal → ‫ תוקעים‬driving in deals, making deals, ‫ תקוע‬horn Ez 7:14 αλ ‫ תקף‬to have authority more in the sense of judicial, appointed power → ‫תקף‬ authority σ ‫בעל‬ ‫ תקף‬authority ← ‫תקף‬ ‫ תקץ‬β ‫קוץ‬ ‫ תר‬β ‫ תר‬,‫ תור‬,‫נתר‬ ‫ תר‬explorer Nu 14:6, 1K 10:15, 2C 19:4 ← ‫תור‬ ‫ תר לחי‬string of beads or jewelry chain that hangs down from a headdress and hangs around the jaw ?? So 1:10 ← ‫תור‬ ‫< תראלה‬name> ‫ תרבות‬increase ← ‫רבה‬ ‫ תרבית‬interest (on a loan) ← ‫רבה‬ ‫ תרגלתי‬my giving help to walk ?? Hs 11:3 αλ ← ‫רגל‬ ‫ תרדמה‬deep sleep Gn 2:21, 15:12, Js 2:15, 1S 26:12, Is 29:10, Jr 19:15, Jb 4:13, 33:15 ← ‫רדם‬ ‫ תרהו‬β ‫ ירא‬Is 44:8 ‫< תרהקה‬name> ‫ תרומיה‬,‫ תרומה‬offering, contribution (not to be burnt on the altar) ← ‫ רום‬σ ‫זבח‬ ‫ תרומות‬making contributions (i.e. bribes) Pr 29:4 αλ ← ‫רום‬ ‫ תרועה‬sounding forth, can be done with cymbals, stringed instruments Ps 33:3 as well as trumpets ← ‫רוע‬ ‫ תרופה‬remedy Ez 47:12 αλ ← ‫רפא‬ ‫ תרוץ‬β ‫ רצץ‬,‫רוץ‬ ‫ תרזה‬a type of tree ?? Is 44:14 αλ σ ‫עץ‬ ‫< תרח‬name> ‫< תרחנה‬name> ‫ תרך‬β ‫ תר‬one who explores for you ?? Jb 12:7–8 || to make known ‫ירה‬ ‫< תרמה‬name> ‫ תרמות‬intent to dupe Jr 14:14 ← ‫רמה‬ ‫ תרמית‬duping Ze 3:13, Ps 119:118 ← ‫רמה‬ ‫ תרמת‬β ‫ תרמת‬,‫תרומה‬ ‫ תרמת‬intent to dupe Jr 8:5, 23:26 ← ‫רמה‬ ‫( תרן‬wooden) pole flagpole Is 30:17, 33:23, (ship’s) mast Ez 27:5 ‫ תרעלה‬causing reeling from getting drunk Is 51:17, 22, Ps 60:5 ← ‫רעל‬ ‫< תרעתים‬name> ‫ תרף‬β ‫ תרפים‬,‫רפה‬ ‫ תרפים‬object used to make decisions Hs 3:4, not the same as a god Jd 17:5, 18:14, 17–8, 20, owned by persons or families Gn 31:19, 34–5, can be of a good size 1S 19:13, 16, person who by means of these objects tells others what to do 2K 23:24, Ez 21:26, Zc 10:2 such a decision ?? 1S 15:23 ‫ תרץ‬β ‫ רצץ‬,‫ רצה‬,‫רוצ‬ ‫ תרצה‬β ‫ תרצה‬,‫רצה‬ ‫< תרצה‬toponym> 329 ‫< תרשׁ‬name> ‫ תרשׁישׁ‬chrysolite or beryl ?? Ex 28:20, 39:13, Ez 1:16, 10:9, 28:13, So 5:14, Dn 10:6 ‫ תרשׁישׁ‬name of a city or country, some say Spain, others a city state well north of Israel in the eastern Mediterranean ‫ תרשׁתא‬governor (Persian loan word) Ezr 2:63, Ne 7:65, 70, 8:9, 10:2 (1) ‫< תרתן‬name> ‫< תרתק‬name> ‫< תרתן‬name> ‫ תשׂא‬beguiling, falseness ?? Hs 14:3 (2) αλ ← ‫נשׁא‬ ‫ תשׁאות‬storms, both weather Jb 36:29, 39:7 and people’s actions Is 22:2, Zc 4:7 ← ‫שׁאה‬ ‫ תשׁב‬β ‫ תושׁב‬,‫ שׁוב‬,‫ישׁב‬ ‫< תשׁבי‬name> ‫ תשׁבץ‬β ‫שׁבץ‬ ‫ תשׁגני‬β ‫ שׂוג‬,‫שׁגה‬ ‫ תשׁובת‬return, object that is returned Jb 21:34, ‫ תשׁובת השׁנה‬return to the same time of year 2S 11:1, 1K 20:22, 26, 2C 36:10 ← ‫שׁוב‬ ‫ תשׁוה‬β ‫ תשׁוה‬,‫שׁוה‬ ‫ תשׁוה‬arranged, prepared ?? Jb 30:22 αλ ← ‫שׁוה‬ ‫ תשׂומת‬deposit Lv 5:21 (6:2) αλ ← ‫שׂים‬ ‫ תשׁועה‬salvation ← ‫ישׁע‬ ‫ תשׁוקת‬attraction, fondness, hankering after Gn 3:16, 4:7, So 7:11 (10) ← ‫שׁוק‬ ‫ תשׁורה‬donation 1S 9:7 αλ σ ‫מתן‬ ‫ תשׁחת‬β ‫ תשׁחת‬,‫שׁחת‬ ‫ תשׁחת‬a type of musical instrument Ps 57:1, 58:1, 59:1, 75:1 ‫ תשׁי‬β ‫נשׁה‬ ‫ תשׁיה‬arrangement, things set up Jb 5:12, 6:13, 26:3, 30:22, Pr 3:21 ← ‫שׁוה‬ ‫ תשׁיך‬β ‫נשׁך‬ ‫ תשׁיעי‬ninth ‫ תשככני‬β ‫שׂוך‬ ‫ תשׁלו‬β ‫נשׁל‬ ‫ תשׁע‬nine ‫ תשׁעה‬looking around with pleasure (from rejoicing in their victory) ?? 2S 19:3 αλ ← ‫שׁעה‬ ‫ תשׁק‬β ‫ שׁקה‬,‫נשׁק‬ ‫ תשׁקמו‬β ‫שׁקה‬ ‫ תשׁקקה‬emptiness ?? Ps 65:10 (9) αλ σ ‫( שׁקק‬fem adj. ‫ )שׁקקה‬empty, flopped down like an empty bag ?? Ps 107:9 αλ ‫ תשׁתע‬β ‫שׁוע‬ ‫ תתאו‬β ‫תאה‬ ‫ תתבר‬β ‫ברר‬ ‫ תתכו‬,‫ תתך‬,‫ תתיכני‬β ‫נתך‬ ‫ תתם‬β ‫ תמם‬,‫נתן‬ ‫< תתני‬name> ‫ תתענו‬β ‫תעה‬ ‫ תתפל‬β ‫פלה‬ 330 Aramaic to English word list. Whereas the Hebrew dictionary above represents original research on my part, having gone through literally tens of thousands of word searches, the Aramaic dictionary below reflects my ignorance of the language. For the most part, the glosses were taken from the Aramaic portion of Lisowski’s concordance. The only reason to include the Aramaic because of the portions of the Bible that were written in Aramaic, and by including Aramaic, makes it easier for users of my dictionary. I originally digitized this Aramaic dictionary in order to make it easier for me to read the Aramaic portions of Tanakh, therefore I had no good reason not to include it with my Hebrew dictionary. A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A ‫ אב‬father ‫ אב‬fruit ‫ אבד‬to perish ‫ אבן‬stone ‫ אגרה‬,‫ אגרא‬letter ‫ אדין‬then ‫ אדר‬threshing floor ‫ אדרגזר‬counsellor ‫ אדרזדא‬with zeal ‫ אדרע‬arm, force ‫ אזדא‬promulgated, departed (⇐ going out) ‫ אזה‬to heat ‫ אזל‬to go ‫ אח‬brother ‫ אחויה‬notice ‫ אחידה‬riddle ‫ אחמה‬library, where written records are kept ‫ אחר‬after ‫ אחרי‬ς ‫ אחרן‬,‫אחרי‬ ‫ אחרי‬end ‫ אחרן‬,‫ אחרין‬at last ‫( אחרן‬fem. ‫ )אחרי‬other ‫ אחשׁדרפן‬satrap ‫ אילן‬tree (oak?) A ‫ אימתן‬terrible A ‫ איתי‬existence A ‫ אכל‬to eat ‫ אכל קרץ‬to eat a piece, idiomatic phrase for to be jealous A ‫ אל‬not A ‫ אלך‬,‫ אלין‬,‫ אלה‬,‫ אל‬these A ‫ אלה‬ς ‫אלה‬,‫אל‬ A ‫ אלה‬god A ‫ אלו‬behold ! A ‫ אלין‬ς ‫אל‬ A ‫ אלך‬ς ‫אל‬ A ‫ אלף‬thousand A ‫ אמה‬cubit A ‫ אמה‬nation A ‫ אמן‬to trust A ‫ אמר‬to say, to command A ‫ אמר‬lamb A ‫ אן‬that, pl. ‫ אנין‬those A ‫ אנבה‬ς ‫אב‬ A ‫ אנה‬I A ‫ אנון‬they A ‫ אנושׁא‬ς ‫אנשׁ‬ A ‫ אנחנא‬we A ‫ אנס‬to oppress A ‫ אנף‬face A ‫ אנשׁ‬man(kind) 331 A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A ‫ אנתון‬,‫ אנתה‬you ‫ אסור‬bound, tied up ‫ אספרנא‬exactly ‫ אסר‬inhibition ‫ אע‬wood ‫ אף‬also ‫ אפרסי‬Ezra 4:9 a name of a people ‫ אפרסתכי‬,‫ אפרסכי‬a type of official ‫ אפתם‬store house ?? ‫ אצבע‬finger, toe ‫ ארבע‬four ‫ ארגון‬purple ‫ ארו‬behold ! ‫ ארח‬way ‫ אריה‬lion ‫ אריך‬fit ‫ ארך‬Ezra 4:9 a name of a people ‫ ארכבה‬knee ‫ ארכה‬length ‫ ארע‬earth ‫ ארעי‬bottom ‫ ארק‬earth ‫ אשׁ‬foundation ‫ אשׁא‬fire ‫ אשׁוהי‬ς ‫אשׁא‬ ‫ אשׁיא‬ς ‫אשׁ‬ ‫ אשׁף‬enchanter ‫ אשׁרן‬timber ?? ‫ אשׁתדור‬revolt ‫ את‬sign ‫ אתא‬ς ‫אתה‬ ‫ אתה‬to come ‫ אתון‬furnace ‫ אתי‬ς ‫איתי‬ ‫ אתכרית‬ς ‫כרה‬ ‫ אתר‬ς ‫ נתר‬,‫אתר‬ A ‫ אתר‬trace, track (footstep), remainder ‫“ באתר‬in its tracks” i.e. afterwards A ‫ ב‬in, on A ‫ באישׁ‬bad A ‫ באחמתא‬ς ‫אחמה‬ A ‫ באשׁ‬to be bad A ‫ באתר‬ς ‫ באתר‬,‫אתר‬ A ‫ באתר‬after A ‫ בדר‬to disperse A ‫ בהילו‬hurry A ‫ בהל‬to frighten A ‫ בות‬to pass the night, to delay, make wait A ‫ בטל‬to cease A ‫ בין‬between A ‫ בינה‬discernment A ‫ בירה‬fortified place A ‫ בית‬house A ‫ בל‬heart A ‫ בלה‬to wear out A ‫ בלו‬tax A ‫ בנה‬to build A ‫ בנין‬ς ‫ בר‬,‫בנין‬ A ‫ בנין‬building A ‫ בנס‬to become angry A ‫ בעה‬to seek A ‫ בעו‬request, petition, prayer A ‫ בעל‬lord A ‫ בקעה‬plain A ‫ בקר‬to search A ‫ בר‬field A ‫ בר‬son A ‫ ברך‬to kneel A ‫ ברך‬blessed A ‫ ברך‬knee A ‫ ברם‬yet A ‫ בשׂר‬flesh 332 A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A ‫ בת‬ς ‫ בת‬,‫בות‬ ‫ בת‬liquid measure ‫ בתר‬ς ‫באתר‬ ‫ גב‬side ‫ גב‬pit ‫ גבורה‬might ‫( גבר‬strong) man ‫ גדבר‬treasurer ‫ גדד‬to cut down ‫ גוא‬,‫ גו‬interior ‫ גוא‬ς ‫ גוא‬,‫גו‬ ‫ גוה‬ς ‫ גוה‬,‫גו‬ ‫ גוה‬pride ‫ גוח‬to stir up ‫ גזבר‬treasurer ‫ גזר‬astrologer ‫ גזרה‬decree ‫ גיר‬plaster ‫ גלגל‬wheel ‫ גלה‬to reveal ‫ גלו‬exile ‫ גלל‬square stone ‫ גמיר‬finished ‫ גמר‬finished ‫ גנז‬treasure ‫ גף‬wing ‫ גרם‬bone ‫ גשׁם‬body ‫ דא‬this ‫ דאנין‬ς ‫דין‬ ‫ דב‬bear ‫ דבח‬to sacrifice ‫ דבח‬sacrifice ‫ דבק‬to stick ‫ דברה‬matter ‫ דה‬a name of a people Ezra 4:9 ‫ דהב‬gold A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A 333 ‫ דוק‬ς ‫דקק‬ ‫ גור‬to dwell ‫ דושׁ‬to tread ‫ דחוה‬food ?? ‫ דחון‬ς ‫דחוה‬ ‫ דחיל‬dreadful ‫ דחל‬to fear ‫ די‬particle of registration ‫ דין‬to judge ‫ דין‬judgment ‫ דין‬judge ‫ דכן‬,‫ דך‬that ‫ דכר‬ram ‫ דכרן‬,‫ דכרון‬record ‫ דלק‬to burn ‫ דמה‬to resemble ‫ דנה‬this ‫ דקק‬to crush ‫ דר‬generation ‫ דרע‬arm ‫ דת‬order, law ‫ דתא‬grass ‫ דתבר‬judge ‫ דתכון‬ς ‫דת‬ ‫ ה‬interrogative particle ‫ הא‬behold ! ‫ הא‬as ‫ הדבר‬high official ‫ הדם‬member, part, parted (Dn 2:5 you will be torn apart) ‫ הדמין‬ς ‫הדם‬ ‫ הדר‬to glorify ‫ הדר‬majesty ‫ הוא‬he ‫ הוה‬to be, to happen ‫ ?? הוך‬to place ‫ הזדה‬ς ‫זוד‬ A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A ‫ החוני‬ς ‫חוה‬ ‫ היא‬she ‫ היכל‬large building temple, palace ‫ הימן‬ς ‫אמן‬ ‫ היתית‬ς ‫אתה‬ ‫ הלך‬to go ‫ הלך‬a type of (road ?) tax, toll? ‫ המו‬they ‫ המינך‬,‫ המונך‬necklace ‫ הן‬if ‫ הנזקה‬damage ‫ הסקו‬ς ‫סלק‬ ‫ הרהר‬fancy (thought) ‫ התבהלה‬hurry ‫ התיב‬ς ‫תוב‬ ‫ התנדבו‬gift ‫ ו‬and ‫ זאעין‬ς ‫זוע‬ ‫ זבן‬to buy, gain ‫ זהיר‬cautious ‫ זוד‬to act presumptuously ‫ זון‬to live on ‫ זוע‬to tremble ‫ זיו‬brightness, splender ‫ זכו‬innocence ‫ זמן‬to agree ‫ זמן‬time ‫ זמר‬music, singer ‫ זן‬type, sort ‫ זעיר‬small ‫ זעק‬to cry out ‫?? זקיף‬ ‫ זקף‬to hang on ‫ זרע‬seed ‫ חבולה‬crime ‫ חבל‬to hurt, destroy ‫ חבל‬damage A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A 334 ‫ חברה‬,‫ חבר‬companion ‫ הד‬one ‫ חדה‬ς ‫ חדה‬,‫חד‬ ‫ חדה‬breast ‫ חדוה‬joy ‫ חדת‬new ‫ חוה‬to declare ‫ חור‬white ‫ חזה‬to see ‫ חזה‬customary, usual ‫ חזו‬vision ‫ חזות‬sight ‫ חטי‬error ‫ חטיא‬sin-offering ‫ חי‬living ‫ חיה‬to live ‫ חיוה‬beast (living thing) ‫ חיט‬to join together ?? ‫ חיל‬strength ‫ חכים‬wise (man) ‫ חכמה‬wisdom ‫ חלם‬dream ‫ חלף‬to pass over ‫ חלק‬share ‫ חמה‬anger ‫ חמר‬wine ‫ חנטין‬wheat ‫ חנכה‬dedication ‫ חנן‬to show mercy ‫ חסיר‬deficient ‫ חסן‬to possess ‫ חסן‬might ‫ חסף‬clay ‫ חצף‬severe ‫ חרב‬to be laid waste ‫ חרטם‬magician ‫ חרך‬to be singed A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A ‫ חרץ‬hip ‫ חשׁב‬to respect ‫ חשׁוכה‬darkness ‫ חשׁח‬to be in need of ‫ חשׁחו‬,‫ חשׁחה‬need ‫ חשׁל‬to grind ‫ חתם‬to seal ‫ טאב‬to be pleased ‫ טב‬good (pleasing) ‫ טבח‬body guard ‫ טור‬mountain ‫ טות‬fasting ‫ טין‬clay ‫ טל‬dew ‫ טלל‬to seek shade ‫ טעם‬to give to eat ‫ טעם‬understanding, command, report ‫ טפר‬nail, claw ‫ טרד‬to drive away ‫ טרפל‬Ezra 4:9 a name of a people ‫ יבל‬to bring ‫( יבשׁה‬dry) ground ‫ יגר‬heap of stones ‫ יד‬hand, power ‫ ידה‬to praise ‫ ידע‬to know ‫ יהב‬to give ‫ יהך‬ς ‫הוך‬ ‫ יום‬day ‫ יטב‬to be pleasing ‫ יכל‬to be able ‫ ים‬sea ‫ יסף‬to be added ‫ יעט‬to consult together ‫ יעט‬counsellor ‫ יפל‬ς ‫פלל‬ ‫ יצא‬ς ‫שׁיצא‬ A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A 335 ‫ יצב‬to make certain ‫ יציב‬reliable ‫ יקד‬to burn ‫ יקדה‬burning ‫ יקיר‬difficult ‫ יקר‬dignity ‫ ירח‬month ‫ ירכה‬thigh ‫ ישׁתנא‬ς ‫שׁנה‬ ‫ ית‬mark of the accusative ‫ יתב‬ς ‫ תוב‬,‫יתב‬ ‫ יתב‬to settle down ‫ יתזין‬ς ‫זון‬ ‫ יתיר‬extraordinary ‫ כ‬like ‫ כדבה‬lie ‫ כה‬here ‫ כהל‬to be able ‫ כהן‬priest ‫ כוה‬window ‫ כור‬dry measure ‫ כחדה‬destroyed ‫ ככר‬talent ‫ כל‬all ‫ כלל‬to finish ‫ כן‬thus ‫ כנותהון‬ς ‫כנת‬ ‫ כנמא‬thus ‫ כנשׁ‬to assemble ‫ כהת‬colleague ‫ כסף‬silver ‫ כען‬now ‫ כענת‬and now ‫ כעת‬ς ‫כענת‬ ‫ כפת‬to be bound ‫ כרבלה‬cap, hat ‫ כרה‬to be distressed A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A ‫ כרוז‬herald ‫ כרז‬to proclaim ‫ כרסא‬throne, seat ‫ כשׂדי‬astrologer ‫ כתב‬to write ‫ כתב‬writing, prescription ‫ כתל‬wall ‫ ל‬to ‫ לה‬,‫ לא‬not ‫ לבב‬,‫ לב‬heart ‫ לבושׁ‬garment ‫ לבשׁ‬to put on, when an object is not specified, it’s understood that clothing is what’s put on ‫ לה‬ς ‫לא‬ ‫ להן‬therefore, but ‫ להון‬ς ‫הוה‬ ‫ להתבותך‬ς ‫בות‬ ‫ לות‬by, with ‫ לחם‬food, meal ‫ לחנה‬concubine ‫ לילי‬night ‫ למא‬ς ‫מה‬ ‫ למהך‬ς ‫הוך‬ ‫ למזיה‬,‫ למזא‬ς ‫אזה‬ ‫ לממר‬ς ‫אמר‬ ‫ למתא‬ς ‫אתה‬ ‫ לנא‬ς ‫ לשׁן‬tongue ‫ מא‬ς ‫מה‬ ‫ מאה‬hundred ‫ מאזנא‬balances ‫ מאמר‬word, command ‫ מאן‬vessel ‫ מגלה‬roll, book ‫ מגר‬to cast down ‫ מדבח‬altar A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A 336 ‫ מדה‬contribution ‫ מדור‬habitation ‫ מדינה‬province ‫ מדנן‬ς ‫מדינה‬ ‫ מדקה‬ς ‫דקק‬ ‫ מדר‬habitation ‫ מא‬,‫ מה‬what ‫ מהחתין‬ς ‫נחת‬ ‫ מהימן‬ς ‫אמן‬ ‫ מודא‬ς ‫ידה‬ ‫ מות‬death ‫ מזא‬ς ‫אזה‬ ‫ מזון‬food ‫ מחא‬to strike ‫ מחלקה‬division ‫ מחן‬mercy ‫ מטה‬,‫ מטא‬to come, to arrive ‫ מלא‬to fill ‫ מלאך‬angel ‫ מלה‬word, matter ‫ מלח‬to eat, ‫“ מלח היכלא מלחנא‬to eat the palace salt” means to be duty bound by royal oath ?? Ezr 4:14 ‫ מלח‬salt ‫ מלך‬king ‫ מלך‬advice ‫ מלכה‬queen ‫ מלכו‬dominion, kingdom, realm ‫ מלל‬to speak ‫ משׁרא‬ς ‫שׁרה‬ ‫ מלתא‬ς ‫מלה‬ ‫ מן‬who ‫ מן‬out of, from ‫ מנא‬mina, a coin ‫ מנדה‬ς ‫מדה‬ ‫ מנדע‬knowledge ‫ מנה‬to number, appoint A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A ‫ מנחה‬sacrifice ‫ מנין‬number ‫ מעבד‬work ‫ מעין‬belly ‫ מעל‬setting (down) ‫ מצלא‬ς ‫צלה‬ ‫ מרא‬lord ‫ מרד‬rebellion ‫ מרט‬to be plucked out ‫ משׁח‬oil ‫ משׁכב‬couch ‫ משׁכן‬habitation ‫ משׁרוקי‬pipe, flute ‫ משׁתבשׁין‬ς ‫שׁבשׁ‬ ‫ משׁתדר‬ς ‫שׁדר‬ ‫ משׁתי‬drink, toast ‫ משׁתרין‬ς ‫שׁרה‬ ‫ מתא‬ς ‫אתה‬ ‫ מתנה‬gift ‫?? מתרגן‬ ‫ מתרגם‬translated ?? ‫ נבא‬to prophesy ‫ נבואה‬prophecy ‫ נבזבה‬present ‫ נביאא‬prophet ‫ נברשה‬lamp ‫ נגד‬to flow ‫ נגד‬towards ‫ נגה‬light ‫ נדב‬to be willing ‫ נדבך‬layer of stones ‫ נדד‬to flee ‫ נדנה‬sheath, body ?? ‫ נהור‬light ‫ נהיר‬ς ‫נהור‬ ‫ נהירו‬light, wisdom ‫ נהר‬river A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A 337 ‫ נוד‬to flee ‫ נולו‬dunghill ‫ נולי‬ς ‫נולו‬ ‫ נור‬fire ‫ נזק‬to come to grief, to damage ‫ נחשׁ‬brass ‫ נחת‬to descend ‫ נטל‬to lift ‫ נטר‬to keep ‫ ניחוח‬,‫ ניחח‬sweet odor ‫ נכסין‬riches, wealth ‫ נמר‬panther ‫ נסח‬to tear away ‫ נסך‬to pour out ‫ נסך‬libation ‫ נסק‬ς ‫סלק‬ ‫ נפל‬to fall (down) ‫ נפק‬to go forth ‫ נפקה‬expense ‫ נפקת‬ς ‫נפק‬ ‫ נצבה‬firmness ‫ נצח‬to surpass ‫ נצל‬to deliver ‫ נקא‬pure ‫ נקשׁ‬to strike ‫ נשׂא‬to carry (away) ‫ נשׁין‬women ‫ נשׁמה‬breath, life ‫ נשׁר‬eagle ‫ נשׁתון‬letter ‫ נתינין‬servants ‫ נתן‬to give ‫ נתר‬to shake off ‫ סבכא‬ς ‫שׂבכא‬ ‫ סבל‬to erect ‫ סבר‬to intend ‫ סגד‬to bow down to A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A ‫ סגן‬prefect ‫ סגר‬to shut ‫ סומפניה‬bagpipe ?? ‫ סוף‬end ‫ סלק‬to go up ‫ סעד‬to assist ‫ ספר‬scribe, book ‫ ספת‬ς ‫סוף‬ ‫ סרבל‬trousers ‫ סרך‬minister, administrator ‫ סתר‬to hide, to destroy ‫ עבד‬to do, make ‫ עבד‬slave, servant ‫ עבידה‬work, business ‫ עבר‬region ‫ עד‬during, until, to ‫ עדה‬to pass (upon, by) to change ‫ עדן‬time ‫ עוד‬yet ‫ עויה‬sin, error ‫ עוף‬bird ‫ עור‬chaff ‫ עז‬goat ‫ עזקה‬seal ‫ עטא‬counsel, wisdom ‫ עין‬eye ‫ עיר‬angel ‫ על‬upon, above, over ‫ עלא‬above ‫ עלה‬pretext ‫ עלוה‬burnt offering ‫ עלי‬most high ‫ עלי‬upper chamber ‫ עליון‬most high ‫ עלל‬to go in ‫ עלם‬eternity ‫ עלם‬Ezra 4:9 a name of a people A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A 338 ‫ עלע‬rib ‫ עם‬people ‫ עם‬with ‫ עמיק‬deep ‫ עמר‬wool ‫ ען‬ς ‫כען‬ ‫ענא‬ ‫ ענה‬to answer ‫ ענה‬poor ‫ ענן‬cloud ‫ ענף‬branch ‫ ענשׁ‬fine paid for lawbreaking ‫ ענת‬ς ‫כענת‬ ‫ עפי‬branch ‫ עציב‬grieved ‫ עקר‬to be left as a stump Dn 7:8 αλ ‫ עקר‬stump ‫ ער‬enemy ‫ ערב‬to mix ‫ ערד‬wild ass, onager ‫ ערות‬shame ‫ עשׂב‬herbs ‫ עשׂר‬ten ‫ עשׁת‬to intend ‫ עת‬ς ‫כענת‬ ‫ עתיד‬ready ‫ עתיק‬old ‫ פחה‬governor ‫ פחר‬potter ‫ פטישׁ‬,‫ פטשׁ‬garment ‫ פךג‬to divide ‫ פךג‬half ‫ פלגה‬division ‫ פלח‬to serve ‫ פלחן‬service ‫ פלל‬to make a formal request ‫ פם‬mouth A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A ‫ פס‬palm of hand ‫ פסנתרין‬,‫ פסנטרין‬psaltery ‫ פקו‬ς ‫נפק‬ ‫ פרזל‬iron ‫ פרס‬to be divided ‫ פרס‬half a mina ‫ פרק‬to expiate ‫ פרשׁ‬distinctly ‫ פרשׁגן‬copy ‫ פשׁר‬to interpret ‫ פשׁר‬explanation ‫ פתגם‬word, decree ‫ פתח‬to open ‫ פתי‬breadth ‫ צבה‬,‫ צבא‬to will ‫ צבו‬matter ‫ צבע‬to moisten ‫ צד‬side ‫ צדא‬true ‫ צדקה‬righteousness ‫ צואר‬neck ‫ צלה‬to pray ‫ צלח‬to promote ‫ צלם‬image ‫ צפיר‬he goat ‫ צפר‬bird ‫ קאן‬ς ‫קום‬ ‫ קבל‬to receive ‫ קבל‬before, because ‫ כל קבל‬because of ‫ קדישׁ‬holy ‫ קדם‬before ‫ קדמה‬former time ‫ קדמי‬first ‫ קום‬to arise, to stand ‫ קטל‬to kill ‫ קטר‬joint ‫ קחט‬summer A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A 339 ‫ קיט‬harvest ‫ קים‬edict ‫ קים‬enduring ‫ קיתרוס‬,‫ קיתרס‬harp, lyre ‫ קל‬voice ‫ קנה‬to buy ‫ קצף‬to be angry ‫ קצף‬wrath ‫ קצץ‬to cut off ‫ קצת‬end, part ‫ קרא‬to call, to read ‫ קרב‬to come near ‫ קרב‬war ‫ קרי‬ς ‫קרא‬ ‫ קריה‬town ‫ קרן‬horn ‫ קרץ‬piece ‫ קשׁט‬,‫ קשׂט‬truth ‫ ראשׁ‬head, sum ‫ רב‬great ‫ רבה‬to become great ‫ רבו‬myriad, greatness ‫ רביעי‬fourth ‫ רברבין‬ς ‫רב‬ ‫ רגז‬to excite to anger ‫ רגל‬foot ‫ רגשׁ‬to run together ‫ רו‬appearance ‫ רוח‬wind, spirit ‫ רום‬to lift up ‫ רום‬height ‫ רז‬secret ‫ רחיק‬far ‫ רחמין‬compassion ‫ רחץ‬to trust on ‫ ריח‬smell ‫ רמה‬to cast, to set A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A ‫ רעו‬desire ‫ רעין‬,‫ רעיון‬thought ‫ רענן‬prosperous ‫ רעע‬to break in ‫ רפס‬to trample ‫ רשׁם‬to write ‫ שׂב‬old man, elder ‫ סבכא‬,‫ שׂבכא‬harp ‫ שׂגא‬to increase ‫ שׂגיא‬great, much, very ‫ שׂהדו‬testimony ‫ שׂטר‬side ‫ שׂים‬to put, place ‫ שׂכל‬to consider ‫ שׂכלתנו‬understanding ‫ שׂנא‬enemy ‫ שׂער‬hair ‫ שׁאל‬to ask ‫ שׁאלה‬matter ‫ שׁאר‬remainder ‫ שׁבב‬flaming ‫ שׁבח‬to praise ‫ שׁבט‬tribe ‫ שׁביב‬flame ‫ שׁבע‬seven ‫ שׁבעת‬ς ‫בעה‬ ‫ שׁבק‬to leave ‫ שׁבשׁ‬to be perplexed ‫ שׁגל‬queen ‫ שׁדר‬to exert ‫ שׁוה‬to make equal with ‫ שׁור‬wall ‫ שׁושׁנך‬a name of a people Ezra 4:9 ‫ שׁחית‬corrupt ‫ שׁחיתה‬corruption ‫ שׁיזב‬to deliver ‫ שׁיצא‬to finish A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A 340 ‫ שׁכח‬to find ‫ שׁכן‬to dwell ‫ שׁלה‬ς ‫ שׁלו‬,‫שׁלה‬ ‫ שׁלה‬quiet ‫ שׁלו‬error ‫ שׁלוה‬quiet ‫ שׁלח‬to send, to put forth ‫ שׁלט‬to rule ‫ שׁלטון‬potentate ‫ שׁלטן‬power ‫ שׁליט‬mighty, potent ‫ שׁלם‬to complete ‫ שׁלם‬peace ‫ שׁם‬name ‫ שׁמד‬to destroy ‫ שׁמהתהום‬ς ‫שׁם‬ ‫ שׁמין‬heaven ‫ שׁמם‬to be astonished ‫ שׁמע‬to hear ‫ שׁמשׁ‬to serve ‫ שׁמשׁ‬sun ‫ שׁן‬tooth ‫ שׁנה‬to be different ‫ שׁנה‬year ‫ שׁנה‬sleep ‫ שׁעה‬hour ‫ שׁעתא‬ς ‫שׁעה‬ ‫ שׁפט‬judge ‫ שׁפיר‬beautiful ‫ שׁפל‬to bring down, to humble ‫ שׁפל‬low ‫ שׁפר‬to please ‫ שׁפרפר‬dawn ‫ שׁק‬leg ‫ שׁרה‬to loosen ‫ שׁרשׁ‬root ‫ שׁרשׁי‬rooting out A A A A A A A A A A A A A A ‫ שׁת‬six ‫ שתין‬sixty ‫ שׁתה‬to drink ‫ תביר‬,‫ תבר‬fragile ‫ תדיר‬continuance ‫בתדירה‬ continually ‫ תוב‬to return, turn back ‫ תוה‬to be astonished ‫ תור‬ox ‫ תחות‬under ‫ תחת‬ς ‫תחות‬ ‫ תלג‬snow ‫ תליתי‬third ‫ תלת‬three ‫ תלתי‬,‫ תלתא‬third A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A 341 ‫ תמה‬wonder ‫ תמה‬there ‫ תנין‬second ‫ תנינות‬a second time ‫ תפתי‬prosecutor ?? ‫ תקיף‬strong, mighty ‫ תקל‬to weigh ‫ תקל‬shekel ‫ תקן‬to establish ‫ תקף‬to be(come) strong ‫ תקף‬power ‫ תרין‬two ‫ תרע‬gate, door ‫ תרע‬doorkeeper ‫ תרתין‬second APPENDICES Nouns grouped according to subjects ‫אבן יקרה‬ ‫ אדם‬ruby, a precious stone Ex 28:17, 39:10, Ez 28:13 ‫ אחלמה‬amethyst Ex 28:19, 39:12 ‫ אקדח‬beryl Is 54:12 αλ ‫ בדלח‬bdellium ?? apparently a precious stone Gn 2:12, mentioned for its appearance Nu 11:7 ‫ ברקת‬emerald Ex 28:17, 39:10, Ez 28:13 ‫ יהלם‬diamond ?? Ex 28:18, 39:11, Ez 28:13 ‫ ישׁפה‬jasper Ex 28:20, 39:13, Ez 28:13 ‫ כדכד‬a precious stone ?? Is 54:12, Ez 27:16 ‫ לשׁם‬opal (minors lick the stone to find out if it is opal or not) Ex 28:19, 39:12 ‫ נפך‬carbuncle, or turquoise ?? Ex 28:18, 39:11, Ez 27:16, 28:13 ‫ ספיר‬sapphire Ex 24:10, 28:18, 39:11, Ez 1:26, 28:13, So 5:14 ‫ פוך‬jet, a soft black stone used in jewelry Is 54:11, 1C 29:2, also ground into a paste to apply around the eyes 2K 9:30, Jr 4:30 ‫ פטדה‬topaz Ex 28:17, 39:10, Ez 28:13 ‫ פנינים‬red coral, or some other red precious stone Pr 8:11, 20:15, 31:10, Jb 28:18, Lm 4:7 ‫ ראמת‬a semiprecious stone ?? Ez 27:16 αλ ‫ שׁבו‬agate Ex 28:19, 39:12 ‫ שׁהם‬sardonyx, a semiprecious stone often used for cameos Gn 2:12, Ex 25:7, 28:9, 1C 29:2 ‫ תרשׁישׁ‬chrysolite or beryl ?? Ex 28:20, 39:13, Ez 1:16, 10:9, 28:13, So 5:14, Dn 10:6 ‫גוית אדם‬ ‫ אזן‬ear ← ‫אזן‬ ‫ אזרע‬,‫ אזרוע‬lower arm ?? Jr 32:21, Jb 31:22 ‫ אף‬anger, nose ‫ אפים‬temper ‫ ארך אפים‬patient, slow to anger Ex 34:6, Nu 14:1, Jn 4:2, Ps 86:15, Pr 25:15, Ne 9:17, ‫ קצר אפים‬short tempered Pr 14:17 ← ‫אנף‬ ‫ אצבע‬finger ← ‫צבע‬ ‫( בהן‬pl ‫ )בהנות‬thumb, big toe Ex 29:20, Lv 8:23–4, Jd 1:6–7 342 ‫ בטן‬belly, mother’s womb, central (inner) hollow area use of an architectural feature 1K 7:20 ‫ ברך‬knee ← ‫ברך‬ ‫ גחן‬,‫ גחון‬abdomen, exterior of belly σ ‫ חמשׁ‬abdomen 2S 2:23, 3:27, 4:6, 20:10 ‫ גיד‬sinew σ ‫ שׁריר‬muscle, sinew ?? Jb 40:16 αλ ‫ גלד‬skin, referring to soft, human skin ?? Jb 16:15 αλ σ ‫עור‬ ‫( גרגרות‬figurative) neck Pr 3:3 αλ σ ‫גרון‬ ‫ גרגרת‬neck, around which a necklace may be clasped or tied Pr 1:9, 3:22, 6:21 σ ‫גרון‬ ‫ גרון‬throat, the inside of the neck σ ‫( גרגרות‬figurative) neck Pr 3:3 αλ, ‫ גרגרת‬neck, around which a necklace may be clasped or tied Pr 1:9, 3:22, 6:21, ‫ לע‬throat Pr 23:2 αλ ‫ זרע‬,‫ זרוע‬arm σ ‫ אזרוע‬lower arm ?? Jr 32:21, Jb 31:22 ‫ חיק‬bosom, the hollow surrounded by arms as in an embrace ‫ חלב‬milk, fat, but sometimes includes a wider meaning than in English, often with the idea more of produce, production, as in the “fat of the land” Gn 45:18 or even the “produce of new wine” which is not fat Lv 18:12 “produce of wheat” Ps 81:17 (16) σ ‫חמאה‬ cheese or yoghurt that can be either eaten or drunk Gn 18:8, Jd 5:25, Is 7:15, made from milk Is 7:22, Pr 30:33, used figuratively to refer to speech Ps 55:22 (21), ‫דשׁן‬ ‫ חלב‬face plate in armor ?? Jb 15:27 ‫ חלץ‬loins σ ‫מתנים‬ ‫ חמשׁ‬abdomen 2S 2:23, 3:27, 4:6, 20:10 σ ‫גחון‬ ‫ חפן‬hollow of the hand, palm Ez 10:2, 7, Pr 30:4, used as a measurement, handful Ex 9:8, Lv 16:12, Ko 4:6 σ ‫פף‬ ‫ ירך‬thigh Gn 24:9, 32:26, 32, Nu 5:22, Jd 3:16, used to refer to source of reproduction (translated as “loins” in old translations) Gn 46:26, Ex 1:5, used in architecture for a side Ex 40:22, 24, Lv 1:11, the stand of the menorah Ex 25:31, 37:17 ‫ יתרת‬that which remains after removing all else Jr 48:36 connected with ‫ כבד‬is this the gall bladder that is found upon the liver ?? Ex 29;13, 22, Lv 3:4, 10, 15, 9:10, 19 ← ‫יתר‬ ‫ כבד‬liver, this is the organ in the body known for its density, weight Ex 29:13, 22, Lv 7:4, Ez 21:26, Pr 7:23 ← ‫ כבד‬σ ‫פרשׁ‬ ‫ כליה‬kidney, often used as a representation of the emotions σ ‫פרשׁ‬ ‫ כסל‬intestines Lv 3:4, 10, Ps 38:8, both as a source of strength (food digested there) and as a symbol of perversity (⇐ the crooked shape) strength Ps 78:7, Jb 8:14, Pr 3:26, perversity Ko 7:25 ← ‫כסל‬ ‫ כף‬hollow palm (of hand), spoon, shallow cave ← ‫ כפף‬σ ‫ חפן‬hollow of the hand, palm Ez 10:2, 7, Pr 30:4, used as a measurement, handful Ex 9:8, Lv 16:12, Ko 4:6, ‫ חר‬hole, both as an opening through a wall or door, and as a hollow place to hide, live or fill with things 2K 12:10, Nh 2:13, Zc 14:12, ‫ קמץ‬handful Lv 2:2, 5:12, 6:15, Nu 5:26, in 343 plural “handfuls” i.e. bountiful(ly) Gn 41:47, ‫ שׁעל‬hollow place Ez 13:4, 19 hollow of foot 1K 20:10 or hand (palm) Is 40:12, Ps 63:11 (10) ‫ כרשׂ‬gut, i.e. abdomen Jr 51:34 αλ ‫ כתף‬shoulder (outward from the ‫)שׁכם‬ outward extremity (of clothing) ‫ לחי‬jaw(bone), on ruminants there is a lot of muscle around it that would provide meat to eat, Dt 18:3, also name of a place ‫ לע‬throat Pr 23:2 αλ ← ‫ לעע‬σ ‫גרון‬ ‫ מעי‬body in general 2S 16:11, Ps 22:15 (14), So 5:4, 2C 32:21, more specifically womb Rt 1:11, Is 49:1, Ps 71:6, belly Ez 7:19, Jb 20:14, intestines 2S 20:10, 2C 21:18–9, involved with emotions Jr 4:19, 31:20, So 5:4 ‫ ?? מפרקת‬base of the skull, where the neck joins the skull 1S 4:18 αλ ← ‫פרק‬ ‫ מצח‬forehead Ex 28:38, Is 48:4, Ez 3:8–9, 2C 26:19–20 ‫ מתנים‬loins as the center of power, in Pr 30:31 probably refers to a powerful animal σ ‫חלץ‬ loins ‫ נדן‬sheath 1C 21:27 vagina Ez 16:33 (note: it appears that early translators turned red when they read the graphic depiction of the sexual act in Ez 16:33, and so softened their translation with idiomatic phrases as in English, “They (men) sow their wild oats in all prostitutes and you (women) give your favors to all your lovers.”) σ ‫תער‬ ‫ נשׁה‬ischiatic nerve, (achilles) tendon ?? Gn 32:33 αλ ‫ עור‬skin, hide σ ‫ גלד‬skin, referring to soft, human skin ?? Jb 16:15 αλ ‫ עין‬eye, spring of water which may or may not flow into a stream ← ‫עין‬ ‫ עקב‬crooked, crooked place Is 40:4, Jr 17:9 heel (the part of the body permanently crooked) Gn 3:15, 49:17, Ps 41:10 (9), “at the heals of” following closely So 1:8, used in context of being hunted down, stalked (similar to English “nipping at one’s heels) Dt 7:12, Ps 56:7 (6), So 1:8, those who hunt, stalk Jr 13:22, used of a military division flanking (curving around) the enemy Js 8:13, because of, (there are) consequences Gn 22:18, Nu 14:24, Is 5:23 ← ‫עקב‬ ‫ ערף‬neck (where the jugular vein is found) ← ‫ערף‬ ‫ פרשׁ‬entrails, guts Ex 29:14, Lv 4:11, 8:17, 16:27, Nu 19:5, Ml 2:3 ← ‫ פרשׁ‬σ ‫ כבד‬liver, this is the organ in the body known for its density, weight Ex 29:13, 22, Lv 7:4, Ez 21:26, Pr 7:23, ‫ כליה‬kidney, often used as a representation of the emotions, ‫ כסל‬intestines Lv 3:4, 10, Ps 38:8, both as a source of strength (food digested there) and as a symbol of perversity (⇐ the crooked shape) strength Ps 78:7, Jb 8:14, Pr 3:26, perversity Ko 7:25 ‫ צפרן‬tip Jr 17:1 fingernail Dt 21:12 ← ‫צפר‬ ‫ קבה‬a hollow space ?? rib cage ?? Dt 18:3, bed chamber ?? Nu 25:8 ‫ קדקד‬crown (top of head) Gn 49:26, 2S 14:25, Is 3:17, Jb 2:7 344 ‫ קוצות‬locks of hair So 5:2, 11 ‫ קמץ‬handful Lv 2:2, 5:12, 6:15, Nu 5:26, in plural “handfuls” i.e. bountiful(ly) Gn 41:47 σ ‫כף‬ ‫ קרסל‬ankle 2S 22:37, Ps 18:37 (36) ‫ ראשׁ‬head, including both a physical head as well as leader as in being top or first ← ‫ראשׁ‬ σ ‫מלך‬ ‫ רקת‬temple (of head) Jd 4:21–22, 5:26, So 4:3, 6:7 ‫ שׁק‬,‫ שׁוק‬shin (bone) (⇐ the idea of being out, walking around “legging about”), an animal’s right rear leg given as part of a feast to show honor, ‫ירך‬-‫ שׁוק על‬idiom, meaning “dead”, for people who lie with their legs so twisted can only be dead, it is very uncomfortable for the living Jd 15:8 ← ‫שׁוק‬ ‫ שׁכם‬shoulder (inward from ‫ )כתף‬used to carry, i.e. to make things rise? portion (carried on a shoulder) ← ‫שׁכם‬ ‫ שׂערה‬hair ← ‫שׂער‬ ‫ שׂפה‬lip (of a person, cup 1K 7:26, cloth (edge) Ex 26:10, river or sea (shore) Ex 7:15, 14:30, use of the lips in speech Ps 120:2, Pr 12:19 language Gn 11:1, 6, 7, 9, Is 19:18, Ps 81:6 (5)) ← ‫ שׁפה‬σ ‫דבר‬ ‫ שׁריר‬muscle, sinew ?? Jb 40:16 αλ ← ‫ שׁרר‬σ ‫גיד‬ ‫ תנוך‬lobe (of the ear) Ex 29:20, Lv 8:23–4, 14:14, 17, 25, 28 ‫ חיה‬living thing person, animal ‫ אח‬eagle owl Is 13:21 αλ ‫ אי‬jackal ?? Is 13:22, 34:14, Jr 50:39 ‫ איה‬black kite, a type of rapacious bird Lv 11:19, Dt 14:13, Jb 28:7 ‫ איל‬male of cattle, sheep, male mountain sheep Nu 7, Dt 14:5, Jb 39:5 ‫ אנפה‬heron, parrot ?? Lv 11:19, Dt 14:18 ‫ אנקה‬gecko ?? Lv 11:30 αλ LXX µυγαλη field mouse ‫ אפעה‬viper Is 30:6, 42:14, 59:5, Jb 20:16 ‫ אפרח‬nestling, young bird Dt 22:6, Ps 84:4, Jb 39:30 ‫ אקו‬wild goat Dt 14:5 αλ ‫ ארבה‬σ ‫ סלעם‬,‫ ילק‬,‫ חרגל‬,‫ חסיל‬,‫ חגב‬,‫ גזם‬types of grasshoppers, locusts ‫ ארי‬lion pl. ‫ אריים‬1K 10:20 ‫ אריה‬pl. ‫ אריות‬this is not the same as a single lion, possibly a pride of lions or another set or group of lions. The addition of the final heh indicates a group. ‫ ארנבת‬hare Lv 11:6, Dt 14:7 345 ‫ בהמה‬animal ‫ בהמות‬dinosaur Jb 40:15 αλ ‫ בקעה‬a type of nesting animal ?? Is 34:15 αλ ‫ בקר‬cattle ‫ בת בשׁרים‬a fixture on a ship ?? Ez 27:6 ‫ בת יענה‬an unclean bird, ostrich ?? Lv 11:16, Dt 14:15, Is 13:21, 34:13, 43:20, Jr 50:39, Jb 30:29 σ ‫עוף‬ ‫ גדיה‬,‫( גדי‬m), (f) kid, young goat ‫ גוז‬young bird Gn 15:9, Dt 32:11 ‫ גמל‬camel, an animal that has no hooves, rather two toes that are joined together and tipped with toenails ‫ דאה‬red kite, a type of rapacious bird ?? Lv 11:14 αλ ‫( דבורה‬honey) bee Dt 1:44, Jd 14:8, Is 7:18, Ps 118:12 ← ‫דבר‬ ‫ דוכיפת‬hoopoe Lv 11:19, Dt 14:18 ‫ דיה‬an unclean bird Dt 14:13, Is 34:15 ‫ דיות‬β ‫דיה‬ ‫ דישׁן‬antelope ?? a clean animal Dt 14:5 αλ ‫ דרור‬swallow ?? (bird) Ps 84:4, Pr 26:2 ‫ זבוב‬fly (insect) Is 7:18, Ko 10:1 (‫ בעל זבוב‬Lord of the Flies, i.e. the devil 2K 1:2–3, 6, 16) ‫ זמר‬mountain goat ?? Dt 14:5 αλ σ ‫עז‬ ‫ זרזיר‬an unknown type of animal ?? Pr 30:31 αλ LXX αλεκτωρ σ ‫חיה‬ ‫ חזיר‬pig Lv 11:7, Dt 14:8, Pr 11:22, includes wild boar Ps 80:14 ‫ חלד‬mole, a burrowing animal Lv 11:29 αλ ֿ‫ חמט‬reptile ?? Lv 11:30 αλ D‫ חסיד‬ostrich ?? (with the possible exception of Jb 39, this is a flying creature Jr 8:7, Zc 5:9, possibly one since extinct?) ‫ חפר פרות‬,‫ חפרפרה‬a small animals that digs holes ?? ‫ טלה‬kid, just beginning to feed itself 1S 7:9, Is 65:25 ‫ יחמור‬roebuck Dt 14:5, 1K 5:3 ֿ‫ ינשׁוף‬heron ?? Lv 11:17, Dt 14:16, Is 34:11 ‫ יעל‬ibex, a type of mountain goat, known for its climbing ability 1S 24:3, Ps 104:18, Jb 39:1 ‫ כבשׂה‬,‫ כבשׂ‬lamb D‫ כבשׂ בן שׁנ‬lamb born this year ‫ כוס‬pelican Lv 11:17, Dt 14:16, Ps 102:7 ‫ כח‬lizard ?? Lv 11:30 αλ 346 ‫ כן‬gnat, a type from Egypt’s marshes that can drive a person to distraction with its biting Ex 8:13–5 (17–9) ‫ כרכרה‬swift she camel Is 66:20 αλ ‫ לבאת‬pride of lionesses ?? Nh 2:13 αλ ‫ לביא‬a large and dangerous carnivorous animal, traditionally identified as a lioness though identification unknown Gn 49:9, Ez 19:2, Jb 4:11, 38:39 ‫ לויתן‬water dinosaur ?? This was a large animal covered with scales Ps 74:14, 104:26, Jb 40:25, ‫ לויתן נחשׁ ברח‬type of sea dinosaur ?? Is 27:1, ‫ לויתן נחשׁ עקלתון‬sea serpent ?? Is 27:1 ‫ לטאה‬gecko ?? Lv 11:30 αλ LXX καλαβωτης spotted lizard ?? ‫ לילית‬type of wild animal ?? Is 34:14 αλ ‫ לישׁ‬young, male lion (is this the young, solitary lion who has been expelled from the pride before he is able to get a pride of his own?) Is 30:6, Pr 30:30, Jb 4:11 ‫ נחשׁ‬snake, divination ‫ נמר‬tiger, a large striped animal Is 11:6, Jr 5:6, 13:23, Hs 13:7, Hb 1:8, So 4:8 ‫ נץ‬hawk Lv 11:16, Jb 39:26 σ ‫עוף‬ ‫ נשׁר‬eagle, a carrion eating bird ‫ סוס‬horse ‫ סוס‬a type of bird, swift ?? Jr 8:7 αλ ‫ סוסה‬mare ‫ סס‬moth Is 51:8 αλ ‫ עגור‬thrush, a type of bird Is 38:14, Jr 8:7 ‫ עוף‬any animal that flies, not only a bird ‫ עז‬goat ‫ עזניה‬black vulture ?? Lv 11:13, Dt 14:12 ‫ עטלף‬bat Lv 11:19, Dt 14:18, Is 2:20 ‫ עיט‬vulture, apparently a large one from the mountains ‫ עיר‬male donkey Gn 32:16, Is 30:6, Zc 9:9 ‫ עכבישׁ‬spider Jb 8:14, Is 59:5 ‫ עכבר‬rat, mouse Lv 11:29, 1S 6:4–5, 11, 18, Is 66:17 ‫ עכשׁוב‬viper ?? Ps 140:4 (3) αλ ‫ עלוקה‬leech ?? Pr 30:15 αλ ‫ עפר‬fawn ( ← being dust colored?) So 2:9, 17, 4:5, 7:4, 8:14 ‫ ערב‬raven, including crow Lv 11:15, Dt 14:14, 1K 17:4, 6 ‫ ערב‬gadfly, horsefly ?? Ex 8:21, 22, 24, 29, 31 ‫ ערוד‬wild ass, onager ?? Jb 39:5 αλ ‫ עשׁ‬caterpillar, the larva of a moth Is 50:9, 51:8, Jb 13:28, 27:18 347 ‫ עתוד‬,‫ עתד‬ram, male sheep Gn 31, Nu 7 ‫ פר‬bullֿ ‫ פרא‬wild donkey Is 32:14, Jr 14:6, Jb 6:5, also used as an adjective to describe a person as untamable as a wild donkey Gn 16:12, Jb 11:12 ‫ פרדה‬,‫ פרד‬mule 2S 13:29, 1K 1:33, 2C 9:24 ‫ פרה‬cow ‫ פרס‬lamb-vulture ?? Lv 11:13, Dt 14:12 ‫ פרעשׁ‬flea 1S 24:15, 20 ‫ פתן‬cobra, a very poisonous snake of Africa and Asia ‫ צאן‬sheep ‫ צב‬turtle ?? Lv 11:29, covered wagon Nu 7:3, Is 66:20 ‫ צבוע‬pointed out ?? Jr 12:9 αλ LXX υαινα ‫ צביה‬,‫ צבי‬,‫ צבאה‬,‫ צבא‬gazelle Dt 14:5, 1K 5:3, 1C 12:9 ‫ צי‬barren land inhabitant, some sort of animal Is 13:21, 23:13, 34;14, Jr 50:39, Ps 72:9, 74:14 ‫ צנא‬livestock ?? misspelling for ‫ ?? צאן‬Nu 32:24 αλ ‫ צפר‬,‫ צפור‬sparrow, often used as a reference to any small, quick moving bird ‫ צפיר‬he goat (with large horns?) ‫( צפע‬a type of venomous animal related to snakes, dinosaurs) ?? Is 14:29 αλ ‫ צפעני‬a type of serpent, flying dinosaur with shiny scales ?? Is 11:8, 59:5, Jr 8:17, Pr 23:32 ‫ צרעה‬hornet ?? (metaphorically speaking ?) Ex 23:28, Dt 7:20, Js 24:12 ‫ קאת‬a pterosaur ?? Lv 11:17, Dt 14:16, Is 34:11, Zp 2:14, Ps 102:7 ‫ קפוד‬,‫ קפד‬hedgehog ?? Is 14:23 (DSS ‫)קפז‬, 34:11, Zp 2:14 ‫( קפוז‬some wild animal that makes nests) ?? Is 34:15 αλ ‫ קרא‬partridge 1S 26:20, Jr 17:11 ‫ קרץ‬mosquito, or some other pinching or biting bug ‫ ראה‬red kite ?? possibly misspelling for ‫ דאה‬red kite Dt 14:13 ‫ ראם‬wild (untamable) ox, possibly a horned dinosaur? Nu 23:22, Dt 33:17, Ps 92:11 (10) ‫ רהב‬a type of animal ?? Is 51:9, Jb 9:13, 26:12 ‫ רחמה‬,‫ רחם‬carrion vulture ?? Lv 11:18, Dt 14:17, Ps 106:46 ‫ רים‬unknown wild animal, apparently fairly large Jb 39:9–10 ‫ רמכים‬post horses (Aramaic loan word) Es 8:10 αλ ‫ שׂה‬lamb, kid ‫ שׁור‬ox(en) ‫ שׁועל‬fox ‫ שׁחל‬jackal ?? Hs 5:14, 13:7, Ps 91:13, Pr 26:13, Jb 4:10, 10:16, 28:8 ‫ שׁחף‬seagull ?? Lv 11:16, Dt 14:15 348 ‫ שׁלך‬cormorant ?? Lv 11:17, Dt 14:17 ‫ שׂממית‬gecko Pr 30:28 αλ ‫ שׂעירה‬,‫ שׂעיר‬goat (⇐ the idea of something hairy?) demon (often pictured as a hairy creature) ‫ שׁפות‬a type of cattle, humped 2S 17:29 αλ ‫ שׁפיפן‬horned adder Gn 49:17 αλ ‫ שׁפן‬rock badger, hyrax ?? Lv 11:5, Dt 14:7, Ps 104:18, Pr 30:26 ‫ שׂרף‬most modern lexicographers consider this an asp, number of small, poisonous snakes of Africa, Asia and Europe, however the context indicates a flying animal that is venomous and has scales Nu 21:6, 8, Dt 8:15, Is 14:29, 30:6 an image of flying angels Is 6:2, 6 ‫“ שׂרף מעופף‬flying snake” apparently a flying dinosaur Is 14:29, 30:6 ‫ תאו‬mountain sheep ?? Dt 14:5 αλ ‫ תר‬,‫ תור‬turtle-dove ‫ תחמס‬a species of owl Lv 11:16, Dt 14:15 ‫ תישׁ‬he goat Gn 30:35, 32:14, Pr 30:31, 2C 17:11 ‫( תמלט‬a type of nesting animal) ?? Is 34:15 αλ ‫ תן‬jackal ?? Is 34:13, 43:20. Jr 9:10, 10:22, 51:37, Ml 1:3 ‫ תנינ‬reptile. created along with man Gn 1:21, both small as snakes Ex 7:9–10, 12 and apparently quite large Ps 91:13, both land and sea Is 27:1, Ps 148:7, had udders and teats to suckle their young Lm 4:3 ‫ תנשׁמת‬mentioned twice as a flying creature, once as a creeping creature, possibly a small pterosaur ?? Lv 11:18, 30 Dt 14:16 ‫כלי בשׁל‬ ‫ אגן‬goblet, small round cup, or is this referring to a small bottle, as for perfume ?? Ex 24:6, Is 22:24, So 7:3 ‫ אסוך‬small jar, such as used to hold oil for anointing 2K 4:2 αλ ‫ אפה‬to bake ‫ בשׁל‬to cook, often by boiling, though also roasting by fire 2C 35:13 (⇐ from concept of softening, so it can be eaten), also used of fruits ripening (softening) so they can be eaten ‫ גביע‬chalice Gn 44:2, 12, 16–7 349 ‫ דודי‬,‫ דוד‬a heavy duty basket, made of wood or wicker, can carry heavy loads and can also be lowered into boiling water holding things to be boiled 2K 10:7, Ps 81:7 (6), 2C 35:13 ‫ כוס‬cup ‫( כד‬large) storage jar, to store wet or dry foods ‫ כיר‬,‫ כיור‬vat ‫ כף‬hollow palm (of hand), spoon, shallow cave ‫ כפור‬covered cup Ezr 1:10, 1C 28:17 ‫ מזלג‬fork Ex 27:3, 1S 2:13–4, 2C 4:16 ‫ מחבת‬frying pan Lv 2:5, 6:14, 7:9, Ez 4:3, 1C 23:29 ‫ מחתה‬fire carrier, to carry live coals to preserve a fire Ex 27:3, 37:23, also used to burn incense in it censor Lv 10:1, 16:17–8 ‫ מנית‬a type of food Ez 27:17 αλ ‫ מנקית‬cleansing bowl Ex 25:29, 37:16, Nu 4:7 ‫ מרחשׁת‬sauce pan Lv 2:7, 7:9 ‫ משׁרת‬retainer, waiter, servant ‫( סיר‬pl ‫ )סירות‬cauldron (always made of metal?) ‫ ספל‬drinking bowl Jd 5:25, 6:38 ‫ עוג‬to fry (tortillas, pancakes) Ez 4:12, Ps 35:16 ‫ פרור‬pot, pan ‫ צלחת‬,‫ צלחית‬dish ‫ צפחת‬jug 1S 26:11–2, 16, 1K 17:12, 14, 16, 19:6 ‫ קלה‬to roast ‫ קלחת‬cauldron 1S 2:14, Mc 3:3 ‫ קערה‬platter Ex 25:29, 37;16, Nu 7 ‫ קשׂוה‬shallow bowl, scale shaped ?? designed for pouring libations Ex 37:16, Nu 4:7, 1C 28:17 ‫ תנור‬oven Ex 7:28 (8:3), Lv 2:4, 7:9 smoke as from an oven Gn 15:17, Is 31:9 ‫ בגד‬covering clothing, underhanded actions ‫ אבמט‬waistband, a long cloth wrapped around the body Ex 28:4, Lv 8:7, Is 22:21 ‫ אדרת‬splendor Zc 11:3 splendid Ez 17:8, cloak (which may have sleeves) that indicates status Gn 25;25, Js 7:21, 24, 2K 2:8, 13–4 ‫ אפוד‬,‫ אפד‬vest ‫ ארג‬to weave, with a ‫ מסכת‬warp Jd 16:13–4 and ‫ ערב‬woof 350 ‫ ארגמן‬reddish purple, the royal color, also cloth dyed with that color ‫ גלום‬mantle Ez 27:24 αλ ‫ גלין‬diaphanous clothing ?? Is 3:23 αλ ‫ חגרה‬,‫ חגורה‬something girded on, clothing or weapons 2S 18:11, 2K 3:21, Is 3:24 ‫ חצן‬pocket, or a fold in clothing used to carry stuff ‫ חרט‬,‫ לריט‬tooled leather purse ?? 