Composition of graphemes & semantics of Meluhha

-- kuṭi ‘water-carrier’ rebus: kuṭhi ‘smelter, head office of a business – metalcasting-- organization’ -- Dictated non-linguistic system? Gadd seal 12. Obverse. Dotted circles on the raised back of Persian gulf seal: dhāv, dāya 'one in dice' + vaṭṭa 'circle' rebus धावड dhāvaḍa 'red ferrite ore smelter' धावडी dhāvaḍī a Relating to the class धावड. Hence 2 Composed of or relating to iron (Marathi) Three horizontal lines. kolom 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'. pota 'bead' rebus: పోత pōta Molten, cast in metal. Thus, metals casting smithy. Reverse: Sign 12. kuṭi 'water-carrier' rebus: kuṭhi 'smelter' meḍha 'polar star' rebus: meḍ 'iron' medhā 'yajna, dhanam, wealth'; dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'metal casting' + Split parenthesis. mũh, muhã 'ingot' or muhã 'quantity of metal produced at one time in a native smelting furnace.'

Relief with Ekamukha linga. Mathura. 1st cent. CE (Fig. 6.2). This is the most emphatic representation of linga as a pillar of fire. The pillar is embedded within a brick-kiln with an angular roof and is ligatured to a tree. Hieroglyph: kuTi 'tree' rebus: kuThi 'smelter'. In this composition, the artists is depicting the smelter used for smelting to create mũh 'face' (Hindi) rebus: mũhe 'ingot' (Santali) of mēḍha 'stake' rebus: meḍ 'iron, metal' (Ho. Munda). मेड (p. 662) [ mēḍa ] f (Usually मेढ q. v.) मेडका m A stake, esp. as bifurcated. मेढ (p. 662) [ mēḍha ] f A forked stake. Used as a post. Hence a short post generally whether forked or not. मेढा (p. 665) [ mēḍhā ] m A stake, esp. as forked. 2 A dense arrangement of stakes, a palisade, a paling. मेढी (p. 665) [ mēḍhī ] f (Dim. of मेढ) A small bifurcated stake: also a small stake, with or without furcation, used as a post to support a cross piece. मेढ्या (p. 665) [ mēḍhyā ] a (मेढ Stake or post.) A term for a person considered as the pillar, prop, or support (of a household, army, or other body), the staff or stay. मेढेजोशी (p. 665) [ mēḍhējōśī ] m A stake-जोशी; a जोशी who keeps account of the तिथि &c., by driving stakes into the ground: also a class, or an individual of it, of fortune-tellers, diviners, presagers, seasonannouncers, almanack-makers &c. They are Shúdras and followers of the मेढेमत q. v. 2 Jocosely. The hereditary or settled (quasi fixed as a stake) जोशी of a village.मेंधला (p. 665) [ mēndhalā ] m In architecture. A common term for the two upper arms of a double चौकठ (door-frame) connecting the two. Called also मेंढरी & घोडा. It answers to छिली the name of the two lower arms or connections. (Marathi) मेंढा [ mēṇḍhā ] A crook or curved end rebus: meḍ 'iron, metal' (Ho. Munda) See: http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2015/04/sivalinga-in-dholavira-depicted-as.html Relief with Ekamukha linga. Mathura. 