Graphemes on two Rakhigarhi seals signify medho, mandar

Supercargo is a representative of the ship's owner on board a merchant ship, responsible for overseeing the cargo and its sale. M. kārṇī m. ʻ prime minister, supercargo of a ship ʼ, kul -- karṇī m. ʻ village accountant ʼ.kāraṇika m. ʻ teacher ʼ MBh., ʻ judge ʼ Pañcat. [kā- raṇa -- ]Pa. usu -- kāraṇika -- m. ʻ arrow -- maker ʼ; Pk. kāraṇiya -- m. ʻ teacher of Nyāya ʼ; S. kāriṇī m. ʻ guardian, heir ʼ; N. kārani ʻ abettor in crime ʼ(CDIAL 3058) This Supercargo is signified by the hieroglyph कर्णक kárṇaka, kannā 'legs spread', 'person standing with spread legs'. This occurs with 48 variants. See: http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2016/04/body-with-spread-legs-hypertexts-48-two.html Another hieroglyph which also signifies 'Supercargo' is 'rim-of-jar' hieroglyph', the most frequently occurring hypertext on Indus Script Corpora. See, for example, Daimabad seal. kárṇaka m. ʻ projection on the side of a vessel, handle ʼ ŚBr. [kárṇa -- ]Pa. kaṇṇaka -- ʻ having ears or corners ʼ; Wg. kaṇə ʻ ear -- ring ʼ NTS xvii 266; S. kano m. ʻ rim, border ʼ; P. kannā m. ʻ obtuse angle of a kite ʼ (→ H. kannā m. ʻ edge, rim, handle ʼ); N. kānu ʻ end of a rope for supporting a burden ʼ; B. kāṇā ʻ brim of a cup ʼ, G. kānɔ m.; M. kānā m. ʻ touch -- hole of a gun ʼ.(CDIAL 2831) Thus, the two hieroglyphs: 1.spread legs and 2. rim of jar are conclusive determinants signifying language used by the artisans: Prakrtam (mleccha/meluhha) and the underlying language basse for the hypertexts of Indus Script Corpora. Rakhigarhi extending over 350 hectares is the largest site of Sarasvati-Sindhu civilization. Two seals with identical messages found in both Rakhigarhi and Banawali signify a karNika, Supercargo (functionary of the metalwork guild; Rebus kañi-āra 'helmsman' karaṇī 'scribe'. ). This points to the possibility that Rakhigarhi and Banawali were both sites on Sarasvati River Basin which provided a navigable channel for seafaring artisans'/merchants' guilds (with a Supercargo, supervising the shipment), right upto Dholavira-Dwaraka and beyond through the Persian Gulf. I suggest that both Rakhigarhi seal and Banawali seal convey the identical message signifying a Supercargo (karNika), with a seafaring vessel (cargo boat), supervising the merchandise of dhAtu 'strands of rope' rebus: dhAtu 'minerals' from a fire--altar; sal 'splinter' rebus: sal 'workshop' (Hieroglyph: gaNDa 'four'Rebus: kanda 'fire-altar' khaNDa 'implements') PLUS ayo, aya 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron, ayas 'metal' PLUS adaren 'lid' rebus: aduru 'unsmelted metal'.PLUS khambhaṛā 'fish-fin' rebus: kammaTa 'mint, coin, coiner, coinage'. The tiger is horned: koD 'horn' rebus: koD 'workshop' kola 'tiger' rebus: kol 'working in iron' kolhe 'smelter' kolle 'blacksmith' Thus, horned tiger signified smelter-workshop of blacksmith. The Supercargo karNika, signified with the standing person with legs spread is shown as possessing a sangaDa 'a cargo boat'. Hieroglyph: सांगड sāṅgaḍa lathe, portable furnace Rebus: sangaDa 'cargo boat'. Rakhigarhi seal replicates Banawari. Seal 17. Text 9201 Found in a gold-silversmith's residence.. Hornd tiger PLUS lathe + portable furnace. Banawali 17, Text 9201 Find spot: “The plan of ‘palatial building’ rectangular in shape (52 X 46 m) with eleven units of rooms…The discovery of a tiger seal from the sitting room and a few others from the house and its vicinity, weights ofchert, and lapis lazuli beads and deluxe Harappan pottery indicate that the house belonged to a prominent merchant.” (loc.cit. VK Agnihotri, 2005, Indian History, Delhi, Allied Publishers, p. A-60) Message on metalwork: kol ‘tiger’ (Santali); kollan ‘blacksmith’ (Ta.) kod. ‘horn’; kod. ‘artisan’s workshop’ PLUS śagaḍī = lathe (Gujarati) san:gaḍa, ‘lathe, portable furnace’; rebus: sangath संगथ् । संयोगः f. (sg. dat. sangüʦü association, living together, partnership (e.g. of beggars, rakes, members of a caravan, and so on); (of a man or woman) copulation, sexual union.sangāṭh संगाठ् । सामग्री m. (sg. dat. sangāṭas संगाटस्), a collection (of implements, tools, materials, for any object), apparatus, furniture, a collection of the things wanted on a journey, luggage, and so on. --karun -- करुन् । सामग्रीसंग्रहः m.inf. to collect the ab. (L.V. 17).(Kashmiri) Hieroglyph multiplex: gaNDa 'four' Rebus: khaNDa 'metal implements' aya 'fish' Rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'metal' aDaren 'lid' Rebus: aduru 'native metal' Hieroglyph: sal 'splinter' Rebus: sal 'workshop' Hieroglyph: dhāˊtu 'strand' Rebus: mineral: dhāˊtu n. ʻ substance ʼ RV., m. ʻ element ʼ MBh., ʻ metal, mineral, ore (esp. of a red colour) ʼ Mn., ʻ ashes of the dead ʼ lex., ʻ *strand of rope ʼ (cf. tridhāˊtu -- ʻ threefold ʼ RV., ayugdhātu -- ʻ having an uneven number of strands ʼ KātyŚr.). [√dhā]Pa. dhātu -- m. ʻ element, ashes of the dead, relic ʼ; KharI. dhatu ʻ relic ʼ; Pk. dhāu -- m. ʻ metal, red chalk ʼ; N. dhāu ʻ ore (esp. of copper) ʼ; Or. ḍhāu ʻ red chalk, red ochre ʼ (whence ḍhāuā ʻ reddish ʼ; M.dhāū, dhāv m.f. ʻ a partic. soft red stone ʼ (whence dhā̆vaḍ m. ʻ a caste of iron -- smelters ʼ, dhāvḍī ʻ composed of or relating to iron ʼ); -- Si. dā ʻ relic ʼ; -- S. dhāī f. ʻ wisp of fibres added from time to time to a rope that is being twisted ʼ, L. dhāī˜ f. (CDIAL 6773). Alternative: Hieroglyhph: Ko. gōṭu ʻ silver or gold braid ʼ Rebus: M. goṭ metal wristlet ʼ P. goṭṭā ʻ gold or silver lace ʼ, H. goṭā m. ʻ edging of such ʼ (→ K. goṭa m. ʻ edging of gold braid ʼ, S. goṭo m. ʻ gold or silver lace ʼ); P. goṭ f. ʻ spool on which gold or silver wire is wound, piece on a chequer board ʼ; (CDIAL 4271) Hieroglyph-multiplex: body PLUS platform: meD 'body' Rebus: meD 'iron' PLUS Hieroglyhph: pī˜ṛī ʻplatform of lingamʼ Rebus: Mth. pĩṛ, pĩṛā ʻlumpʼ Thus, the message of the hieroglyph-multiplex is: lump of iron. कर्णक kárṇaka, kannā 'legs spread', Rebus: karNika 'Supercargo'' merchant in charge of cargo of a shipment, helmsman, scribe. Rebus kañi-āra 'helmsman' karaṇī 'scribe'. Citadel Within the citadel of Rakhigarhi (RGR-2), mud-brick podiums like those at Kalibangan have been found. Here the podium has in-built oblong pit chambers, used possibly for ritualistic purpose. These chambers have deposits of charcoal bits.and cattle bones. In another fire altar of Rakhigarhi (RGR-2) the floor and niches were coated with mud plaster. Significantly, a terracotta bull figurine has been found.on the floor near the western niche. Most likely, the structure was a place of worship, and the bull a sacred, revered animal. Next to this structure, a T-shaped fire altar with carved ends has been found. Fire altars (Rakhigarhi) To the north, in the same alignment, a brick-lined redctangular pit containing animal bones predominantly of the bovine family has been found. Almost from the same level three circular fire altars positioned in a semi-circular fashion reminiscent of those at Banawali have been excavated. Fine brushing over the surface of these altars has revealed white patches of possibly burnt hard shell of fruits offered at the fire altar. Nearest to Rakhigarhi, gold panning or washing has been known in the upper reaches of Sutlej and Beas. Source: http://haryanasamvad.gov.in/store/document/HR%20%20Review%20JUNE%202015.pdf Published: January 7, 2016 00:00 IST | Updated: January 7, 2016 02:06 IST January 7, 2016 Rakhigarhi could unlock mystery of Indus civilisation • Jason Burke To the casual onlooker, Rakhigarhi is unimpressive. Yet the fields around and under this Indian village in Haryana are set to deliver the answer to one of the deepest secrets of ancient times Wazir Chand is explaining life 4,000 years ago. He points to the rocky mounds looming over a huddle of brick houses, a herd of black buffalo and a few stunted trees. A low rise was a fortification, Chand says, and a darker patch of red earth hides the site of an altar. He points to a slight depression. This, apparently, was a pit that may have been a reservoir. To the casual onlooker, Rakhigarhi is unimpressive. Yet the rubbish-strewn mounds and fields around and under this Indian village are set to deliver the answer to one of the deepest secrets of ancient times. Rakhigarhi is a key site in the Indus Valley civilisation, which ruled a more than 1m sq km swath of the Asian subcontinent during the bronze age and was as advanced and powerful as its better known contemporary counterparts in Egypt and Mesopotamia. Archaeologists have learned much about the civilisation since it was discovered along the Indus river in present day Pakistan about a century ago. Excavations have since uncovered huge carefully designed cities with massive grain stores, metal workshops, public baths, dockyards and household plumbing, as well as stunning distinctive seals. But many perplexing questions remain unanswered. One has stood out: who exactly were the people of the Indus civilisation? A response may come within weeks. “Our research will most definitely provide an answer. This will be a major breakthrough. I am very excited,” said Vasant Shinde, the archaeologist leading the current excavations at Rakhigarhi, which was discovered in 1965. Shinde’s conclusions will be published in the new year. They are based on DNA sequences derived from four skeletons — of two men, a woman and a child — excavated eight months ago and checked against DNA data from tens of thousands of people from all across the subcontinent, central Asia and Iran. “The DNA is likely to be incredibly interesting and it has the potential to address all sorts of challenging questions about the population history of the people of the Indus civilisation,” said Dr. Cameron Petrie, an expert in south Asian and Iranian archaeology at the University of Cambridge. The origins of the people of the Indus Valley civilisation has prompted a long-running argument that has lasted for more than five decades.