2K 5:23, Is 3:22 ‫ חשׁן‬ornament(al breastplate) Ex 25:7, 28, Lv 8:8, upon which was placed the ‫ אורים‬and ‫ תמים‬Ex 28:30, Lv 8:8, Nu 27:21, Ezr 2:63, Ne 7:65 ‫ כסת‬covering ‫ כתנת‬tunic Greek (χιτων) ‫ לבושׁ‬clothing, clothed ‫ מגבעה‬miter, tall head gear Lv 8:13 αλ ‫ מדוה‬,‫ מדו‬,‫ מד‬clothing, measured to fit ‫ מזח‬a type of clothing, loose fitting sign of luxury, toga ?? Is 23:10, Ps 109:19 ‫ מחלצות‬clothing for special occasions, “Sunday best” stripped off for daily work Is 3:22, Zc 3:4 ← ‫חלץ‬ ‫ מטפחת‬cape, warm cloak spread on over other clothing Rt 3:15, Is 3:22 ‫ מכנס‬trousers Ex 28:42, 39:28, Lv 6:3, 16:4, Ez 44:18 ‫ מלבושׁ‬one in charge of clothing 2K 10:22, Jb 27:16 clothing provider Is 63:3, Ez 16:13, Zp 1:8, 2C 9:4 ‫ מסכת‬warp Jd 16:13–4 ‫ מעטה‬wrapping Is 61:3, Ez 21:20 (15) ‫ מעטפות‬something draped on, stole ?? Is 3:22 αλ ‫ מעיל‬poncho, a cloth draped over the body with a hole in the center for the head to poke through Ex 28:31–5, worn under the vest Lv 8:7 ‫ מצנפת‬turban, used as a badge of authority Ex 28:4, 37, 39, Lv 8:9, Ez 21:31 (26) ‫ משׁבצת‬,‫ משׁבצות‬wrapping, used of a wide border on clothing Ex 28:11, 13–4, Ps 45:14, a border setting a jewel on clothing Ex 18:11, 39:6, 13 ‫ משׁבצים‬status of being wrapped Ex 28:20 αλ ‫ סדין‬under garment (σινδων) Jd 14:12–3, Is 4:23, Pr 31:24 ‫ סות‬garment Gn 49:11 αλ ‫ עבת‬rope made by braiding ‫ ערב‬woof, that which gets exchanged from top to bottom and back again during the weaving process Lv 13:48–9, 51–3, 56–9 ‫ פרחה‬a sewed on ornament Ez 13;20 ?? ‫ פתיגיל‬embroidered clothing ?? (something beautiful) Is 3:24 αλ ‫ צמת‬veil, made of netting covering the face Is 47:2, So 4:1, 3, 6:7 351 ‫ צניף‬turban for decoration Is 3:23, Zc 3:5, Jb 29:14 ‫ צעדות‬some sort of ornamentation that shows up while striding Is 3:20 αλ ← ‫צעד‬ ‫ צעיף‬veil, the cloth that covers the face under the eyes ‫ רדיד‬shawl worn by women Is 3:23, So 5:7 ‫ רעלה‬long, loose fitting garment, in a day when everything was hand made, was a sign of wealth and luxury Is 3:19 αλ ‫ שׁבץ‬to wrap around Ex 28:4, 39 to set (a jewel) on clothing (by sewing a wrapping around the jewel to hold it on the clothing) ‫ שׁול‬outer hem, could be quite long Ex 28:33–4, 39:24–6, Is 6:1, Na 1:9 ‫ שׂלמה‬garment, as far as I can tell, identical to ‫( שׂצלה‬found 10 times) ‫ שׂמלה‬covering, apparently a flat piece of cloth that can be worn by wrapping around (as a kilt, dress) though can be spread out as a blanket Gn 9:25, Ex 22:26 (27), wrapped around other objects Ex 12:34, lain on as a sheet Dt 22:17, laid flat Jd 8:25 garment (found 28 times) σ ‫ שׂלמה‬garment ‫ שׂק‬sack, mainly refers to the rough sacks used to transport bulk items, big enough that one can wear them if needed or as a sign of penance rough cloth used to make the sacks ‫( שׂרד‬used only in connection ‫ )בגדי שׂרד‬protective clothing ?? Ex 31:10, 35:19, 39:1, 41 ‫ שׁרשׁרת‬chain Ex 28:14, 39:15, 1K 7:17, 2C 3:5, 17 ‫( שׁתי‬some sort of cloth) ?? Lv 13:48–59 ‫ תחרא‬shielded ?? an extra layer of cloth added to keep the neck area from wearing out ? ‫ תפר‬to sew (together) In a day when certain dyes were a sign of wealth and were applied only to the best of cloth, just the use of the color can indicate warm, quality clothing Pr 31:21–2 such were ‫ שׁנים‬and ‫ארגמן‬ ‫ מחלה‬softness, weakness, as in sickness, also soft place to dig into the ground ‫ גרב‬scurvy ‫ דבר‬pestilence, thorn ‫ דוי‬affliction Is 1:5, Jr 8:19, Ps 41:4, Jb 6:7, Lm 1:22 ‫ דלקת‬a hot fever that kills quickly ?? Dt 28:22 αλ ‫ חלי‬infirmity, softness ‫ חרס‬scabies, dry, rough skin (sunburn?) Dt 28:27 ‫ מדוה‬that which afflicts, characterized by flowing sores Dt 7:15, 28:60 ‫ מדיבת‬causing languishing Lv 26:16 αλ ‫ נגף‬affliction 352 ‫ עורון‬blindness Dt 28:28, Zc 12:4 ‫ עפל‬tumor Dt 28:17, swelling of bubonic plague 1S 5:6, 9, 12, 6:4–5; hill (swelling on the land) 2K 5:24, Is 32:14, 2C 33:14 ‫ צרעת‬leprosy as described in Lv 13. This leprosy is not the same as modern leprosy. Modern leprosy is mainly a disease of the nervous system caused by a bacterium Mycobacterium leprae, where most injuries are self-inflicted. There is no spontaneous cure. Ancient leprosy seems mainly a disease of the circulation system, mainly to the skin: the skin turns white (no blood) then becomes indented and ulcerated (skin dies off). Sometimes there is swelling around the ulceration. It is apparently easily caught, apparently caused by a fungus which also infects cloth, leather (Lv 13:47–59, 14:55) and even houses (Lv 14:35–53, 55), that enters the body through breaks in the skin (cuts, burns, etc.). A person can become healed from it or remain infected the rest of his life. ‫ קדחת‬lingering fever, illness Lv 26:16, Dt 28:22 ‫ שׁגעון‬insanity ‫ שׁחיין‬ulcer, that is infectious, flowing pus ‫ שׁחפת‬consumption, where people waste away because of the disease Lv 26:16, Dt 28:22 ‫ תחלאים‬wasting away (from hunger or disease) Dt 29:22, Jr 14:18, 16:4, Ps 103:3, 2C 21:19 ‫ מחלה‬softness, weakness, as in sickness, also soft place to dig into the ground colors ‫ אדם‬red Nu 19:2, 2K 3:22, Zc 1:8 ‫ ארגצן‬reddish purple, the royal color, also cloth dyed with that color ‫ כרמיל‬crimson (orange, color of ripe field?) 2C 2:6 (7), 13 (14), 3:14 ‫ לבן‬white ‫ שׁשׁר‬vermillion, a red color Jr 22:14, Ez 23:14 ‫ תולת שׁני‬crimson dyed cloth ‫ תכלת‬blue, also cloth dyed blue ‫כלי זמר‬ ‫ גתית‬type of musical instrument ?? used three times in connection with music Ps 8:1, 81:1, 84:1 ‫ גמור‬harp 353 ‫ חלל‬,‫ חליל‬flute, a bored through tube ‫ חצצרה‬trumpet ‫ ידיתון‬,‫ ידותון‬a musical instrument ?? Ps 62:1, 77:1 ‫ יונת אלם רחקים‬a musical instrument Ps 56:1 ?? ‫ כנור‬harp (when a suffix is appended, the spelling is ‫כנר‬+suffix) ‫ כסה‬a musical instrument Ps 81:4 αλ ‫ מחלת‬a musical instrument ?? Ps 53:1, 88:1 ‫ מן‬stringed instrument ?? Ps 150:4 ‫ מנענעים‬rattle ?? a type of noisemaker used in rejoicing 2S 6:5 αλ ‫ מצלתים‬cymbals ‫ נבל‬bagpipe ‫ נגינת‬music Ps 54:1, 55:1, 61:1 song of derision, making fun of Jb 30:9, Lm 3:14 ‫ נחילות‬a type of musical instrument ?? Ps 5:1 αλ ‫ עוגב‬an instrument with a soft, seductive sound, not a loud, public sound Gn 4:21, Jb 21:12 ‫ עלמות‬a musical instrument Ps 9:1, 46:1, 1C 15:20 ‫ עצי ברושׁים‬wooden ?? a type of noisemaker used in rejoicing 2S 6:5 αλ ‫ עשׂור‬a type of musical instrument, apparently a ten stringed harp, psaltery, with ten strings Ps 33:2, 92:4, 144:9 ‫ צלצלים‬cymbals or was this a type of rattle ?? 2S 6:5, of which there were two types, ‫ צלצלי שׁמע‬and ‫ צלצלי תרועה‬Ps 150:5 ‫ שׁפר‬,‫ שׁופר‬ram’s horn, shofar Js 6:4–6, 2S 18:16 ‫ שׁושׁנה‬,‫ שׁושׁן‬flower with a bell shaped blossom a type of wind instrument so shaped Ps 60:1, 69:1 ‫ שׁמינית‬an eight stringed instrument ?? Ps 6:1, 12:1, 1C 15:21 ‫ תף‬tambourine ‫ תשׁחת‬a type of musical instrument Ps 57:1, 58:1, 59:1, 75:1 The following are instruments in Aramaic ‫משׂרוקי‬ ‫סבכק‬ ‫סומפניה‬ ‫ פסנתרין‬,‫פסמערין‬ ‫קיתרוס‬ ‫קרן‬ ‫דגן‬ 354 ‫ דחן‬millet Ez 4:9 αλ ‫ חטה‬wheat Ex 9:32, Dt 8:8, 32:14, Is 28:25, Jl 1:11, Ps 81:16, Jb 31:40 ‫ כמן‬cumin Is 28:25, 27 ‫ לסמת‬spelt, emmer Ex 9:32, Is 28:25, Ez 4:9 ‫ מנית‬a portion, portioned out Ez 27:17 αλ ‫ עדשׁים‬lentil Gn 25:34, 2S 17:28, 23:11, Ez 4:9 ‫ פול‬broad bean 2S 17:28, Ez 4:9 ‫ פנג‬a type of food Ez 27:17 αλ ‫ קצח‬black cumin Is 28:25, 27 ‫ שׂורה‬millet ?? Is 28:25 αλ ‫ שׂערה‬barley, the heads of which are quite “hairy” ‫ עצה‬,‫ עץ‬tree wood ‫ אזוב‬hyssop Ex 12:22, Nu 19:6, 18, 1K 5:13 (4:33), Ps 51:9 (7) ‫ איל‬a type of large tree ‫( אלמגים‬in 1K 10:11–12), ‫( אלגומים‬in 2Ch 2:7, 9:10–11) sandal-wood, ebony ?? a tree found in Lebanon and Ophir σ ‫עץ‬ ‫ אלה‬terebinth, a species of tree ‫ אלון‬oak ‫ אמיר‬crown (of a tree) Is 17:6, 9 ‫ ארז‬cedar, a type of tree and wood ‫ ארזה‬paneling made of cedar wood ?? Zp 2:14 αλ ‫ ארן‬laurel Is 44:19 αλ ‫ אשׁישׁ‬vine branch ?? clinging to a wall Is 16:7, bearing grapes Hs 3:1 ‫ אשׁל‬tamarisk tree ‫ ברושׁ‬pine 2S 6:5, Is 60:13, 2C 3:5 ‫ גזע‬stock, the trunk or woody stem of a living tree or shrub Is 11:1, 40:24, Jb 14:8 ‫ דלית‬bough, branch of a tree ‫ הדס‬myrtle (tree) ‫ זלזל‬vine branch ?? Is 18:5 αλ ‫ חטר‬woody sprout from trees Is 11:1, Pr 14:3 σ ‫דשׁא‬ ‫( יונק‬lit.) one who sucks, used of a baby not yet weaned Dt 32:25, Is 11:8, Jr 44:7, So 8:1, Lm 2:11, 4:4, used of a sucker, growth from the roots of trees, almost always not wanted Is 53:2 ← ‫ינק‬ 355 ‫ יונקות‬root tendrils that take up water and nutrients Ps 80:12 αλ ← ‫ינק‬ ‫ יניקות‬shoot Ez 17:4 αλ ← ‫ינק‬ ‫ כפה‬frond, branch of a palm tree ?? Dt 25:12, Is 9:13 (14), 19:15 ‫ כרתות‬cut off 1S 5:4 carved out 1K 7:2 ← ‫כרת‬ ‫ לבנה‬full moon Is 24:23, 30:26, brick Gn 11:3, Ez 4:1, storax tree ?? Hs 4:3, frankincense Lv 2:1, 15, 5:11, place name Nu 33:20–1, Js 10:29, 31–2, Is 37:8 ← ‫לבן‬ ‫ לוז‬some sort of tree Gn 30:37 αλ σ ‫עץ‬ ‫ ךוח‬flat board of wood or stone, plank σ ‫קרשׁ‬ ‫ מצבת‬,‫ מצבה‬monument (pillar), trunk of tree ← ‫נצב‬ ‫ נבלת‬dried up palm frond (as a palm tree grows, the old fronds die, dry up and fall off) Is 34:4 ← ‫נבל‬ ‫ נצר‬guard—a person guarding, shoot (in horticulture, sometimes carefully guarded to grow into a tree or large plant) Is 11:1, 14:19, 60:21, Dn 11:7 ← ‫ נצר‬σ ‫דשׁא‬ ‫ סעפת‬,‫ סעיף‬branch (of a rock Ju 15:8, 11, of a tree Ez 31:6, 8) σ ‫דלית‬ ‫ סרעפת‬twig Ez 31:5 αλ ‫ עבת‬,‫ עבות‬intertwined branches ‫ ענף‬leafy branch ‫ עפא‬foliage Ps 104:12 αλ ‫ ערב‬willow tree Lv 23:40, Is 15:7, 44:4, Ps 139:2, Jb 40:22 σ ‫עץ‬ ‫ ערמן‬,‫ ערמון‬plane tree Gn 30:37, Ez 31:8 σ ‫עץ‬ ‫ פארה‬foliage, festooning ‫ צאל‬a type of shade tree ?? Jb 40:21, 22 ‫ צמרת‬spray, a stem or small branch of a tree or plant, bearing flowers and foliage ‫ רתם‬broom tree retama roetam a small desert plant known for its burning properties, used for cooking and heating 1K 19:4–5, Ps 120:4, Jb 30:4 ‫ שׁובך‬limb, large branch 2S 18:9 αλ ‫( שׁטה‬plural ‫ )שׁטים‬acacia, a tree known also for its thorns and its wood for its hardness and resistance to rot ?? this is a type of tree able to produce beams at least six feet long by over two feet wide ← ‫שׁוט‬ ‫ שׁמן‬oil olive tree (⇐ trees that produce oil) fat ‫ שׁקד‬almond Jn 43:1, Nu 17:23, Jr 1:11 ‫ שׁקמים‬,‫ שׁקמה‬sycamore tree, a tree known for its fruits, which needed to be pierced to ripen, and wood, used to be quite common in Israel 1K 10:27, Is 9:9, Am 7:14, Ps 78:47, 1C 27:28, 2C 1:15, 9:27 ‫ שׁתל‬to plant (tree) Ez 17:22–3 356 ‫ תאנה‬fig tree (compare its leaves to the following) ?? banana tree (which has big, long and wide leaves, but needs warm and moist conditions to grow well) ?? Gn 3:7, Pr 27:18, So 2:13, Jl 2:22 ‫ תאשׁור‬cypress tree Is 41:19, 60:13, Ex 27:6 ‫ תדהר‬ash tree ?? Is 41:19, 60:13 ‫ תמר‬date palm column to hold up a roof (also ornaments in the shape of palm trees) ‫ תפוח‬apple(tree) Jl 1:12, Pr 25:11, So 2:3, 5, 7:9, 8:5 ‫ תרזה‬a type of tree ?? Is 44:14 αλ ‫ אבה‬papyrus reed, many ancient Egyptian ships were made of papyrus reeds, they were light and quick Jb 9:26 αλ ‫ אגמון‬rush, marsh reed Is 9:14, 19:15, Jb 40:26 (41:2) ‫ אורה‬mallow, a family of plants including okra, cotton, hollyhock 2K 4:39, 2C 32:28 ‫ אחו‬rush, any of various monocotyledonous often tufted marsh plants (as of the genera Juncus and Luzula of the family Juncaceae, the rush family) with cylindrical often hollow stems which are used in bottoming chairs and plaiting mats Gn 41:2, 18, Jb 8:11 ‫ בכא‬baka shrub, balsam tree ?? apparently a plant well taller than a man 2S 5:23, Ps 84:7 (6) ‫ גמא‬papyrus reed Is 18:2, 35:7, Jb 8:11, used to make light, quick vessels Is 18:2 ‫ המסים‬brushwood Is 64:1 αλ ‫ חדק‬nightshade, a type of poisonous plant Mc 7:4, Pr 15:19 ‫ חוח‬thorny plant with long, sharp thorns 2K 14:9, Is 34:14, Jb 31:40 spine, a long, sharp thorn Pr 26:9, Jb 40:24, So 2:2 ‫ נעצוץ‬thorn-bush Is 7:19, 55:13 ‫ סוף‬water plants reed, seaweed Ex 2:3, 5, Js 19:6, Jn 2:6, 2C 20:16 ‫( סיר‬pl ‫ )סירים‬bramble, a thorny plant that grows in the forest whose seed pods have hooked shaped thorns that catch in animal fur Is 34:13, Hs 2:8, Nh 1:10, which can burn hotly in a fire to cook Ko 7:6 fisherman’s hook Am 4:2 ‫ סנה‬a desert bush, apparently of an annual type that would grow in a desert with seasonal rains that allow for quick growth with the rest of the year dry. That one should be burning would already attract attention because such bushes burn with a hot, flaring flame that would quickly spread into a range fire if there are enough dried bushes and grasses to keep the flames going. Otherwise the bush burns up in less than a minute, leaving a few light ashes. Ex 3:2–4, Dt 33:16 ‫ סרפד‬stinging nettle κονυζα Is 55:13 αλ ‫( קנה‬plural ‫ )קנים‬stalk of a grain plant Gn 41:5, 22, cane, like bamboo, used of the arms of the menorah Ex 25:32–3, 35, as a measurement Ez 42:16–9 357 ‫ שׂיח‬shrub Gn 2:5, 21:15, Jb 30:4, 7 ‫ שׁמיר‬thorn, long pointed one such as gotten from desert trees σ ‫ אטד‬buckthorn Jd 9:14–5, Ps 58:10 (9), ‫ ברקנים‬cactus ?? Jd 8:7, 16, ‫ דרדר‬briar, bramble, ‫ חוח‬thorny plant with long, sharp thorns 2K 14:9, Is 34:14, Jb 31:40 spine, a long, sharp thorn Pr 26:9, Jb 40:24, So 2:2, ‫ חרל‬,‫ חרול‬chickweed ?? Zp 2:9, Pr 24:31, Jb 30:7, ‫ נעצוץ‬thorn-bush Is 7:19, 55:13, ‫( סיר‬pl ‫ )סירים‬bramble, a thorny plant that grows in the forest whose seed pods have hooked shaped thorns that catch in animal fur Is 34:13, Hs 2:8, Nh 1:10, which can burn hotly in a fire to cook Ko 7:6 fisherman’s hook Am 4:2, ‫ סלון‬is this some sort of poisonous thorn plant that cause infections, or some sort of bug that has an infectious bite ?? used in parallel with ‫ עקרב‬and ‫ קוץ‬Ez 2:6, 28:24, ‫ סרבים‬to be refractory, a stubborn resistance or a balking at control, direction ?? Ez 2:6 αλ, used in parallel with ‫ סלון‬and ‫ עקרב‬so could this refer to a type of thorn ??, ‫ סרפד‬stinging nettle κονυζααλ , ‫ קוץ‬thorn-bush Gn 3:18, Jd 8:7, 16, Ez 28:24, Hs 10:8, ‫ קמושׂ‬thistle Is 34:13, Hs 9:6, ‫ קמשׂנים‬a type of weed ?? Pr 24:31 αλ, ‫ שׁית‬weed(s), e.g. thistle Is 5:6, 7:23–5, 9:17, 10:17, 27:4 ‫ עדי‬adornment ‫( אצעדה‬arm) bracelet Nu 31:50, 2S 1:10 ‫ בתי הנפשׁ‬a type of adornment, locket Is 3:20 ?? ‫ זהב‬gold ‫ חח‬clasp that has a part that goes behind or through cloth, bone, etc. to hold securely fetters Ez 19:4, 9 something to hang onto a jaw 2K 19:28, Is 17:29, Ez 38:4 brooch Ex 35:22 ‫ טבעת‬seal ring (which leaves a symbol after being made to sink into a seal) ‫ כומז‬bracelet ?? Ex 35:22, Nu 31:50 ‫ כסף‬silver money ‫ לחשׁ‬whispering, hiss, spell an object connected with spells, an amulet Is 3:20 ‫ נזם‬ear-, nose ring ‫ נטפות‬,‫ נטיפות‬drop shaped pendents Jd 8:26, Is 3:19 ‫( עגיל‬circle shaped) earring Nu 31:50, Ez 16:12 ‫ עטרה‬going around crown Ez 21:31, Jb 31:36 ‫ עכס‬ankle chain, a type of ornament ?? Is 3 :18 or leg fetters ?? Pr 7:22 ‫ פארה‬,‫ פאר‬foliage, festoon 358 ‫ צמיד‬binding, something tied on, most often used for a bracelet (with precious stones, metal ??) Gn 24:22, 47, Nu 31:50, Ez 23:42, also a binding (of string) to hold on a cover over a pot Nu 19:15 ‫ קשׁר‬conspiracy, joining (in marriage), tied on jewelry ‫ רביד‬,‫ רבד‬neckband or stole, made of cloth or gold Gn 41:42, Ez 16:11 ‫ רעלה‬long, loose fitting garment, in a day when everything was hand made, was a sign of wealth and luxury Is 3:19 αλ ‫ שׁביס‬headband Is 3:18 αλ ‫ שׂהרנים‬little moons (ornaments) Jd 8:21, 26, Is 3:18 ‫ שׁירות‬decorative chains ?? Is 3:19 αλ ← ‫שׁרר‬ ‫ בנה‬to build (up, upon), not only used referring to construct a physical structure, but also of a person Gn 2:22 or a family Gn 16:2 → ‫ בנה‬builder ‫ אלם‬,‫ אולם‬gallery, can either be outside, supported by pillars and open 1K 6:3 or refer to a large hall supported by pillars that is like a gallery 1K 7:6–7 ‫ איל‬portal, a decorated doorway extending out of the wall ‫ אילם‬portico ‫ אליהמה‬architectural element found in the temple Ez 40:16 αλ ‫ ארמון‬fortification, when part of the king’s dwelling, the equivalent of a medieval dungeon of a castle 1K 16:18, 2K 15:25, Is 25:2, 32:14, Jr 30:18, Pr 18:19 σ ‫בית‬ ‫ ארמנת‬collection, system or number of fortifications Is 34:13, Hs 8:14, Am 1:7, 6:8 ‫ אשׁנב‬latticed window, where one can look out without easily being seen Jd 5:28, Pr 7:6 σ ‫חלון‬ ‫ אתיק‬,‫ אתוק‬arch, decorative frieze ?? Ez 41:15, 16, 42:3, 5 ‫ בירה‬edifice ‫ בית‬house a family which in traditional societies often has many generations living in the same house hence ‫ בית‬refers to all those living together as a unit (family + servants/slaves) Gn 35:2 also those connected by ancestry Jr 21:12, housing (such as a box housing an object); adjective to refer to being inside ‫ מבית‬inside Gn 6:14, Ex 25:11, 26:33, Ez 7:15, ‫ מביתה‬interior, inside 1K 6:15 αλ ‫ ביתן‬palace ‫ בנין‬,‫ בניה‬building ‫ בריח‬bar that passes through a hole to act as a lock, carrying bar ‫ גג‬roof, top 359 ‫ גדר‬a low wall or fence, not for defense in war rather security from casual dangers such as wildlife, to surround a field, vineyard or fold sheep fold ‫ גזרה‬cut off land room divider ‫ גלה‬roll cylinder 1K 7:41–2, Ko 12:6, Zc 4:2–3, 1C 4:12–3 ← ‫גלל‬ ‫ גנזך‬treasury (a feature of the temple 1C 28:11 αλ) ‫ דלת‬door ‫ חדר‬room, inner chamber ‫חומה‬ (most commonly) fortified wall (of a city) Dt 3:5, 2S 20:15, Ne 1:3, 2C 36:19 ‫ חלון‬window ‫ חצר‬enclosure ‫ טור‬row, of stones Ex 28:17–20, 39:10–3, of pillars 1K 7:2–4. of ornamentation 1K 7:24, 42, 2C 4:3, 13 ‫ טפחות‬spreading out Ps 29:6 (5), ceiling molding ?? 1K 7:9 ← ‫טפח‬ ‫ יאתון‬place of arrival, entrance Ez 40:15 ?? αλ ‫ גתרת‬capital (crown of pillar) 1K 7:16–20, 31, 41–2, 2K 25:17, Jr 52:22 ‫ לשׁכה‬chamber, a small room λεσχη ‫ מסד‬,‫ מוסדה‬,‫ מוסד‬foundation ‫ מזוזה‬doorpost Ex 12:1, 22–3, 1S 1:9, 1K 6:33, Pr 8:34 ‫ מזי‬,‫ מזוי‬granary ?? De 32:24, Ps 144:13 ‫ מנח‬an architectural feature ?? Ez 41:9, 11 ‫ מפתן‬stage, an area of a building that has a raised floor 1S 5:4–5, Ez 9:3, 10:4, 18, 46:2, 47:1 Zp 1:9 ‫ משׁקוף‬lintel (of a doorway) that looks down on the door Ex 12:7, 22–3 ← ‫שׁקף‬ ‫ סף‬threshold, doorframe (this is more than just a threshold), apparently referring also to a depressed area that channels water away from entering a house with a dirt floor ‫ עזרה‬specialized courtyard within the temple, apparently where auxiliary activities were carried out Ez 43:14, 17, 20 45;19, 2C 4:9, 6:13 ‫ פתח‬opening, hole, though often to a particular type of opening, namely a doorway ‫ צלע‬side (of a building, mountain, etc., possibly two leaves to a door 1K 6:34) ‫ צלעה‬those who are limping and/or stumbling, a group of people Mc 4:6–7, Zp 3:19 ← ‫צלע‬ ‫ צלעות‬siding, flooring (i.e. framework covered with planks) 1K 6:5, 15–6, 7:3, Ez 41:6–9, 26 ← ‫צלע‬ ‫ קיר‬wall, as in a house or city ‫ קרקע‬floor (horizontally flat area of a building), ceiling Nu 5:17, 1K 6:15–6, 30, 7:7, bottom (floor) Am 9:3 ‫ קרשׁ‬board, a large, heavy beam 360 ‫ מרצפת‬pavement (flat like an oven) 2K 16:17 αλ ← ‫רצף‬ ‫ רחיט‬rafter, plank of wood to hold up the roof So 1:17 αλ ‫ שׂבכה‬lattice (largely ornamental) 1K 7:17–18, Jr 52:22–23, used over a window 2K 1:2, likened to a net Jb 18:8 ‫ שׂחיף‬cladding of (wood) ?? Ez 41:16 αλ ‫ שׁער‬gate ‫ שׁפתים‬places of setting up, pack saddles ?? ‫ שׁקף‬window for looking out 1K 7:4 αλ, ‫ חלוני שׁקפים אטמים‬does this refer to glass windows that cannot be opened ?? 