1st cent. CE shows a gaNa, dwarf with tuft of hair in front, a unique tradition followed by Dikshitar in Chidambaram. The gaNa is next to the smelter kuTi 'tree' Rebus: kuThi 'smelter' which is identified by the ekamukha sivalinga. mũh 'face' (Hindi) rebus: mũhe 'ingot' (Santali) mũhã̄ = the quantity of iron produced at one time in a native smelting furnace of the Kolhes; iron produced by the Kolhes and formed like a four-cornered piece a little pointed at each end; mūhā mẽṛhẽt = iron smelted by the Kolhes and formed into an equilateral lump a little pointed at each of four ends;kolhe tehen mẽṛhẽt ko mūhā akata = the Kolhes have to-day produced pig iron (Santali). kharva is a dwarf; kharva is a nidhi of Kubera. karba 'iron' (Tulu) A Dīkshitar from Chidambaram sporting the Mun Kudumi முன்குடுமி muṉ-kuṭumi , n. < id. +. Tuft of hair in front, dist. fr. piṉ-kuṭumi; சிர சின் முன்பக்கமாக வைத்துக்கொள்ளுங் குடுமி. சுருக் கவிழ்ந்த முன்குடுமிச் சோழியா (தனிப்பா. i, 29, 54).குடுமி¹ kuṭumi , n. [M. kuṭuma.] cf. cūḍā. 1. Tuft of hair, especially of men; ஆண்மக்க ளது மயிர். (திவா.) 2. Summit or peak of a mountain; மலையுச்சி. வடவரைக் குடுமி (கம்பரா. திருவவ. 8). 3. Top of a building; மாடத்தின் உச்சி. புயறொடுகுடுமி . . . மாடத்து (கம்பரா. நகர. 4). 4. Crown of the head; தலையுச்சி. குடுமிக்கூந்தலில் நறுநெய்பெய்து (இறை. 1, உரை). 5. Bird's crest; உச்சிக்கொண்டை. குடுமிக்கூகை (மதுரைக். 170). 6. Tip, end; நுனி. குடுமிக் கூர்ங்கல் (அகநா. 5). 7. Crown, diadem; கிரீடம். குடுமிகொண்ட மண்ணு மங்கலம் (தொல். பொ. 68). 8. Projecting corners on which a door swings; கதவின் குடுமி. தேயத் திரிந்த குடுமியவே (பெருந்தொ. 603). 9. Handle of a plough; மேழிக்குடுமி. (W.) 10. Name of a Pāṇḍya king, Mutu-kuṭumi-p-peru-vaḻuti; முது குடுமிப் பெருவழுதி என்ற பாண்டியன். குடுமிக்கோ மாற் கண்டு (புறநா. 64). 11. Determination, resolve; முடிபு. அவன் கொண்ட குடுமித்து (புறநா. 32, 10). 12. Victory, success; வெற்றி. (பிங்.)cūˊḍa1 m. ʻ protuberance on brick ʼ ŚBr., cōḍa -- 3 m. TS., cūḍā -- f. ʻ topknot on head ʼ Kālid., cūlikā -- f. ʻ cockscomb ʼ. 2. *cōṇḍa -- 3. *cōṭṭa -- 1. 4. *cunda -- 2. [← Drav. EWA i 396 with lit. -- cūlā -- f. ʻ ceremony of tonsure ʼ (which leaves the topknot, cf. the full name cūḍākaraṇa -- n.) is the same word: derivation from kṣurita -- (Tedesco JAOS 74, 133, EWA i 397) is phonet. impossible. -- But it may belong eventually to the group of words for ʻ hair ʼ (PMWS 63 ← Mu.), including jūṭa -- and listed under jáṭā -- ] 1. Pa. cūḷa -- m. ʻ swelling, protuberance, knot, crest ʼ, cūḷā -- f. ʻ topknot, cockscomb ʼ; Pk. cūḍā -- , cūlā -- , °liyā<-> f. ʻ topknot, peacock's crest, cockscomb, tiger's mane ʼ; Gy. SEeur. čui̦yapl. ʻ curls ʼ, rus. čur ʻ plait of hair ʼ, gr. čurn f., wel. čōrn ʻ lock of hair ʼ; Wg. čuṛúk ʻ long hair ʼ; Kt. čuŕ ʻ point, tip ʼ; Dm. čṓŕu, čũŕ ʻ peak, high mountain ʼ, čuŕwyéla ʻ pheasant ʼ (< ʻ *crested ʼ); Kal. rumb. čū̃ŕi ʻ long hair ʼ; Kho. čuḷ ʻ plait, woman's hair