CPMV Versus TMV

Journal of General Virology

1996

The discovery of an infectious agent which passes through a filter that blocks bacterial agents and causes tobacco mosaic disease is generally recognized as the earliest distinct piece of virus research. These initial observations date to a report in 1892 by Ivanovski and, independently, another report 6 years later by Beijerinck, who described tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) as a “contagium vivum fluidum.” Beijerinck, in recognizing this infectious agent as living but noncorpuscular, distinguished it from bacteria, which were considered to be more complex in their organization. These moments in the history of virus research, and especially Beijerinck’s work, are widely considered the start of virology. However, a curious paradox exists here. In 1953, the Australian microbiologist and immunologist Macfarlane Burnet claimed that virology did not become an independent science until the 1950s. Scholarly activities during the 1950s certainly make it tempting to designate these years as the dawning period of virology. For instance, several journals dedicated to virology, including Virology (1955), Advances in Virus Research (1953), Voprosy Virusologii (1956), Acta Virologica (1957), Progress in Medical Virology (1958), and Perspectives in Virology (1959), were started during that period. Moreover, the original edition of Salvador Luria’s seminal textbook, General Virology, was published early during that decade. Critical to these conceptual developments was the widely accepted realization that viruses replicate within host cells during a non-infectious phase, since then known as the “eclipse” period. On the other hand, a quarter century earlier, there had been a similar burst of scholarly activity, including publication in 1928 of the collection of essays Filterable Viruses, edited by Thomas Rivers; introduction in 1939 of the journal Archiv für die gesamte Virusforschung by Springer Verlag in Vienna (continued as Archives of Virology); and publication of more than a dozen scholarly monographs on plant and animal viruses. During this earlier period, viruses were viewed as replicating in the same way as bacteria and other microorganisms by binary fission but differed from them by being “filterable.”

American Journal of Public Health, 2000

Public Health Then and Now FIGURE 2-Poster distributed by the Illinois Tuberculosis Association during World War I. Reprinted in the Bulletin of the National Association for the Study and Prevention of Tuberculosis 3, no. 9 (June 1917), 4. Public Health Then and Now FIGURE 3-Advertisment for Fly-Tox insecticide, reprinted from Good Housekeeping Magazine, vol. 91 (July 1926).

Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences, 1997

J EW works have had such a long and influential reign in the scholarly corpus of medical history as Phyllis Allen Richmond's "American attitudes toward the germ theory of disease, 1860-18 80," which appeared in the pages of this journal in 1954. Her contention that American physicians were especially slow to accept the germ theory of disease has been repeated as fact in countless works of scholarship, and the original article is still frequently assigned in courses. Rarely has one short work had so great an impact on the historiography of our field. For more than forty years, Richmond's thesis has rarely been challenged, a record that surely has few precedents in the field. 1 1. Phyllis Allen Richmond, "American attitudes toward the germ theory of disease" (1860-1880),

2010

The history of science contains many cases of researchers who have died because of their professional activity. In the field of microbiology, some have died or have come close to death from infection by agents that were the subject of their research (Table 1). Infections that had a lethal outcome were usually accidental. Sometimes, however, researchers inoculated themselves with the pathogen or did not take preventive measures against the potential pathogen because they wanted to prove their hypotheses-or disprove someone else'sregarding the origin of the infection. Here is an overview of several episodes in the history of microbiology since the mid nineteenth century involving researchers or workers in fields related to microbiology who have become infected. They are considered here in their historical context to provide insights into some of the pillars of modern microbiology-the giants on whose shoulders several generations of microbiologists have stood to see further. From the Lady with the Lamp to the Lady with the Microscope. Mediterranean, Malta, Gibraltar, and Crimean fever are several of the names by which the disease called undulant fever after 1913-now brucellosis-was traditionally known. It was predominant in the Mediterranean region and its history has been associated to military medicine. Hoover and Friedlander refer to British army surgeon George Cleghorn (1716-1789), who was sent to Minorca during the British domination of the Balearic island, and described cases of chronic, relapsing febrile illness [16]. Cleghorn, who was in Minorca from 1736 to 1749, practiced medicine not only among British soldiers but also among the locals, and gathered a wealth of data about the most frequent diseases in the island. The result of his observations was a 311-page book titled Observations on the epidemical diseases in Minorca from the year 1744 to 1749 to which is prefixed, a short account of the climate, productions, inhabitants, and endemical distempers of that island (T. Cadell, D. Wilson and G. Nicol, London, 1751), which he dedicated to the Society of Surgeons of His Majesty's Royal Navy. Minorcan historian of science Josep M. Vidal Hernández has described and carefully analyzed Cleghorn's work in Minorca and his report [43]. According to Vidal, what Cleghorn describes is "tertian" fever, which was the name given at the time to fever caused by malaria parasites with a periodicity of 48 hours. In fact, Cleghorn used quinine to treat tertian fever (i.e, malaria), which was not eradicated from Minorca until the 1940s [43,44]. It was Spanish army surgeon Manuel Rodríguez y Caramazana (1765-1836), appointed Cirujano Mayor (Chief Surgeon) of the Militar Hospital of Minorca in 1802, who clearly referred to Malta fever in Minorca in 1813. He published an eight-page pamphlet titled Modo de precaver a Menorca de la peste de Malta (How to protect Minorca from the plague of Malta). The pamphlet was not received warmly because of the strict preventive measures he proposed [45]. The British army surgeon Jeffrey Allen Marston (1831-1911) contracted Malta fever in 1861 and described his own case in great detail in the statistical report of the British Army Medical Department that Marston wrote that same year, but published in 1863. Marston first distinguished Malta fever from other Mediterranean fevers [16,19], even though he did not know what the causal agent of the disease was. Another British army physician and microbiologist, Surgeon Captain David Bruce (1855-1931), with his wife and close collaborator Mary, succeeded in culturing the causal agent from the spleen of a patient who had died from Malta fever. Bruce named it Micrococcus melitensis, now known as Brucella melitensis [42]. The discoveries that apparently healthy goats could be the reservoir for the bacterium, and that milk of nat