1K 6:4 (in ancient times glass windows were an expensive luxury) ‫ תא‬hall, large room as in a castle or temple 1K 14:28, Ez 40:7, 2C 12:11 ‫ תבן‬straw, used in making adobe bricks, also to feed animals ← ‫בנה‬ ‫ תבנית‬model, used to plan a construction Ex 25:9, 40, Dt 4:16–8, 1C 28:11–2, 18–9 ← ‫בנה‬ ‫ תכנית‬,‫ תכן‬measure ‫ תמר‬date palm column to hold up a roof (also ornaments in the shape of palm trees) ‫ עת‬time ‫ אביב‬green ears of grain Ex 9:31, Lv 2:14, also the first month of the year in which is found Passover Ex 13:4, 23:15, 34:18, Dt 16:1 ‫ זו‬Second month 1K 6:1, 37 ‫ אתנים‬seventh month in which is found Yom Kippur 1K 8:2 αλ ‫ בול‬Eighth month 1K 6:38 ‫ יום‬day, measured from sunset to sunset, sometimes used figuratively to refer to time, but when connected with a number, meaning day, like our 24 hour day, ‫ היום‬either “the day” or “today”, ‫ מיום ליום‬,‫ יום ביום‬,‫ יום ליום‬,‫ יום יום‬each day, ‫ מימים‬lit. “from days” used to refer to an indeterminate length of time usually following an action Js 23:1, Jd 11:4, Ez 38:8, also used in the phrase ‫“ מימים ימימה‬from days to days” or in English “from time to time” Ex 13:10, Jd 11:40, 21:19, 1S 1:3, 2:19, ‫“ עצם היום‬the very day” Gn 7:13. Ex 12:17, Ez 2:3 ‫ לילה‬night (‫ ליל‬Is 15:1 (DSS ‫ )לילה‬Pr 31:18, Lm 2:18 (Q ‫))לילה‬, ‫ הלילה‬tonight, the night ‫ עלטה‬twilight, after sunset but still light enough to see Gn 15:17, Ez 12:6, 12 ֿ‫ שׁחר‬dawn just as it starts to get light before the sun rises ← ‫שׁחר‬ ‫ בקר‬morning 361 ‫ ערב‬evening, the exchange of day for night, beginning of the next day ‫ אובל‬qanat ?? an artificial spring made by tunneling horizontally into an alluvial fan Dn 8:2 αλ ‫ אפיק‬someone who or something that causes restraint Jb 12:21, 41:7 (15) earthworks to control water, as in dams, channels or dikes Is 8:7, Jb 6:15, Ps 18:16 (15), 42:1 (2), So 5:12 often built up Ez 6:3, 34:13, 35:8, 36:4 (dammed) pond, holding tank Jl 1:20, Ps 42:2, 126:4 ‫ ארבה‬sluicegate of an irrigation ditch, which usually has constant standing water around it because of water turbulence at gate causing washing out ‫ ברכה‬pool, often artificial made by bringing water to a hollowed out spot ‫ מיכל‬ditch ?? 2S 17:20 αλ ‫ צנור‬watercourse, place where water flows 2S 5:8, Ps 42:8 (7) ‫ תעלה‬ditch, a place to channel or constrain the flow of water 1K 18:32, 35, 38, 2K 18:17, Is 7:3, 36:2 ‫ כלי יוצר‬tools ‫ את‬plow 1S 13:20–1, Is 2:4, Jl 4:10, Mc 4:3 ‫( גרזן‬pick)ax, used to chop wood or stone Dt 19:5, 20:19, 1K 6:7, Is 10:15 ‫ דרבן‬goad 1S 13:21,Ko 12:11 ‫ הלמות‬mallet, hammer for pounding tent stakes Jd 5:26 αλ ‫ יעים‬shovels Ex 38:3, Nu 4:14, 1K 7:40, 45, 2K 25:14, Jr 52:18, 2C 4:11, 16 ‫ חרט‬a sharp metal tool used for engraving on metal Ex 32:4, Is 8:1 engraved metal box ?? 2K 5:23 ‫ כילפת‬mauls, tools with heavy heads and handles ?? Ps 74:6 αλ ‫ כישׁור‬whorl, used in spinning Pr 31:19 αλ ‫ כשׁיל‬a workman’s tool ?? Ps 74:6 αλ ‫ מגל‬some sort of harvest tool, that removes Jr 50:16, Jl 4:13 (3:13) ‫ מזרה‬one who spreads out Jr 31:9, Pr 1:17, 21:8, 26 winnowing shovel, lightly made of wood used to spread grain out onto a threshing floor in order for threshing Is 30:24, Jr 15:7 ‫ מחוגה‬lathe ?? Is 44:13 αλ ‫ מחרשׁת‬tool made by an artisan, blacksmith 1S 13:20–1 362 ‫ מלבן‬form to make bricks, brick kiln ?? Jr 43:9, Nh 3:14 ‫ מלמד‬trainer (making learn) Is 48:17, Ps 119:99, Pr 5:13 cattle goad Jd 3:31 ‫ מעצד‬workroom (where tools and work are laid out) ?? Is 44:12, Jr 10:3 ‫ מקבת‬apparently a combination tool with a hammer at one side, and a pick at the other, can be used as a chisel Jd 4:21, Is 51:1 ‫ מקצעה‬gouge Is 44:13 αλ ← euq ‫ משׂור‬saw ?? Is 10:15 αλ ‫ נבל‬bag (made of skin), used for holding workers’ tools Lm 4:2 as well as wine 1S 1:24; 10:3; 25:18, Jr 13:12 bagpipe 1S 10:5, Ps 92:4, 2C 29:25 windbag i.e. bellows used in a forge Is 30:14 also in referring to a fool as a windbag Dt 32:6, 21, Ps 14:1, Pr 17:21, wind blown cloud Jb 38:37 ‫ עט‬a sharp metal, usually steel, tool used to engrave in stone Jr 8:8, 17:1, Ps 45:2 (1), Jb 19:24 ‫ פטישׁ‬mattock ?? Is 41:7, Jr 23:29, 50:23 ‫ צפירה‬goad ?? something that causes one to spring into action Is 28:5, Ez 7:7 ‫ קלשׁון‬pitch fork, ‫ שׁלשׁ קלשׁון‬trident 1S 13:21 ‫ קרדם‬hatchet Jd 9:48, 1S 13:20–1, Jr 46:22, Ps 74:5 ‫ רחת‬pitchfork, a light one used for straw Is 30:24 αλ ‫ שׁטט‬spur ?? Js 23:13 αλ ‫ שׂרד‬a marking awl used by cabinet makers Is 44:13 αλ ‫כלי מלחמה‬ ‫ חנית‬a short, heavy thrusting spear ‫ חץ‬shaft 1S 17:7 arrow ‫ חרב‬sharp cutting tool, sword ← ‫חרב‬ ‫ קובע‬,‫ כובע‬helmet 1S 17:5, 38, Is 59:17, Ez 23:24, 27:10, 38:5 ‫ כידן‬,‫ כידון‬javelin, light throwing spear Js 8:18, 26, Jr 6:23, 50:42 ‫ מגן‬shield 2S 1:21, 22:3, 36 place of protection Ps 7:11 (10) one who protects Jd 5:8, 2S 22:31 ← ‫גנן‬ ‫ מצחת‬greaves (armor) 1S 17:6 αλ ‫ סרין‬body armor Jr 46:4, 51:3 ‫ צנה‬shield, a tall one that covers the whole body or much of it 1S 17:7,41, 1K 10:16, 2C 9:15 ‫ קין‬lance 363 ‫ קלע‬sling, where one suspends a stone prior to slinging (throwing) it 1S 17:40, 50, 25:29, Zc 9:15, Jb 41:20, 2C 26:14 slinger, one who fights with stones flung from a sling 2K 3:25 αλ ← ‫קלע‬ ‫ קשׁת‬bow, as in bow and arrows, bowman ‫ רמח‬a type of weapon, possibly a short, thrusting spear Lv 25:7, equivalent to a sword 1K 18:28 held in one hand with a shield in the other 2C 26:14, can be carried along with bow, mail, shield, Ne 4:4, 10 σ ‫חנית‬ ‫ שׁריון‬s. 1S 17:5, 38, ‫ שׁרין‬mail, a type of armor (made of chain ??) 2K 22:34, Is 59:17, Ne 4:10 (16), 2C 18:33, 26:14 ← ‫שׁרר‬ ‫בשׂם‬ ‫ אהלים‬,‫ אהלות‬aloe Ps 45:9 (8), Pr 7:17, So 4:14 ‫ בשׂם‬spice ‫ זן‬a type of spice ?? Ps 144:13, 2C 16:14 ‫ כרכם‬saffron So 4:14 αλ ‫( קנה‬plural ‫ )קנים‬stalk of a grain plant Gn 41:5, 22, cane, like bamboo, used of the arms of the menorah Ex 25:32–3, 35, as a measurement Ez 42:16–9 ‫ מור‬,‫ מר‬myrrh (⇐ collected as it drips down the side of the tree) ‫ מרקחת‬mixed spices Ex 30:25, 1C 9:30, 2C 16:14 ‫ נרד‬nard, was this in ancient times a fragrant plant grown in gardens cf. So 1:12, 4:13–14 ‫ קדה‬cassia (buds) used as a spice Ex 30:24, Ez 27:19 ‫ קנמן‬,‫ קנמון‬cinnamon ‫ קציעות‬cassia Ps 45:9 αλ ← ‫קצע‬ ‫ ראשׁ מר דרור‬a type of spice Ex 30:23 αλ ‫ רקח‬mixed spices ‫ברזל‬ Steps of steel production mentioned in the Bible: 1 Chronicles 20:3: 364 After mining the ore, the first step is usually the breaking down of the ore into smaller pieces Second step is to divide out the pieces of iron compounds from the non-iron bearing materials After smelting, the result was a bloom that needed to be broken up to smaller pieces so that it could be forged. These three steps require a lot of heavy, repetitive labor. Isaiah 30:14 gives an indication of forging the iron into steel, as it mentions a bellows, banked fire and water from a salt marsh, which is the best water for tempering iron into steel. 365 GRAMMAR Alphabet: Consists of 22 letters, all consonants. While the forms (also called fonts) have changed over the centuries, the number has remained constant. Pronunciation: Today we don’t know for certain what was the pronunciation of the alphabet during Biblical times. The closest we have is from a thousand years after Biblical Hebrew ceased to be spoken in the daily lives of the Jewish people. There are indications that the pronunciation of Hebrew changed greatly over that thousand years. While Biblical pronunciation is unknown, what is known is that the pronunciation indicated by the Masoretic points is that of the pronunciation tradition that existed at that time and place. But that pronunciation was not the pronunciation from Biblical times. There is some indication that the original pronunciation was that of a syllabary, with each consonant followed by a vowel. Meter in poetry seems to indicate the reading of a syllabary. Along with that is that there were no matres lectionis in Biblical Hebrew. The letters that later came to be used as matres lectionis were fully consonantal during pre-exile Biblical Hebrew. But as there is no known authoritative record of Biblical pronunciation, this remains just a conjecture. Verbs: By history and tradition, the verb is considered to be the foundation of Biblical Hebrew language. It was considered that all nouns had verbal roots, which included the practice that if a verbal root was not known from being used in Bible, one would be made up for purposes of making a dictionary (I don’t follow this practice: though I recognize where nouns are derived from known verbs, I don’t invent verbal roots for nouns where none is present in Bible). Another reason for considering verbs the root of the language is that the beliefs taught by the Bible centered around history, a history of God’s actions over time. According to tradition, all verbs have three letter roots, with the three letters being the same as the Qatal Qal third person masculine singular. The verbs are so listed in dictionaries. However, that is not quite accurate—there are a good number of verbs that in reality have two letter roots, and a few that have four letter roots. (In this dictionary, I followed tradition of listing verbs as three letter roots, though that was not possible with those four letter verbs. Yet recognizing that many verbs have two 366 letters will explain why they are found as two letter verbs in the text of the Bible.) Those that appear to have two letter roots are usually listed in dictionaries as having a medial waw, yod, a final heh or doubling the second letter (geminate). Yet it is true that a majority of Biblical Hebrew verbs have three letter roots. Verbs have two main conjugations—Qatal and Yiqtol. From Mishnaic times the Qatal was used for past tense, while the Yiqtol for future (Waltke & O’Conner pp. 453+). However, Biblical use was far different, unlike any Indo-European language conjugation. In Biblical Hebrew, especially prior to the Babylonian Exile, verbal conjugations didn’t refer to time at all, neither tense nor aspect. Qatal: refers to a primary action, usually in the indicative mood. It can refer to events in the past (Genesis 1:1, 2, Daniel 10:7–8), present (Genesis 4:9, Exodus 5:2, Isaiah 37:28, 2 Kings 2:3, 5) and future (Genesis 28:15, Isaiah 9:5, Daniel 9:24) hence it is not a marker for tense. Qatal is also used to indicate a change, that a new idea is being introduced. This can also be a contrast to what went on before. There are claimed exceptions to this pattern, but as of yet I have not seen enough to indicate a pattern. I can guess, but I’d prefer to work with data. If any of my readers can send me data, that would be appreciated. Some claim that the Weqatal, Qatal with a Waw (prefix), is a different conjugation, but verses such as Judges 6:3 contradict that claim. When following a Yiqtol verb used in the subjunctive mood and with a prefixed waw, it carries the force of “Should (action A in Yiqtol) be done, then (action B in Qatal) will surely follow.” In these uses, it refers either to the conclusion towards which the primary action leads, or the reason for what the primary action describes (e.g. 1 Kings 8, Solomon’s prayer) which seem to have the force of “… then [pronoun] will … <action>” This is also the pattern in Proverbs 31:21 “Her house should not fear from snow, for all of her house is dressed in linen.” where the Qatal indicates the reason for not fearing. Yiqtol: in the indicative mood refers to a secondary action, often as a followup or completion to the primary action, e.g. Exodus 6:5 and repeatedly in Proverbs 31:11– 31. Yiqtol can be used to refer to events that happened in the past Nehemiah 9:27–8, present and future. The Yiqtol form is also reused to express other meanings as in indicating that ideas other than indicative mood is being used: 367 Indicating subjunctive (second phrase Exodus 5:2, Proverbs 31:10 as well as many other verses) where the translation into English would use “should” or “would” Often used in the place of an imperative, always in negative commands where a Yiqtol verb is preceded by a negative particle ‫ לא‬or ‫אל‬ Indicating intention (last phrase Ex 5:2) Indicating “tending towards”, “results in” referring to the conclusion of what happens in the present, found in many of the Proverbs, e.g. 13:6, 9, 11, the results of that preceding (last verb Pr 19:9, 21:16). In this use, it can often be translated as a future in English. Indicating expectation, that certain things are expected to be done 1S 11:9, Pr 28:5. (includes Wayyiqtol 2K 1:10, 12) Indicating possibility, that certain things can be done Proverbs 30:28, that they may Exodus 5:1, “can be” Isaiah 1:18 Indicating permission, related to possibility, that an action is permitted to be done, Gn 2:16 When a first person Yiqtol has a ‫ה‬- appended to it, it has the force of “let me (us) …” do the verb’s action. It is often but not always followed by ‫“ נא‬please”. However, the appended ‫ה‬- can be displaced by pronominal suffixes, in which cases the following ‫ נא‬is needed to show the “Let me…” meaning. Sometimes when followed by ‫ נא‬it has the force of “Please let …” the action to be done Gn 44:18. But only sometimes, because other times the same construction means “Please do [the action]” Gn 24:2 so use context to indicate which use is to be employed. Sometimes is very close to the idea of a future tense, in that the future has not yet come, and apart from God’s prophecies, the future is not certain to come. In these cases, the Yiqtol indicates intention or expectation. However, as secondary action, it is used also for present and past actions, therefore it is not a marker for tense. (It is understandable why later grammarians would use this form for future tense when Hebrew was changed to a tense based language, given this use.) A very common form of the Yiqtol has a prefixed Waw, most often found in narrative of past events. As a result, many claim that this form references past events. That is not always so. This use is as mentioned above, in indicative mood refers to a secondary action, often as a followup to the primary action. There’s the claim that Qatal represents realis while Yiqtol irrealis. While largely true, the use of the Yiqtol to indicate the secondary indicative contradicts this pattern. The secondary indicative may be the most common use of the Yiqtol. 368 Four times a plural Yiqtol has the form ending with ‫ — נני‬Hosea 5:15, Ps 50:23, Pr 1:28, 8:17 Participle: in Biblical Hebrew actually is a noun or an adjective, not a true verbal form. The participle is inflected the same way as a noun, because it is a noun. It is often used as a noun in Hebrew in contexts where in English a verb would be used, hence in those cases the noun is translated as a verb. When it can be translated as a verb in English speech, it can be translated using the present (Genesis 37:16, Deuteronomy 30:16) (this is the way it is used in modern Israeli Hebrew), in the future (Genesis 17:19, 19:13, Deuteronomy 3:21, 4:14, 30:18, 2 Kings 22:16, Isaiah 5:5, Jeremiah 38:22–3, 2 Chronicles 18:24) and in the past (Jeremiah 38:26, Zechariah 2:2 (1:19), 2:7 (3), 4:1, 4–5, Nehemiah 6:17, 12:38, 2 Chronicles 32:11). Participle can have the force “as [you] are [doing]. 1 Kings 20:36, Daniel 9:20 In other words, while doing an action, another event happens. In this use, it’s actually a gerund rather than a true verb. Related to the above, has the force “when [someone] did [something]” then something else happened, Genesis 27:34 Participles can answer purpose, why someone is there? What is his purpose for being there? An example is Genesis 37:16 where his purpose for being in that location was to look for his brothers. Participles can indicate ability, as in 2 Kings 2:19 “…as you can see…”, literally “as you are seeing” and 2 Kings 18:26 “…we can listen (to Aramaic)…”, verse 29 “… Hezekiah is not able…”. Participles can also be used as adjectives showing the action what the nouns they modify are doing. A participle in the Piel binyan often has the force of a place where an action takes place, e.g. Isaiah 30:14 ‫ מכתת‬the place where repeated hammering takes place, namely a metal smithy (in this case a blacksmith’s), a place where one is confident Proverbs 14:26 and a mortar where one grinds grain Proverbs 27:22. Other times it refers to the actor who is identified by his repeated actions, such as “thief” Jeremiah 23:30. It appears that participles that have a medial ‫ו‬, for example ‫שׁומר‬, refer to actions as gerunds, while those lacking a medial ‫ו‬, for example ‫שׁמר‬, refer to the actors who do the actions. If this is true, that puts gerunds in many places where English would put an actor noun, making for awkward and difficult translations into English. 369 Where participles are use to designate a person or thing that is acting, they are found mainly in two forms: 1) as Qal participles and 2) a form that could be a Piel, Pual or Hophal participle. In English, the one identified by the action, e.g. “He is the one who is lying” uses the Qal participle. The second identifies the person, e.g. “He is a liar” can be Piel, Pual, Hiphil or Hophal participle, depending on its form and context. Examples of the different uses identifies the person speaking in Genesis 16:13, 11 times in Zechariah, and other examples as well where the person is identified as the one speaking (‫ )הדבר‬is a Qal participle. The speaker as such (‫ )המדבר‬is identified in Genesis 45:12, Exodus 6:27, 2 Samuel 14:10, Isaiah 52:6, Daniel 8:13, etc. by Piel, Pual or Hophal participle, though in each of these examples it appears that a Piel participle is meant. A note on the use of verbs to indicate present action in conversations where in English we translate the verb using the present tense: In Biblical Hebrew from the oral conversations recorded before the Babylonian exile, the majority of verses that indicate an action that was going on at the time that the speaker spoke about them, the sentence structure has a subject followed by a verb in Qatal. However a large number of such verses have a subject with the action described using a participle. It appears that when the main focus is on the actor, the subject of the sentence, the verb in the sentence is in Qatal. However, it appears that when the main focus is not on the actor, rather the action is the subject of the sentence, then a participle is used. In these cases, the English “translation” uses a verb in the present tense. It must be remembered that translation doesn’t equal how an idea is structured in the original language—that though a participle may be best translated as a verb in English, does not mean that the participle is a verb in Hebrew. Because the participle, as well as the Qatal and Yiqtol verbs, can be used for past actions, present actions as well as future actions, that makes the participle not a tense marker for Biblical Hebrew conversation. After the Babylonian Exile, at a time when there are indicators that Hebrew was no longer a natively spoken language rather was spoken in the same manner as postRoman Latin, the situation is turned around—the majority of present actions denoted in conversation are found using participles. 