ʼ (→ Kal. čul NTS xv 269); S. cūṛa f. ʻ tenon ʼ, cūṛi f. ʻ hip ʼ; L. cūṛ f. ʻ tenon ʼ, cū̃ṛī f. ʻ hair on temples ʼ, awāṇ. cūl, pl. °lã f. ʻ tenon ʼ; P. cūl f. ʻ pivot of a hinge, tenon ʼ, cūlā m. ʻ hipbone, upper part of ox -- plough ʼ; Ku. culo ʻ mountain peak ʼ, gng. cuī ʻ topknot ʼ; N. cur ʻ tenon ʼ, curo ʻ central strand of hair ʼ, culi ʻ mountain peak ʼ; A. suli ʻ hair on head ʼ, sulā ʻ knob on a wooden sandal, any knob or protuberance ʼ; B. cul ʻ hair of head, curl ʼ, culā ʻ hair of head, lock, headdress ʼ; Or. cūṛa ʻ hump on bull or other animal ʼ, cūḷa ʻ hair on head, lock, hump on certain animals ʼ, cūlā ʻ dome on top of a building ʼ, cūḷi ʻ conical peak of hill ʼ; Bi. cūr, cūl ʻ pivot on door as hinge, wedge fastening segments of felly, end pieces of bedstead ʼ; Bhoj. curiyā ʻ iron ring fastening blade of hoe ʼ (or < cūˊḍa -- 2?); Mth. cūṛ ʻ crest, top, forehead ʼ; H. cūṛ m. ʻ topknot, ceremony of tonsure ʼ, cūṛām. ʻ topknot ʼ, cūl f. ʻ tenon ʼ; M. ċūḍ f. ʻ tuft of rice plants ʼ, ċuḷet, °ḷat n. ʻ peg of a rowlock ʼ; Ko. cuḍi f. ʻ torch of wisps ʼ; Si. siḷu ʻ top, head, lock of hair, peacock's crest ʼ.2. Paš. al. ċūn ʻ knot of hair ʼ; L. cū̃ḍā m. ʻ hair worn with plaits in front (by virgins) ʼ; P. cū̃ḍā m. ʻ knot of hair, cockscomb ʼ; H. cõḍā, cõṛā m. ʻ head, crest, topknot, coil of woman's hair ʼ.3. Pk. coṭṭī -- f. ʻ topknot, crest ʼ; S. coṭu m. ʻ cone ʼ, coṭo m. ʻ topknot ʼ, coṭī f. ʻ topknot, top ʼ; L. coṭī f. ʻ peak ʼ; P. coṭṭā m. ʻ topknot, top, peak ʼ; WPah. bhal. ċoṭ f. ʻ top of a tree ʼ; Or. cuṭi ʻ topknot ʼ, H. cuṭiyā f.; G. coṭī, coṭlī f. ʻ tuft of hair ʼ, coṭlɔ m. ʻ hair of head ʼ.4. Or. cundi ʻ topknot ʼ.cauḍá -- , cūḍavatī -- ; cūḍāmaṇi -- ; avacūḍa -- ; tāmracūḍa -- , *yugacūḍa -- ; -- cūḍa -- 2? Addenda: cūˊḍa -- 1. 1. WPah.kṭg. ċvḷɔ m. ʻ small broom ʼ (semant. cf. P. jūṛā < jūṭa -- ); Md. huḷi in kan -- huḷi (< kárṇa -- ) ʻ side -- burn ʼ, uḷi ʻ strand of rope ʼ, huḷi ʻ small bun on hair, arching of wave ʼ, huḷu ʻ wrist -- joint, hinge ʼ.3. *cōṭṭa -- 1: S.kcch. coṭī f. ʻ peak ʼ, WPah.kc. coṭe f. (why not ċ -- ?).(CDIAL 4883) kuṇḍa3 n. ʻ clump ʼ e.g. darbha -- kuṇḍa -- Pāṇ. [← Drav. (Tam. koṇṭai ʻ tuft of hair ʼ, Kan. goṇḍe ʻ cluster ʼ, &c.) T. Burrow BSOAS xii 374]Pk. kuṁḍa -- n. ʻ heap of crushed sugarcane stalks ʼ; WPah. bhal. kunnū m. ʻ large heap of a mown crop ʼ; N. kunyũ ʻ large heap of grain or straw ʼ, baṛ -- kũṛo ʻ cluster of berries ʼ.(CDIAL 3266) *jhuṇṭa2 ʻ tangle, knot of hair, protuberance ʼ. 2. *jhōṇṭa -- . 3. *jhuṭṭa -- . 4. *jhūṭa -- 2. 5. *jhōṭṭa -- . [Cf. jūṭa -- and cūˊḍa -- 1: for list of poss. connected words see jáṭā -- ]1. WPah. bhal. j̈huṇṭṛī f. ʻ woman's queue of hair ʼ; B. jhũṭ ʻ chignon, bird's crest, protuberance on back of ox or camel ʼ, Or. jhuṇṭi; H. jhũṭiyā f. ʻ lock of hair on crown of head ʼ.2. A. zõṭ ʻ entanglement ʼ, zõṭiba ʻ to entangle ʼ; Mth. jhõṭī ʻ queue of hair ʼ; Bhoj. jhõṭā ʻ tuft of hair ʼ; M. j̈hõṭ f. ʻ knot of hanging hair ʼ.3. S. jhuṭu m. ʻ top knot ʼ.4. S. jhūṛo m. ʻ knot of hair ʼ, L. jhūṛā m.; G. jhuṛɔ m. ʻ bunch of false hair for making up a woman's hair ʼ, jhū˘ṛī f. ʻ bunch, bundle ʼ.5. S. jhoṭo m. ʻ tuft of hair on crown ʼ.