International Journal of Dentistry and Oral Health, 2018

While the product Listerine has become ubiquitous with bad breath, this wasn't always the case. Its history is both a study of medicine and marketing that involves a long list of participants. Having its roots in the development of antiseptic surgery its success as a "health" product is an early example of a pharmaceutical company utilizing direct to consumer advertising. Even more astounding is how the Lambert Pharmaceutical Company created a condition more than they created a product. In a paper presented to the surgical section of the British Medical Association in Dublin on August 9 th , 1867 physician and surgeon Dr. Joseph Lister explained his principle of the germ theory and the use of carbolic acid. He stated that the chemicals "…appear to exercise a peculiarly destructive influence upon low forms of life, and hence is the most powerful antiseptic with which we are presently acquainted." Lister went on to explain in detail his methodology of first attempting to destroy microorganisms (referred to as germs) that may have been introduced into the wound at the time of injury as well as postoperatively. While Lister would eventually go on to become regarded as the father of antiseptic surgery it would take many years for the profession of medicine to fully accept his ideas, this was especially true in the United States. In one of his attempts to enlighten US surgeons, Lister made a presentation at the Philadelphia Exposition in 1876. Among those in attendance, that day was Dr. Joseph Joshua Lawrence, a surgeon and Robert Johnson a pharmacist. Both men would go on to revolutionize the market for antiseptic oral hygiene in the United States. "But when it has been shown by the researches of Pasteur that the septic property of the atmosphere depended not on the oxygen or any gaseous constituent, but on minute organisms suspended in it, which owed their energy to their vitality, it occurred to me that decomposition in the injured part might be avoided without excluding the air, by applying as a dressing some material capable of destroying the life of the floating particles. Upon this principle, I have based a practice." Joseph Lister, address to the British Medical Association in Dublin in 1887: [1] this same period, Joseph senior would go on to developed achromatic object lenses for the compound microscope, something that young Joseph Lister would greatly benefit from in later years. In 1844 he entered University College in London earning a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1847. He would graduate from the same institution in 1852 with a Bachelor of Medicine with honors, and would become a fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons and house surgeon at University College Hospital. The following year while in Edinburgh, Scotland, he became acquainted with the leading European surgeon as well as a surgical instructor of the time, James Syme. In 1854 Lister was selected as an assistant to Syme at the University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh Royal Infirmary, and in 1856 he was appointed a surgeon at the infirmary. In 1860 he would be named a full professor of surgery at the Royal Infirmary in Glasgow [3]. This was an era where any type of surgery was risky. Even if the actual surgery was successful there was a high likelihood that the patient would develop an infection and die. The prevailing thought on

Clinical Infectious Diseases, 2005

were missing from his laboratory at Texas Tech University. We take this opportunity to remind the infectious diseases community of the plight of our esteemed colleague, whose career and family have, as a result of his efforts to protect us from infection by this organism, paid a price from which they will never recover.

Arts , 2024

Prehistoric communities had strong ties with the animal world that surrounded them— animals were prey, sources of food, and raw materials, but also threats and mysteries, and certain animals often had an important place in the symbolic realm. With the process of domestication and the switch to animal husbandry as the main source of animal food, these relations changed considerably, and a certain dichotomy between “the domestic” and “the wild” may be noted in numerous past communities. When it comes to the Neolithic period in the Balkans, domestic animals had an important place in subsistence and economy, and it seems that cattle had a particularly prominent symbolic role. Wild species preserved some of their significance in both subsistence and symbolic realms, especially cervids (red deer, roe deer, and fallow deer). In this paper, the place of deer in the material culture of the Neolithic communities in the Balkans will be analysed: skeletal elements of deer were used for the production of diverse items, including non-utilitarian ones, or were part of ritual depositions, and deer representations are encountered in other materials, such as clay figurines. The symbolic meaning of deer cannot be reconstructed with certainty; however, it is probable that deer were tied with territoriality and the landscape.

Fundamentos de las políticas públicas sectoriales 2.1 Enfoque Basado en los Derechos Humanos 2.1.1 Valor agregado del EBDH en las políticas sectoriales 2.2 Políticas públicas sectoriales: definición y justificación 1o 2.3 Instrumentos de política sectorial 2.3.1 Bloque de Constitucionalidad 2.3.2 Estrategia de Largo Plazo 2.3.3 Plan Nacional para el Buen Vivir 2009-2013 2.3.4 Agendas Sectoriales y Territoriales 2.3.5 Agendas para la Igualdad 2.3.6 Planificación Institucional 2.4 Igualdad y no discriminación en las políticas sectoriales 2.5 Ciclo de las políticas públicas