370 In post-Biblical works, outside the realm of this dictionary and grammar, it is reported that post-Biblical Hebrew had been changed to a tense based conjugation, with the Qatal indicating past tense, participle present tense, and Yiqtol used for future tense. But that was not the case for Biblical Hebrew. Infinitive: (I have questions yet unanswered about infinitives.) There are two types recognized by grammarians: Infinitive Construct and Infinitive Absolute. The infinitive that is preceded with a Lamed prefix acts almost exactly like the English infinitive. Those that do not have a Lamed prefix often are not recognizable apart from the Masoretic points, nor have I found a functional marker to indicate such infinitives, rather they function the same as other verbal or noun forms. As a result, I question if such infinitives actually exist in Biblical Hebrew. Imperative: sometimes has a ‫ה‬- appended to it, in such cases it has more of a request to its meaning than a command Ps 82:8. What exactly the meaning the imperative gives to a sentence is somewhat disputed, as both Yiqtol and Qatal forms are also used to give commands. Negative commands always use the Yiqtol form instead of a form recognized as an imperative form. The verbs can be further conjugated in the following forms, called “binyanim” Qal: Simple active. It has no indication of tense nor aspect. Niphal: Passive of the Qal. Piel: Stative, is this imperfective? When written without points, its forms are indistinguishable from Qal forms except as a participle. Its presence is to be inferred from its contexts. In the participle it seems to refer to actions that are repeated or continuous, and/or places where such actions take place. It also seems to be used in the sense “while action A is being done, action B occurs.” Thus it seems that the Piel and Pual are specific pointers for the imperfective aspect. Pual: Passive of the Piel. Without points its forms are the same as the Piel. Hiphil: Causative, cause someone or something to do an action. Hophal: Passive of the Hiphil, cause an action to be done. It is often pointed as a hiphil by the Masoretes. The Hophal can be used as either a transitive or intransitive verb: Transitive: the standard form has a subject, the Hophal verb conjugated to the gender and number of the subject, and an object. In this use, the verb is active vis-à-vis the subject, for the subject is causing an action to be done. But 371 the action is passive as it relates to the object, the action is being applied to the object, usually by an unnamed third party. This use of the Hophal is not a true passive, for it carries both an active and passive understanding. For matters of discussion, I call it “middle-passive” because it has the passive conjugation, but also includes an active understanding as well as the passive. Because in this use the Hophal also has the active understanding, the Hophal can be used as a command “Cause the action to be done!” where the action named in the verb is in passive, but the unnamed causative, brought out only by the conjugation, is active. An example of this middle-passive use where there’s a subject, passive verb, and object is where Aaron the high priest officiates at a sacrifice and is credited with bringing the sacrifice, but in reality the passive verb is used to indicate that it was a third party, a Levite, did the dirty work so that Aaron’s priestly robes wouldn’t get messed up by Aaron himself manhandling the offering, e.g. Lv 6:7, 23:18. This transitive “middle-passive” use of the Hophal is often pointed by the Masoretes as Hiphil. Intransitive: the standard form has a subject, with the verb conjugated according to the gender and number of the subject. This use is as a standard passive but with the causative force. In summary, there are three uses of the Hophal: to be caused (passive causation) to (active verb) (middle voice) to cause (active causation) to be (passive verb) (middle voice) to be caused (passive causation) to be (passive verb) (true passive voice) Hitpael: The action is centered on the actor, usually a reflexive. Also used as a mutual action within a group, e.g. looking at each other Genesis 42:1. Occasionally it has an object, indicating that it is in those cases used as a transitive, not reflexive, verb. There is also a passive form that appears only as a participle, usually used as an adjective. It has been called a Qal passive. Because in the unpointed text the binyanim are often formally indistinguishable from each other, that leads to the questions of what exactly did they stand for? What are the contextual clues that the ancients would recognize to assign the correct binyan to each use of a verb? For example, if a context indicates that a 372 particular use of a verb is imperfective, would then the Piel binyan have been used? This is an area where I think a lot more research would be profitable. All I’m certain of is that the Masoretic points cannot be trusted to give even the correct binyan of verbs. The Masoretic points were invented centuries after the grammar of the Hebrew language changed, after generations of rabbis having built up traditions on how to read the text according to the changed grammar. A special case is where letters of a verbal root are doubled—this is used to indicate a continuous or repeated action. Noun: Usually derived from a verb. Many times the noun is actually a participle, denoting a person, animal or thing that does a certain action, much like in English a “scientist” is called that because he does science. Other times the participle denotes a noun as an action, a gerund. It appears that the times that the participle is the gerund, it is written with a waw as the second letter. Where the waw is absent, then it refers to the actor. Other times apparently the nouns had different vowels than those denoting a participle. They then are not participles but still refer back to the action indicated by the root verb. Not all nouns are derived from verbs. Some are known loan words from other languages, others we don’t know, we just have no record of a verb from which those nouns can be derived. (This is why in my dictionary I don’t list verbal roots for all nouns, just those for which the roots exist and can be documented.) Nouns are found as masculine and feminine, singular, dual and plural. Nouns when found in plural usually refer to plural items. However, sometimes the plural refers to the status of the person or item. E.g. ‫ זקן‬old man, ‫ זקנים‬status of being an old man, better translated as old age Gn 37:3, 44:20 When two nouns are used together, one directly following the other, this is known as the “construct case”, or often “construct” for short, where the first belongs to the second. In English this would be translated as … of … e.g. Sons of Israel. When the same noun is used twice, doubled, it has the force of “every” or “each”. Examples include ‫ אישׁ אישׁ‬Lv 20:2, 9, 22:4 “every man”. However, not every case 373 where nouns are found doubled in the unpointed text are they to be taken as a pair meaning “each” or “every”, an example being Proverbs 1:19 where the first ‫ בצע‬is a participle denoting the actor of the first half of the parallelism, and the second noun ‫ בצע‬belongs to the second half of the parallelism referring to an object. Adjective Derived from verbs the same way as nouns and formed the same ways as nouns, but used to modify actions or actors. Adjectives are conjugated the same as nouns, and agree with the nouns that they modify in gender and number. Adjectives follow the nouns that they modify. Where adjectives stand alone, they refer to a person, object, place or action that has the properties described by the adjective. It can be defined by the context, or general e.g. “…that which is…” Adverbs Adverbs, as far as I can tell, don’t exist in Biblical Hebrew as a separate, recognizable form. Most of the time where an adverb is needed, one finds a noun or adjective being used adverbially. There are some verbs, nouns and adjectives sometimes used with the final letter, sometimes the final two letters, doubled. Apparently this is a sign that the action is drawn out or repeated. In some cases with nouns, it can refer to the differences between a short situation or state connected with emotions, and deep convictions. Other forms to watch out for: Waw prefix: it has far wider semantic meaning than any similar word in English. Commonly used to indicate more, as in the English word “and”. When followed by a Yiqtol verb in the indicative mood, indicates continuation of an idea introduced by a previous verb. In this use, the Yiqtol verb can even follow the waw prefix by a few words. The waw continuation is very common in narrative, making the meaning very similar to “and then …” 374 Sometimes used in the English sense of “in order that …” In 1 Kings 1:33–35 there is an imperative verb followed by some indicative mood verbs, therefore in Qatal, showing that the command was given in order that the following actions take place. Also Is 2:12. In this “in order that” can also have a negative idea that such an action is not likely, such as in 2 Kings 19:11, In Isaiah 53:2, followed by a subjunctive mood, “in order that we should desire just him.”. In English this can be translated as a question, though in Hebrew it is a statement. Continuation: When the Biblical authors wanted to indicate that a new subject or idea was being considered, had the “continuation” written with a qatal verb. In this use, the idea often carried by the waw is more like “but” or “however” than “and”. There seemed to be a fuzzy line between when a yiqtol and qatal verb would be used in a following sentence or phrase, whether indicative or other modality, thus sometimes it would be a judgment call which form to use. Definite article: — Biblical Hebrew has no indefinite article, and the definite article consists of a ‫ ה‬prefixed onto a noun or sometimes an adjective. When the definite article is prefixed onto a participle, indicates that the participle is used as a noun. Interrogative: — can be recognized either from starting with a interrogative such as ‫ למה‬or ‫מי‬, or a ‫( ה‬prefix) appended on the first word of the interrogative phrase. Because the latter has the same form as the definite article, care must be taken to the context whether we are dealing with a definite article (most commonly) or an interrogative. Accusative of direction: not always used, the form is a suffixed ‫ ה‬added to the noun of the object towards which a person moves, movement that is usually physical though sometimes spiritual. The accusative of direction is also appended onto verbs to indicate the direction of attention. It can be seen with the verb ‫ ראה‬in the Yiqtol form where the normal use omits the final ‫ ה‬except where attention is being directed to what is to be looked at or examined. I don’t know if it is found on other verbs besides ‫ראה‬. Special cases: Today, tonight, other nouns of time can refer to a specific time in the present, designated with a prefixed ‫ ה‬on the noun. Even though the form is the same as the definite article, it is not the same in action. A noun so designated usually follows a verb, though occasionally for emphasis of the time designated can precede its verb. The optative mood is indicated with the word ‫ אם‬followed by the optative phrase. However that’s not the only use of ‫ אם‬in Hebrew, it’s found also in the combinations ‫ כי אם‬to mean “rather”, “however” or a similar understanding of 375 contrast, e.g. Genesis 15:4, 28:17, and ‫ עד אם‬to indicate until when an action is completed. Other than using the word ‫ אם‬I find no use of conjugation to indicate the optative mood, e.g. Genesis 24:8, 33. Irregular forms: The form ‫ הבה‬from ‫ יהב‬is found in only 12 verses, Genesis 11:3, 4, 7, 29:21, 30:1, 38:16, 47:15, Exodus 1:10, Judges 1:15, 1 Samuel 14:41, Psalm 60:11, 108:12. The form ‫ יהב‬is found only once, Psalm 55:23, where there is disagreement whether it is a noun or Yiqtol verb. So does ‫ יהב‬actually exist as a root? (It is found in Aramaic, but that was a cognate language that was mutually unintelligible before the Babylonian Exile.) The verbs ‫“ הלך‬to go” and ‫“ לקח‬to take” are irregular in their conjugations and the forms just need to be learned. “With” is written as ‫ אות‬in Lv 17:5, Js 10:25, 14:12, 1K 20:25, 22:7, 24, 2K 1:15, 3:11–2, 3:26, 6:16, 19, 10:6 Is 59:21, Jr 1:16, 4:12, 5:5, 10:5, 16:8, 19:10, 20:11, 35:2, Ez 2:6, 3:22, 27, 6:9, 7:27, 10:22, 16:60, 22:14, 23:8, 23, 25, 29, 33:32, 37:26, 38:9, 43:11, 17 (just those I have found so far). Do these examples indicate that the original pronunciation of ‫ את‬was “ote” rather than “et” as in modern Hebrew? Syntax: Every sentence has a verb and subject Verb: Usually explicit, except in the case of “to be’ when it is sometimes omitted, as strictly speaking, Biblical Hebrew did not have a verb “to be”. The form of the verb does not indicate tense nor aspect, so in speech can be any form. Tense and aspect are indicated by context. Speech does not have different default forms than written Hebrew The default for present action indicative speech appears to be subject (noun or pronoun (pronoun sometimes explicit, sometimes only as a verbal suffix especially in negative sentences)), followed by a qal qatal form, then the object if applicable. Though as indicated above, if imperfective aspect were intended, then the binyan used may have been Piel instead of Qal. Examples include Genesis 4:8, 22:12, Exodus 5:2, 2 Kings 2:3, 5, 15, etc. The majority of the conversational present action sentences recorded in Tanakh from before the Babylonian exile used a Qatal verbal form, the majority of the conversational present action sentences after the Babylonian Exile use a participle 376 in the place of the verb. This is just one indication of a few that the Hebrew spoken after the Babylonian Exile was spoken as a second language, in the same manner as medieval Latin centuries later. Verbs usually agree in conjugation and number with the nouns that are acted upon. Exceptions: When there are plural nouns, but a singular verb. This seems to indicate that the action refers to each of the nouns. When the noun refers to an aggregate or group, the verb may be singular to indicate the group, sometimes plural to indicate the members of the group. Subject: Can be found as a prefix or suffix of a verb when it is a pronoun, or an explicit noun. In spoken sentences, it appears that a stand alone pronoun is usually explicitly present except in negative sentences. Object: found in sentences with transitive verbs Adjectives agree in number and gender with the nouns they modify. They follow the nouns that they modify. Construct case, indicating ownership where the following possesses the preceding. Not only is it noticeable by position, but it also has certain forms: Masculine plural suffix ‫ ים‬is shortened to ‫ י‬of the noun that is possessed. Feminine singular suffix ‫ ה‬is changed to ‫ ת‬of the possessed noun, however there are feminine singular nouns that end in ‫ ת‬so this is not always a sign of the construct case. Word order: is predicated on the importance of the word in its context. The verb can be found at the beginning, end, and anywhere in between, of a sentence. The same with the subject and object. In spoken sentences, apparently, the subject is usually the most important part of the sentence, followed by the verb, then object. Literary works with their more complex sentences, can have more variety in sentence order. Poetry is poetry, often with words put in an order for poetic effect, without regard for other considerations listed above. Some words are always in the same place in relation to other words. In the construct case, the word that is the genitive always follows the object owned. Adjectives always follow the nouns which they modify. Nouns and adjectives used as adverbs always follow the verbs which they modify. How to read a Hebrew sentence: 377 First, I look through a sentence with the goal of identifying the verb, subject and other forms of speech. Most of the time, the verses are simple, so there is no question and they can be recognized on the fly. However, particularly in poetry, sentence structure may be rearranged for poetic effect, rare words may be used and it is difficult to recognize what is what. In these cases, I look for the form that only fits a verb, or only fits a noun, then work back and forth until I identify the different parts of speech. For example, Proverbs 13:1 “‫ ”בן חכם מוסר אב‬we see that “‫ ”חכם‬can be a noun, adjective or verb, “‫ ”מוסר אב‬are two nouns in construct formation, “‫ ”בן‬can be a noun or verb. “‫ ”בן חכם‬is found in Proverbs twice elsewhere as a noun with an adjective, (10:1, 15:20) so most readers automatically assume that this is the same construct. If so, where is the verb? The verb could be either “‫ ”בן‬or “‫”חכם‬, but the reading I find making the most sense and smoothest reading is to understand “‫ ”בן‬as the verb, making the sentence read, “A wise person has insight to his father’s correction.” Another example, Proverbs 1:19 “‫”כן ארחות כל בצע בצע את נפש בעליו יקח‬. This can be divided up into two sentences, starting with the second “‫”את נפש בעליו יקח‬: here we have the sign of the accusative “‫ ”את‬followed by two nouns in the construct, followed by a singular verb. Where is the subject? “‫ ”בצע בצע‬is usually taken to be a compound verb doubled for emphasis, but is it? But if we take the second “‫ ”בצע‬as a noun, then we have a complete sentence “An (unjust) cut (of the gain) takes the life of its master.” Does that fit the first sentence? “‫ ”כן‬often has an implicit “to be” included in the use, so it could serve as both the subject and verb of a sentence. The words “‫ ”ארחות כל‬indicate that the following word should be a noun, not a verb. “‫ ”בצע‬can be a verb, actor noun indicating the one who does the action with the same form as a participle, a gerund with the same form as a participle indicating the action being done, or a noun of an object acted upon. Context indicates an actor noun, making this a sentence “‫“ ”כן ארחות כל בצע‬Such are the roads of all who take a(n unjust) cut (of the gain)” making the whole verse read “Such are the roads of all who take a cut, a cut the life of its master takes.” following the poetic construction of the verse. The vast majority of sentences are much easier to understand than these two examples. If ‫ אם‬the optative is used with the Yiqtol verb Gn 4:7 (this can be read as a subjunctive), with a Qatal Hiphil followed by a Hiphil Wayyiqtol Gn 13:9, as a subjunctive Gn 17:17, 18:28, 30, as a subjunctive followed by a waw with a second verb in subjunctive Gn 13:16, 14:23, 30:31, as a subjunctive followed by a waw with a second verb in Qatal as a simple 378 follow-up Gn 15:5, 18:26, 21:23, 24:8, 26:29, with a Qatal Qal as a request Gn 18:3, 30:27, with an imperative Gn 23:13, 24:49, as a negative with a Yiqtol, “and that you …” followed by a Qatal preceded by a waw Gn 24:38, 41, with a implicit “to be” followed by Qatal preceded by a waw Gn 28:20, with a Qatal Gn 27:46, 28:15, used to indicate a second option where the following verb is not directly connected to the idea Gn 18:21 (negative), and so forth, indicating that there’s no conjugational pattern by which one may recognize an optative. The word ‫ אם‬is not always used to denote “if”, examples include: The phrase ‫ כי אם‬Gn 15:4, 28:17, usually translated as “except” The phrase ‫ עד אם‬Gn 24:8, 33, “until when” in English. The following lists of paradigms list only those that show up in the consonantal record. Many of those shown up in other grammars are recognizable only from the Masoretic points, but as this dictionary and grammar are written without those Masoretic points, those variations from regular verbs don’t show up. These paradigm lists are derived from published sources, and may not be completely accurate nor complete. 