(CDIAL 5401) Naga worshippers of fiery pillar, Amaravati stup Smithy is the temple of Bronze Age: stambha, thãbharā fiery pillar of light, Sivalinga. Rebus-metonymy layered Indus script cipher signifies: tamba, tã̄bṛā, tambira 'copper' http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2015/05/smithy-is-temple-of-bronze-age-stambha_14.html Railing crossbar with monks worshiping a fiery pillar, a symbol of the Buddha, Line drawing of ingot CMS 5, by P. Christensen (After Fig. 2 in Michal Artzy 1983); Photograph of ingot CMS 5, showing a face to the left, and signs to the right. (After Fig. 1 in Michal Artzy 1983. http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2015/02/a-critique-of-general-theory-of-images.html mũh 'face' (Hindi) rebus: mũhe 'ingot' (Santali) mũhã̄ = the quantity of iron produced at one time in a native smelting furnace of the Kolhes; iron produced by the Kolhes and formed like a four-cornered piece a little pointed at each end; mūhā mẽṛhẽt = iron smelted by the Kolhes and formed into an equilateral lump a little pointed at each of four ends;kolhe tehen mẽṛhẽt ko mūhā akata = the Kolhes have to-day produced pig iron (Santali). Darasuram. Siva emerges out of the linga. Brahma searches for the ending of the pillar in heaven, Vishnu searches for the beginning of the pillar on the earth, underground. The medtaphor of a beginningless, endless pillar of light, pillar of fire, sivalinga as described in the Skambha Sukta. An unceasing enquiry of the cosmic dancer, Mahesvara. S. Kalyanaraman Sarasvati Research Center September 23, 2015 Skambha Sukta ( Atharva Veda X-7 )

-- Signified ṭaṁka- 'a stamped coin’; ḍāṅro ṭhākur ‘blacksmith’ -- Signifiers ṭaṅka ‘adze’ ḍaṅga ‘hill-range’ ḍhaṅgar ‘cattle’ -- Sign 241 is a fusion of Sign 127 ṭaṅka ‘adze’ rebus: ṭaṅka ‘coin’ + Sign 240 sal ‘hall, workshop’ rebus: sal ‘workshop’ , thus, ṭā̃ksāl, ’mint or workshop for stamped coins’

-- settles the orthographic cipher of Meluhha Indus Script Sign 168 -- on hair-plait & chest of divine figurine of Altyn-depe Seal Alt-65B, Oxus civilization mẽṛhẽt ‘hair-plait’ rebus: mẽṛhẽt ‘iron’ + kanḍe ‘stalk, ear of millet’ rebus: khanḍa ‘implements’ (Seal Alt-65B is a semantic determinative of these two glosses). -- Comparable to the expression लोखंड lōkhaṇḍa n. [Sk. loha-khaṇḍa] 1 शस्त्र; a weapon. सांडी, सांडी लोखंड LU. 545. 2 शेतीचे अवजार; an agricultural implement. जेतुकें लोखंडें आहाति तेतुकीं...बाजेबुडीं ठेवा...डोइये लोखंडें ठेउनि सेता घेउनि गेला LP. 477; DṛP. 54 -- Tulpule & Feldhaus's "A dictionary of old Marathi" -- Aha, Sign 168 is a kanḍe !!!