Rakhigarhi Indus Script inscriptions (21), Ri 1 to Ri 21 are metalwork catalogues of seafaring merchants The recurrent message on many inscriptions of Rakhigarhi is karNI 'Supercargo' who is a representative of the ship's owner on board a merchant ship, responsible for overseeing the cargo and its sale. Thus, the inscriptions signify seafaring merchants travelling through Drishadvati-Sarasvati river system for maritime trade beyond Dholavira into Persoan Gulf and onwards to Ancient Near East. kāraṇī 'helmsman, scribe, supercargo' of Indus Script is Kernunno of Pilier des Nautes. See: http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2016/04/karani-helmsman-scribe-supercargo-of.html C1750 Antique Print Pillar of The Boatmen Images SimonneauKernunno signified on the pillar is traceable to the tradition of a metalsmih shown on Mohenjo-daro seal m0304. Ri 1 (Rakhigarhi Seal Inscription 1) RG1 Seal remnant. From l. to r. kolmo 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'; kuṭilika 'bent, curved' dula 'pair' rebus: kuṭila, katthīl = bronze (8 parts copper and 2 parts tin); muh 'ingot' PLUS baTa 'quail' rebus: bhaTa 'furnace' PLUS sal 'splinter' rebus: sal 'workshop' bicha 'scorpion' rebus: bicha 'haematite'; tutta 'goad' rebus: tuttha 'zinc sulphate'; dATu 'cross' rebus: dhatu 'mineral' karNaka 'rim of jar' rebus: karNI 'supercargo' karNika 'helmsman'. The one-horned bull (PLUS a standard device) signify a कोंद kōnda ‘engraver, lapidary setting or infixing gems’ kōndar 'turner' PLUS sangaD 'lathe' rebus: sangrah, 'catalogue' of shipment products. A five-centimetre seal with the Harappan script. It seems to have a pictorial motif of a one-horned young bull (broken) Source: http://www.frontline.in/arts-and-culture/heritage/harappan-surprises/article6032206.ece Hieroglyph: sãgaḍ, 'lathe' (Meluhha) Rebus 1: sãgaṛh , 'fortification' (Meluhha). Rebus 2:sanghAta 'adamantine glue'. Rebus 3: sangāṭh संगाठ् 'assembly, collection'. Rebus 4: sãgaḍa 'double-canoe, catamaran'. Hieroglyph: one-horned young bull: खोंड (p. 216) [ khōṇḍa ] m A young bull, a bullcalf. Rebus: कोंद kōnda ‘engraver, lapidary setting or infixing gems’ (Marathi) Hieroglyph: one-horned young bull: खोंड (p. 216) [ khōṇḍa ] m A young bull, a bullcalf. Rebus: कोंद kōnda ‘engraver, lapidary setting or infixing gems’ (Marathi) खोदगिरी [ khōdagirī ] f Sculpture, carving, engraving. ko_d.iya, ko_d.e = young bull; ko_d.elu = plump young bull; ko_d.e = a. male as in: ko_d.e du_d.a = bull calf; young, youthful (Te.lex.) Hieroglyph: ko_t.u = horns (Ta.) ko_r (obl. ko_t-, pl. ko_hk) horn of cattle or wild animals (Go.); ko_r (pl. ko_hk), ko_r.u (pl. ko_hku) horn (Go.); kogoo a horn (Go.); ko_ju (pl. ko_ska) horn, antler (Kui)(DEDR 2200). Homonyms: kohk (Go.), gopka_ = branches (Kui), kob = branch (Ko.) gorka, gohka spear (Go.) gorka (Go)(DEDR 2126). खोंड (p. 216) [ khōṇḍa ] m A young bull, a bullcalf. 2 kot.iyum = a wooden circle put round the neck of an animal; kot. = neck (G.lex.) [cf. the orthography of rings on the neck of one-horned young bull].खोंड (p. 216) [ khōṇḍa ]A variety of जोंधळा.खोंडरूं (p. 216) [ khōṇḍarūṃ ] n A contemptuous form of खोंडा in the sense of कांबळा-cowl.खोंडा (p. 216) [ khōṇḍā ] m A कांबळा of which one end is formed into a cowl or hood. 2 fig. A hollow amidst hills; a deep or a dark and retiring spot; a dell. 3 (also खोंडी & खोंडें) A variety of जोंधळा.खोंडी (p. 216) [ khōṇḍī ] f An outspread shovelform sack (as formed temporarily out of a कांबळा, to hold or fend off grain, chaff &c.) kod. = place where artisans work (G.lex.) kod. = a cow-pen; a cattlepen; a byre (G.lex.) gor.a = a cow-shed; a cattleshed; gor.a orak = byre (Santali.lex.) कोंड (p. 180) [ kōṇḍa ] A circular hedge or field-fence. 2 A circle described around a person under adjuration. 3 The circle at marbles. 4 A circular hamlet; a division of a मौजा or village, composed generally of the huts of one caste.कोंडडाव (p. 180) [ kōṇḍaḍāva ] m Ring taw; that form of marble-playing in which lines are drawn and divisions made:--as disting. from अगळडाव The play with holes.कोंडवाड (p. 180) [ kōṇḍavāḍa ] n f C (कोंडणें & वाडा) A pen or fold for cattle.कोंडाळें (p. 180) [ kōṇḍāḷēṃ ] n (कुंडली S) A ring or circularly inclosed space. 2 fig. A circle made by persons sitting round. kuṭire bica duljad.ko talkena, they were feeding the furnace with ore. In this Santali sentence bica denotes the hematite ore. For example, samṛobica, 'stones containing gold' (Mundari) meṛed-bica 'iron stone-ore' ; bali-bica, iron sand ore (Munda). mẽṛhẽt, meḍ ‘iron’(Munda. Ho.) Meluhha rebus representations are: bica ‘scorpion’ bica ‘stone ore’ (hematite). pola (magnetite), gota (laterite), bichi (hematite). kuṇṭha munda (loha) a type of hard native metal, ferrous oxide. See: http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2013/06/asur-metallurgists.html See: http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2014/09/catalogs-of-pola-kuntha-gota-bichi.html#! Hieroglyph: pōḷī, ‘dewlap' पोळ [ pōḷa ] m A bull dedicated to the gods, marked with a trident and discus, and set at large (Marathi) Rebus: pola (magnetite) ḍaṅgra 'bull' Rebus: ḍāṅgar, ḍhaṅgar ‘blacksmith’ (Hindi). .See:http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.com/2013/06/asur-metallurgists.html Magnetite a type of iron ore is called POLA by the Asur (Meluhha). Ri 2 (Rakhigarhi Lead ingot Inscription 2) Hieroglyph strings from l. to r.:Top line inscription on stone:कर्णक 'spread legs' rebus: karNika 'helmsman, supercargo' PLUS meD 'body' rebus: meD 'iron' med 'copper' (Slavic) koD 'one' rebus: koD 'workshop' Thus, iron workshop supercargo. khANDA 'notch' rebus: khaNDa 'implements' kanac 'corner' rebus: kancu 'bronze' . Thus, bronze implements. barDo 'spine' rebus: bharata 'alloy of pewter, copper, tin' PLUS karNika 'rim of jar' rebus: karNi 'supercargo'. Bottom line inscription on stone: kanac 'corner' rebus: kancu 'bronze' PLUS eraka 'nave of wheel' PLUS arA 'spoke' rebus: Ara 'brass' karNaka 'spread legs' rebus: karNIka 'helmsman' PLUS meD 'body' rebus: meD 'iron' PLUS tuttha 'goat' rebus: tuttha 'zinc sulphate. Reading the Indus writing inscriptions on both sides of bun-shaped lead ingots of Rakhigarhi The Indus writing inscriptions relate to cataloging of metalwork as elaborated by the following rebus-metonymy cipher and readings in Meluhha (Indian sprachbund): Hieroglyphs (from l.): body, linear stroke, notch, corner, U plus notch, rim of jar meD 'body' kATi 'body stature' Rebus: meD 'iron' kATi 'fireplace trench'. Thus, iron smelter. koDa 'one' Rebus: koD 'workshop' खांडा [ khāṇḍā ] m A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon). (Marathi) Rebus: khāṇḍā ‘tools, pots and pans, metal-ware’. kanac 'corner' Rebus: kancu 'bronze' baTa 'rimless pot' Rebus: baTa 'furance' kanka, karNika 'rim of jar' Rebus: karNi 'supercargo'; karNika 'account'. Hieroglyphs: rhombus (as circumgraph) + spoked wheel PLUS a pair of 'bodies' (twins) dula 'pair' Rebus: dul 'cast metal'; meD 'body' kATi 'body stature' Rebus: meD 'iron' kATi 'fireplace trench'. Thus, iron smelter. A spoked wheel is ligatured within a rhombus: kanac 'corner' Rebus: kancu 'bronze'; eraka 'nave of wheel' Rebus: eraka 'copper, moltencast' See many variants of 'body' hieroglyph and ligatures at https://www.academia.edu/8408578/Stature_of_body_Meluhha_hieroglyphs_48_in_Indus_writing_catalogs_of_metalwork_processes Figure 14: Side (A) and top (B) views of a lead ingot inscribed with Harappan characters. Detailed images of the top (C) and bottom (D) inscriptions. Ri 3 (Rakhigarhi Potsherd Inscription 3) A potsherd with a Harappan script unearthed in the excavation at the Harappan site of Rakhi Garhi in Haryana. Photo: D.Krishnan RG2 Potsherd l. to r. : karNaka 'rim of jar' rebus: karNI 'supercargo' dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'cast metal' sal 'splinter' rebus: sal 'workshop'. Thus supercargo of cast metal workshop. dhAu 'strands' rebus: dhAu 'element, minerals' kamaTha 'bow and arrow' rebus: kammaTa 'mint, coiner'. Ri 4 (Rakhigarhi Seal and Seal impression Inscription 4) One-horned young bull. RG3. Seal and Seal impression. Mound 4 The one-horned bull (PLUS a standard device) signify a कोंद kōnda ‘engraver, lapidary setting or infixing gems’ kōndar 'turner' PLUS sangaD 'lathe' rebus: sangrah, 'catalogue' of shipment products. Ri 5 (Rakhigarhi Seal Inscription 5) Figure 6: (A) Unicorn seal fragment #6304. (B) Detail of the grayish-green steatite of the seal's interior Seal fragment RG6 kanac 'corner' rebus: kancu 'bronze' sal 'splinter' rebus: sal 'workshop' Thus, bronze workshop PLUS ayo khambhaṛā 'fish-fin', ayas 'metal' PLUS kammaTa 'mint' The one-horned bull (PLUS a standard device) signify a कोंद kōnda ‘engraver, lapidary setting or infixing gems’ kōndar 'turner' PLUS sangaD 'lathe' rebus: sangrah, 'catalogue' of shipment products. Ri 6 (Rakhigarhi Seal Inscription 6) RG5 Rakhigarhi seal. Decipherment of Seal RG5 Rakhigarhi. Note: The splitting of the ellipse 'ingot' into Right and Left parethesis and flipping the left parenthesis (as a mirror image) may be an intention to denote cire perdue casting method used to produce the metal swords and implements. The entire inscription or metalwork catalogue message on Rakhigarhi seal can be deciphered: This circumgraph of right-curving and left-curving parentheses encloses an 'arrow' hieroglyph PLUS a 'notch'. khāṇḍā A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool' rebus: khaNDa 'implements'. Thus the hieroglyph-multiplex signifies: ingot for implements.

A unique evidence is found from a Rakhigarhi seal with Indus Script inscription to demonstrate the method (tantra yukti) used by Indus engravers, artisans, metalsmiths, to create hieroglyph-multiplexes (hypertexts) to signify precisely a description of the product/s of metalwork catalogue which were the supercargo of a shipment on a boat. Rakhigarhi seal with hieroglyphs: Rhinoceros, arrowhead, arrow in circumscript of Left & Right parenthesis ligatured with a ‘notch’. A brilliant insight of Gadd provides a lead to analyze orthography of Indus Script hieroglyphs to enable precise matching of orthographic components with the semantics of the message in Meluhha (Prakritam). A unique example identified by Gadd is the deployment of a split ellipse as a hieroglyph. An ellipse (also as a rhombus or parenthesis) signifies the semantics of mūhā '(metal) ingot'. An allograph also signifies the semantics: mũhe ‘face’. It is thus deduced that the split ellipse signifies the gloss: mūhā '(metal) ingot'. meḍha 'polar star' Rebus: mẽṛhẽt, meḍ ‘iron’ (Mu.Ho.) PLUS kuṭi ‘water-carrier’ (Telugu); Rebus: kuṭhi ‘smelter furnace’ (Santali) kuṛī f. ‘fireplace’ (H.); krvṛI f. ‘granary (WPah.); kuṛī, kuṛo house, building’(Ku.)(CDIAL 3232) kuṭi ‘hut made of boughs’ (Skt.) guḍi temple (Telugu) A comparable glyptic representation is provided in a Gadd seal found in an interaction area of the Persian Gulf. Gadd notes that the ‘water-carrier’ seal is is an unmistakable example of an 'hieroglyphic' seal. Seal impression, Ur (Upenn; U.16747); [After Edith Porada, 1971, Remarks on seals found in the Gulf States. Artibus Asiae 33 (4): 331-7: pl.9, fig.5]; water carrier with a skin (or pot?) hung on each end of the yoke across his shoulders and another one below the crook of his left arm; the vessel on the right end of his yoke is over a receptacle for the water; a star on either side of the head (denoting supernatural?). The whole object is enclosed by 'parenthesis' marks. The parenthesis is perhaps a way of splitting of the ellipse (Hunter, G.R., JRAS, 1932, 476). Gadd has demonstrated how an ellipse may be broken into parenthesis marks contituting hieroglyph component pair. His insight is that an ellipse split into parenthesis of two curved lines ( ) signifies hieroglyph writing. I suggest that the hieroglyph components signify the orthography which matches an 'ingot' formation -- a four-cornered ellipse a little pointed at each end. This shows that splitting an ellipse as in Sign 373 results in Left parenthesis and Right parenthesis, both of which are used as circumscript on Rakhigarhi seal to enclose a 'notch' PLUS 'circumflex or caret'. On the Rakhigarhi seal, a fine distinction is made between two orthographic options for signifying an arrow with fine pronunciation variants, to distinguish between an arrowhead and an arrow: kaNDa, kANDa. The word kANDa is used by Panini in an expression ayaskANDa to denote a quantity of iron, excellent iron (Pāṇ.gaṇ) i.e., metal (iron/copper alloy). This expression ayas+ kāṇḍa अयस्--काण्ड is signified by hieroglyphs: aya 'fish' PLUS kāṇḍa, 'arrow' as shown on Kalibangan Seal 032. An allograph for this hieroglyph 'arrowhead' is gaNDa 'four' (short strokes) as seen on Mohenjo-daro seal M1118. Rebus: ayaskāṇḍa ‘a quantity of iron, excellent iron’ (Pāṇ.gaṇ) aya = iron (G.); ayah, ayas = metal (Skt.) Thus, the arrowhead is signified by the hieroglyph which distinguishes the arrowhead as a triangle attached to a reedpost or handle of tool/weapon. As distinct from this orthographic representation of 'arrowhead' with a triangle PLUS attached linear stroke, an arrow is signified by an angle ^ (Caret; Circumflex accent; Up arrow) with a linear stroke ligatured, as in the Rakhigarhi seal. To reinforce the distinction between 'arrow' and 'arrowhead' in Indus Script orthography, a notch is added atop the tip of the circumflex accent. Both the hieroglyph-components are attested in Indian sprachbund with a variant pronunciation: khANDA. खााडा [ kāṇḍā ] m A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon) (Marathi) It is thus clear that the morpheme kANDa denotes an arrowhead, while the ^ circumflex accent hieroglyph is intended to signify rebus: kāṇḍā 'edge of tool or weapon' or a sharp edged implement, like a sword. In Indian sprachbund, the word which denotes a sword is khaṁḍa -- m. ʻswordʼ(Prakritam). In the hieroglyph-multiplex of Rakhigarhi seal inscription, the left and right parentheses are used as circumscript to provide phonetic determination of the gloss: khaṁḍa -- m. ʻswordʼ (Prakritam), while the ligaturing element of 'notch' is intended to signify खााडा [ kāṇḍā ] 'A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon)' Rebus: kaNDa 'implements' (Santali). Thus, the hieroglyph-multiplex is read rebus as kaNDa 'implements' PLUS khaṁḍa ʻswordʼ. The supercargo is thus catalogued on the seal as: 1. arrowheads; 2. metal implements and ingots; 3. swords. The hieroglyph 'rhinoceros is: kANDA rebus: kaNDa 'implements/weapons'. The entire inscription or metalwork catalogue message on Rakhigarhi seal can be deciphered: kaNDa 'implements/weapons' (Rhinoceros) PLUS खााडा [ kāṇḍā ] 'weapons' PLUS mūhā 'cast ingots'(Left and Right parentheses as split rhombus or ellipse). Thus, the supercargo consignment documented by this metalwork catalogue on Rakhigarhi seal is: metal (alloy) swords, metal (alloy) implements, metal cast ingots. Rakhigarhi seal Hieroglyph-multiplex on Rakhigarhi seal. M1118 Kalibangan032 See: http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2015/08/supercaro-ingots-1-of-cast-metal-2-for.html This monograph deciphers m1429 Prism tablet with Indus inscriptions on 3 sides. Three Sided Moulded Tablet with a boat and crocodile+fish Indus inscription Fired clay L.4.6 cm W. 1.2 cm Indus valley, Mohenjo-daro,MD 602, Harappan,ca 2600 -1900 BCE Islamabad Museum, Islamabad NMP 1384,

