Carbon storage in vegetative organs of oil palm

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Carbon reserves or non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) are resources accumulated under mobilizable forms to sustain plant growth and development. Perennial plants accumulate NSC during periods of excess production of photo assimilates and use then when demand exceeds production. This characteristic is well documented for temperate forest and fruit-bearing species, although little information is available for tropical perennial species (Mialet-Serra et al, 2008) like palms. Coconut and oil palms are arborescent, monocotyledonous species with indeterminate growth, producing fruits with high caloric contents (from 70% to 80% of lipids in a mature kernel or mesocarp), continuously over several decades. Source-sink imbalances occur in coconut and oil palms as environment factors affecting reproductive sinks and carbon assimilation rate are not the same and act with different time lags, requiring transitory compensation through carbon storage and mobilization (Mialet-Serra et al., 2008; Legros et al., 2009). Harvest index (fruit dry matter : total dry matter yield ratio), equal to 0.32 and 0.37 (Mialet-Serra, unpublished data), respectively for coconut and oil palms, indicates that oil palm is a more efficient crop than coconut. The objectives of this study were (i) to characterize the chemical nature, location and amount of carbohydrate reserves in adult coconut and oil palms and (ii) to determine the role of the carbon pool in different situations affecting source-sink relationships.

Tree Physiology, 2009

Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) is a perennial, tropical, monocotyledonous plant characterized by simple architecture and low phenotypic plasticity, but marked by long development cycles of individual phytomers (a pair of one leaf and one inflorescence at its axil). Environmental effects on vegetative or reproductive sinks occur with various time lags depending on the process affected, causing source-sink imbalances. This study investigated how the two instantaneous sources of carbon assimilates, CO 2 assimilation and mobilization of transitory non-structural carbohydrate (NSC) reserves, may buffer such imbalances. An experiment was conducted in Indonesia during a 22-month period (from July 2006 to May 2008) at two contrasting locations (Kandista and Batu Mulia) using two treatments (control and complete fruit pruning treatment) in Kandista. Measurements included leaf gas exchange, dynamics of NSC reserves and dynamics of structural aboveground vegetative growth (SVG) and reproductive growth. Drought was estimated from a simulated fraction of transpirable soil water. The main sources of variation in source-sink relationships were (i) short-term reductions in lightsaturated leaf CO 2 assimilation rate (A max ) during seasonal drought periods, particularly in Batu Mulia; (ii) rapid responses of SVG rate to drought; and (iii) marked lag periods between 16 and 29 months of environmental effects on the development of reproductive sinks. The resulting source-sink imbalances were buffered by fluctuations in NSC reserves in the stem, which mainly consisted of glucose and starch. Starch was the main buffer for sink variations, whereas glucose dynamics remained unexplained. Even under strong sink limitation, no negative feedback on A max was observed. In conclusion, the different lag periods for environmental effects on assimilate sources and sinks in oil palm are mainly buffered by NSC accumulation in the stem, which can attain 50% (dw:dw) in stem tops. The resulting dynamics of growth and production are complex because several dozen phytomers of different phenological ages develop at any given time and interact with a common pool of reserves.

IOPC–Optimum Use …, 2006

Legros S., Mialet-Serra I., Caliman JP, Clément-Vidal A., Siregar FA, Widiastuti L., Jourdan C., Dingkuhn M.. 2006. In : IOPRI. International Oil Palm Conference (IOPC), Bali, Indonesia, 19-23 June 2006 . sl : sn, 11 p.. International Oil Palm Conference, 2006-06-19/2006-06-...

Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry, 2009

Plant, Cell & Environment, 2015

Oil palm has now become one of the most important crops, palm oil representing nearly 25% of global plant oil consumption. Many studies have thus addressed oil palm ecophysiology and photosynthesis-based models of carbon allocation have been used. However, there is a lack of experimental data on carbon fixation and redistribution within palm trees, and important C-sinks have not been fully characterized yet. Here, we carried out extensive measurement of natural 13 C-abundance (δ 13 C) in oil palm tissues, including fruits at different maturation stages. We find a 13 C-enrichment in heterotrophic organs compared to mature leaves, with roots being the most 13 Cenriched. The δ 13 C in fruits decreased during maturation, reflecting the accumulation in 13 C-depleted lipids. We further used observed δ 13 C values to compute plausible carbon fluxes using a steady-state model of 13 C-distribution including metabolic isotope effects (12 v/ 13 v). The results suggest that fruits represent a major respiratory loss (≈39% of total tree respiration) and that sink organs such as fruits are fed by sucrose from leaves. That is, glucose appears to be a quantitatively important compound in palm tissues, but computations indicate that it is involved in dynamic starch metabolism rather that Cexchange between organs.

2008

Oil palm is currently one of the most valuable cash crops in the tropical world. Worldwide, oil palm plantations cover more than 12 million hectares. This crop system also has large areas and economic importance in Latin America. In consequence, this agroecosystem seems to be a good candidate to sequester carbon (C) in tropical countries. The amount of C in the biomass and soil component of an oil palm ( Elaeis guineensis ) crop system was quantified in this study. The C stored in the soil was calculated from the soil %C, bulk density, and sample depth. The C stored in the biomass was calculated from the biomass %C and the dry weight. Total carbon sequestration average of an oil palm agroecosystem (aboveground carbon biomass + soil carbon) reached 96.02 Mg·ha –1 C (soil depth, 0–30 cm) and 126.03 Mg·ha –1 C (0–50 cm), of which 22.68 Mg·ha –1 C was found in the oil palm aboveground biomass, and the remaining part in the soil. Soil was the system component that stored the higher amoun...

Academia Biology, 2023

One of the major causes due to cancer-related death is metastasis. The major factors contributing to metastasis of cancer cells are epithelial–mesenchymal transition and cancer stem cells. There are multiple evidences which suggest that malfunction of epigenetic regulation in functioning of a gene is directly related to the development of cancer. The capability to change or reprogram the landscape of epigenetics in the epigenome of cancer is the most promising and guaranteed targeted therapy that leads to the reversibility of drug resistance and new modalities of treatment in cancer. This review clearly focuses on various epigenetic modifications which leads to antitumor drug resistance and how epigenetic modifiers can reverse drug resistance.

Iranian Role in Pakistan’s Baluchistan Insurgency, 2024

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