379 ‫‪Hithpael‬‬ ‫התקטל‬ ‫התקטלה‬ ‫התקטלת‬ ‫התקטלתי‬ ‫התקטלו‬ ‫התקטלתם‬ ‫התקטלתן‬ ‫התקטלנו‬ ‫יתקטל‬ ‫תתקטל‬ ‫תתקטל‬ ‫תתקטלי‬ ‫אתקטל‬ ‫יתקטלו‬ ‫תתקטלנה‬ ‫תתקטלו‬ ‫תתקטלנה‬ ‫נתקטל‬ ‫התקטל‬ ‫התקטלי‬ ‫התקטלו‬ ‫התקטלנה‬ ‫התקטל‬ ‫‪Hophal‬‬ ‫הקטל‬ ‫הקטלה‬ ‫הקטלת‬ ‫הקטלתי‬ ‫הקטלו‬ ‫הקטלתם‬ ‫הקטלתן‬ ‫הקטלנו‬ ‫יקטל‬ ‫תקטל‬ ‫תקטל‬ ‫תקטלי‬ ‫אקטל‬ ‫יקטלו‬ ‫תקטלנה‬ ‫תקטלו‬ ‫תקטלנה‬ ‫נקטל‬ ‫‪Regular Verbs‬‬ ‫‪Piel‬‬ ‫‪Pual‬‬ ‫‪Hiphil‬‬ ‫קטל‬ ‫קטל‬ ‫הקטיל‬ ‫קטלה‬ ‫הקטילה קטלה‬ ‫קטלת‬ ‫הקטלת קטלת‬ ‫הקטלתי קטלתי קטלתי‬ ‫קטלו‬ ‫הקטילו קטלו‬ ‫הקטלתם קטלתם קטלתם‬ ‫הקטלתן קטלתן קטלתן‬ ‫קטלנו‬ ‫הקטלנו קטלנו‬ ‫יקטל‬ ‫יקטל‬ ‫יקטיל‬ ‫תקטל‬ ‫תקטל‬ ‫תקטיל‬ ‫תקטל‬ ‫תקטל‬ ‫תקטיל‬ ‫תקטילי תקטלי תקטלי‬ ‫אקטל‬ ‫אקטל‬ ‫אקטיל‬ ‫יקטלו‬ ‫יקטלו‬ ‫יקטילו‬ ‫תקטלנה תקטלנה תקטלנה‬ ‫תקטילו תקטלו תקטלו‬ ‫תקטלנה תקטלנה תקטלנה‬ ‫נקטל‬ ‫נקטל‬ ‫נקטיל‬ ‫קטל‬ ‫הקטל‬ ‫קטלי‬ ‫הקטילי‬ ‫קטלו‬ ‫הקטילו‬ ‫קטלנה‬ ‫הקטלנה‬ ‫קטל‬ ‫הקטיל‬ ‫התקטל‬ ‫הקטל‬ ‫קטול‬ ‫מתקטל‬ ‫מתקטל‬ ‫מתקלים‬ ‫מתקטלות‬ ‫מקטיל‬ ‫מקטלת‬ ‫מקטלים‬ ‫מקטילות‬ ‫מקטל‬ ‫מקטלת‬ ‫מקטלים‬ ‫מקטלות‬ ‫מקטל‬ ‫מקטלת‬ ‫מקטלים‬ ‫מקטלות‬ ‫מקטל‬ ‫מקטלת‬ ‫צקטלים‬ ‫מקטלות‬ ‫‪Niphal‬‬ ‫נקטל‬ ‫נקטלה‬ ‫נקטלת‬ ‫נקטלתי‬ ‫נקטלו‬ ‫נקטלתם‬ ‫נקטלתן‬ ‫נקטלהו‬ ‫יקטל‬ ‫תקטל‬ ‫תקטל‬ ‫תקולי‬ ‫אקטל‬ ‫יקטלו‬ ‫תקטלנה‬ ‫תקטלו‬ ‫תקטלנה‬ ‫נקטל‬ ‫הקטל‬ ‫הקטלי‬ ‫הקטלו‬ ‫הקטלנה‬ ‫הקטל‬ ‫‪Qal‬‬ ‫קטל‬ ‫קטלה‬ ‫קטלת‬ ‫קטלתי‬ ‫קטלו‬ ‫קטלתם‬ ‫קטלתן‬ ‫קטלנו‬ ‫יקטל‬ ‫תקטל‬ ‫תקטל‬ ‫תקטלי‬ ‫אקטל‬ ‫יקטלו‬ ‫תקטלנה‬ ‫תקטלו‬ ‫תקטלנה‬ ‫נקטל‬ ‫קטל‬ ‫קטלי‬ ‫קטלו‬ ‫קטלנה‬ ‫קטול‬ ‫נקטול‬ ‫קטל‬ ‫קטול‬ ‫הקטל‬ ‫קטל‬ ‫קטלת‬ ‫קטלים‬ ‫קטלות‬ ‫קטול‬ ‫קטולת‬ ‫קטולים‬ ‫קטולות‬ ‫נקטל‬ ‫נקטלת‬ ‫נקטלים‬ ‫נקטלות‬ ‫‪380‬‬ ‫‪Qatal‬‬ ‫‪3ms‬‬ ‫‪3fs‬‬ ‫‪2cs‬‬ ‫‪1cs‬‬ ‫‪3cp‬‬ ‫‪2mp‬‬ ‫‪2fp‬‬ ‫‪1cp‬‬ ‫‪Yiqtol‬‬ ‫‪3ms‬‬ ‫‪3fs‬‬ ‫‪2ms‬‬ ‫‪2fs‬‬ ‫‪1cs‬‬ ‫‪3mp‬‬ ‫‪3fp‬‬ ‫‪2mp‬‬ ‫‪2fp‬‬ ‫‪1cp‬‬ ‫‪Imperative 2ms‬‬ ‫‪2fs‬‬ ‫‪2mp‬‬ ‫‪2fp‬‬ ‫‪Infinitive‬‬ ‫‪Construct‬‬ ‫‪Infinitive‬‬ ‫‪Absolute‬‬ ‫‪Active‬‬ ‫‪ms‬‬ ‫‪Participle fs‬‬ ‫‪mp‬‬ ‫‪fp‬‬ ‫‪Passive‬‬ ‫‪ms‬‬ ‫‪Participle fs‬‬ ‫‪mp‬‬ ‫‪fp‬‬ ‫‪Hithpael‬‬ ‫התקלה‬ ‫התגלתה‬ ‫התגלית‬ ‫התגליתי‬ ‫התגלו‬ ‫התגליתם‬ ‫התגליתן‬ ‫התגלינו‬ ‫יתגלה‬ ‫תתגלה‬ ‫תתגלה‬ ‫תתגלי‬ ‫אתגלה‬ ‫יתגלו‬ ‫תתגלינה‬ ‫יתגלו‬ ‫תתגלינה‬ ‫נתגלה‬ ‫התגלה‬ ‫התגלי‬ ‫התגלו‬ ‫התגלינה‬ ‫התגלות‬ ‫‪Hophal‬‬ ‫הגלה‬ ‫הגלתה‬ ‫הגלית‬ ‫הגליתי‬ ‫הגלו‬ ‫הגליתם‬ ‫הגליתן‬ ‫הגלינו‬ ‫יגלה‬ ‫תגךה‬ ‫תגךה‬ ‫תגלי‬ ‫אגלה‬ ‫יגלו‬ ‫תגלינה‬ ‫יגלו‬ ‫תגלינה‬ ‫הגלה‬ ‫מתגלה‬ ‫מתגלה‬ ‫מתגלים‬ ‫מתגלות‬ ‫מגלה‬ ‫מגלה‬ ‫מגלים‬ ‫מגלות‬ ‫‪Hiphil‬‬ ‫הגלה‬ ‫הגלתה‬ ‫הגלית‬ ‫הגליתי‬ ‫הגלו‬ ‫הגליתם‬ ‫הגליתן‬ ‫הגלינו‬ ‫יגלה‬ ‫תגלה‬ ‫תגלה‬ ‫תגלי‬ ‫אגלה‬ ‫יגלו‬ ‫תגלינה‬ ‫יגלו‬ ‫תגלינה‬ ‫הגלה‬ ‫הגלה‬ ‫הגלי‬ ‫הגלו‬ ‫הגלינה‬ ‫הגלות‬ ‫‪III He Verbs‬‬ ‫‪Piel‬‬ ‫‪Pual‬‬ ‫גלה‬ ‫גלה‬ ‫גלתה‬ ‫גלתה‬ ‫גלית‬ ‫גלית‬ ‫גליתי‬ ‫גליתי‬ ‫גלו‬ ‫גלו‬ ‫גליתם‬ ‫גליתם‬ ‫גליתן‬ ‫גליתן‬ ‫גלינו‬ ‫גלינו‬ ‫יגלה‬ ‫יגלה‬ ‫תגלה‬ ‫תגלה‬ ‫תגלה‬ ‫תגלה‬ ‫תגלי‬ ‫תגלי‬ ‫אגלה‬ ‫אגלה‬ ‫יגלו‬ ‫יגלו‬ ‫תגלינה תגלינה‬ ‫יגלו‬ ‫יגלו‬ ‫תגלינה תגלינה‬ ‫הגלה‬ ‫הגלה‬ ‫גלה‬ ‫גלי‬ ‫גלו‬ ‫גלינה‬ ‫גלות‬ ‫הגלה‬ ‫גלה‬ ‫מגלה‬ ‫מגלה‬ ‫מגלים‬ ‫מגלות‬ ‫מגלה‬ ‫מגלה‬ ‫מגלים‬ ‫מגלות‬ ‫מגלה‬ ‫מגלה‬ ‫מגלים‬ ‫מגלות‬ ‫‪Niphal‬‬ ‫נבנה‬ ‫נבנתה‬ ‫נבנית‬ ‫נבניתי‬ ‫נבנו‬ ‫נבניתם‬ ‫נבניתן‬ ‫נבנינו‬ ‫יבנה‬ ‫תבנה‬ ‫תבנה‬ ‫תבני‬ ‫אבנה‬ ‫יבנו‬ ‫תבנינה‬ ‫יבנו‬ ‫תבנינה‬ ‫נבנה‬ ‫הבנה‬ ‫הבני‬ ‫הבנו‬ ‫הבנינה‬ ‫הבנות‬ ‫‪Qal‬‬ ‫בנה‬ ‫בנתה‬ ‫בנית‬ ‫בניתי‬ ‫בנו‬ ‫בניתם‬ ‫בניתן‬ ‫בנינו‬ ‫יבנה‬ ‫תבנה‬ ‫תבנה‬ ‫תבני‬ ‫אבנה‬ ‫יבנו‬ ‫תבנינה‬ ‫יבנו‬ ‫תבנינה‬ ‫נבנה‬ ‫בנה‬ ‫בני‬ ‫בנו‬ ‫בנינה‬ ‫בנות‬ ‫נבנה‬ ‫גבנה‬ ‫בנה‬ ‫הבנה‬ ‫בנה‬ ‫בנה‬ ‫בנים‬ ‫בנות‬ ‫בנוי‬ ‫בנויה‬ ‫בנוים‬ ‫בנויות‬ ‫נבנה‬ ‫נבנה‬ ‫נבנחם‬ ‫עגעות‬ ‫‪381‬‬ ‫‪Qatal‬‬ ‫‪3ms‬‬ ‫‪3fs‬‬ ‫‪2cs‬‬ ‫‪1cs‬‬ ‫‪3cp‬‬ ‫‪2mp‬‬ ‫‪2fp‬‬ ‫‪1cp‬‬ ‫‪Yiqtol‬‬ ‫‪3ms‬‬ ‫‪3fs‬‬ ‫‪2ms‬‬ ‫‪2fs‬‬ ‫‪1cs‬‬ ‫‪3mp‬‬ ‫‪3fp‬‬ ‫‪2mp‬‬ ‫‪2fp‬‬ ‫‪1cp‬‬ ‫‪Imperative 2ms‬‬ ‫‪2fs‬‬ ‫‪2mp‬‬ ‫‪2fp‬‬ ‫‪Infinitive‬‬ ‫‪Construct‬‬ ‫‪Infinitive‬‬ ‫‪Absolute‬‬ ‫‪Active‬‬ ‫‪ms‬‬ ‫‪Participle fs‬‬ ‫‪mp‬‬ ‫‪fp‬‬ ‫‪Passive‬‬ ‫‪ms‬‬ ‫‪Participle fs‬‬ ‫‪mp‬‬ ‫‪fp‬‬ ‫‪Hithpael‬‬ ‫‪Hophal‬‬ ‫הצל‬ ‫הצלה‬ ‫הצלת‬ ‫הצלתי‬ ‫הצלו‬ ‫הצלתם‬ ‫הצלתן‬ ‫הצלנו‬ ‫יצל‬ ‫תצל‬ ‫תצל‬ ‫תצלי‬ ‫אצל‬ ‫יצלו‬ ‫תצלנה‬ ‫תצלו‬ ‫תצלנה‬ ‫נצל‬ ‫‪Hiphil‬‬ ‫הציל‬ ‫הצילה‬ ‫הצלת‬ ‫הצלתי‬ ‫הצילו‬ ‫הצלתם‬ ‫הצלתן‬ ‫הצלנו‬ ‫יציל‬ ‫תציל‬ ‫תציל‬ ‫תצילי‬ ‫אציל‬ ‫יצילו‬ ‫תצלנה‬ ‫תצילן‬ ‫תצלנה‬ ‫נציל‬ ‫הצל‬ ‫הצלי‬ ‫הצלו‬ ‫הצלנה‬ ‫הצל‬ ‫‪I Nun Verbs‬‬ ‫‪Piel‬‬ ‫‪Pual‬‬ ‫הצל‬ ‫‪Qal Niphal‬‬ ‫נפל‬ ‫נצל‬ ‫נפלה‬ ‫נצלה‬ ‫נפלת‬ ‫נצלת‬ ‫נפלתי‬ ‫נצלתי‬ ‫נפלו‬ ‫נצלו‬ ‫נצלתם נפלתם‬ ‫נפלתן‬ ‫נצלתו‬ ‫הפלנו‬ ‫נצלנו‬ ‫יפל‬ ‫ינצל‬ ‫תפל‬ ‫תנצל‬ ‫תפל‬ ‫תנצל‬ ‫תפלי‬ ‫תנצלי‬ ‫אפל‬ ‫אנצל‬ ‫יפלו‬ ‫ינצלו‬ ‫תנצלנה תפלנה‬ ‫תפלו‬ ‫תנצלו‬ ‫תנצלנה תפלנה‬ ‫נפל‬ ‫ננצל‬ ‫נפל‬ ‫הנצל‬ ‫נפלי‬ ‫הנצלי‬ ‫נפלו‬ ‫הנצלו‬ ‫הנצלנה נפלנה‬ ‫נפל‬ ‫הנצל‬ ‫הנצל‬ ‫מציל‬ ‫מצלת‬ ‫מצילים‬ ‫מצילות‬ ‫נצל‬ ‫נצלת‬ ‫נצלים‬ ‫נצלות‬ ‫מצל‬ ‫מצלת‬ ‫מצלים‬ ‫מצלות‬ ‫‪382‬‬ ‫נפול‬ ‫נפל‬ ‫נפלת‬ ‫נפלים‬ ‫נפלות‬ ‫נפול‬ ‫נפולת‬ ‫נפולים‬ ‫נפולות‬ ‫‪Qatal‬‬ ‫‪3ms‬‬ ‫‪3fs‬‬ ‫‪2cs‬‬ ‫‪1cs‬‬ ‫‪3cp‬‬ ‫‪2mp‬‬ ‫‪2fp‬‬ ‫‪1cp‬‬ ‫‪Yiqtol‬‬ ‫‪3ms‬‬ ‫‪3fs‬‬ ‫‪2ms‬‬ ‫‪2fs‬‬ ‫‪1cs‬‬ ‫‪3mp‬‬ ‫‪3fp‬‬ ‫‪2mp‬‬ ‫‪2fp‬‬ ‫‪1cp‬‬ ‫‪Imperative 2ms‬‬ ‫‪2fs‬‬ ‫‪2mp‬‬ ‫‪2fp‬‬ ‫‪Infinitive‬‬ ‫‪Construct‬‬ ‫‪Infinitive‬‬ ‫‪Absolute‬‬ ‫‪Active‬‬ ‫‪ms‬‬ ‫‪Participle fs‬‬ ‫‪mp‬‬ ‫‪fp‬‬ ‫‪Passive‬‬ ‫‪ms‬‬ ‫‪Participle fs‬‬ ‫‪mp‬‬ ‫‪fp‬‬ ‫‪Hithpael‬‬ ‫‪Hophal‬‬ ‫הורשׁ‬ ‫הורשׁה‬ ‫הורשׁת‬ ‫הורשׁתי‬ ‫הורשׁו‬ ‫הורשׁתם‬ ‫הורשׁתן‬ ‫הורשׁנו‬ ‫יורשׁ‬ ‫תורשׁ‬ ‫תורשׁ‬ ‫תרשׁי‬ ‫אורשׁ‬ ‫יורשׁו‬ ‫תורשׁנה‬ ‫תורשׁו‬ ‫תורשׁנה‬ ‫נורשׁ‬ ‫‪I Yod (Yod) Verbs‬‬ ‫‪Niphal‬‬ ‫‪Piel‬‬ ‫‪Pual‬‬ ‫‪Hiphil‬‬ ‫נורשׁ‬ ‫הורשׁ‬ ‫נורשׁה‬ ‫הורשׁה‬ ‫הורשׁת‬ ‫הורשׁת‬ ‫נורשׁתי‬ ‫הורשׁתי‬ ‫נורשׁו‬ ‫הורשׁו‬ ‫נורשׁתם‬ ‫הורשׁתם‬ ‫נורשׁתן‬ ‫הורשׁתן‬ ‫נורשׁנו‬ ‫הורשׁנו‬ ‫יורשׁ‬ ‫יורשׁ‬ ‫תורשׁ‬ ‫תורשׁ‬ ‫תורשׁ‬ ‫תורשׁ‬ ‫תורשׁי‬ ‫תורשׁי‬ ‫אורשׁ‬ ‫אורשׁ‬ ‫יורשׁו‬ ‫יורשׁו‬ ‫תורשׁנה‬ ‫תורשׁנה‬ ‫תורשׁו‬ ‫תורשׁו‬ ‫תורשׁנה‬ ‫תורשׁנה‬ ‫נורשׁ‬ ‫נורשׁ‬ ‫הורשׁ‬ ‫הורשׁ‬ ‫הורשׁי‬ ‫הורשׁי‬ ‫הורשׁו‬ ‫הורשׁו‬ ‫הורשׁנה‬ ‫הורשׁנה‬ ‫הורשׁ‬ ‫הורשׁ‬ ‫הורשׁ‬ ‫הורשׁ‬ ‫מורשׁ‬ ‫מורשׁת‬ ‫מורשׁים‬ ‫מורשׁות‬ ‫‪Qal‬‬ ‫ירשׁ‬ ‫ירשׁה‬ ‫ירשׁת‬ ‫ירשׁתי‬ ‫ירשׁו‬ ‫ירשׁתם‬ ‫ירשׁתן‬ ‫ירשׁנו‬ ‫יירשׁ‬ ‫תירשׁ‬ ‫תירשׁ‬ ‫תירשׁי‬ ‫אירשׁ‬ ‫יירשׁו‬ ‫תירשׁנה‬ ‫תירשׁו‬ ‫תירשׁנה‬ ‫נירשׁ‬ ‫רשׁ‬ ‫רשׁי‬ ‫רשׁו‬ ‫רשׁנה‬ ‫רשׁת‬ ‫ירושׁ‬ ‫ירשׁ‬ ‫ירשׁת‬ ‫ירשׁים‬ ‫ירשׁות‬ ‫הורשׁ‬ ‫הורשׁת‬ ‫הורשׁים‬ ‫נורשׁות‬ ‫מורשׁ‬ ‫מורשׁת‬ ‫מורשׁים‬ ‫מורשׁות‬ ‫‪383‬‬ ‫‪Qatal‬‬ ‫‪3ms‬‬ ‫‪3fs‬‬ ‫‪2cs‬‬ ‫‪1cs‬‬ ‫‪3cp‬‬ ‫‪2mp‬‬ ‫‪2fp‬‬ ‫‪1cp‬‬ ‫‪Yiqtol‬‬ ‫‪3ms‬‬ ‫‪3fs‬‬ ‫‪2ms‬‬ ‫‪2fs‬‬ ‫‪1cs‬‬ ‫‪3mp‬‬ ‫‪3fp‬‬ ‫‪2mp‬‬ ‫‪2fp‬‬ ‫‪1cp‬‬ ‫‪Imperative 2ms‬‬ ‫‪2fs‬‬ ‫‪2mp‬‬ ‫‪2fp‬‬ ‫‪Infinitive‬‬ ‫‪Construct‬‬ ‫‪Infinitive‬‬ ‫‪Absolute‬‬ ‫‪Active‬‬ ‫‪ms‬‬ ‫‪Participle fs‬‬ ‫‪mp‬‬ ‫‪fp‬‬ ‫‪Passive‬‬ ‫‪ms‬‬ ‫‪Participle fs‬‬ ‫‪mp‬‬ ‫‪fp‬‬ ‫‪Hithpael‬‬ ‫‪Hophal‬‬ ‫הושׁב‬ ‫הושׁבה‬ ‫הושׁבת‬ ‫הושׁבתי‬ ‫הושׁבו‬ ‫הושׁבתם‬ ‫הושׁבתן‬ ‫נושׁב‬ ‫יושׁב‬ ‫תושׁב‬ ‫תושׁב‬ ‫הושׁבי‬ ‫אושׁב‬ ‫יושׁבו‬ ‫תושׁבנה‬ ‫תושׁבו‬ ‫תושׁבנה‬ ‫נושׁב‬ ‫הושׁב‬ ‫הושׁב‬ ‫‪I Yod (Waw) Verbs‬‬ ‫‪Niphal‬‬ ‫‪Piel‬‬ ‫‪Pual‬‬ ‫‪Hiphil‬‬ ‫נושׁב‬ ‫יושׁיב‬ ‫נושׁבה‬ ‫הושׁיבה‬ ‫נןשׁבת‬ ‫הושׁבת‬ ‫נןשׁבתי‬ ‫הושׁבתי‬ ‫נושׁבו‬ ‫הושׁיבו‬ ‫נושׁבתם‬ ‫הושׁבתם‬ ‫נושׁבתן‬ ‫הושׁבתן‬ ‫נושׁבנו‬ ‫שׁבנו‬ ‫יושׁב‬ ‫יושׁיב‬ ‫תושׁב‬ ‫תושׁיב‬ ‫תושׁב‬ ‫תושׁיב‬ ‫תושׁבי‬ ‫תושׁיבי‬ ‫אושׁב‬ ‫אושׁיב‬ ‫יושׁבו‬ ‫יושׁיבו‬ ‫תושׁבנה‬ ‫תושׁבנה‬ ‫תושׁבו‬ ‫תושׁיבו‬ ‫תושׁבנה‬ ‫תושׁבנה‬ ‫נושׁב‬ ‫נושׁיב‬ ‫הושׁב‬ ‫הושׁב‬ ‫הושׁבי‬ ‫הושׁיבי‬ ‫הושׁבו‬ ‫הושׁיבו‬ ‫הושׁבנה‬ ‫הושׁבנה‬ ‫הושׁב‬ ‫הושׁיב‬ ‫‪Qal‬‬ ‫ישׁב‬ ‫ישׁבה‬ ‫ישׁבת‬ ‫ישׁבתי‬ ‫ישׁבו‬ ‫יסכתם‬ ‫ישׁבתן‬ ‫ישׁבנו‬ ‫ישׁב‬ ‫תשׁב‬ ‫תשׁב‬ ‫תשׁבי‬ ‫אשׁב‬ ‫ישׁבו‬ ‫תשׁבנה‬ ‫תשׁבו‬ ‫תשׁבנה‬ ‫נשׁב‬ ‫שׁב‬ ‫שׁבי‬ ‫שׁבו‬ ‫שׁבנה‬ ‫שׁבת‬ ‫הושׁב‬ ‫הושׁב‬ ‫מושׁיב‬ ‫מושׁיבת‬ ‫מושׁיבים‬ ‫מושׁיבות‬ ‫ישׁב‬ ‫ישׁבת‬ ‫ישׁבים‬ ‫ישׁבות‬ ‫ישׁוב‬ ‫הושׁב‬ ‫ישׁובת‬ ‫נושׁבת‬ ‫הושׁבים ישׁובים‬ ‫הושׁבות ישׁובות‬ ‫מושׁב‬ ‫מושׁבת‬ ‫מושׁבים‬ ‫מושׁבןת‬ ‫‪384‬‬ ‫ישׁוב‬ ‫‪Qatal‬‬ ‫‪3ms‬‬ ‫‪3fs‬‬ ‫‪2cs‬‬ ‫‪1cs‬‬ ‫‪3cp‬‬ ‫‪2mp‬‬ ‫‪2fp‬‬ ‫‪1cp‬‬ ‫‪Yiqtol‬‬ ‫‪3ms‬‬ ‫‪3fs‬‬ ‫‪2ms‬‬ ‫‪2fs‬‬ ‫‪1cs‬‬ ‫‪3mp‬‬ ‫‪3fp‬‬ ‫‪2mp‬‬ ‫‪2fp‬‬ ‫‪1cp‬‬ ‫‪Imperative 2ms‬‬ ‫‪2fs‬‬ ‫‪2mp‬‬ ‫‪2fp‬‬ ‫‪Infinitive‬‬ ‫‪Construct‬‬ ‫‪Infinitive‬‬ ‫‪Absolute‬‬ ‫‪Active‬‬ ‫‪ms‬‬ ‫‪Participle fs‬‬ ‫‪mp‬‬ ‫‪fp‬‬ ‫‪Passive‬‬ ‫‪ms‬‬ ‫‪Participle fs‬‬ ‫‪mp‬‬ ‫‪fp‬‬ ‫‪Hithpael‬‬ ‫‪C Verbs‬ו‪C‬‬ ‫‪Piel‬‬ ‫‪Pual‬‬ ‫‪Hophal‬‬ ‫הוקם‬ ‫הוקמה‬ ‫הוקמת‬ ‫הוקמתי‬ ‫הוקמו‬ ‫הוקמתם‬ ‫הוקמתן‬ ‫הוקמנו‬ ‫יוקם‬ ‫תוקם‬ ‫תוקם‬ ‫תוקמי‬ ‫אוקם‬ ‫יוקמו‬ ‫תוקמנה‬ ‫תוקמו‬ ‫תוקמנה‬ ‫נוקם‬ ‫‪Hiphil‬‬ ‫הקים‬ ‫הקימה‬ ‫הקימת‬ ‫הקימתי‬ ‫הקימו‬ ‫הקימתם‬ ‫הקימתן‬ ‫הקימנו‬ ‫יקים‬ ‫תקים‬ ‫תקים‬ ‫תקימי‬ ‫אקים‬ ‫יקימו‬ ‫תקימנה‬ ‫תקימו‬ ‫תקימנה‬ ‫מקים‬ ‫הקם‬ ‫הקימי‬ ‫הקימו‬ ‫הקמנה‬ ‫הקים‬ ‫הוקם‬ ‫הקם‬ ‫קום‬ ‫מקים‬ ‫מקימת‬ ‫מקימים‬ ‫מקימות‬ ‫קם‬ ‫קמת‬ ‫קמים‬ ‫קמות‬ ‫קום‬ ‫קומת‬ ‫קמים‬ ‫קמות‬ ‫הוקם‬ ‫מוקם‬ ‫מוקמת‬ ‫מוקמים‬ ‫מוקמות‬ ‫‪385‬‬ ‫‪Niphal‬‬ ‫‪Qal‬‬ ‫קם‬ ‫קמה‬ ‫קמת‬ ‫קמתי‬ ‫קמו‬ ‫קמתם‬ ‫קמתן‬ ‫קמנו‬ ‫יקום‬ ‫תקום‬ ‫תקום‬ ‫תקומי‬ ‫אקום‬ ‫יקומו‬ ‫תקומינה‬ ‫תקומוֿ‬ ‫תקומינה‬ ‫נקום‬ ‫קום‬ ‫קומי‬ ‫קומו‬ ‫קמנה‬ ‫קום‬ ‫‪Qatal‬‬ ‫‪3ms‬‬ ‫‪3fs‬‬ ‫‪2cs‬‬ ‫‪1cs‬‬ ‫‪3cp‬‬ ‫‪2mp‬‬ ‫‪2fp‬‬ ‫‪1cp‬‬ ‫‪Yiqtol‬‬ ‫‪3ms‬‬ ‫‪3fs‬‬ ‫‪2ms‬‬ ‫‪2fs‬‬ ‫‪1cs‬‬ ‫‪3mp‬‬ ‫‪3fp‬‬ ‫‪2mp‬‬ ‫‪2fp‬‬ ‫‪1cp‬‬ ‫‪Imperative 2ms‬‬ ‫‪2fs‬‬ ‫‪2mp‬‬ ‫‪2fp‬‬ ‫‪Infinitive‬‬ ‫‪Construct‬‬ ‫‪Infinitive‬‬ ‫‪Absolute‬‬ ‫‪Active‬‬ ‫‪ms‬‬ ‫‪Participle fs‬‬ ‫‪mp‬‬ ‫‪fp‬‬ ‫‪Passive‬‬ ‫‪ms‬‬ ‫‪Participle fs‬‬ ‫‪mp‬‬ ‫‪fp‬‬ ‫‪Hithpael‬‬ ‫‪Hophal‬‬ ‫הושׂם‬ ‫הושׂמה‬ ‫הושׂמת‬ ‫הושׂמתי‬ ‫הושׂמו‬ ‫הושׂמתם‬ ‫הושׂמתן‬ ‫הושׂמנו‬ ‫יושׂם‬ ‫תושׂם‬ ‫תושׂם‬ ‫תושׂמי‬ ‫אושׂם‬ ‫יושׂמו‬ ‫תושׂמנה‬ ‫תושׂמו‬ ‫תוושׂמנה‬ ‫נושׂם‬ ‫‪Hiphil‬‬ ‫השׂים‬ ‫השׂימה‬ ‫השׂימת‬ ‫השׂימתי‬ ‫השׂימו‬ ‫השׂימתם‬ ‫השׂימתן‬ ‫השׂימנו‬ ‫ישׂים‬ ‫תשׂים‬ ‫תשׂים‬ ‫תשׂימי‬ ‫אשׂים‬ ‫ישׂימו‬ ‫תשׂימינה‬ ‫תשׂימו‬ ‫תשׂימינה‬ ‫נשׂים‬ ‫השׂים‬ ‫השׂימי‬ ‫השׂימו‬ ‫השׂיםנה‬ ‫השׂים‬ ‫‪C Verbs‬י‪C‬‬ ‫‪Piel‬‬ ‫‪Pual‬‬ ‫‪Niphal‬‬ ‫‪Qal‬‬ ‫שׂם‬ ‫שׂמה‬ ‫שׂמת‬ ‫שׂמתי‬ ‫שׂמו‬ ‫שׂמתם‬ ‫שׂמתן‬ ‫שׂמנו‬ ‫ישׂים‬ ‫תשׂים‬ ‫תשׂים‬ ‫תשׂימי‬ ‫אשׂים‬ ‫ישׂימו‬ ‫תשׂימנה‬ ‫תשׂימו‬ ‫תשׂימנה‬ ‫נשׂים‬ ‫שׂים‬ ‫שׂימי‬ ‫שׂימו‬ ‫שׂמנה‬ ‫שׂים‬ ‫השׂם‬ ‫שׂים‬ ‫משׂים‬ ‫משׂימה‬ ‫משׂימים‬ ‫משׂימות‬ ‫שׂם‬ ‫שׂמה‬ ‫שׂמים‬ ‫שׂמות‬ ‫מושׂם‬ ‫מושׂת‬ ‫מושׂמיפ‬ ‫מושׂות‬ ‫‪386‬‬ ‫‪Qatal‬‬ ‫‪3ms‬‬ ‫‪3fs‬‬ ‫‪2cs‬‬ ‫‪1cs‬‬ ‫‪3cp‬‬ ‫‪2mp‬‬ ‫‪2fp‬‬ ‫‪1cp‬‬ ‫‪Yiqtol‬‬ ‫‪3ms‬‬ ‫‪3fs‬‬ ‫‪2ms‬‬ ‫‪2fs‬‬ ‫‪1cs‬‬ ‫‪3mp‬‬ ‫‪3fp‬‬ ‫‪2mp‬‬ ‫‪2fp‬‬ ‫‪1cp‬‬ ‫‪Imperative 2ms‬‬ ‫‪2fs‬‬ ‫‪2mp‬‬ ‫‪2fp‬‬ ‫‪Infinitive‬‬ ‫‪Construct‬‬ ‫‪Infinitive‬‬ ‫‪Absolute‬‬ ‫‪Active‬‬ ‫‪ms‬‬ ‫‪Participle fs‬‬ ‫‪mp‬‬ ‫‪fp‬‬ ‫‪Passive‬‬ ‫‪ms‬‬ ‫‪Participle fs‬‬ ‫‪mp‬‬ ‫‪fp‬‬ ‫‪Hithpael‬‬ ‫התפלל‬ ‫התפללה‬ ‫התפללת‬ ‫התפללתי‬ ‫התפללו‬ ‫התפללתם‬ ‫התפללתן‬ ‫התפללנו‬ ‫יתפלל‬ ‫תתפלל‬ ‫תתפלל‬ ‫תתפפי‬ ‫אתפלל‬ ‫יתפללו‬ ‫תתפללנה‬ ‫תתפללו‬ ‫תתפללנה‬ ‫נתפלל‬ ‫התפלל‬ ‫התפללי‬ ‫התפללו‬ ‫התפללנה‬ ‫התפלל‬ ‫‪Hophal‬‬ ‫הוסב‬ ‫הוסבה‬ ‫הוסבות‬ ‫הוסבותי‬ ‫הוסבו‬ ‫הוסבותם‬ ‫הוסבותן‬ ‫הוסבונו‬ ‫יוסב‬ ‫תוסב‬ ‫תוסב‬ ‫תוסבי‬ ‫אוסב‬ ‫יובסו‬ ‫תוסבנה‬ ‫תוסבו‬ ‫תוסבנה‬ ‫נוסב‬ ‫התפלל‬ ‫‪Geminate Verbs‬‬ ‫‪Piel‬‬ ‫‪Hiphil‬‬ ‫הלל‬ ‫הסב‬ ‫הללה‬ ‫הסבה‬ ‫הללת‬ ‫הסבת‬ ‫הללתי‬ ‫הסבתי‬ ‫הללו‬ ‫הסבו‬ ‫הסבתם הללתם‬ ‫הללתן‬ ‫הסבתן‬ ‫הללנו‬ ‫הסבנו‬ ‫יהלל‬ ‫יסב‬ ‫תהלל‬ ‫תסב‬ ‫תהלל‬ ‫תסב‬ ‫תהללי‬ ‫תסבי‬ ‫אהלל‬ ‫אסב‬ ‫יהללו‬ ‫יסבו‬ ‫תהללנה‬ ‫תסבנה‬ ‫תהללו‬ ‫תסבו‬ ‫תהללנה‬ ‫תסבנה‬ ‫נהלל‬ ‫נסב‬ ‫הלל‬ ‫הסב‬ ‫הללי‬ ‫הסבי‬ ‫הללו‬ ‫הסבן‬ ‫הללנה‬ ‫נסבנה‬ ‫הלל‬ ‫הסב‬ ‫הסב‬ ‫מתפלל‬ ‫מתפללת‬ ‫מתפללים‬ ‫מתפללות‬ ‫הלל‬ ‫‪Second Doubled /‬‬ ‫‪Qal (2) Niphal‬‬ ‫תם‬ ‫הסב‬ ‫תמה‬ ‫נסבה‬ ‫תמות‬ ‫נסבות‬ ‫נסבותי תמותי‬ ‫תמו‬ ‫נסבו‬ ‫נסבותם תמותם‬ ‫נסבותן תמותן‬ ‫תמונו‬ ‫נסבונו‬ ‫יתם‬ ‫יסב‬ ‫תתם‬ ‫תסב‬ ‫תתם‬ ‫תסב‬ ‫תתמי‬ ‫תסבי‬ ‫אתם‬ ‫אסב‬ ‫יתמן‬ ‫יסבו‬ ‫תסבנה תתמנה‬ ‫תתמו‬ ‫תסבו‬ ‫תסבנה תתמנה‬ ‫נתם‬ ‫נסב‬ ‫תם‬ ‫הסב‬ ‫תמי‬ ‫הסבי‬ ‫תמו‬ ‫הסבו‬ ‫הסבנה תמנה‬ ‫תם‬ ‫הסב‬ ‫הסב‬ ‫מהלל‬ ‫מהללת‬ ‫מהללים‬ ‫מהללות‬ ‫מוסב‬ ‫תוסבת‬ ‫מוסבים‬ ‫מוסבות‬ ‫סבוב‬ ‫סבובה‬ ‫סבובים‬ ‫סבובות‬ ‫‪387‬‬ ‫)‪Qal (1‬‬ ‫סבב‬ ‫סבבה‬ ‫סבות‬ ‫סבותי‬ ‫סבבו‬ ‫סבותם‬ ‫סבותן‬ ‫סבונו‬ ‫יסב‬ ‫תסב‬ ‫תסב‬ ‫תסבי‬ ‫אסב‬ ‫יסבו‬ ‫תסבנה‬ ‫תסבו‬ ‫תסבנה‬ ‫נסב‬ ‫סב‬ ‫סבי‬ ‫סבו‬ ‫סבנה‬ ‫סב‬ ‫תמום‬ ‫סבוב‬ ‫תם‬ ‫תמה‬ ‫תמים‬ ‫תמות‬ ‫סבב‬ ‫סבבה‬ ‫סבבים‬ ‫סבבות‬ ‫‪Qatal‬‬ ‫‪3ms‬‬ ‫‪3fs‬‬ ‫‪2cs‬‬ ‫‪1cs‬‬ ‫‪3cp‬‬ ‫‪2mp‬‬ ‫‪2fp‬‬ ‫‪1cp‬‬ ‫‪Yiqtol‬‬ ‫‪3ms‬‬ ‫‪3fs‬‬ ‫‪2ms‬‬ ‫‪2fs‬‬ ‫‪1cs‬‬ ‫‪3mp‬‬ ‫‪3fp‬‬ ‫‪2mp‬‬ ‫‪2fp‬‬ ‫‪1cp‬‬ ‫‪Imperative 2ms‬‬ ‫‪2fs‬‬ ‫‪2mp‬‬ ‫‪2fp‬‬ ‫‪Infinitive‬‬ ‫‪Construct‬‬ ‫‪Infinitive‬‬ ‫‪Absolute‬‬ ‫‪Active‬‬ ‫‪ms‬‬ ‫‪Participle fs‬‬ ‫‪mp‬‬ ‫‪fp‬‬ ‫‪Passive‬‬ ‫‪ms‬‬ ‫‪Participle fs‬‬ ‫‪mp‬‬ ‫‪fp‬‬ One consistent pattern is that those verbs that start with the sibilants ‫ ס‬and ‫ ש‬in the Hithpael binyan have the ‫ ת‬of the ‫ תת( הת‬.‫ נת‬.‫ )ית‬following the sibilant. E.g. ‫השתחוו‬. Irregular verbs: all languages that conjugate verbs have some verbs that don’t follow the conjugation rules, and Hebrew is no exception. Verbs that I noticed that are irregular include ‫ נתן‬,‫ לקח‬,‫ יצג‬,‫הלך‬ Pronominal suffixes on verbs to indicate object of the verb: 3ms 3fs 2ms 2fs 1cs 3cp 3cp 2mp 2fp 1cp ‫הו‬ ‫ה‬ ‫ך‬ ‫ך‬ ‫ני‬ ‫ם‬ ‫ן‬ ‫כם‬ ‫כן‬ ‫נו‬ While the ‫ נו‬suffix is usually used to indicate the first person plural, there is a significant subset of uses where it’s used to indicate the third person masculine singular. The context usually indicates which use is to be understood. At this time, I don’t know when to use ‫ נו‬and when ‫ ו‬for the third person masculine singular and why? When adding a pronominal suffix onto a feminine singular verb ending with a ‫ה‬, the form changes to ‫ תהו‬when the pronominal suffix is for a singular masculine suffix, the other times the ‫ ה‬is replaced with a ‫ ת‬followed by the pronominal suffix. 388 Forms of nouns and adjectives masculine singular masculine dual masculine plural feminine singular feminine dual feminine plural usually no special ending the consonants the same as the plural usually with a ‫ ים‬suffix nouns often end with a ‫ ה‬though not always. adjective always with a ‫ ה‬suffix consonants same as the masculine plural usually end with a ‫ ות‬both nouns and adjectives. There are some irregular nouns, possibly the most common being ‫ אישׁ‬singular, ‫ אנשׁים‬plural and ‫ אב‬singular, ‫ אבות‬plural. In construct case, the following changes are made: masculine plural drops the final ‫ ם‬to end as ‫י‬ feminine singular that ends in ‫ ה‬has the ‫ ה‬changed to ‫ת‬ (need to watch out here, some usually feminine nouns end in ‫ ת‬and are so listed in the dictionary. In plural these nouns have the ‫ ות‬ending like standard feminine nouns. In construct, these feminine nouns are indistinguishable from feminine nouns where the final ‫ ה‬has been change to a ‫ת‬, so in most Hebrew dictionaries, they are listed as a feminine ending in a ‫ה‬. However, in this dictionary, even if a feminine noun is in construct case ending in a ‫ ת‬but has no examples in singular ‫ה‬, I list it with a ‫ ת‬ending to reflect how it actually appears in the text.) Pronominal suffixes on nouns to indicate ownership, also suffixes on the prepositions ‫את‬ (with, indicating direct object), ‫ ב‬and ‫( ל‬nouns have the forms as in construct) 3ms ‫ו‬ 3fs ‫ה‬ 2ms ‫ך‬ 2fs ‫ך‬ 1cs ‫י‬ 3mp ‫ם‬ 3fp ‫ן‬ 2mp ‫כם‬ 2fp ‫כן‬ 1cp ‫נו‬ 389 The preposition ‫ כ‬with suffixes 3ms ‫כמוהו‬ 3fs ‫כמוה‬ 2ms ‫כמוך‬ 2fs ‫כמוך‬ 1cs ‫כמוני‬ 3mp ‫כהם‬ 3fp ‫כהן‬ ‫כהנה‬ 2mp ‫ככם‬ 2fp ‫ככן‬ 1cp ‫מוננו‬ The preposition ‫ מן‬with suffixes 3ms ‫ממנו‬ 3fs ‫ממנה‬ 2ms ‫ממך‬ 2fs ‫ממך‬ 1cs ‫ממני‬ 3mp ‫מהם‬ ‫מהמה‬ 3fp ‫מהן‬ ‫מהנה‬ 2mp ‫מכם‬ 2fp ‫מכן‬ 1cp ‫ממנו‬ Pronominal suffixes on the prepositions ‫ אחר‬.