This monograph presents the following sections demonstrating that Indus Script inscriptions on five Failaka an Ancient Near East seals are metalwork catalogues of Meluhha artisans, iron smelters: Section 1. Decipherment of Gadd seal 12 Section 2. Decipherment of Failaka seal impression with Indus Script inscription Section 3. Decipherment of Failaka stamp seal with Indus Script inscription Section 4. Decipherment of two Persian Gulf stamp seals M3456, M7121 Ashmolean Museum This is an addendum to Mohenjo-daro triangular prism is a bezel pendant worn by an artisan to proclaim metalwork competence of the guild https://tinyurl.com/y3shzub6 Section 1. Decipherment of Gadd seal 12: Dotted circles on the raised back of Persian gulf seal: dhāv, dāya 'one in dice' + vaṭṭa 'circle' rebus धावड dhāvaḍa 'red ferrite ore smelter' धावडी dhāvaḍī a Relating to the class धावड. Hence 2 Composed of or relating to iron (Marathi) ‘water’ Wg. káṇṭä ʻ water -- channel ʼ, Woṭ. kaṇṭḗl f., Gaw. khāṇṭ*l, Bshk. kāṇḍə (CDIAL 2680). காண்டம்² kāṇṭam, n. < kāṇḍa. 1. Water; sacred water; நீர். துருத்திவா யதுக்கிய குங்குமக் காண் டமும் (கல்லா. 49, 16)Hieroglyph: kāṇḍə khaṇḍa ‘implements (metal)’ Why was the water-carrier shown in parenthesis together with star hieroglyphs on a circular Gadd seal? Seal impression, Ur (Upenn; U.16747); dia. 2.6, ht. 0.9 cm.; Gadd, PBA 18 (1932), pp. 11-12, pl. II, no. 12; Porada 1971: pl.9, fig.5; Parpola, 1994, p. 183; water carrier with a skin (or pot?) hung on each end of the yoke across his shoulders and another one below the crook of his left arm; the vessel on the right end of his yoke is over a receptacle for the water; a star on either side of the head (denoting supernatural?). The whole object is enclosed by 'parenthesis' marks. The parenthesis is perhaps a way of splitting of the ellipse (Hunter, G.R., JRAS, 1932, 476). An unmistakable example of an 'hieroglyphic' seal. The parenthesis is split oval or lozenge shape which is an Indus Script hypertext: mũh 'lozenge-shape' rebus: mũh '(copper) ingot' (Santali) mũhã̄ = the quantity of iron produced at one time in a native smelting furnace of the Kolhes; iron smelters' (Santali) kuṭi ‘water-carrier’ rebus: kuṭhi ‘smelter’ meḍha ‘polar star’ rebus: meḍ ‘iron’ dula ‘pair’ rebus: dul ‘metal casting’ Section 2. Decipherment of Failaka seal impression with Indus Script inscription: Sign 245 duplicated: Variants of Sign 245 Hieroglyph: khaṇḍa'divisions' Rebus: kāṇḍā 'metalware' Duplicated Sign 245: dula 'duplicated' rebus: dul 'metal casting'. karã̄ n. pl. wristlets, bangles Rebus: khār खार् 'blacksmith' (Kashmiri) khār खार् । लोहकारः m. (sg. abl. khāra 1 खार; the pl. dat. of this word is khāran 1 खारन्, which is to be distinguished from khāran 2, q.v., s.v.), a blacksmith, an iron worker (cf. bandūka-khār, p. 111b,l. 46; K.Pr. 46; H. xi, 17); a farrier (El.). This word is often a part of a name, and in such case comes at the end (W. 118) as in Wahab khār, Wahab the smith (H. ii, 12; vi, 17). khāra-basta 'bellows of blacksmith'.with inscription. (Kashmiri) Face of bull: mũh 'face' rebus: mũh '(copper) ingot' (Santali) mũhã̄ = the quantity of iron produced at one time in a native smelting furnace of the Kolhes; iron smelters' (Santali) ḍangar ‘bull’; rebus: ḍangar ‘blacksmith’ (Hindi) पोळ pōḷa, 'zebu, bos indicus' signifies pōḷa 'magnetite, ferrous-ferric oxide Fe3O4', पोलाद pōlāda, 'crucible steel' Hieroglyph Drinking: kuṭi (-pp-, -tt-) to drink, inhale. Rebus: kuṭhi ‘smelting furnace’ (Santali) Section 3. Decipherment of Failaka stamp seal with Indus Script inscription: Face of bull: mũh 'face' rebus: mũh '(copper) ingot' (Santali) mũhã̄ = the quantity of iron produced at one time in a native smelting furnace of the Kolhes; iron smelters' (Santali) ḍangar ‘bull’; rebus: ḍangar ‘blacksmith’ (Hindi) पोळ pōḷa, 'zebu, bos indicus' signifies pōḷa 'magnetite, ferrous-ferric oxide Fe3O4', पोलाद pōlāda, 'crucible steel' Hieroglyph Drinking: kuṭi (-pp-, -tt-) to drink, inhale. Rebus: kuṭhi ‘smelting furnace’ (Santali) Mari priest carries a standard of one-horned young bull mounted on a flagpost which is a culm of millet. Culm of millet is flanked by two birds with wings: eraka 'wing' rebus 'eṟaka any metal infusion; molten state' fusion (Kannada), eraka molten, cast (as metal) PLUS dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metal casting' pōlaḍu, 'black drongo' rebus: pōlaḍ 'steel'. This Indus Script cipher explains why often a bird is shown together with a zebu, bos indicus on some artifacts. पोलाद pōlāda n ( or P) Steel. पोलादी a Of steel. (Marathi) bulad 'steel, flint and steel for making fire' (Amharic); fUlAd 'steel' (Arabic) pōlāda 'steel', pwlad (Russian), fuladh (Persian) folādī (Pashto) karba 'culm of millet' (Punjabi) rebus: karba 'iron' PLUS kolmo 'rice plant' rebus: kolimi, kole.l 'smithy, forge' kole.l 'temple'. The three horizontal lines below the bull's face: kolom 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge' Signs 387 and 389 with lozenge or bun ingot shapes: the hypertexts are read: Sign 387 kolimi mũhã̄ 'smithy/forge ingot'. Sign 389 kuṭhi mũhã̄ , 'smelter ingot' PLUS dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metal casting'. Thus, smelter, cast metal ingots. Section 4. Decipherment of two Persian Gulf stamp seals M3456, M7121 Ashmolean Museum Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, labeled Bib. Nat. M3456 and M7121. Dotted circles on the raised back of Persian gulf seal: dhāv, dāya 'one in dice' + vaṭṭa 'circle' rebus धावड dhāvaḍa 'red ferrite ore smelter' धावडी dhāvaḍī a Relating to the class धावड. Hence 2 Composed of or relating to iron (Marathi) Hieroglyph: Two bodies: mē̃ḍ 'body' rebus: mē̃ḍ ‘iron’ (Mu.); med 'copper' (Slavic) PLUS dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metal casting'. Thus, cast iron. Persian Gulf seal standard: A flagpost topped by a crucible AND polar star: OP. koṭhārī f. ʻ crucible ʼ, P. kuṭhālī f., H. kuṭhārī f.; -- Md. koṭari ʻ room ʼ A semantic determinative for kuṭhāru 'armourer or weapons' PLUS meḍha ‘polar star’ rebus: meḍ ‘iron’; med 'copper' (Slavic) Hieroglyph: Young bull: कोंद kōnda 'young bull' PLUS āre potter's wheel (Gondi) yield the combined expression kundār 'turner, lapidary who works with the lathe'..He also works with fine gold: Ta. kuntaṉam interspace for setting gems in a jewel; fine gold (< Te.). Ka. kundaṇa setting a precious stone in fine gold; fine gold; kundana fine gold. Tu. kundaṇa pure gold. Te. kundanamu fine gold used in very thin foils in setting precious stones; setting precious stones with fine gold. (DEDR 1725). This artisan's professional competence is semantically reinforced by a part of the standard device normally shown in front of the young bull; this part is kunda 'lathe'. Rebus 2: kō̃da कोँद । कुलालादिकन्दुः f. a kiln; a potter's kiln (Rām. 1446; H. xi, 11); a brick-kiln (Śiv. 1033); a lime-kiln. -bal -बल् । कुलालादिकन्दुस्थानम् m. the place where a kiln is erected, a brick or potter's kiln (Gr.Gr. 165). Antelope (horn shape): ranku 'antelope' rebus: ranku 'tin ore'. (After Briggs Buchanan, Figs. 1 to 4 in: Briggs Buchanan, 1967, A dated seal impression connecting Babylonia and Ancient India, in: ArchaeologyVol. 20, No. 2 (APRIL 1967), pp. 104-107 (4 pages)Published by: Archaeological Institute of America https://www.jstor.org/stable/41667694) Fig. 5 Fig. 5 (Left) Persian Gulf stamp seals with raised boss on back (a,b), engraved designs on face (c,d). The impressions were taken from casts in the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, labeled Bib. Nat. M3456 and M7121. Original seals not located. 6. (Right, above) Persian Gulf seal found at Ur. From CJ Gadd, ‘Seals of Ancient Indian Style Found at Ur,’ Proceedings of the British Academy 18 (1932) 11, no. 12. 7. (Right) Impression from Egyptian cylinder seal of about the twenty second century BCE, in the Yale Babylonian Collection (YBC 12776) (After Briggs Buchanan, Figs. 5 to 7 in: Briggs Buchanan, 1967, A dated seal impression connecting Babylonia and Ancient India, in: ArchaeologyVol. 20, No. 2 (APRIL 1967), pp. 104-107 (4 pages)Published by: Archaeological Institute of America https://www.jstor.org/stable/41667694)

The two unpublished seals from a private collection are reported in 2018 and discussed by Massimo Vidale et al in the context of use of Laser Scanning Confocal Microscopy for miniature objects like Indus script seals. This monograph presents a decipherment of the Indus Script Hypertexts on these two seals. One seal has the field symbol of bos gaurus PLUS feeding trough; the second seal has one-horned young bull PLUS a standard device in front. Seal 1 Fig. 1, Fig. 2 pp.456, 347 (21 mm square seal; Bos gaurus, Smith, 1827) Seal and seal impression. Seal 2 Fig. 6. Seal with unicorn and inscription: map obtained for the reconstruction of 144 3D laser images, recorded using a 5x objective and a 40% image overlay, with a dimensional scale of 4854 micrometers (X) and 4847 micrometers (Y). Private collection, Indus Valley, ca. 2600-2200 B.C.E Source: p.461 opcit. The unicorn - depicted almost exclusively on this type of molded seals - is undoubtedly the most characteristic iconographic element of the Indus Civilization. This enigmatic creature represents about 75% of all images engraved on the Indus seals, with peaks of over 90% in minor urban settlements, but its interpretation is still at the center of a heated debate (For an overview of the different interpretations and hypotheses on the nature of the Indus unicorn, (Parpola A. 2011, The Harappan Unicorn in Eurasian and South Asian Perspectives, in Osada T., Endo H. (eds), Linguistics, Archaeology and the Human Past Occasional Paper 12, Research Institute for Humanity and Nature, Kyoto, 142-143; Frenez, D., Vidale M. 2012, Harappan Chimeras as ‘Symbolic Hypertexts’: Some thoughts on Plato, Chimaera and the Indus Civilization, South Asian Studies, 28.2, 107-130; Kenoyer, JM 2013, Iconography of the Indus Unicorn: Origins and Legacy, in Abraham S., Gullapalli P., Raczek T.,Rizvi U. (eds), Connection and Complexity: New approaches to the archaeology of South and Central Asia, Walnut Creek, 107-125.) [quote]Abstract When Laser Scanning Confocal Microscopy (LSCM) is applied to small stone artefacts carved or shaped in complex and intricate fashions, the images surprisingly acquire a monumental character and their surfaces reveal a universe of details, ranging from tools traces, firing and glazing defects and wear-consumption patterns. The paper will shortly demonstrate the potentials of this new powerful 3D-imaging technique on two unpublished steatite stamp seals of the Indus Civilization, which characterized present-day Pakistan and northwestern India between ca. 2600 and 1900 BC. Keeping in mind the unexhausted interest that Sara Santoro had for technological innovation and archaeometry in the investigation of the past, we propose that the same non-destructive, high resolution imaging techniques could be fruitfully applied to the semiprecious stone seals of the Graeco-Roman period, which have been studied so far mainly on stylistic and iconographic grounds [unquote] (Massimo Vidale, Ivana Angelini e Dennys Frenez , Miniature in steatite. Un passo nel mondo dei sigilli della civiltà dell’Indo, in: A cura di Marco Cavalieri e Cristina Boschetti 2018, Il polisemico significato della moderna ricerca archeologica. Omaggio a Sara Santoro, Vol. 1, Presses universitaires de Louvain, 2018, ISBN: 978-2-87558-666-7, pp.447 to 472) Translation: Miniature in steatite. A step in the world of the seals ofIndo Civilization in: The polysemic meaning of modern archaeological research. Homage to Sara Santoro. https://www.academia.edu/36877552/Miniature_in_steatite._Un_passo_nel_mondo_dei_sigilli_della_Civilt%C3%A0_dell_Indo Seal 1: Field symbol: bos gaurus PLUS feeding trough barat, barad, 'ox, bos gaurus' Rebus: bharat 'mixed alloys' (5 copper, 4 zinc and 1 tin) (Marathi) There are two orthographic variants of this 'feeding-trough' hieroglyph which are read in Meluhha lexis (vocbulary) rebus:Ta. paṭṭai painted stripe Ma. paṭṭa stripe. Ka. paṭṭe, paṭṭi id. Koḍ. paṭṭe striped; Tu. paṭṭè stripe. Te. paṭṭe stripe or streak of paint; paḍita stripe, streak, wale. (DEDR 3877). Rebus: పట్టీ paṭṭī . [Tel.] n. A list or inventory, a roll of names పట్టి paṭṭi A list. PLUS pāṭroṛo, pattar 'feeding trough' Rebus: పట్ర paṭra, patta 'village, hamlet, maritime town' pāṭan 'market'. paṭan ʻ quarter of a town; village, hamlet, town'. Thus, the hypertext, striped feeding trough reads: pattar paṭṭi 'feeding trough+ stripes' rebus: 'market inventory, market list'. Rebus 2: pattar 'goldsmith guild' బత్తుడు battuḍu, baḍaga 'a professional title of five artificers'. It may be seen from Variant 2 of the 'feeding-trough' hieroglyph, that an unambiguous signifier 'three stripes' has been ligatured at the bottom of the trough as a phonetic determinant of the intended 'feeding trough' signifier word. Phonetic variants of related lexis (vocabulary) are: Feeding trough: Ta. pātti bathing tub, watering trough or basin, spout, drain; pattal wooden bucket; pattar id., Ka. pāti basin for water round the foot of a tree. Tu. pāti trough or bathing tub, spout, drain. Te. pādi, pādu basin for water round the foot of a tree. (DEDR 4079) patta -- n. ʻ bowl ʼ, °aka -- n. ʻ little bowl ʼ, pātĭ̄ -- f.; K. pāthar, dat. °tras m. ʻ vessel, dish ʼ, pôturu m. ʻ pan of a pair of scales ʼ (gahana -- pāth, dat. pöċü f. ʻ jewels and dishes as part of dowry ʼ ← Ind.); S. pāṭri f. ʻ large earth or wooden dish ʼ, pāṭroṛo m. ʻwooden troughʼ; P. pātar m. ʻ vessel ʼ, parāt f., parātṛā m. ʻ large wooden kneading vessel ʼ, ḍog. pāttar m. ʻbrass or wooden do.