m1405 (SideA) is proof that Indus script decipherment has to explain all pictorial narratives, be they classified as 'signs' or as 'pictorial motifs or field symbols'. Side B of m1405 shows a rhinoceos and a tiger in procession. If the water-carrier ligatured to rim of jar is deciphered, the trough in front of the ox should also be deciphered. See: http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2016/05/rebus-as-orthographic-metaphor-in-indus.html Plano convex molded tablet showing an individual spearing a water buffalo with one foot pressing the head down and one arm holding the tip of a horn. A gharial is depicted above the sacrifice scene and a figure seated in yogic position, wearing a horned headdress, looks on. The horned headdress has a branch with three prongs or leaves emerging from the center. On the reverse, a female is battling two tigers and standing above an elephant. A single Indus script depicting a spoked wheel is above the head of the deity. Material: terra cotta Dimensions: 3.91 length, 1.5 to 1.62 cm width Harappa, Lot 4651-01 Harappa Museum, H95-2486 Molded terracotta tablet with a narrative scene of a man in a tree with a tiger looking back over its shoulder. The tablet is broken, but was made with the same mold. The reverse of the same molded terra cotta tablet shows a woman grappling with two tigers and standing above an elephant. http://www.sindhishaan.com/gallery/manuscripts.html Such narratives get repeated on inmultiple Harappa tablets. A vivid Meluhha hieroglyph 'overflowing pot' has rebus-metonymy reading: metal tools, pots and pans. Orthographic accent is on the rim of the pot and water overflow from the pot. kanda kanka (karNika) 'pot, rim of jar' rebus: khaNDa 'implements' PLUS karNi 'Supercargo, in charge of trading merchandise on seafaring vessel'. kANDa 'water'. lo 'overflow (pot)' rebus: loh 'copper'. lokhaNDa 'metal implements'. Thus, the karNi, karNika, 'Supercargo' is in charge of metal implements merchandise. காண்டம்² kāṇṭam, n. < காண்டம்² kāṇṭam n. < kāṇḍa. 1. Water; sacred water; நீர். துருத்திவா யதுக்கிய குங்குமக் காண் டமும் (கல்லா. 49, 16).. 1. Water; sacred water; நீர். துருத்திவா யதுக்கிய குங்குமக் காண் டமும் (கல்லா. 49, 16) (Tamil) Rebus: khāṇḍa 'tools, weapons, vessels' (Marathi) [Note: On some of the Ancient Near East cylinder seal representations, the flowing water, overflowing pot are augmented by swimming fish, suggesting that 'fish' hieroglyph should also be taken as part of the message: ayo, aya 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'metal'] lo ‘overflowing’ PLUS kand 'pot' Rebus: lōkhaṇḍa लोहोलोखंड [lōhōlōkhaṇḍa] n (लोह & लोखंड) Iron tools, vessels, or articles in general. (Marathi) kárṇikā f. ʻround protuberanceʼ Suśr.(CDIAL 2849); kanka ‘rim of jar’ (Santali) Rebus: kárṇi 'supercargo' (Marathi) kárṇika ‘scribe, accountant’. Mohenjo-daro pectoral would have been worn like the pectoral shown on an Egyptian statuary (ca. 525 BCE). Détail du pectoral de la statue de Iâhmessaneith, le représentant faisant une offrande à la déesse Neith - XXVIe dynastie égyptienne - Musée du Louvre. The Mohenjo-daro pectoral signifies -- as a metalwork catalog-- the functional responsibility of the wearer as turner and supercargo, i.e. maker of metal implements and in-charge of cargo