‫ אל‬and ‫על‬ 3ms 3fs 2ms 2fs 1cs 3mp 3fp 2mp 2fp 1cp ‫יו‬ ‫יה‬ ‫יך‬ ‫יך‬ ‫י‬ ‫יהם‬ ‫יהן‬ ‫יכם‬ ‫יכן‬ ‫ינו‬ 390 Use of letters as numbers: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 ‫א‬ ‫ב‬ ‫ג‬ ‫ד‬ ‫ה‬ ‫ו‬ ‫ז‬ ‫ח‬ ‫ט‬ ‫י‬ ‫יא‬ ‫יב‬ ‫יג‬ ‫יד‬ ‫טו‬ ‫טז‬ ‫יז‬ 18 19 20 21 25 26 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 200 300 400 ‫יח‬ ‫יט‬ ‫כ‬ ‫כא‬ ‫כה‬ ‫כו‬ ‫ל‬ ‫מ‬ ‫נ‬ ‫ס‬ ‫ע‬ ‫פ‬ ‫צ‬ ‫ק‬ ‫ר‬ ‫ש‬ ‫ת‬ With the exception of 15 and 16, all the other numbers follow the same pattern as found in 25 and 26. Apparently the Masoretes considered the letter combinations that would make up 15 and 16 are too close to the theophoric name, therefore avoided it. 391 Patterns of noun derivations from verbs and their meanings The traditional theory is that all nouns are derived from verbs. That is not true, as there are many nouns for which there are no verbs acting as roots. However, for those nouns that are derived from verbs, there are certain patterns which are followed: (This is a very incomplete and preliminary list) Just as in English, knowing the patterns of how nouns are derived from other words, for example that -(t)ive gives a different nuance and meaning to words than does, for example, -(t)ion, so if we know patterns in Hebrew, that would help us to understand the Bible. Qal participle: refers to the person or object that is doing the action, i.e. the actor, or a reference to the action itself. In early Biblical Hebrew, even in conversations was used without reference to tense other than that provided by the context. In late Biblical Hebrew, such as after the Babylonian Exile and later, was used much like modern American English where the immediate present action is constructed of to be + participle of action being done. In Hebrew, however, the “to be” is often omitted. Another use of the Qal participle is “…can act…” referring to ability to act. Niphal participle: the person or object that is being acted on. Piel participle: either a continuous or repeating action, or a place where such an action takes place. The Piel participle is used even when only one time a repeated event is referenced, as if to make clear that the referenced action is one time of a repeated action. Hiphil participle: refers to a person or thing that causes an action. Hophal participle: instrumentality, an action that was caused to take place, which can be verbal or an object used to make an action take place. Those derivatives from piel, pual, and hophal binyanim share the same consonantal spellings beginning with a ‫מ‬, patterns noticed so far: • referring to a place where repeated actions take place • referring to repeated actions • referring to the actor who causes actions to be done • instrumentality, causing an action to take place, which can be verbal or an object used to make an action take place. • instrumentality, an action that was caused to take place 392 Which binyan is used in each example is often difficult to recognize, as they have to be recognized from their contexts as the consonantal forms often are the same for all of them. Other forms of derived nouns: Shegolet noun: an object connected with the action. Addition of a ‫ ת‬at the beginning of a verb. If the verb ends with a ‫ ה‬it sometimes changes to ‫ית‬. Beginning and ending with a ‫ ת‬so far all I’ve found are those formed from lamed-heh verbs, where the ending is actually a ‫ ית‬and may actually be a variant of those that begin with a tau. These are all feminine ‫ תבן‬straw, used in making adobe bricks, also to feed animals, ‫ תבנית‬model, used to plan a construction Ex 25:9, 40, Dt 4:16–8, 1C 28:11–2, 18–9 (root —‫)בנה‬ ‫ תעלה‬ascent (way of) 2K 20:5, Jr 30:13, 46:11, (parts taller than) Ez 31:4 ‫ תענוג‬soft person or thing noble Mc 1:16, Pr 19:10, So 7:7 (6) ← ‫ענג‬ ‫ תפארה‬ornament, a specific object that embellishes Is 28:5, Jr 48:17, ‫תפארת‬ ornamentation, a generic adornment ← ‫פאר‬ As a plural, it’s sometimes used to refer to an abstract idea, for example the plural of “blood” is sometimes used for the idea of “bloody” rather than to a multitude of “bloods” Ex 4:25–6, Ez 22:2, Nh 3:1. As an extension of the abstract idea, it’s used for “blood guilt” in the idea of guilty of murder Ex 21:1–2, Dt 19:10, 22:8, etc. Used also as a general reference to blood Is 1:15, 9:4, Ez 9:9 and acts of unjust violence that result in the shedding of blood Is 33:15, Hb 2:12. • When a singular noun is in construct with a following plural noun, the plural noun actually refers to an abstract idea rather than specific objects. E.g. Pr 15:2, 7 “wise” and “fools” refers to “being wise” and “being foolish” rather than wise and foolish people. Other plural nouns sometimes used to indicate periods of life or the person’s status at that time, e.g. • ‫ נערים‬period of being a youth (when you were a youth), • ‫ מותים‬in plural refers to the status of when dead, 393 • ‫ זקנים‬status of being old, old age Gn 37:3, 44:20. Some nouns are found in both masculine and feminine forms. Each category is followed by some, but not exhaustive, group of examples. Possibly most readily recognized: male and female ‫ גביר‬chief, master Gn 27:29, 37, ‫ גבירה‬female chief, mistress ‫ עלמה‬,‫ עלם‬virgin (unknown one), ‫( עלמה‬the) unknown (as in exploring) Pr 30:19 (This verse compares that just as it is completely unpredictable which way a snake will turn while on bare rock, an eagle will veer as it hunts for prey, what way a ship will turn as it is subject to wind, waves and the steersman, so also what will happen to a man as he goes into the unknown, i.e. future) ‫ פרה‬,‫ פר‬yearling from among the cattle Concrete (person, object, place) to abstract (idea, action) ‫ אביון‬needy (person), ‫ אביונה‬neediness, want Ko 12:5 αλ ‫ אהב‬love, a person who is loved: lover, friend, ‫ אהבה‬love, referring to the emotion of love, ‫ מאהב‬lover, close friend ‫ איב‬enemy, ‫ איבה‬enmity ‫ אכל‬food, that which is eaten, D‫ אכל‬nourishment, that which can be eaten ‫ אמון‬trustworthy one, trustworthy worker 2S 20:19, Ps 12:2, 31:24, Lm 4:5, ‫ אמונה‬firmness, steadiness Ex 17:12 trustworthiness Jr 5:1; work one is entrusted with 1 Ch 9:22, ‫“ באמונה‬in trustworthiness” trustworthily 2K 22:7, 2C 19:9 ‫ אסף‬one who gathers in Mc 7:1, plural place where something is gathered in Ne 12:25, 1C 26:15, 17, ‫ אספה‬collection Is 24:22 ‫ אשם‬guilty, guilt offering, ‫ אשמה‬guilt ‫ בכר‬first born, ‫ בכרה‬rights of firstborn Gn 25:32 αλ ‫ גאל‬redeemer, one who pays the price of redemption or avenging, ‫( גאלה‬right of) redemption ‫ דוג‬fisher Jr 16:16, Ez 47:10, ‫ דוגה‬fishery Am 4:2 αλ ‫ חכמה‬,‫ חכם‬wise ((wo)man), ‫ חכמה‬wisdom, ‫ חכמות‬personalized wisdom ?? Ps 39:4, Pr 1:20, 9:1, 14:1, 24:7 (this is not the same as the fem. pl. adjective “wise” Jd 5:29 used standing alone for “wise women” Jr 9:16) 394 ‫ מלאך‬messenger, envoy, ambassador, one sent and empowered to accomplish a task, ‫ מלאכה‬work done for profit, as part of his profession, to accomplish his work, task items, tools, supplies used in one’s profession ‫ ממשל‬ruler, ‫ ממשלה‬rule, dominion ‫ עבד‬slave, ‫ עבדה‬service (as done by a slave, as worship), slave holding (number, group of slaves) Gn 26:14 ‫ עלמה‬,‫ עלם‬virgin (unknown one), ‫( עלמה‬the) unknown (as in exploring) Pr 30:19 (This verse compares that just as it is completely unpredictable which way a snake will turn while on bare rock, an eagle will veer as it hunts for prey, what way a ship will turn as it is subject to wind, waves and the steersman, so also what will happen to a man as he goes into the unknown, i.e. future) single, individual to a body of individuals, a collection ‫ אמה‬female slave, a more general term, ‫ אמהת‬plural form ‫ ארח‬traveler, ‫ ארח‬a way for travelers going from city to city, ‫ ארחה‬caravan, a group traveling together, ‫ ארחה‬ration, food for travelers ‫ כהן‬priest: apparently this is a term that had a wider meaning than merely working within a religious setting, also including royal prerogatives. In ancient Egypt princes who didn’t become pharaoh were “priests” as their royal jobs, which means that when pharaoh had Joseph marry the daughter of a “priest” Gn 41:45, that he was marrying into the royal family as a way to get his loyalty to the throne. 2S 8:18 David’s sons were royal officials, but called “priests” when they clearly were not priests working in the temple because they were not descendants of Aaron, ‫כהנה‬ priesthood Ex 40:15, Nu 16:10, 25:13 priestdom, guild of priests Ezr 2:62, Ne 7:64, 13:29 ‫ עבד‬slave, ‫ עבדה‬service (as done by a slave, as worship), slave holding (number, group of slaves) Gn 26:14 Adjective, abstract noun ̧ ‫ בלה‬worn out, ‫ בלהה‬troubles that wear out Is 17:14, Ez 26:21, Ps 73:19 ‫ אשם‬guilty, guilt offering, ‫ אשמה‬guilt ‫ בטח‬confidently, safely, ‫ בטחה‬confidence based on safety Is 30:15, Pr 21:22 395 ‫ גדל‬,‫ גדול‬great, not only in the sense of physical size, but also in reputation and spirituality, ‫ גדולה‬greatness, ‫ גדל‬enlargement ‫ חזק‬firm, ‫ חזקה‬firmness, strength ‫ שפל‬low, ‫ שפלה‬lowness, lowland, ‫ שפלות‬position of being low ?? (hands not active) Ko 10:18 αλ ‫ תם‬complete, perfect, innocent Pr 11:3, Jb 2:3, 27:5 pure, i.e. innocent, if doing something wrong not realizing that it was wrong Gn 20:5–6, 2S 15:11, ‫ תמה‬perfection Jb 12:2, So 5:2, 6:9 On some lamed-heh verbs, the Qal participle ends in a heh, referring to the actor, while other derived nouns may lack the final heh. In these cases, the pattern appears to be opposite of the pattern from most pairs where there is one noun ending in a heh and another from the same root that doesn’t. ‫ בז‬disdainment, contempt, ‫ בזה‬one who disdains ‫ גא‬haughty Is 16:6 αλ, ‫ גאה‬prominent, haughty (person, place) These represent only a small portion of the masculine/feminine pairs that I found, possibly another couple of hundred (I haven’t counted them) could be analyzed, which may add more categories or edit the categories found so far. There are other noun patterns that I have not studied, but have noticed. Nouns and those ending in waw nun: is this similar to the -tion suffix in English? (The majority of such nouns appear to be personal names.) referring to the place, time or status of: ‫ גא‬haughty Is 16:6 αλ, ‫ גאה‬prominent, haughty (person, place), ‫גאוה‬ prominence, haughtiness, ‫ גאן‬,‫ גאון‬prominence pride, ‫ גאות‬highness, as in prominence Dt 33:26, Is 26:10, Ps 68:32, haughtiness in a bad sense Is 13:11, Ps 10:2, Pr 29:23, ‫ גאיון‬arrogant ones Ps 123:4 αλ ‫ זד‬provocateur, one who stirs up (emotion, action) Is 13:11, Ml 3:10, 15 Ps 119:21, 69, 122, ‫ זדון‬stirring up, provocation Dt 17:12, Ob 3, Pr 13:10 one who stirs up, provocation ?? Jr 50:31–2, ‫ זידון‬stirred up Ps 124:5 αλ, ‫נזיד‬ food stirred together, soup or stew Gn 25:29, 34, 2K 4:38–40, Hg 2:12 396 ‫ רצן‬,‫ רצון‬satisfaction often used in the sense of satisfaction (paid for) for the debt of sin Nouns and those ending in waw tau: these appear to be according to two patterns— a feminine plural that gives a status indicator to an abstract idea, and the second giving a similar idea as carried by the English suffixes -ness or -hood. Did these have the same pronunciations? I doubt it. In this second use it is conjugated as a feminine singular e.g. Ps 119:99, Pr 9:1 ‫ אלמנות‬widowhood Gn 38:14, 19, Is 54:4 though most of the time this form is the plural of ‫אלמנה‬ ‫ אכזריות‬cruelness Pr 27:4 αλ ‫ בגד‬covering clothing, underhanded actions, ‫ בגדות‬treachery, underhandedness Zp 3:4 αλ ‫ בחור‬chosen young man, from concept of fine young man that anyone would choose, ‫ בחורות‬,‫ בחורים‬youth(ful age) ‫ בר‬son, ‫ בר‬feed (feedlot, pasture), ‫ ברות‬food, what is fed Ps 69:22, Lm 4:10, ‫ בריה‬food to feed someone 2S 13:5, 7, 10, well fed Ez 34:20, ‫ ברית‬treaty, covenant, the making of which often accompanied by feasting, ‫ברית מלח‬ indicates a very solemn treaty, covenant Nu 18:19, 2C 13:5 ‫ גא‬haughty Is 16:6 αλ, ‫ גאה‬prominent, haughty (person, place), ‫גאוה‬ prominence, haughtiness, ‫ גאן‬,‫ גאון‬prominence pride, ‫ גאות‬highness, as in prominence Dt 33:26, Is 26:10, Ps 68:32, haughtiness in a bad sense Is 13:11, Ps 10:2, Pr 29:23, ‫ גאיון‬arrogant ones Ps 123:4 αλ ‫ גר‬sojourner, ‫ גרות‬sojourning ?? Jr 41:17 αλ ‫ מגדל‬tower, ‫ מגדלות‬silos, granaries ?? Ez 27:11, So 5:13, 8:10, 1C 27:25, 2C 32:5 Nouns and those ending in yod tau—the majority of these are from roots that with a Heh to make it a noun with meanings other than actor or gerund. ‫ ארמית‬Aramaic language ‫ אשוית‬fireplace for a signal fire ?? Jr 50:15 αλ ‫ ברית‬soap, made by mixing ashes with oil Jr 2:22, Ml 3:2 ← ‫ברר‬ ‫ גפרית‬mineral oil ?? (this is a liquid that not only rains Gn 19:24, Ez 38:22, Ps 11:6, but flows Is 30:33 and readily burns Dt 29:22 (23), Is 30:33, mineral oil is usually sulfurous hence is this mineral oil? Dt 29:22 (23)) ‫ גתית‬type of musical instrument ?? used three times in connection with music Ps 8:1, 81:1, 84:1 397 ‫ חנית‬a short, heavy thrusting spear ‫ יהודית‬Jewish (language, Hebrew language) 2K 18:26, 28, Ne 13:24 ← ‫יהד‬ ‫ לילית‬type of wild animal ?? Is 34:14 αλ ‫ משכית‬a shrine Lv 26:1, Nu 33:52 that includes walls and rooms Ez 8:12, Pr 18:11 ← ‫שוך‬ ‫ עמית‬fellow man ← ‫עמם‬ ‫ צלחת‬,‫ צלחית‬dish ‫ ראשית‬initiation, that which starts beginning, at the head, something that comes first first fruits ← ‫ראש‬ ‫ ראשנית‬first, that started ?? Jr 25:1 αλ ← ‫ראש‬ ‫ שממית‬gecko Pr 30:28 αλ ‫ שמינית‬an eight stringed instrument ?? Ps 6:1, 12:1, 1C 15:21 Nouns and those ending in tau—this is not the same as a defectively written plural nor a feminine in construct, rather is a legitimate, stand-alone masculine form of the nouns. These are harder to recognize because a standard feminine in construct is written the same way. It appears to change the meaning to status, often status of having done something, or of having something done to the subject. This type of noun is often best translated into English as an adjective even though within Hebrew it is a noun. (Changing to an adjective is an artifact of translation, it doesn’t change the Hebrew.) As far as numbers are concerned, it refers to generic objects, rather than to specific objects, or to a group or collection of objects. ‫“ אבת‬fatherdom” or ancestors, referring to the status or time of the ancestors, not specifically to individuals. ‫ חטאת‬missing the mark such that one needs to make amends for the error, this is a generalized reference to sin, not necessarily a specific sin (masc. noun) sin, sin offering, sacrifice for error, lack, not having what was aimed for (This form ‫ חטאת‬can be either this masculine noun, the feminine noun ‫ חטאה‬in construct form or with a suffix added to it, a feminine participle of ‫ חטא‬or a Qatal verb, therefore the context needs to be examined for each occurrence to establish which reading is correct) Jr 17:3, Pr 10:16 ‫ חבל‬rope (for tying), band or group (bound together for an action) 1S 10:5, 10 crew (of a ship, so called for their knowledge of knots and ropes as well as a group of people united in a task) Ez 27:8, 27–9, ‫ רב חבל‬head of the crew, i.e. captain of the ship Jn 1:6, muscle contraction or spasm 398 (knotting up of the muscles, one of the actions connected with giving birth), collateral (tying property to a loan) Ez 18:12, 16, 33:15, what a snare is made of a snare Jb 18:10, ‫ חבל‬land area, tied to a locality or city, ‫ חבלת‬pledge, in the sense of being obligated (tied to) fulfilling the pledge Ez 18:7 αλ ‫( חקת‬masc) a body of statutes, laws, e.g. Ex 12:14, 17, 43, Lv 23:14, 21, 31 ← ‫חקק‬ ‫ שפע‬abundance Dt 33:19 αλ, ‫ שפעת‬large quantity Jb 22:11, 38:34, of troops, large group of people 2 K 9:17, large number of horses or camels Is 60:6, Ez 26:10 Nouns and those ending in tau—this is a second group where this the natural form of the noun without the meanings attached to the above group. These nouns take the feminine plural form when in plural. ‫ חתן‬male who is in a marriage contract bridegroom, father-in-law, son-inlaw, ‫ חתנת‬marriage ceremony So 3:11 αλ, ‫ חתנת‬mother-in-law Dt 27:23 αλ ‫ משבצת‬,‫ משבצות‬wrapping, used of a wide border on clothing Ex 28:11, 13–4, Ps 45:14, a border setting a jewel on clothing Ex 18:11, 39:6, 13 Nouns where the third letter is an added Waw. These refer to a completed action hence also the people and objects affected by that action. ‫ חלוץ‬completed action of taking off hence by extension those affected by the action military that has been mustered out, drawn out for battle Nu 32:21, 27, Js 6:7, 9, 2C 28:14, sandal that has been drawn off Dt 25:10 ← ‫חלץ‬ ‫ הלוך‬the action of going ← ‫הלך‬ One spelling change to the above, when the next to last letter is a waw ‫ ו‬the waw is often dropped when a suffix is added to the word. E.g. ‫ בור‬drops waw to make ‫ברות‬, again ‫ נעול‬drops waw to make ‫ נעלות‬and ‫ צפון‬drops waw to make ‫צפנה‬. Let me repeat what I’ve already written before, the traditional theory is that all nouns are derived from verbs. That is not true. That is why in this dictionary all nouns are listed 399 individually, and only those which have recognizable roots listed according to roots as well. 400 Philosophy behind the Development of this Dictionary Before learning Biblical Hebrew, I had lived in two other countries and learned to speak their languages. Then in high school I studied yet another foreign language. In college I studied ancient Greek, concentrating on koiné Greek. Then, because of a class schedule mix-up, I found myself in a first year Hebrew class. That was not intentional. In learning all these other languages, I found that the best way to acquire vocabulary and to understand the thinking of natives using their languages, is not to look for every possible translation of each word into English according to semantic domains, rather it is to look for the actions represented by the vocabulary and where they can apply those actions. Usually there’s one action per word, though sometimes there are homonyms, which is something one needs to recognize and take them into account. This method is in contrast to most dictionaries which look at semantic domains and give separate definitions for each semantic domain. Another thing I learned from studying modern foreign languages is not to assume that words, even the same ones used in close cognate languages, have the same meaning in both languages. Therefore, in compiling this dictionary, I make almost no references to cognate languages, the exceptions are for words found only once or only a few times where neither contexts nor other linguistic factors give clues as to their meanings. As a result, only rarely do I consult even close cognates like Aramaic, Mishnaic Hebrew or Tiberian Hebrew. The methodology chosen is to look first at how words are used in Biblical Hebrew itself, what grammatical forms do they have, what are the contexts, are there any other words from a common root (not always found in Biblical Hebrew), do traditional meanings make sense, only after coming up blank from these sources to consult meanings from cognate languages as to what meanings may be found there? To give an example of contrasting meanings of words from looking at their actions verses from their semantic domains as found in English: “swing” within the semantic domain of a concert is a conductor with a baton leading an orchestra; in the semantic domain of dance is a dance step; in the semantic domain of a sport is the attempt to hit a fast moving ball with a stick; in the semantic domain of a child on a playground is moving back and forth on a suspended object, as well as other contexts—but they all have the same action, namely a circular motion around a central point. 