ʼ; Ku.gng. pāiʻ wooden potʼ (CDIAL 8055). Seal 1: Text of inscription The rhombus sign Variant of Sign 261 is a square is read as mũh 'metal ingot' The Sign 261 is ligatured with four 'splinters': sal 'splinter' rebus: sal 'workshop'. Thus, the expression of the hypertext is: mũh sal 'metal ingots workshop' kolmo 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge' ayo 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'alloy metal' The lozenge shape is of a bun ingot: mũh 'metal ingot' PLUS खांडा [ khāṇḍā ] m A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon). (Marathi) Rebus: khāṇḍā 'tools, pots and pans, metal-ware'. Thus, mũh khāṇḍā 'ingots and equipment'. koḍa 'one'(Santali) Rebus: koḍ 'artisan's workshop'.PLUS ḍhaṁkaṇa 'lid' rebus dhakka 'excellent, bright, blazing metal article' Oriya. kāṇḍa, kã̄ṛ ʻstalk, arrow ʼ(CDIAL 3023) Rebus: ayaskāṇḍa 'a quantity of iron, excellent iron' Rebus: khāṇḍā 'equipment'. bicha 'scorpion' rebus:; bica 'haematite, ferrite ore' Thus, the text message is: metal ingots workshop; alloy metal smithy/forge; metal ingots and equipment'; blazing metal articles workshop; haematite ferrite ore equipment. Seal 2: Field symbols: One-horned young bull PLUS standard device Note on the identification of the young bull as bos primegenius; see: Zebu (Bos primigenius indicus) are descended from Indian aurochs (stylized as unicorns) https://tinyurl.com/yc4dj5gz Bos primigenius (unicorns as young bulls with one horn): khōṇḍa m A young bull, a bullcalf. rebus: kunda, 'one of कुबेर's nine treasures', kundaṇa 'fine gold' Hypertext kō̃da 'young bull, with one horn' signifies payĕn-kō̃da wôlu पयन्-कोँद 'metal smelter' payĕn-kō̃da पयन्-कोँद । परिपाककन्दुः f. a kiln (a potter's, a lime-kiln, and brick-kiln, or the like); a furnace (for smelting). -thöji - or -thöjü ; । परिपाक-(द्रावण-)मूषा f. a crucible, a melting-pot. -ʦañĕ ञ । परिपाकोपयोगिशान्ताङ्गारसमूहः f.pl. a special kind of charcoal (made from deodar and similar wood) used in smelting furnaces. -wôlu -; । धात्वादिद्रावण-इष्टिकादिपरिपाकशिल्पी m. a metal-smelter; a brick-baker. -wān -वान् । द्रावणचुल्ली m. a smelting furnace. (Kashmiri)pácana n. ʻ means for cooking ʼ RV., pacanikā -- f. ʻ frying pan ʼ lex. [√pac]Pa. pacana -- n. ʻ cooking ʼ, Pk. payaṇa -- , °ṇaga -- n. ʻ cooking pot ʼ; L.awāṇ. paeṇī ʻ a partic. measure ʼ; N. paini ʻ earthen vessel in which rice -- spirit is distilled ʼ; G. peṇɔ m. ʻ large frying pan ʼ, °ṇī f. ʻ small do. ʼ. (CDIAL 7651) kándu f. ʻ iron pot ʼ Suśr., °uka -- m. ʻ saucepan ʼ.Pk. kaṁdu -- , kaṁḍu -- m.f. ʻ cooking pot ʼ; K. kō̃da f. ʻ potter's kiln, lime or brick kiln ʼ; -- ext. with -- ḍa -- : K. kã̄dur m. ʻ oven ʼ. -- Deriv. Pk. kaṁḍua -- ʻ sweetseller ʼ (< *kānduka -- ?); H. kã̄dū m. ʻ a caste that makes sweetmeats ʼ. (CDIAL 2726) *kandukara ʻ worker with pans ʼ. [kdu -- , kará -- 1] K. kã̄dar, kã̄duru dat. °daris m. ʻ baker ʼ.(CDIAL 2728) kāndavika m. ʻ baker ʼ Pañcad. [kándu -- ]Pk. kaṁdaviya -- , °dōiya -- , °duia -- (u from kaṁdua -- ) m. ʻ sweetmeat seller ʼ; G. kãdoī m. ʻ confectioner ʼ.Addenda: kāndavika -- : S.kcch. kandhoyo m. ʻ confectioner ʼ(CDIAL 3034) kã̄dur m. ʻovenʼ; kō̃da f. ʻpotter's kiln, lime or brick kilnʼ (Kashmiri) Phonetic variant of kã̄dur m. ʻovenʼ seems to link to an early phonetic form of kō̃da to signify a smelter's kiln as defined in the expression: .payĕn-kō̃da पयन्-कोँद 'melting in a smelter'. Thus, the seal 1 and seal 2 are Wealth accounting ledgers with metalwork catalogues with Indus Script Hypertexts rendered as Meluhha expressions.

Thanks to Tom Van Bakel who has clustered together nine cylinder seals of Ancient Near East with hieroglyphs of one, two, three round pebbles or stones PLUS other hieroglyphs. I suggest that the cylinder seals from Number0 to Number 8 signify Indus Script Hypertexts which are Meluhha wealth accounting ledgers, metalwork catalogues Indus Script Hieroglyphs: roundish pebbles + body: gōṭā 'round pebble, stone' rebus: खोट [khōṭa] Alloyed--a metal PLUS meḍ 'body' rebus: meḍ 'iron' (Mu.Ho.) One pebble signifies: koḍa 'one' rebus: koḍ 'workshop'; two pebbles signify: dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'metal casting'; three pebbles signify: kolmo 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'. kuṭhāru 'a monkey' (Sanskrit) Rebus: kuṭhāru 'armourer or weapons' arye 'lion' rebus: arā 'brass' One-horned young bull is an Indus Script hypertext composed of hieroglyphs: 1. young bull; 2. horns; 3. rings on neck; 4. cowl (pannier). A hypertext composed of body parts is sāṅgaḍa f A body formed of two or more (fruits, animals, men) linked or joined together. Rebus: jangaḍiyo ‘military guard who accompanies treasure into the treasury’; jāṅgaḍa f (Hindi) Goods taken from a shop, to be retained or returned. The artisan's workshop and the work of the engraver, lapidary infixing gems are signified by the hieroglyph components which are read: koḍ, 'workshop', kōnda ‘engraver', kōndaṇa, 'lapidary infixing gems', kundaṇa 'pure gold' 1, kōḍe, kōnda ‘young bull' (Telugu, Marathi) 2. kōḍ (pl. kōḍul) horn (Pargi) 3. kot.iyum = a wooden circle (ring) put round the neck of an animal; kot. = neck (Gujarati) 4. khōṇḍā 'cowl or hood' Rebus 1: kōnda ‘engraver', kōndaṇa 'lapidary infixing gems’ working with , kundaṇa 'pure gold' Rebus 2: koḍ 'artisan's workshop' (Kuwi) koḍ = place where artisans work (Gujarati) Number 0 British Museum number89555 Description; contest scene; the design consists of three pairs of contestants: a lion and a bull (?) which looks back over its shoulder at its assailant; a hero (full-face), naked except for a triple belt, and an inverted bull; a bull (?) looking back at an attacking lion, antithetically placed in relation to the first group. In the field, three drill-holes one above the other; a scorpion; two drill-holes alternating with two cuneiform signs; a pot, a monkey, a ball-and-staff; a "bow-legged dwarf"; slightly chipped along the upper edge. Culture/period: Old Babylonian Materials: hematite Technique: drilled Dimensions: Height: 2.7 centimetres, Diameter: 1.8 centimetres: Inscription Transliteration: utu. Inscription Translation: Shamash. meḍha 'polar star' Rebus: mẽṛhẽt, meḍ 'iron' (Santali.Mu.Ho.) Indus Script Hieroglyphs: roundish pebbles + body: gōṭā 'round pebble, stone' rebus: खोट [khōṭa] Alloyed--a metal PLUS meḍ 'body' rebus: meḍ 'iron' (Mu.Ho.) One pebble signifies: koḍa 'one' rebus: koḍ 'workshop'; two pebbles signify: dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'metal casting'; three pebbles signify: kolmo 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'. kuṭhāru 'a monkey' (Sanskrit) Rebus: kuṭhāru 'armourer or weapons' arye 'lion' rebus: arā 'brass' One-horned young bull is an Indus Script hypertext composed of hieroglyphs: 1. young bull; 2. horns; 3. rings on neck; 4. cowl (pannier). A hypertext composed of body parts is sāṅgaḍa f A body formed of two or more (fruits, animals, men) linked or joined together. Rebus: jangaḍiyo ‘military guard who accompanies treasure into the treasury’; jāṅgaḍa f (Hindi) Goods taken from a shop, to be retained or returned. The artisan's workshop and the work of the engraver, lapidary infixing gems are signified by the hieroglyph components which are read: koḍ, 'workshop', kōnda ‘engraver', kōndaṇa, 'lapidary infixing gems', kundaṇa 'pure gold' 1, kōḍe, kōnda ‘young bull' (Telugu, Marathi) 2. kōḍ (pl. kōḍul) horn (Pargi) 3. kot.iyum = a wooden circle (ring) put round the neck of an animal; kot. = neck (Gujarati) 4. khōṇḍā 'cowl or hood' Rebus 1: kōnda ‘engraver', kōndaṇa 'lapidary infixing gems’ working with , kundaṇa 'pure gold' Rebus 2: koḍ 'artisan's workshop' (Kuwi) koḍ = place where artisans work (Gujarati) Number 1 Museum number: 89681 Description: contest scene; antithetical group consisting of two crossed lions (heads seen from above) in the centre, each attacking an antelope which looks back over its shoulder at the small figure of a priest facing right, holding a "sprinkler" and standing on a three-stepped dais, with a small "bow-legged" dwarf on a base-line before him. Spaces in the design are filled by ten drill-holes arranged in pairs. Behind the priest are the signs formng the inscription. Line border around the bottom of the design. Culture/period: Old Babylonian (early) Acquired: South Iran, Fars (province),Marv Dasht, Persepolis Materials: hematite Technique: drilled Dimensions: Height: 2.3 centimetres, Diameter: 1.25 centimetres Inscription Transliteration: utu. Inscription Translation: Shamash. koṭhāri 'crucible' Rebus: koṭhāri 'treasurer, warehouse'. Indus Script Hieroglyphs: roundish pebbles + body: gōṭā 'round pebble, stone' rebus: खोट [khōṭa] Alloyed--a metal PLUS meḍ 'body' rebus: meḍ 'iron' (Mu.Ho.) One pebble signifies: koḍa 'one' rebus: koḍ 'workshop'; two pebbles signify: dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'metal casting'; three pebbles signify: kolmo 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'. kuṭhāru 'a monkey' (Sanskrit) Rebus: kuṭhāru 'armourer or weapons' Number 2 A bearded god wearing a round cap, a long , decorated mantle, and bracelets and holding a small cup is seated on a richly decorated stool, his feet resting on a low footstool. He is approached by a worshiper in a long decorated mantle. Behind the worshiper appears a goddess who wears an elaborate horned crown, a kaunukes, and a bracelets and has both hands raised. Between the seated god and the worshipper appear a crescent, a comb-shaped symbol, and a libation vessel; between the worshipper and the standing goddess are three large globes. Behind the seated god appears a seated dog or jackal supporting a crook on its head. At the end of the scene are two large globes, above which is a panel with two lines of inscription. Number 49 Hematite, 19x11mm. Ancient Oriental seals in the collection of Mrs. Agnes Baldwin Brett by Hans Henning vorn der Osten koṭhāri 'crucible' Rebus: koṭhāri 'treasurer, warehouse'. Person with six curls of hair: bata 'six' rebus: bata 'furnace' PLUS dhangar 'bull' dhangar 'blacksmith' kuṭhāru 'a monkey' (Sanskrit) Rebus: kuṭhāru 'armourer or weapons' One-horned young bull is an Indus Script hypertext composed of hieroglyphs: 1. young bull; 2. horns; 3. rings on neck; 4. cowl (pannier). A hypertext composed of body parts is sāṅgaḍa f A body formed of two or more (fruits, animals, men) linked or joined together. Rebus: jangaḍiyo ‘military guard who accompanies treasure into the treasury’; jāṅgaḍa f (Hindi) Goods taken from a shop, to be retained or returned. The artisan's workshop and the work of the engraver, lapidary infixing gems are signified by the hieroglyph components which are read: koḍ, 'workshop', kōnda ‘engraver', kōndaṇa, 'lapidary infixing gems', kundaṇa 'pure gold' 1, kōḍe, kōnda ‘young bull' (Telugu, Marathi) 2. kōḍ (pl. kōḍul) horn (Pargi) 3. kot.iyum = a wooden circle (ring) put round the neck of an animal; kot. = neck (Gujarati) 4. khōṇḍā 'cowl or hood' Rebus 1: kōnda ‘engraver', kōndaṇa 'lapidary infixing gems’ working with , kundaṇa 'pure gold' Rebus 2: koḍ 'artisan's workshop' (Kuwi) koḍ = place where artisans work (Gujarati) Number 3: A.276. Scène d'intercession. Un personnage à la tête rasée, vêtu du châle à franges,se tient debout, la main droite sur le poignet gauche, en face du Roi. Le dieu, coiffé du turban et vêtu du châle à franges, porte la main gauche à la ceintureet tient un cornet dans la main droite; il est assis sur un tabouret recouvert de kaunakès, et ses pieds reposent sur un degré.Une déesse, coiffée de la tiare multicorneet vêtue dekaunakès, accompagne le client et fait le geste d'intercession. Dans le champ, croissant surmonté d'un disque. Époque d'Our. — Hématite. 23 X 13 mm. - Inv.: AO 2270 (Acquisen 1893.) Dans le champ, croissant surmonté d'un disque évidé, cercopithèque, trois globes, vase et bâton de mesure. Au revers du cylindre, Gilgamesh nu, le corps sanglé dans une ceinture, pose le pied sur la tête d'un taureau qu'il tient par la queue et par l'une des Époque d'Our. -Hématite.-24 X 15 mm. Inv. : NUI, 580: N.3500. Planche 77,fig 23. Translation: Scene of intercession. A shaven-headed man, wearing a fringed shawl, stands with his right hand on his left wrist in front of the King. The god, wearing a turban and wearing a fringed shawl, carries his left hand to the waist, and holds a cornet in his right hand; he is seated on a stool covered with kaunakes, and his feet rest on one degree. A goddess, wearing the multicolored tiara and dressed in dekaunakès, accompanies the client and makes the gesture of intercession. In the field, growing surmounted by a disc. -In the field, crescent surmounted by a hollow disc, cercopithecus, three globes, vase and measuring stick. On the back of the cylinder, Gilgamesh, naked, with his body strapped into a belt, places his foot on the head of a bull that he holds by the tail. koṭhāri 'crucible' Rebus: koṭhāri 'treasurer, warehouse'. Indus Script Hieroglyphs: roundish pebbles + body: gōṭā 'round pebble, stone' rebus: खोट [khōṭa] Alloyed--a metal PLUS meḍ 'body' rebus: meḍ 'iron' (Mu.Ho.) One pebble signifies: koḍa 'one' rebus: koḍ 'workshop'; two pebbles signify: dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'metal casting'; three pebbles signify: kolmo 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'.