on a seafaring merchant vessel. m1656 Mohenjodro Pectoral. Carnelian. kanda kanka 'rim of pot' (Santali) rebus: kanda 'fire-altar' khaNDa 'implements' PLUS karNaka 'rim of jar' rebus: karNi 'Supercargo, scribe' PLUS semantic determinant: kANDa 'water' rebus: khaNDa 'implements'. In the context of semantics of karNi 'supercargo', it is possible to decipher the standard device sangaDa 'lathe' rebus: jangada 'double-canoe' as a seafaring merchant vessel. The suffix -karnika signifies a 'maker'. Kāraṇika [der. fr. prec.] the meaning ought to be "one who is under a certain obligation" or "one who dispenses certain obligations." In usu˚ S ii.257 however used simply in the sense of making: arrow -- maker, fletcher (Pali). kāraṇika m. ʻ teacher ʼ MBh., ʻ judge ʼ Pañcat. [kā- raṇa -- ]Pa. usu -- kāraṇika -- m. ʻ arrow -- maker ʼ; Pk. kāraṇiya -- m. ʻ teacher of Nyāya ʼ; S. kāriṇī m. ʻ guardian, heir ʼ; N. kārani ʻ abettor in crime ʼ; M. kārṇī m. ʻ prime minister, supercargo of a ship ʼ, kul -- karṇī m. ʻ village accountant ʼ. (CDIAL 3058) "Fletching (also known as a flight or feather) is the aerodynamic stabilization of arrows or darts with materials such as feathers, each piece of which is referred to as a fletch. A fletcher is a person who attaches the fletching.The word is related to the French word flèche, meaning "arrow", via Old French; the ultimate root is Frankish fliukka." https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fletching Perhaps the reading should be ˚kāraka. (Pali) Similarly, khaNDa Kāraṇika can be semantically explained as 'implements maker'. The pectoral thus signifies the profession of an implements-maker and a supercargo, merchant's representative on the merchant vessel taking charge of the cargo and the trade of the cargo. Hieroglyph: sãghāṛɔ 'lathe'.(Gujarati).Rebus: Vajra Sanghāta 'binding together' (Varahamihira) *saṁgaḍha ʻ collection of forts ʼ. [*gaḍha -- ]L. sãgaṛh m. ʻ line of entrenchments, stone walls for defence ʼ.(CDIAL 12845). సంగడము (p. 1279) [ saṅgaḍamu ] A raft or boat made of two canoes fastened side by side. రెండుతాటి. బొండులు జతగాకట్టినతెప్ప சங்கடம்² caṅkaṭam, n. < Port. jangada. Ferry-boat of two canoes with a platform thereon; இரட்டைத்தோணி. (J.) G. sãghāṛɔ m. ʻ lathe ʼ; M. sãgaḍ f. ʻ a body formed of two or more fruits or animals or men &c. linked together, part of a turner's apparatus ʼ, m.f. ʻ float made of two canoes joined together ʼsaṁghāṭa m. ʻ fitting and joining of timber ʼ R. [√ghaṭ] LM 417 compares saggarai at Limurike in the Periplus, Tam. śaṅgaḍam, Tu. jaṅgala ʻ double -- canoe ʼ),sã̄gāḍā m. ʻ frame of a building ʼ, °ḍī f. ʻ lathe ʼ; Si. san̆gaḷa ʻ pair ʼ, han̆guḷa, an̆g° ʻ double canoe, raft ʼ.(CDIAL 12859) Cangavāra [cp. Tamil canguvaḍa a dhoney, Anglo-- Ind. ḍoni, a canoe hollowed from a log, see also doṇi] a hollow vessel, a bowl, cask M i.142; J v.186 (Pali) Hieroglyph: खोंड (p. 216) [khōṇḍa] m A young bull, a bullcalf; खोंडा [ khōṇḍā ] m A कांबळा of which one end is formed into a cowl or hood. खोंडरूं [ khōṇḍarūṃ ] n A contemptuous form of खोंडा in the sense of कांबळा-cowl (Marathi. Molesworth); kōḍe dūḍa bull calf (Telugu); kōṛe 'young bullock' (Konda)Rebus: kõdā ‘to turn in a lathe’ (Bengali) kāṇḍam காண்டம்² kāṇṭam, n. < kāṇḍa. 1. Water; sacred water; நீர். துருத்திவா யதுக்கிய குங்குமக் காண் டமும் (கல்லா. 49, 16). Rebus: khāṇḍā ‘metal tools, pots and pans’ (Marathi) (B) {V} ``(pot, etc.) to ^overflow''. See `to be left over'. @B24310. #20851. Re(B) {V} ``(pot, etc.) to ^overflow''. See`to be left over'. (Munda ) Rebus: loh ‘copper’ (Hindi) The hieroglyph clearly refers to the metal tools, pots and pans of copper. Some examples of 'overflowing pot' metaphors on Ancient Near East artifacts, cylinder seals:

This monograph presents selected Jiroft or Halil Rud artefacts with Indus Script hypertexts and derives the meanings of the Meluhha hypertexts. Meluhha is the parole (speech form), lingua franca of Sarasvati-Sindhu civilization. These readings of Jiroft hypertexts are premised on the suggested presence of Meluhha speakers of artisan guilds in Halil Rud (Jiroft culture), as explorers for metal resources and producers of metal products to create wealth of their nation or janapada. Jiroft culture and Harappa culture are cognates: an iconographic comparison reveals the deep roots of Indo-Iranian traditions. See notes on the arrival of Meluhha speakers in Indo-Iranian region: Leopard, scorpion, buffalo & zebu Indus Script hypertexts attest Meluhha-Marhashi metalwork interactions https://tinyurl.com/yanfwgfx When a hypertext is presented with a black drongo perched on a zebu (bos indicus), it is not necessary to posit a mythological narrative. Treating this as a hypertext of metaphors rendered rebus in Indus Script Meluhha provides a truthful framework for realizing the meanings of the signifier and the signified in the message. Hieroglyph: black drongo: పోలడు pōlaḍu rebus: पोलाद [ pōlāda ] n ( or P) Steel. पोलादी a Of steel. (Marathi) bulad 'steel, flint and steel for making fire' (Amharic); fūlād 'steel' (Arabic) The Prakritam gloss पोळ [pōḷa], 'zebu' as hieroglyph is read rebus: pōḷa, 'magnetite, ferrous-ferric oxide'; poliya 'citizen, gatekeeper of town quarter'. Thus, the black drongo perched on a zebu, bos indicus as a hypertext signifies: magnetite, ferrite ore and steel. ... Impression of cylinder seal from Gonur-1. "In this connection worthy of utmost attention is the impression of a cylinder seal on one of the Margianian vessels, found .... at Gonur. The central figure of a frequently repeated frieze composition is a standing nude anthropomorphic winged deity with an avian head holding two mountain goats by the legs...Such anthropomorphic winged and avian-headed deities are represented fairly fully in the glyptics and on the seals of Bactria.... These Bactrian images find the most impressive correspondence in Syro-Hittite glyptics...If the fact that it’s for the Mittani kingdom that the names of Aryan deities are evidenced is taken into account the importance of the Bactrian-Margianian images will become obvious in the light of solving the Aryan problem on the basis of new archaeological data." (Sarianidi,V., 1993, Margiana in the Ancient Orient. In IASCCA Information Bulletin, 19, pp. 5-28. Nauka.). Sarianidi notes that the conflict motif (involving an avian-headed person and animals) is recurrent at a number of BMAC contact areas to the west of Bactria upto Greece. The conflict motif on Indus script inscriptions do not show an avian-headed person, but perhaps a woman in conflict with two felines on either