401 A second example is the word “door”. Whereas “swing” refers to an action, “door” refers to an object. Doors come in many shapes and sizes, yet what connects them all together and recognized as “doors” is again an action, namely that a “door” is a movable partition between two spaces with at least one of those spaces usually an enclosed space (e.g. a room or hall). A “gate” is a subset of “door” and usually is the preferred term to refer to a movable partition between two spaces open to the sky. A “false door” is a compound lexeme to refer to something that looks like a door, but doesn’t fulfill the function of a door. Not only English, but in all languages, objects denoted by nouns can be recognized as fitting their nouns by their functions, despite having many forms. Another example from English is that the word pronounced ‘tū’ comes from at least four roots, with three spellings—‘two’, ‘too’ and ‘to’—with the last spelling itself a homonym. The last word is a homonym also in some close cognate languages such as German, while still separate words in other close cognate languages such as Norwegian. Whereas English retains some archaic spellings to differentiate some spoken homonyms, Hebrew was written phonetically, without vowels making for many homographs, leading to my listing each homograph in a separate entry. Usually words refer to only one action, one meaning, one object (homonyms excluded). For some words, that action can be used in many contexts, for others only a few, some only in one context. I have found this to be true in all languages that I’ve studied, both modern and ancient. Connected with this is that God is behind the writing of Tanakh. As a result, from the first writings in Genesis to Jeremiah, Ezekiel and Daniel, the last native speakers of Biblical Hebrew, he kept the meanings of words, grammatical structures and syntax virtually unchanged. While there were some changes in the literary styles as used in the language, the mechanics of the language remained virtually unchanged. The post Babylonian Exile writers used Hebrew the same way as medieval Europe used Latin: the official language of religion, law, trade, etc. but no-one spoke it natively. So, for example, when God used ‫תהו‬ to refer to carefully formed and shaped idols in Isaiah, as well as elsewhere for other formed objects, therefore ‫ תהו‬cannot refer to “formless” in Genesis 1:2. 402 It is with this understanding and technique that I studied and learned modern languages— German, French, some Spanish, etc.—so naturally I applied the same understanding and technique to learning Biblical Hebrew. In other words, I found Biblical Hebrew vocabulary not to be different from any other language that I’ve studied. I’ve tried to indicate the range of contexts, a semantic circle, that each word may have, though they’re often not easily understood for seldom used terms in the Bible. (Do not confuse the idea that each word refers to one idea, object or action with the concept that each word in Hebrew can be translated using only one term in English. I go into greater detail as to why it isn’t possible below.) Once one knows the action represented by a term, then when one sees the term used in an unfamiliar context, he has a good idea of the action for which to look. He also understands when it is used in a metaphorical manner, what idea is being presented. In modern languages, that knowledge allows speakers to use terms, even in contexts where previously they had not observed the term used, and be understood by their listeners. In this dictionary I try to list the action that fits all contexts. Sometimes the action is physical, sometimes metaphorical, sometimes a combination of the two, but it usually can be recognized. Wherever possible, I have tried to find that definition by asking, “What is the action that fits this context?” This is not a translator's dictionary, giving all the possible renditions of a word into English for each semantic domain, rather one that gives an idea of the thought patterns and idioms of ancient Hebrew usage. This leads to some awkward direct translations, but by indicating the actions involved, a translator should then be able to use a thesaurus to make an accurate yet fluid translation of the text into English. (One note on translation—a good translator at times needs to use different words in a target language, even different grammar, occasionally even a completely different sentence, than found in the source language, in order accurately to convey the same idea. These are artifacts of translation, and should not be recognized as parts of the source language. Applying these artifacts of translation to the source language can lead to not accurately understanding the source language, in this dictionary being Biblical Hebrew.) When we come across an example of a word used in the context where the meaning is not clear, it is best to go with the meaning derived from other contexts, unless it clearly does not fit. Then either adjust the meaning found in other contexts to one that fits all contexts, or if that is not possible, admit that here we deal with homonyms. But as long as the 403 actions, either directly or by inference, are recognized, it is not often that homonyms are recognized. As far as I am able, I try to find the basic action denoted by a word, and list it without denoting all its variations caused by grammatical structures. I list verbs in their basic, Qal meanings. I don’t list the Niphal, Piel, Pual, Hiphil and Hitpael meanings as I expect the reader to be able to recognize the different binyanim and how they change meanings. Further information on grammar is in the grammar section at the end of this dictionary. One word of caution: while spoken homonyms may have been rare, written ones in Biblical Hebrew are far more common, as Biblical Hebrew did not have written vowels to show all the pronunciations that would have denoted differences in spoken language. There are many examples of where a spelling may refer to more than one word, and in most of those cases, they are listed with pointers to the words to which they refer. In the diagram below, I use circles to indicate the “circle of meaning” showing by size that some words can be used in multiple contexts, while others in fewer contexts. Further, by position, how words can relate one to another. Starting with the blue circles, A B, C and D, A as a word as a fairly wide range of uses. B is a subset of A having only some of A’s uses. C is a synonym that overlaps the circle of uses that is contained in A, though can be used in contexts where A is not used. D is a totally separate word. In this diagram the blue circles represent the range of uses found in Hebrew words. 404 To the right we have a second diagram. Whereas the blue circles represent Hebrew in this example, the red circles represent possible English words that can be used to translate the Hebrew. Notice, not one red circle has the same range of uses as is found in any of the Hebrew words. Not one. One actually intersects with words A and D which in Hebrew are completely separate words. Two of the words intersect with words A and C. In the diagram, word A has some of its circle of meaning that isn’t covered by any English word. Circle C is especially problematic, as most of the contexts where it is used in Hebrew have no equivalent in English, while five circles intersect with parts of it. While this diagram is for illustration purposes only and I didn’t have Hebrew and English examples in mind when I drew it, it does illustrate why translation ≠ understanding within a language. What this dictionary attempts do is to give that understanding within Biblical Hebrew. An example is the Hebrew word ‫ בוא‬to which the closest English equivalent is “to come”. Even within its simple uses, it’s used in contexts where English would indicate the motion as “to come in, to enter”. Furthermore, within Biblical Hebrew, there’s the Hiphil use which is the causative “to cause to come” which is not found in English. In English, we use a completely different word, namely “to bring”. In this dictionary I list this word as “to come to come in, to enter” because I expect the user of this dictionary to know and recognize how Biblical Hebrew grammar affects the uses and meaning of words, and because I want to make it easier for students to learn and recognize Hebrew uses of the words and their patterns without worrying about their translations. Therefore, in this dictionary, I’ve tried to give the actions connected with the words and give an idea of their range of uses, as they would have been understood by an ancient Hebrew, preferably from before the Babylonian Captivity. In the back, I include a short grammar which includes how grammatical structures can affect the meanings of words: for example, in verbs from standard to standard passive to imperfective to imperfective passive to causative to causative passive and finally centered on the actor, usually reflexive. I then expect the reader to be smart enough to pick up a thesaurus (they’re included in most modern computers) to find the best word to use in English, or whatever other language the translator may wish. 405 History of this dictionary: This is a dictionary that was not planned, but just grew. Basically it is an ad hoc production where words were entered and revised as I came across them while reading Tanakh. It also reflects my growing understanding of Biblical Hebrew language based on reading Tanakh time and time again. What it really needs is to be gone through systematically from beginning to end, reflecting the latest understanding of the grammar and syntax as reflected in the grammar section of this dictionary. I have yet to do that task. When I was young and still a beginner in reading the Tanakh in Hebrew, I heavily used Davidson’s Analytical Lexicon. Even though my professor had recommended against using it, I found myself stumped so often as to which word was meant by the form found on the page before me that I had no choice but to make use of it. Eventually the book fell apart, but by that time I almost never looked up individual forms because I had learned them by much repetition. What I learned from Davidson’s Analytical Lexicon beyond the forms is derivation patterns of roots to nouns, adjectives, etc. Davidson’s follows a traditional pattern where all words are listed according to their verbal roots. But not uncommonly I was baffled as to how a word would be connected to its specified root, I could see no connection other than similarity in form. That similarity could be the result of a homonym, or homograph, and no connection was supposed to be there. Yet recognizing roots and other words derived from the same roots is useful for recognizing what words mean, so in this dictionary I list words both alphabetically, and according to their roots where applicable. Now after reading Tanakh over twenty times (I lost count), I notice patterns of noun derivations from verbs that were neither taught in class, nor listed in any dictionary I consulted. I now list many of those in this dictionary as separate entries. I also don’t list speculated words, usually “verbal roots”, that are not found in actual use in Tanakh. After my copy of Davidson’s Analytical Lexicon fell apart, I didn’t replace it. Rather I made my copy of Gesenius’ Lexicon my main one. I also have a copy of Lisowski’s Handkonkordanz zum Hebräischen Alten Testament. After reading Tanakh through four or five times, I noticed that the grammar I had been taught in class didn’t match Biblical Hebrew uses I find in Tanakh. In particular, the verbal 406 conjugations refer to neither tense nor aspect. At the same time I noticed that more and more often when I looked up a word in Gesenius, that I questioned how the definition fit the context. Increasingly I turned to Lisowski’s concordance to double check other contexts where the word is found. One thing I noticed is that Lisowski’s definitions are not always the same as Gesenius’, and where they differ, Lisowski tends to be more accurate. (One caveat: Lisowski was a German, and while the German glosses fit his understandings, occasionally he looked up and entered the wrong English gloss. Not a problem if you know German.) With the exception of some seldom used terms, I don’t look to cognate languages for definitions. That started with questioning Gesenius (and BDB) when comparing their definitions with the actual uses found in Lisowski’s concordance. It continues to this day with the help of electronic aids. Then there are some cases where none of the definitions of words I found fit the contexts where they are found, usually words found only once in Tanakh, Where those are found, I leave those entries without a definition. At that point I started writing corrections in the margins of my copy of Gesenius, which I mirrored in my copy of Lisowski’s concordance. I included not only corrections, but also references to synonyms and a few contrasts to antonyms. Eventually I concentrated my notes in the margins of my copy of the concordance, because the margins were wider. What about BDB? At that time it was still under copyright, and out of my price range. However, when I had opportunity to compare its definitions with what I wrote, I found that it is usually wrong in the same way as Gesenius. Eventually my copies of both Lisowski’s concordance and Gesenius’s lexicon started falling apart. I had my copy of Lisowski’s concordance rebound, but allowed Gesenius to be recycled. About 1985 I realized that my notes in the margins constituted the first draft of a complete dictionary. Later I transcribed my notes into a computer file. After that, I have made further corrections, yes corrections on what I thought were corrections. On many words used fewer than 20 times I now often include Bible verses where they are found. I have expanded many definitions to make them easier to understand (I recognize what they mean, but would someone else?). The file you have before you is many revisions after my original transcription. 407 How to find definitions of words (i.e. how to do the work of a lexicographer). 1) Recognize how words are used in their contexts. This effort requires reading Tanakh so often until one can think in Biblical Hebrew. An example being being able to anticipate the next word from the context while reading a passage. Additional help is using concordances and electronic searches to see how words are used in different contexts. 2) Recognize and analyze how words are derived from common roots. While not every word can be traced to its root, many can. An example in English is the word “act” which gives a noun “act” (three definitions), “action”, “activity”, “active”, and more. When roots can be traced and recognized, that often helps find meanings of words, especially in many cases where words are used only once or only a few times in Tanakh. This can go both ways—knowing root meanings can help recognize derivative meanings, and conversely the pattern of derivative meanings can help recognize root meanings. 3) Recognize loan words from other languages. All languages borrow words from other languages to refer to concepts not originally found in society. Biblical Hebrew is no different. Examples include ‫ הפלתי‬from the Philistines, and ‫ פרדס‬possibly from the Persians. There are other known examples, and how many are unknown? Problems specific to Biblical Hebrew: 4) Because Tanakh is such a limited text, there are times that a definition can’t be recognized by use, context, or root—in which cases occasionally a reference to a cognate language can give clues. However, this must be done very carefully, as sometimes even close cognates can have very different definitions for the same words. An example is ‫ שכח‬in Hebrew and Aramaic have almost diametric opposite meanings. 5) Because Biblical Hebrew was written with no vowels, consonants only, there are many times that the same set of consonants can refer to different words. These are homographs that may originally had different pronunciations. Possibly the most common examples are that very often third person masculine verbs and singular masculine participles, which are nouns, share the same sets of consonants. 408 6) Related to the above, grammatical derivation of roots can cause words from different roots to become homographs. One among many examples is that ‫ אכלה‬can either be a third person feminine Qatal verb from ‫אכל‬, or a first person Yiqtol verb from ‫ כלה‬, and is used both ways in Tanakh. 409 What about the Masoretic points? Why have I not used them in this dictionary? 1) The Masoretic points do not reflect Biblical era pronunciations. A thousand years of when there have been no native speakers of Biblical Hebrew, as well as those who spoke Hebrew as a second language had their pronunciations influenced by their native tongues, caused the pronunciations to change long before the time of the Masoretes. 2) The Masoretes did not speak Biblical Hebrew. 3) The Masoretes’ native tongue was Aramaic. 4) The Hebrew the Masoretes knew was Tiberian Hebrew, a language whose grammar and many vocabulary items differed from Biblical Hebrew. 5) The Masoretes invented the vowel points, but the pronunciations the vowel points recorded are from Tiberian Hebrew, not Biblical Hebrew. 6) The points recorded by the Masoretes reflect the understanding of the text through the lens of Tiberian Hebrew, rather than through a thoroughgoing understanding of Biblical Hebrew. 7) Therefore, many times the points are wrong as far as Biblical Hebrew understanding is concerned. With these as a background, we cannot use the Masoretic points as proof of anything, rather we need to rely solely on the consonantal text as proof. However, when communicating about Hebrew in the modern world, the only pronunciation known and used is based on Tiberian Hebrew. That includes modern Israeli Hebrew. Therefore it’s good to know and recognize at least the vowel points, even if never using them. 410 The dictionary sections above are encoded with the Ezra SIL font, which has the following license listed on their website: Hebrew layout intelligence copyright © 2003 & 2007 Ralph Hancock and John Hudson, and licensed under the MIT/X11 License: MIT/X11 License (for Hebrew layout intelligence only) Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the “Software”), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED “AS IS”, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE. 411