The principal design feature of Indus Script hieroglyphs or 'signs' in Corpora is the सांगड sāṅgaḍa, which is 'a hypertext orthograph formed of two or more components linked together'. Rebus: sangraha, sangaha 'catalogue, list' is applicable Thus, composite signs are orthographed to complete the cataloguing, listing process of wealth-accounting ledgers. Two unique modifiers occur as superscripts on two composite signs: Sign 51 and Sign327. The modifiers to the basic signs of 'scorpion'; and 'ficus leaf' respectively, may be called attachments which are like ears as superscripts. Read as -karaṇīya 'duty, business' related to bica 'scorpion' rebus: bica 'haematite, ferrite ore'. and loa 'ficus glomerata' rebus: loh 'copper'. Thus, the two signs are read as hypertexts:bica -karaṇīya and loh-karaṇīya meaning: 'haematite ore business and copper ore business'. lo 'iron', khār 'blacksmith', 'lohakāra 'coppersmith, ironsmith' (Pali) Sign 51 Sign 52 bica 'karaṇīya 'haematite, ferrite ore duty, business' PLUS koḍa 'one' rebus: kod 'workshop' That the orthography of Sign 51 relates to the scorpion's pointed sting is seen from a Mohenjo-daro seal m414. Hypertext variants on Sign list 123 above: Ma. kaṇ, kaṇṇu eye, nipple, star in peacock's tail, bud; Br. xan id., bud. (DEDR 1159) Rebus: Ta. kaṉ copper work, copper, workmanship; kaṉṉāṉ brazier. Ma. kannān id.(DEDR 1402) Hypertext variants on Sign list 124 above: loa 'ficus glomerata' rebus: loh 'copper, iron'; ḍato 'claws or pincers of crab' (Santali) rebus: dhatu 'ore' (Santali) The inscription on the seal starts with 'scorpion' hieroglyph on modern impression of seal M-414 from Mohenjo-daro. After CISI Variants of Sign 51 It is seen that in five of these variants of Sign 51, the focus is on the sharp pointed stinger of the scorpion. Examples of inscriptions where both the signs (and variants) occur are seals Harappa h598, :Lothal L-11: Examples clearly associate both 'scorpion' and 'ficus' imageries together on the adjacent segments of the two Harappa and Lothal inscriptions: Harappa inscription segment showing scorpion, ficus leaf Lothal inscription segment showing scorpion, ficus leaf. ḍato =claws of crab (Santali) Rebus: dhātu 'mineral ore'. kāru pincers, tongs. Rebus: khār खार् 'blacksmith' (Kashmiri). The first composite sign reads rebus: dula pair' rebus: dul 'metal casting' PLUS loa 'ficus glomerata' rebus: loh 'copper'; thus, lohkhār 'coppersmith' PLUS bicha 'scorpion' rebus: bica 'haematite ore, ferrite ore' (Santali). vŕ̊ścika m. (vr̥ścana -- m. lex.) ʻ scorpion ʼ RV., ʻ cater- pillar covered with bristles ʼ lex. [Variety of form for ʻ scorpion ʼ in MIA. and NIA. due to taboo? <-> √vraśc?] Pa. vicchika -- m. ʻ scorpion ʼ, Pk. vicchia -- , viṁchia -- m., Sh.koh. bičh m. (< *vr̥ści -- ?), Ku. bichī, A. bisā (also ʻ hairy caterpillar ʼ: -- ī replaced by m. ending -- ā), B. Or. bichā, Mth. bīch, Bhoj. Aw.lakh. bīchī, H. poet. bīchī f., bīchā m., G. vīchī, vĩchī m.; -- *vicchuma -- : Paš.lauṛ. uċúm, dar. učum, S. vichū̃ m., (with greater deformation) L.mult. vaṭhũhã, khet. vaṭṭhũha; -- Pk. vicchua -- , viṁchua -- m., L. vichū m., awāṇ. vicchū, P. bicchū m., Or. (Sambhalpur) bichu, Mth. bīchu, H. bicchū, bīchū m., G. vīchu m.; -- Pk. viccu -- , °ua -- , viṁcua -- m., K. byucu m. (← Ind.), P.bhaṭ. biccū, WPah.bhal. biċċū m., cur. biccū, bhiḍ. biċċoṭū n. ʻ young scorpion ʼ, M. vīċũ, vĩċū m. (vĩċḍā m. ʻ large scorpion ʼ), vĩċvī, °ċvīṇ, °ċīṇ f., Ko. viccu, viṁcu, iṁcu. -- N. bacchiũ ʻ large hornet ʼ? (Scarcely < *vapsi -- ~ *vaspi -- ). vr̥ścikapattrikā -- . Addenda: vŕ̊ścika -- : Garh. bicchū, °chī ʻ scorpion ʼ, A. also bichā (phonet. -- s -- ) (CDIAL 12081) The 'ears' hieroglyphs signify:kárṇa 'ear' rebus: karaṇīya -- n. ʻ duty, business ʼ(Pali). Thus, the two signs Sign 51 and Sign 327 are signifiers of smith's duty related to loh 'copper' and bica 'haematiteore'. kárṇa m. ʻ ear, handle of a vessel ʼ RV., ʻ end, tip (?) ʼ RV. ii 34, 3. [Cf. *kāra -- 6] Pa. kaṇṇa -- m. ʻ ear, angle, tip ʼ; Pk. kaṇṇa -- , °aḍaya<-> m. ʻ ear ʼ, Gy. as. pal. eur. kan m., Ash. (Trumpp) karna NTS ii 261, Niṅg. kō̃, Woṭ. kanə, Tir. kana; Paš. kan, kaṇ(ḍ) -- ʻ orifice of ear ʼ IIFL iii 3, 93; Shum. kō̃ṛ ʻ ear ʼ, Woṭ. kan m., Kal. (LSI) kuṛō̃, rumb. kuŕũ, urt. kŕãdotdot; (< *kaṇ), Bshk. kan, Tor. k*lṇ, Kand. kōṇi, Mai. kaṇa, ky. kān, Phal. kāṇ, Sh. gil. ko̯n pl. ko̯ṇí m. (→ Ḍ kon pl. k*lṇa), koh. kuṇ, pales. kuāṇə, K. kan m., kash. pog. ḍoḍ. kann, S. kanu m., L. kann m., awāṇ. khet. kan, P. WPah. bhad. bhal. cam. kann m., Ku. gng. N. kān; A. kāṇ ʻ ear, rim of vessel, edge of river ʼ; B. kāṇ ʻ ear ʼ, Or. kāna, Mth. Bhoj. Aw. lakh. H. kān m., OMarw. kāna m., G. M. kān m., Ko. kānu m., Si. kaṇa, kana. -- As adverb and postposition (ápi kárṇē ʻ from behind ʼ RV., karṇē ʻ aside ʼ Kālid.): Pa. kaṇṇē ʻ at one's ear, in a whisper ʼ; Wg. ken ʻ to ʼ NTS ii 279; Tir. kõ ʻ on ʼ AO xii 181 with (?); Paš. kan ʻ to ʼ; K. kȧni with abl. ʻ at, near, through ʼ, kani with abl. or dat. ʻ on ʼ, kun with dat. ʻ toward ʼ; S. kani ʻ near ʼ, kanã̄ ʻ from ʼ; L. kan ʻ toward ʼ, kannũ ʻ from ʼ, kanne ʻ with ʼ, khet. kan, P. ḍog. kanē ʻ with, near ʼ; WPah. bhal. k*lṇ, °ṇi, keṇ, °ṇi with obl. ʻ with, near ʼ, kiṇ, °ṇiã̄, k*lṇiã̄, keṇ° with obl. ʻ from ʼ; Ku. kan ʻ to, for ʼ; N. kana ʻ for, to, with ʼ; H. kane, °ni, kan with ke ʻ near ʼ; OMarw. kanai ʻ near ʼ, kanã̄ sā ʻ from near ʼ, kã̄nī˜ ʻ towards ʼ; G. kane ʻ beside ʼ.(CDIAL 2830) Rebus; káraṇa n. ʻ act, deed ʼ RV. [√kr̥1] Pa. karaṇa -- n. ʻ doing ʼ; NiDoc. karana, kaṁraṁna ʻ work ʼ; Pk. karaṇa -- n. ʻ instrument ʼ; N. dan -- karnu ʻ toothpick ʼ, kan -- karnu ʻ ear -- pick ʼ; B. karnā, kannā ʻ work, duty ʼ; M. karṇẽ n. ʻ action, deed ʼ; Si. karaṇa ʻ occupation, trade, copulation ʼ; -- P. karnī f. ʻ mason's trowel ʼ (B. D. Jain PhonPj 116 < karaṇḍa -- ); H. karnī f. ʻ mason's trowel ʼ, M. karṇī f.karaṇīya -- ; *āvr̥ttikaraṇa -- , kaṇṭakakaraṇa -- , *nakhakaraṇa -- , nāmakaraṇa -- , bhadrākaraṇa -- , *mūtrakaraṇa -- , *vartakaraṇa -- .karaṇīya ʻ to be done ʼ MBh. [Cf. karaṇi -- f. ʻ action ʼ Bālar., Pk. karaṇi -- f.: √kr̥1]Pa. karaṇīya -- n. ʻ duty, business ʼ, Pk. karaṇīa -- , °ṇijja -- ; S. karṇī f. ʻ work, act ʼ, P. karnī f., Ku. karṇī; N. karni ʻ act, exp. the sexual act ʼ; Or. karaṇī ʻ work, authority ʼ; H. karnī f. ʻ act ʼ, G. karṇī f.; M. karṇī f. ʻ incantation ʼ.(CDIAL 2790, 2791) Modern impression of Harappa Seal h-598 Modern impression of seal L-11 Lothal The third sign is a 'fish' hieroglyph. A painted goblet with the 'three-branched fig tree' motif from Nausharo I D, transitional phase between the Early and Mature Harappan periods (c. 2600-2550 BCE) (After Samzun 1992: 250, fig.29.4 no.2) Sign 327 V326 (Orthographic variants of Sign 326) V327 (Orthographic variants of Sign 327) Zebu and nine leaves. In front of the standard device and the stylized tree of 9 leaves, are the black buck antelopes. Black paint on red ware of Kulli style. Mehi. Second-half of 3rd millennium BCE. [After G.L. Possehl, 1986, Kulli: an exploration of anancient civilization in South Asia, Centers of Civilization, I, Durham, NC: 46, fig. 18 (Mehi II.4.5), based on Stein 1931: pl. 30. Semantic determinative: markhor: mẽḍhā 'markhor' rebus: medhā 'yajña, dhanam'; दु mṛdu, mẽṛhẽt, meḍ 'iron' (Santali.Mu.Ho.);med 'copper' (Slavic) mēthí m. ʻ pillar in threshing floor to which oxen are fastened, prop for supporting carriage shafts ʼ AV., °thī -- f. KātyŚr.com., mēdhī -- f. Divyāv. 2. mēṭhī -- f. PañcavBr.com., mēḍhī -- , mēṭī -- f. BhP. 1. Pa. mēdhi -- f. ʻ post to tie cattle to, pillar, part of a stūpa ʼ; Pk. mēhi -- m. ʻ post on threshing floor ʼ, N. meh(e), miho, miyo, B. mei, Or. maï -- dāṇḍi, Bi. mẽh, mẽhā ʻ the post ʼ, (SMunger) mehā ʻ the bullock next the post ʼ, Mth. meh, mehā ʻ the post ʼ, (SBhagalpur) mīhã̄ ʻ the bullock next the post ʼ, (SETirhut) mẽhi bāṭi ʻ vessel with a projecting base ʼ.2. Pk. mēḍhi -- m. ʻ post on threshing floor ʼ, mēḍhaka<-> ʻ small stick ʼ; K. mīr, mīrü f. ʻ larger hole in ground which serves as a mark in pitching walnuts ʼ (for semantic relation of ʻ post -- hole ʼ see kūpa -- 2); L. meṛhf. ʻ rope tying oxen to each other and to post on threshing floor ʼ; P. mehṛ f., mehaṛ m. ʻ oxen on threshing floor, crowd ʼ; OA meṛha, mehra ʻ a circular construction, mound ʼ; Or. meṛhī, meri ʻ post on threshing floor ʼ; Bi. mẽṛ ʻ raised bank between irrigated beds ʼ, (Camparam) mẽṛhā ʻ bullock next the post ʼ, Mth. (SETirhut) mẽṛhā ʻ id. ʼ; M. meḍ(h), meḍhī f., meḍhā m. ʻ post, forked stake ʼ.(CDIAL 10317). Several strokes at the bottom of the sign Rimless pot, signifier of portable furnace smoke/fire. baṭa 'rimless pot' rebus: baṭa 'iron', bhaṭa 'furnace'.bhráṣṭra n. ʻ frying pan, gridiron ʼ MaitrS. [√bhrajj] Pk. bhaṭṭha -- m.n. ʻ gridiron ʼ; K. büṭhü f. ʻ level surface by kitchen fireplace on which vessels are put when taken off fire ʼ; S. baṭhu m. ʻ large pot in which grain is parched, large cooking fire ʼ, baṭhī f. ʻ distilling furnace ʼ; L. bhaṭṭh m. ʻ grain -- parcher's oven ʼ, bhaṭṭhī f. ʻ kiln, distillery ʼ, awāṇ. bhaṭh; P. bhaṭṭh m., °ṭhī f. ʻ furnace ʼ, bhaṭṭhā m. ʻ kiln ʼ; N. bhāṭi ʻ oven or vessel in which clothes are steamed for washing ʼ; A. bhaṭāʻ brick -- or lime -- kiln ʼ; B. bhāṭi ʻ kiln ʼ; Or. bhāṭi ʻ brick -- kiln, distilling pot ʼ; Mth. bhaṭhī, bhaṭṭī ʻ brick -- kiln, furnace, still ʼ; Aw.lakh. bhāṭhā ʻ kiln ʼ; H. bhaṭṭhā m. ʻ kiln ʼ, bhaṭ f. ʻ kiln, oven, fireplace ʼ; M. bhaṭṭām. ʻ pot of fire ʼ, bhaṭṭī f. ʻ forge ʼ. -- X bhástrā -- q.v.bhrāṣṭra -- ; *bhraṣṭrapūra -- , *bhraṣṭrāgāra -- .Addenda: bhráṣṭra -- : S.kcch. bhaṭṭhī keṇī ʻ distil (spirits) *bhraṣṭrapūra ʻ gridiron -- cake ʼ. [Cf. bhrāṣṭraja -- ʻ pro- duced on a gridiron ʼ lex. -- bhráṣṭra -- , pūra -- 2] P. bhaṭhūhar, °hrā, bhaṭhūrā, °ṭhorū m. ʻ cake of leavened bread ʼ; -- or < *bhr̥ṣṭapūra -- . *bhraṣṭrāgāra ʻ grain parching house ʼ. [bhráṣṭra -- , agāra -- ] P. bhaṭhiār, °ālā m. ʻ grainparcher's shop ʼ. .ʼ.(CDIAL 9656 to 9658)

--खोंड khōṇḍa 'young bull' Rebus: कोंड kōṇḍa 'a circular hamlet (of a guild) of singi 'ornament goldsmiths'. --The face of the 'unicorn of young bull' may be a 'goat-face' ligature; mlekh 'goat' rebus: milakkha, mleccha 'copper'. The vividly orthographed ear of the composite animal is Wg. kār ʻ ear ʼ (← Kho. kār), Kt. kōr, Dm. kâar Morgenstierne FestskrBroch 150, NTS xii 173; -- Ash. karmuṭäˊ ʻ ear ʼ, Kt. karmútə ʻ lobe of ear ʼ, Gaw. kumtak ʻ ear ʼ NTS ii 261 (or poss. all three < karṇapattraka -- ).Kho. kār ʻ ear ʼ certainly not ← Wg. BKhoT 69.(CDIAL 3056) rebus: khār खार् 'blacksmith' (Kashmiri) *kāra ʻearʼ. [Connexion with kárṇa -- is not clear] --कोंड kōṇḍa m C A circular hedge or field-fence.कोंडण kōṇḍaṇa f A fold or pen.कोंडवाड kōṇḍavāḍa n f C (कोंडणें & वाडा) A pen or fold for cattle.कोंडाळें kōṇḍāḷēm n (कुंडली S) A ring or circularly inclosed space. 2 fig. A circle made by persons sitting round. (Marathi) --The कोंड kōṇḍa 'a circular hamlet (of a guild) may be seen ad circular workers' platforms of Harappa. Square seal, Harappa, Sind, about 2000 BC. Seal and Seal impression. Glazed steatite. Indus seals were commonly used to mark bundles of trade goods. This well-known type shows a one-horned bovine animal before a ritual offering stand, with characters in the undeciphered Indus script. Photographer: World History Archive Image ID: D98DHX https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-square-seal-harappa-sind-about-2000-bc-glazed-steatite-indus-seals-57349318.html? Field symbol: Forward-thrusting, spiny-horned young bull PLUS standard device खोंड khōṇḍa 'A young bull, a bullcalf' Rebus: kundana 'fine gold', kũdār 'lathe-worker'. An additional semantic segment may be added for the rebus reading as: कोंड kōṇḍa 'a circular hamlet (of a guild)'; thus, the expanded rebus rendering is: a hamlet of smiths working with fine gold and ornament gold. kundana ‘fine gold’.Added semantic reading is rebus: कोंडण kōṇḍaṇa f A fold or pen. Rebus: śr̥ṅgín ʻ horned ʼ RV. [śŕ̊ṅga -- ]Pa. siṅgin -- , siṅgika -- ʻ horned ʼ, Pk. siṁgi -- , N. siṅe, G. sĩgī; -- ext. -- l -- : Pa. siṅgila -- m. ʻ a kind of horned bird ʼ; S. siṅiru ʻ horned ʼ. OMarw. (Vīsaḷa) sīṁgī f.adj. ʻ horned (of cow) ʼ.(CDIAL 12595) शृङ्गिन् śṛṅgin a. (-णी f.) [शृङ्गमस्त्यस्य इनि] Horned (Apte) Rebus: शृङ्गी śṛṅgī Gold used for ornaments. (In goldsmithy, this 18-carat gold is distinguished from 24-carat kundan 'fine gold'). Thus, the rebus reading of hieroglyph खोंड khōṇḍa 'young bull' is: कोंड kōṇḍa 'a circular hamlet (of a guild) of singi 'ornament goldsmiths'. -- singa 'young bull' (Pali) rebus singi 'ornament gold'; Singa1 (nt.) [Vedic śṛnga, cp. Gr. ka/rnon, kraggw/n; Lat. cornu=E. horn] a horn J i.57, 149, 194; iv.173 (of a cow); Vism 106; VvhA 476. -- dhanu horn -- bow DhA i.216. -- dhamaka blowing a horn Miln 31. Singa2 the young of an animal, calf J v.92; cp. Deśīnāma- mālā viii.31. Singika (adj.) [fr. singa1] having horns J vi.354 (āvelita -- ˚ having twisted horns). Singin (adj.) [Vedic śṛngin] having a horn Vin ii.300; J iv.173 (=cow); clever, sharp -- witted, false Th 1, 959; A ii.26; It 112; cp. J.P.T.S. 1885, 53. Singila a kind of horned bird J iii.73; DhA iii.22 (v. l. singala).Singī & singi (f.) [cp. Sk. śṛngī] 1. gold Vin i.38; S ii.234; J i.84. -- 2. "ginger" in sense of "dainties, sweets" J iv.352 (=singiver' ādika uttaribhanga C.; cp. Tamil iñji ginger).-- nada gold Vv 6428; VvA 284. -- loṇa ( -- kappa) license as to ginger & salt Vin ii.300, 306. -- vaṇṇa gold-coloured D ii.133. -- suvaṇṇa gold VvA 167.(Pali) (See annexed note on singh, simha). -- singhin, 'having spiny horns,projecting in front' Rebus: singin 'gold for ornaments' PLUS karā 'ear' PLUS kunda 'young bull' together signify singikār kũdār,'ornament goldsmith who works a lathe or a lapidary'. -- Organizing principle of 'joining together parts' in Indus Writing System is called Hieroglyph: सांगड sāṅgaḍa m f (संघट्ट S) 'That member of a turner's apparatus by which the piece to be turned is confined and steadied. सांगडीस धरणें To take into linkedness or close connection with, lit. fig.'; सांगडणी sāṅgaḍaṇī f (Verbal of सांगडणें) Linking or joining together.सांगडणें sāṅgaḍaṇēṃ v c (सांगड) To link, join, or unite together (boats, fruits, animals) 2 Freely. To tie or bind up or unto. The hypertext of standard device is a combination of two parts: Top register: kunda 'lathe' and Bottom register: kammata 'portable furnace'. The bottom register may also signify as a semantic determinative: a vessel for coals (Ramayana); fire-bowl (for consecrated fire).kunḍa 'bowl for coals'. अग्निः [अङ्गति ऊर्ध्वं गच्छति अङ्ग्-नि,नलोपश्च Uṇ.4.5., or fr. अञ्च् 'to go.'] 1 Fire Sacrificial altar, अग्निकुण्ड cf. Rām. 1.14.28. कुण्ड् kuṇḍ कुण्ड् I. 1 Ā. 1 To burn. -2 To eat, -3 To heap. कुण्डः डी डम् kuṇḍḥ ḍī ḍam कुण्डः डी डम् [cf. Uṇ.1.112] 1 A bowl-shaped vessel, a basin, bowl. -2 A round hole in the ground for receiving and preserving water. बलं नागसहस्रस्य यस्मि- न्कुण्डे प्रतिष्ठितम् Mb.1.128.68. -3 A hole in general; अग्निकुण्डम्. -4 A pool, well; especially one consecrated to some deity or holy purpose. -5 The bowl of a mendicant. -6 A water-jar (कमण्डलु). (Apte) *kāra5 ʻ live coal ʼ. [Cf. *skāra -- , kṣārá -- 1]Sh. gil. kã̄rṷ m. ʻ charcoal ʼ, (Lor.) kāre (m. pl.?).(CDIAL 3055) I suggest that the rebus readings in Meluhha demonstrate that the 'standard device' signifies 'turner's lathe'.କୁନ୍ଦକର— Kundakara ସଂ. ବି. (କୁନ୍ଦ+କୃ ଧାତୁ+କର୍ତ୍ତୃ. ଅ)— କୁନ୍ଦିବା ୟନ୍ତ୍ରରେ କାମ କଲାବାଲା କାରିଗର— A turner.କୁନ୍ଦକାରକ— Kundakāraka ସଂ. ବି. (କୁନ୍ଦ+କୃ ଧାତୁ+କର୍ତ୍ତୃ. ଅକ)— କୁନ୍ଦକର (ଦେଖ) Kundakara (See) କୁନ୍ଦଗର— Kundagara [synonym(s): কুন্দকী कुंदमसाज] ଦେ. ବି. (ସଂ. କୁନ୍ଦକର)— 1। କୁନ୍ଦକରିବା କାରିଗର— 1. A turner. 2। କୁନ୍ଦନ କାମ କରିବା ବଣିଆ—2. A goldsmith adept in the art of setting precious stones on gold leaves.(Oriya) কুন্দ kunda a (turner's) lathe. ̃কার n. a turner. ̃ Rebus: kunda 'fine gold' kundakara m. ʻ turner ʼ W. [Cf. *cundakāra -- : kunda -- 1, kará -- 1] A. kundār, B. kũdār, ˚ri, Or. kundāru; H. kũderā m. ʻ one who works a lathe, one who scrapes ʼ, ˚rī f., kũdernā ʻ to scrape, plane, round on a lathe ʼ.(CDIAL 3297) Thus, the standard device signifies a catamaran and also kundar 'turner'. Rebus: sãgaḍa 'double-canoe, catamaran'. saṁghāṭa m. ʻ fitting and joining of timber ʼ R. [√ghaṭ] Pa. nāvā -- saṅghāṭa -- , dāru -- s˚ ʻ raft ʼ; Pk. saṁghāḍa -- , ˚ḍaga -- m., ˚ḍī -- f. ʻ pair ʼ; Ku. sĩgāṛ m. ʻ doorframe ʼ; N. saṅār, siṅhār ʻ threshold ʼ; Or. saṅghāṛi ʻ pair of fish roes, two rolls of thread for twisting into the sacred thread, quantity of fuel sufficient to maintain the cremation fire ʼ; Bi. sĩghārā ʻ triangular packet of betel ʼ; H. sĩghāṛā m. ʻ piece of cloth folded in triangular shape ʼ; G. sãghāṛɔ m. ʻ lathe ʼ; M. sãgaḍ f. ʻ a body formed of two or more fruits or animals or men &c. linked together, part of a turner's apparatus ʼ, m.f. ʻ float made of two canoes joined together ʼ (LM 417 compares saggarai at Limurike in the Periplus, Tam. śaṅgaḍam, Tu. jaṅgala ʻ double -- canoe ʼ), sã̄gāḍā m. ʻ frame of a building ʼ, ˚ḍī f. ʻ lathe ʼ; Si. san̆gaḷa ʻ pair ʼ, han̆guḷa, an̆g˚ ʻ double canoe, raft ʼ.Addenda: saṁghāṭa -- : Md. an̆goḷi ʻ junction ʼ?(CDIAL 12859) சங்கடம்² caṅkaṭam , n. < Port. jangada. Ferry-boat of two canoes with a platform thereon; இரட்டைத்தோணி. (J.)(Tamil) Since this word sãgaḍa 'double-canoe, catamaran' is a synonym of mã̄jhī 'cargo boat with raised platform', dotted circle hieroglyphs which signify manjhi 'centre, middle' rebus mã̄jhī 'cargo boat with raised platform', embellish the standard device on the bottom part of the device. I submit that saṁghāya 'closeness in enterprise'; and 2. 'intimate, familiar communication' is the organizing principle for the functions of Indus Script Cipher to communicate intimately to close associates in trade and wealth-production transactions. These intimate communications relate to sã̄gah 'collections of metalwork, metalcasting work, gems-jewels and lapidary work products'. The semantics of similar sounding expressions in Meluhha signify the semantics of 1. saṁghāya 'closeness in enterprise'; and 2. intimate, familiar communication; 3. sã̄gah 'collections of materials' or manufactured metal, gem-jewel products which yield wealth in business transactions. Rebus 1: Pk. saṁghāya -- m. ʻcloseness, collectionʼ (CDIAL 12862) संघट्टण 'Close connection and intercourse; intimate and familiar communication' (Marathi) Rebus 2: -- saṁgraha m. ʻ collection ʼ Mn., ʻ holding together ʼ MBh. [√grah]Pa. saṅgaha -- m. ʻ collection ʼ, Pk. saṁgaha -- m.; Bi. sã̄gah ʻ building materials ʼ; Mth. sã̄gah ʻ the plough and all its appurtenances ʼ, Bhoj. har -- sã̄ga; H. sãgahā ʻ collection of materials (e.g. for building) ʼ; <-> Si. san̆gaha ʻ compilation ʼ ← Pa.(CDIAL 12852) sáṁgr̥hṇāti ʻ seizes ʼ RV. 2. *saṁgrahati. 3. saṁgrāhayati ʻ causes to be taken hold of, causes to be comprehended ʼ BhP. [√grah]1. Pa. saṅgaṇhāti ʻ collects ʼ, Pk. saṁgiṇhaï; Or. saṅghenibā ʻ to take with, be accompanied by ʼ.2. Pa. fut. saṅgahissati, pp. saṅgahita -- ; Pk. saṁgahaï ʻ collects, chooses, agrees to ʼ; Si. han̆ginavā ʻ to think ʼ, hän̆genavā, än̆g˚ ʻ to be convinced, perceive ʼ, han̆gavanavā, an̆g˚ ʻ to make known ʼ.3. Or. saṅgāibā ʻ to keep ʼ.(CDIAL 12850) Rebus 3: Yet another rebus reading is: the ancient accounting system used for invoicing precious commodities on approval basis called: The jangad/Challan made out by the defendant and stated to be signed by the plaintiff as receiver of the goods shown therein evidences the written contract between the parties... https://www.casemine.com/search/in... In Gujarati, the word jangadiyo means 'a military guard carryiingaccompanies treasure stored in the treasury/warehouse of the state'. See: Itihāsa, Standard device on Indus Script Corpora is सांगड sāṅgaḍa 'joined lathe, portable furnace' rebus: saṁghāṭa 'catamaran' (Rāmāyaṇa), sãghāṛɔ 'lathe' jangadiyo 'military guard' https://tinyurl.com/y7o7wf9t

A set of five Indus seal replicas distributed to visitors by the National Museum, Janpath, New Delhi are presented in the following photographs. These are presented as Seals 1 to 5 and deciphered in the context of comparable seals with comparable Indus Script hieroglyph/hieroglyph-multiplexes: Seal 1 (One-horned young bull, standard device) Seal 2 (Two heads of young bulls, nine ficus leaves) Seal 3 (Seatedd person surrounded by animals and hieroglyphs) Seal 4 (Two tigers, woman) Seal 5 (Zebu seal) All Indus Script hieroglyphs on this set of seals are deciphered as metalwork catalogues. Seal 1 (One-horned young bull, standard device) dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'cast metal'; loa 'ficus' rebus: loh 'copper'; kamaDha 'bow' rebus: kampaTTa 'mint, coiner' meD 'body' rebus: meD 'iron, copper, metal'. gaNDa 'four' rebus; kanda 'fire-altar' PLUS dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'cast metal' (Thus, the pair of four strokes signifies 'cast metal fire-altar'). ranku 'liquid measure' rebus: ranku 'tin' (One is inlaid with a pair of three short strokes: kolmo 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'; the other is inlaid with three horizontal strokes. One may indicate cast tin and the other may indicate a tin smithy). eraka 'knave of wheel' rebus: erako 'moltencast'; arka 'copper'. Hieroglyph: धातु [p= 513,3] m. layer , stratum Ka1tyS3r. Kaus3. constituent part , ingredient (esp. [ and in RV. only] ifc. , where often = " fold " e.g. त्रि-ध्/आतु , threefold &c ; cf.त्रिविष्टि- , सप्त- , सु-) RV. TS. S3Br. &c (Monier-Williams) dhāˊtu *strand of rope ʼ (cf. tridhāˊtu -- ʻ threefold ʼ RV., ayugdhātu -- ʻ having an uneven number of strands ʼ KātyŚr.).; S. dhāī f. ʻ wisp of fibres added from time to time to a rope that is being twisted ʼ, L. dhāī˜ f.(CDIAL 6773) tántu m. ʻ thread, warp ʼ RV. [√tan] Pa. tantu -- m. ʻ thread, cord ʼ, Pk. taṁtu -- m.; Kho. (Lor.) ton ʻ warp ʼ < *tand (whence tandeni ʻ thread between wings of spinning wheel ʼ); S. tandu f. ʻ gold or silver thread ʼ; L. tand (pl. °dũ) f. ʻ yarn, thread being spun, string of the tongue ʼ; P. tand m. ʻ thread ʼ, tanduā, °dūā m. ʻ string of the tongue, frenum of glans penis ʼ; A. tã̄t ʻ warp in the loom, cloth being woven ʼ; B. tã̄t ʻ cord ʼ; M. tã̄tū m. ʻ thread ʼ; Si. tatu, °ta ʻ string of a lute ʼ; -- with -- o, -- ā to retain orig. gender: S. tando m. ʻ cord, twine, strand of rope ʼ; N. tã̄do ʻ bowstring ʼ; H. tã̄tā m. ʻ series, line ʼ; G. tã̄tɔ m. ʻ thread ʼ; -- OG. tāṁtaṇaü m. ʻ thread ʼ < *tāṁtaḍaü, G.tã̄tṇɔ m.(CDIAL 5661) Rebus: M. dhāū, dhāv m.f. ʻ a partic. soft red stone ʼ (whence dhā̆vaḍ m. ʻ a caste of iron -- smelters ʼ, dhāvḍī ʻ composed of or relating to iron ʼ); dhāˊtu n. ʻ substance ʼ RV., m. ʻ element ʼ MBh., ʻ metal, mineral, ore (esp. of a red colour) ʼ; Pk. dhāu -- m. ʻ metal, red chalk ʼ; N. dhāu ʻ ore (esp. of copper) ʼ; Or. ḍhāu ʻ red chalk, red ochre ʼ (whence ḍhāuā ʻ reddish ʼ; (CDIAL 6773) धातु primary element of the earth i.e. metal , mineral, ore (esp. a mineral of a red colour) Mn. MBh. &c element of words i.e. grammatical or verbal root or stem Nir. Pra1t. MBh. &c (with the southern Buddhists धातु means either the 6 elements [see above] Dharmas. xxv ; or the 18 elementary spheres [धातु-लोक] ib. lviii ; or the ashes of the body , relics L. [cf. -गर्भ]) (Monier-Williams. Samskritam). Seal 2 (Two heads of young bulls, nine ficus leaves) m0296 Two heads of one-horned bulls with neck-rings, joined end to end (to a standard device with two rings coming out of the top part?), under a stylized pipal tree with nine leaves. Text 1387 dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'cast metal' dhAv 'string/strand' rebus: dhAv, dhAtu 'element, ore'. Mohenjo-daro Seal impression. m0296 Two heads of one-horned bulls with neck-rings, joined end to end (to a standard device with two rings coming out of the top part?), under a stylized tree-branch with nine leaves. खोंद [ khōnda ] n A hump (on the back): also a protuberance or an incurvation (of a wall, a hedge, a road). Rebus: खोदणें [ khōdaṇēṃ ] v c & i ( H) To dig. 2 To engrave. खोद खोदून विचारणें or -पुसणें To question minutely and searchingly, to probe.गोट [ gōṭa ] m (H) A metal wristlet. An ornament of women. 2 Encircling or investing. v घाल, दे. 3 An encampment or camp: also a division of a camp. 4 The hem or an appended border (of a garment).गोटा [ gōṭā ] m A roundish stone or pebble. 2 A marble (of stone, lac, wood &c.) 3 fig. A grain of rice in the ear. Ex. पावसानें भाताचे गोटे झडले. An overripe and rattling cocoanut: also such dry kernel detached from the shell. 5 A narrow fillet of brocade.गोटाळ [ gōṭāḷa ] a (गोटा) Abounding in pebbles--ground.गोटी [ gōṭī ] f (Dim. of गोटा) A roundish stone or pebble. 2 A marble. 3 A large lifting stone. Used in trials of strength among the Athletæ. 4 A stone in temples described at length under उचला 5 fig. A term for a round, fleshy, well-filled body. Rebus: गोटी [ gōṭī ] f (Dim. of गोटा) A lump of silver: as obtained by melting down lace or fringe. Hieroglyph: lo = nine (Santali); no = nine (B.) on-patu = nine (Ta.) [Note the count of nine fig leaves on m0296] Rebus: loa = a species of fig tree, ficus glomerata, the fruit of ficus glomerata (Santali.lex.) Epigraph: 1387 kana, kanac = corner (Santali); Rebus: kan~cu = bronze (Te.) Ligatured glyph. ara 'spoke' rebus: ara 'brass'. era, er-a = eraka =?nave; erako_lu = the iron axle of a carriage (Ka.M.); cf. irasu (Ka.lex.)[Note Sign 391 and its ligatures Signs 392 and 393 may connote a spoked-wheel,nave of the wheel through which the axle passes; cf. ara_, spoke]erka = ekke (Tbh.of arka) aka (Tbh. of arka) copper (metal);crystal (Ka.lex.) cf. eruvai = copper (Ta.lex.) eraka, er-aka = anymetal infusion (Ka.Tu.); erako molten cast (Tu.lex.) Rebus: eraka= copper (Ka.)eruvai =copper (Ta.); ere - a dark-red colour (Ka.)(DEDR 817). eraka, era, er-a= syn. erka, copper, weapons (Ka.)Vikalpa: ara, arā (RV.) = spokeof wheel ஆரம்² āram , n. < āra. 1. Spokeof a wheel.See ஆரக்கால். ஆரஞ்சூழ்ந்தவயில்வாய் நேமியொடு (சிறுபாண். 253). Rebus: ஆரம் brass; பித்தளை.(அக. நி.) pittal is cognate with 'pewter'. kuṭi = a slice, a bit, a small piece (Santali.lex.Bodding) Rebus: kuṭhi ‘iron smelter furnace’ (Santali) kuṭhī factory (A.)(CDIAL 3546) Thus, the sign sequence connotes a copper, bronze, brass smelter furnace Ayo ‘fish’; kaṇḍa‘arrow’; rebus: ayaskāṇḍa. The sign sequence is ayaskāṇḍa ‘a quantity of iron,excellent iron’ (Pāṇ.gaṇ) ayo, hako 'fish'; a~s = scales of fish (Santali); rebus:aya = iron (G.); ayah, ayas = metal (Skt.) kaṇḍa‘fire-altar’ (Santali) DEDR 191 Ta. ayirai,acarai, acalai loach, sandy colour, Cobitisthermalis; ayilai a kind of fish. Ma. ayala a fish,mackerel, scomber; aila, ayila a fish; ayira a kind ofsmall fish, loach. kole.l 'temple, smithy'(Ko.); kolme ‘smithy' (Ka.) kol ‘working in iron, blacksmith (Ta.); kollan-blacksmith (Ta.); kollan blacksmith, artificer (Ma.)(DEDR 2133) kolme =furnace (Ka.) kol = pan~calo_ha (five metals); kol metal (Ta.lex.) pan~caloha = a metallic alloy containing five metals: copper, brass, tin, lead and iron (Skt.); an alternative list of five metals: gold, silver, copper, tin (lead), and iron (dhātu; Nānārtharatnākara. 82; Man:garāja’s Nighaṇṭu. 498)(Ka.) kol, kolhe, ‘the koles, an aboriginal tribe if iron smelters speaking a language akin to that of Santals’ (Santali) Zebu and leaves. In front of the standard device and the stylized tree of 9 leaves, are the black buck antelopes. Black paint on red ware of Kulli style. Mehi. Second-half of 3rd millennium BCE. [After G.L. Possehl, 1986, Kulli: an exploration of an ancient civilization in South Asia, Centers of Civilization, I, Durham, NC: 46, fig. 18 (Mehi II.4.5), based on Stein 1931: pl. 30. poLa 'zebu' rebus; poLa 'magnetite' ayir = iron dust, any ore (Ma.) aduru = gan.iyindategadu karagade iruva aduru = ore taken from the mine and not subjected to melting in a furnace (Ka. Siddha_nti Subrahman.ya’ S’astri’s new interpretationof the Amarakos’a, Bangalore, Vicaradarpana Press, 1872, p. 330) DEDR 192 Ta. ayil iron. Ma. ayir,ayiram any ore. Ka. aduru native metal. Tu. ajirdakarba very hard iron V326 (Orthographic variants of Sign 326) V327 (Orthographic variants of Sign 327) loa = a species of fig tree, ficus glomerata, the fruit of ficus glomerata (Santali.lex.) Vikalpa: kamaṛkom ‘ficus’ (Santali); rebus: kampaṭṭam ‘mint’ (Ta.) patra ‘leaf’ (Skt.); rebus: paṭṭarai ‘workshop’ (Ta.) Rebus: lo ‘iron’ (Assamese, Bengali); loa ‘iron’ (Gypsy) lauha = made of copper or iron (Gr.S'r.); metal, iron (Skt.); lo_haka_ra = coppersmith, ironsmith (Pali);lo_ha_ra = blacksmith (Pt.); lohal.a (Or.); lo_ha = metal, esp. copper or bronze (Pali); copper (VS.); loho, lo_ = metal, ore, iron (Si.) loha lut.i = iron utensils and implements (Santali.lex.) koṭiyum = a wooden circle put round the neck of an animal; koṭ = neck (G.lex.) kōṭu = horns (Ta.) kōḍiya, kōḍe = young bull (G.) Rebus: koḍ = place where artisans work (G.lex.) dol = likeness, picture, form (Santali) [e.g., two tigers, two bulls, duplicated signs] me~ṛhe~t iron; ispat m. = steel; dul m. = cast iron (Santali) [Thus, the paired glyph of one-horned heifers connotes (metal) casting (dul) workshop (koḍ)]

mẽḍhā 'markhor' of Somaskanda mūrti-s signifies rebus: medhā 'yajña, dhanam' and of Chanhudaro seal rebus: mẽṛhẽt, meḍ 'iron (metal)' metalwork. That sculptures are metaphors is seen from the lexeme: skándati ʻ leaps, spurts out ʼ RV., skand 'leap'(CDIAL 13626) The semantics of skand 'leap' are signified by a dancing Skanda in sculptures of Somaskanda family portrait. Another semantic facet of great significance defining the metalwork traditions and art itihāsa of Bhāratam Janam is the name of Skanda (Kārtikeya) divinity in Swāmimalai. This pilgrimage site is one of the six Arupaṭaivīḍu, 'six army camps' of the army-general Kārtikeya. One of the six pilgrimage sites for Kārtikeya is Swāmimalai which is also a site of archaeometallurgical significance. At Swāmimalai, the name of Kārtikeya is ēraka Subrahmanya. The word eraka in the expression means: moltencast, copper. This is the site where the Sarasvati Civilization tradition of cire perdue metal casting of pañcaloha (five alloy metals) continues even today with the viśvakarma there creating exquisite pañcaloha utsava bera of Natarāja, Sri Rāma, Sri Krishna and other divine Mūrti-s of Bhāratam Janam. Somaskanda. Asioan Civilization Museum. Singapore. This 'markhor' signifier is reinforced by double-axe on Chanhudaro seal. Somaskanda mūrti-s are adornd with ṭāṅg 'battle-axe' on his hand, rebus: ṭanka 'mint'. Somaskanda holds on his hands 1. mẽḍhā 'markhor' rebus: medhā 'yajña, dhanam' 2. ṭāṅg 'battle-axe' rebus: ṭanka 'mint' Ta. taṅkam pure gold, that which is precious, of great worth. Ma. taṅkam pure gold. / ? < Skt. ṭaṅka- a stamped (gold) coin. (DEDR 3013) टांक मारणें To set down in writing (Marathi) टङ्कm. a stamped coin Hit.; m. a weight of 4 माषs S3a1rn3gS. i , 19 Vet. iv , 2÷3 Nagesvara Rudra. Kilappudanur Chanhudaro C23 seal. A tantra-yukti is 'arthāpatti,'implication'. This yukti helps explain the purport of the hieroglyphs on this Chanhudaro seal. The fact that these hieroglyph compositions occur on bronze artifacts imply that the bronze metalwork is signified. खोट (p. 212) [ khōṭa ] f A mass of metal (unwrought or of old metal melted down); an ingot or wedge. (Marathi) PLUS kolom 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'. Text 6402 6Goat-antelope with a short tail.ḍhāla 'slope, incline' rebus: ḍhāla 'shield, large ingot (oxhide)'. Three linear strokes signify kolmo 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'. Three linear strokes thus signify kolimi 'smithy, forge'. Tor. miṇḍ 'ram', miṇḍā́l 'markhor' (CDIAL 10310) Rebus:meḍ (Ho.); mẽṛhet 'iron' (Munda.Ho.) med 'copper' (Slavic). Rebus: मेध [p= 832,3] = yajña, offering, oblation; मेधा= धन Naigh. ii , 10.; f. mental vigour or power , intelligence , prudence , wisdom (pl. products of intelligence , thoughts , opinions) RV. &c mēṇḍha2 m. ʻ ram ʼ, °aka -- , mēṇḍa -- 4, miṇḍha -- 2, °aka -- , mēṭha -- 2, mēṇḍhra -- , mēḍhra -- 2, °aka -- m. lex. 2. *mēṇṭha- (mēṭha -- m. lex.). 3. *mējjha -- . [r -- forms (which are not attested in NIA.) are due to further sanskritization of a loan -- word prob. of Austro -- as. origin (EWA ii 682 with lit.) and perh. related to the group s.v. bhēḍra -- ]1. Pa. meṇḍa -- m. ʻ ram ʼ, °aka -- ʻ made of a ram's horn (e.g. a bow) ʼ; Pk. meḍḍha -- , meṁḍha -- (°ḍhī -- f.), °ṁḍa -- , miṁḍha -- (°dhiā -- f.), °aga -- m. ʻ ram ʼ, Dm. Gaw. miṇ Kal.rumb. amŕn/aŕə ʻ sheep ʼ (a -- ?); Bshk. mināˊl ʻ ram ʼ; Tor. miṇḍ ʻ ram ʼ, miṇḍāˊl ʻ markhor ʼ; Chil. mindh*ll ʻ ram ʼ AO xviii 244 (dh!), Sv. yēṛo -- miṇ; Phal. miṇḍ, miṇ ʻ ram ʼ, miṇḍṓl m. ʻ yearling lamb, gimmer ʼ; P. mẽḍhā m., °ḍhīf., ludh. mīḍḍhā, mī˜ḍhā m.; N. meṛho, meṛo ʻ ram for sacrifice ʼ; A. mersāg ʻ ram ʼ ( -- sāg < *chāgya -- ?), B. meṛā m., °ṛi f., Or. meṇḍhā, °ḍā m., °ḍhi f., H. meṛh, meṛhā, mẽḍhā m., G. mẽḍhɔ, M. mẽḍhā m., Si. mäḍayā.2. Pk. meṁṭhī -- f. ʻ sheep ʼ; H. meṭhā m. ʻ ram ʼ.3. H. mejhukā m. ʻ ram ʼ.*mēṇḍharūpa -- , mēḍhraśr̥ṅgī -- .Addenda: mēṇḍha -- 2: A. also mer (phonet. mer) ʻ ram ʼ AFD 235(CDIAL 10310). *mēṇḍharūpa ʻ like a ram ʼ. [mēṇḍha -- 2, rūpá -- Bi. mẽṛhwā ʻ a bullock with curved horns like a ram's ʼ; M. mẽḍhrū̃ n. ʻ sheep ʼ (CDIAL 10311). Te. gō̃ṭu an ornamental appendage to the border of a cloth, fringe' Rebus 1: gota (laterite, ferrite ore) Rebus 2: goṭā 'gold-braid'. Archer carrying bow and arrow on both hands: kamaTha 'bow and arrow' rebus: kammaTa 'mint, coiner' PLUS dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'metal casting'.. Thus, a metalcasting mint. kanac 'corner' rebus: kanac 'bronze' PLUS sal 'splinter' rebus: sal 'workshop'. Thus, bronze workshop. The large double-axe may be an orthographic styling of an oxhide ingot, which is a large ingot weighing upto 30 kgs. Hence, read rebus as: ḍhāla 'shield, large ingot (oxhide)' Hypertext atop the seal motifs: Hieroglyph: one slanted stroke:koD 'one' rebus: koD 'workshop' PLUS ḍhāla 'slope, incline' rebus: ḍhāla 'shield, large ingot (oxhide)'. Thus large workshop (oxhide) ingot. Ligatured ficus leaf: loa 'ficus' rebus: loh 'copper' PLUS koD 'horn' rebus: koD 'workshop'. Thus, copper workshop. कर्णिक [p= 257,2] mfn. having ears , having large or long ears W.; कर्णिन् [p= 257,2] mfn. having ears AV. x , 1 , 2 TS. vii (Samskrtam) Rebus: karṇika, 'helmsman', karṇī 'supercargo, a representative of the ship's owner on board a merchant ship, responsible for overseeing the cargo and its sale.' Three slanted strokes: kolmo 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge' PLUS ḍhāla 'slope, incline' rebus: ḍhāla 'shield, large ingot (oxhide)'. Thus large (oxhide) ingot for smithy/forge. kanac 'corner' rebus: kanac 'bronze' PLUS infixed partitioned rectangle (could be ingot rod?) Archer carrying bow and arrow on one hand: kamaTha 'bow and arrow' rebus: kammaTa 'mint, coiner, coiange'. An archer carries bow and arrow on both hands: dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metal casting'. Ligatured ingot PLUS three linear strokes: kolmo 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge' PLUS mũh 'ingot' (Munda). Thus, ingot for smithy/forge. Double-axe hieroglyph: Double-axe shown on one side of a few copper tablets from Mohenjodaro. Double-axe found in a Mesopotamian site. Comparable to the double-axe shown on Chanhudaro seal C-23. ṭaṅka2 m.n. ʻ spade, hoe, chisel ʼ R. 2. ṭaṅga -- 2 m.n. ʻ sword, spade ʼ lex.1. Pa. ṭaṅka -- m. ʻ stone mason's chisel ʼ; Pk. ṭaṁka -- m. ʻ stone -- chisel, sword ʼ; Woṭ. ṭhõ ʻ axe ʼ; Bshk. ṭhoṅ ʻ battleaxe ʼ, ṭheṅ ʻ small axe ʼ (< *ṭaṅkī); Tor. (Biddulph) "tunger" m. ʻ axe ʼ (ṭ? AO viii 310), Phal. ṭhō˘ṅgi f.; K. ṭŏnguru m. ʻ a kind of hoe ʼ; N. (Tarai) ṭã̄gi ʻ adze ʼ; H. ṭã̄kī f. ʻ chisel ʼ; G. ṭã̄k f. ʻ pen nib ʼ; M. ṭã̄k m. ʻ pen nib ʼ, ṭã̄kī f. ʻ chisel ʼ2. A. ṭāṅgi ʻ stone chisel ʼ; B. ṭāṅg, °gi ʻ spade, axe ʼ; Or. ṭāṅgi ʻ battle -- axe ʼ; Bi. ṭã̄gā, °gī ʻ adze ʼ; Bhoj. ṭāṅī ʻ axe ʼ; H. ṭã̄gī f. ʻ hatchet ʼ.(CDIAL 5427) ṭaṅkaśālā -- , ṭaṅkakaś° f. ʻ mint ʼ lex. [ṭaṅka -- 1, śāˊlā -- ] N. ṭaksāl, °ār, B. ṭāksāl, ṭã̄k°, ṭek°, Bhoj. ṭaksār, H. ṭaksāl, °ār f., G. ṭãksāḷ f., M. ṭã̄ksāl, ṭāk°, ṭãk°, ṭak°. -- Deriv. G. ṭaksāḷī m. ʻ mint -- master ʼ, M. ṭāksāḷyā m. Addenda: ṭaṅkaśālā -- : Brj. ṭaksāḷī, °sārī m. ʻ mint -- master ʼ.(CDIAL 5434) म्लेच्छ [p= 837,3]n. copper L. milakkhu 'copper' (Pali)म्लेच्छः mlēcchḥ म्लेच्छः [म्लेच्छ्-घञ्] 1 A barbarian, a non-Āryan (one not speaking the Sanskṛit language, or not con- forming to Hindu or Āryan institutions), a foreigner in general; ग्राह्या म्लेच्छप्रसिद्धिस्तु विरोधादर्शने सति J. N. V.; म्लेच्छान् मूर्छयते; or म्लेच्छनिवहनिधने कलयसि करवालम् Gīt.1. -2 An outcast, a very low man; (Baudhāyana thus defines the word:-- गोमांसखादको यस्तु विरुद्धं बहु भाषते । सर्वा- चारविहीनश्च म्लेच्छ इत्यभिधीयते ॥). -3 A sinner, wicked person. -4 Foreign or barbarous speech. -च्छम् 1 Copper. -2 Vermilion. -Comp. -आख्यम् copper. -आशः wheat. -आस्यम्, -मुखम् copper. -कन्दः garlic. -जातिः f. a savage or barbarian race, a mountaineer; पुलिन्दा नाहला निष्ट्याः शबरा वरुटा भटाः । माला भिल्लाः किराताश्च सर्वे$पि म्लेच्छजातयः ॥ Abh. Chin.934. -देशः, -मण्डलम् a country inhabited by non-Āryans or barbarians, a foreign or barbarous country; कृष्णसारस्तु चरति मृगो यत्र स्वभावतः । स ज्ञेयो यज्ञियो देशो म्लेच्छदेशस्त्वतः परः ॥ Ms.2.23. -द्विष्टः bdellium. -भाषा a foreign language. -भोजनः wheat. (-नम्) barley. -वाच् a. speaking a barbarous or foreign language; म्लेच्छवाचश्चार्यवाचः सर्वे ते दस्यवः स्मृताः Ms.1.45.म्लेच्छनम् mlēcchanam म्लेच्छनम् 1 Speaking indistinctly or confusedly. -2 Speaking in a barbarous tongue. म्लेच्छित mlēcchita म्लेच्छित p. p. Spoken indistinctly or barbarously. -तम् 1 A foreign tongue. -2 An ungrammatical word or speech. म्लेच्छितकम् mlēcchitakam म्लेच्छितकम् Foreign or barbarous speech.mlēcchá ʻ non -- Aryan ʼ ŚBr. [√mlēch] Pk. maleccha -- , miliccha -- , meccha -- , miccha -- m. ʻ barbarian ʼ; K. mī˜ċh, dat. mī˜ċas m. ʻ non -- Hindu ʼ (loss of aspiration unexpl.); P. milech, mal° m. (f. milechṇī, mal°) ʻ Moslem, unclean outcaste, wretch ʼ; WPah.bhad, məle_ċh ʻ dirty ʼ; B. mech ʻ a Tibeto -- Burman tribe ʼ ODBL 473; Si. milidu, miliñdu ʻ wild, savage ʼ (< MIA. *mlēcha -- or with H. Smith JA 1950, 186 X pulindá -- ), milis (< MIA. miliccha -- ). -- Paš. mečə ʻ wretched, miserly ʼ rather < *mēcca -- ʻ defective ʼ. -- With unexpl. -- kkh -- : Pa. milakkha -- , °khu -- ʻ non -- Aryan ʼ, Si. malak ʻ savage ʼ, malaki -- dū ʻ a Väddā woman ʼ. -- X piśācá -- : Pa. milāca -- m. ʻ wild man of the woods, non -- Aryan ʼ; Si. maladu ʻ wild, savage ʼ. (CDIAL 10389)*mlēcchatva ʻ condition of a non -- Aryan ʼ. [Cf. mlēcchatā -- f. VP. -- mlēcchá -- ] K. mīċuth, dat. °ċatas m. ʻ habit or life of an outcaste ʼ.