side of the person. m0312 Persons vaulting over a water buffalo. The water buffalo tosses a person on its horns. Four or five bodies surround the animal. Spread of the motif of acrobats jumping over bulls shown on objects from Bactria to Greece. Indus script does show a motif of men vaulting over a bovine (buffalo), but the artistic rendering are not exactly comparable to the acrobat motif of BMAC. The motifs on Indus seals (winged feline, conflict of a woman with two felines, rhinoceros, snakes, eagle (or, bird-in-flight), goat) have been decoded as hieroglyphs of Indian linguistic area related to metalworking trades. For example, rhinoceros is decoded as: baḍhia = a castrated boar, a hog; rebus: baḍhi ‘a caste who work both in iron and wood’; baḍhoe ‘a carpenter, worker in wood’; badhoria ‘expert in working in wood’(Santali) Thus, when an eagle is shown attacking rhinoceros, the motif can be read rebus: pajhar badhia = pasra badhoe, 'carpenter's workshop or workshop of an artisan working in wood and metal.' Amulets and seals made of soft stone and pierced lengthwise often have a swastika engraved on one side. (Sarianidi, V. I., Die Kunst des Alten Afghanistan, Leipzig, 1986, Abb. 100; Fig. 1 after Sarianidi, V. I., Bactrian Centre of Ancient Art, Mesopotamia, 12 / 1977, Fig. 59 / 18; Fig. Of inter-locked snakes after Sarianidi, V. I., Seal- Amulets of the Murghab Style, in: Kohl, Ph. L., ed., The Bronze Age Civilization of Central Asia, New York, 1981, Fig. 7.). Svastika is an Indus script hieroglyph. It would thus appear that the user of Indus script hieroglyphs on the Gonur Tepe inscriptions – showing eagle hieroglyphs, wings of falcon (seals/seal impressions) is describing the nature of metalworking he or she is engaged in. It would also appear that the explanations of the narratives in Rigveda and in Mesopotamian hieroglyphs (cf. Apkallu) are echoes of these metalworking activities of Indus artisans (smiths and mine-workers). Cult vessel from Togolok-1 temple. The cult vessel is found at Margiana and Bactria. Winged felines are found at Margiana and southwest of Afghanistan. Winged-feline is a motif found on Indus script objects and also on Nal pot (the site Nal has also yielded other Indus script objects). era female, applied to women only, and generally as a mark of respect, wife; hopon era a daughter; era hopon a man’s family; manjhi era the village chief’s wife; gosae era a female Santal deity; buḍhi era an old woman; era uru wife and children; nabi era a prophetess; diku era a Hindu woman (Santali) erako = molten cast (G.) eraka, (copper) ‘metal infusion’; eraka ‘copper’ (Ka.) Meluhha or Sarasvati-Sindhu civilization Map showing the main sites of Middle Asia in the third millennium BC (whorls indicate the presence of Indus and Indus-like seals bearing multiple heads of different animals arranged in whirl-like motif). The hypertexts on the images of the following artefacts presented by Massimo Vidale are drawn from Indus Script Corpora and meanings presented with rebus renderings, consistent with the decipherment of about 8000 inscriptions of Indus Script Corpora. 1.zebu or bos indicus पोळ [pōḷa], 'zebu' as hieroglyph is read rebus: pōḷa, 'magnetite, ferrous-ferric oxide' 2. Black drongo perched on a zebu పోలడు pōlaḍu 'black drongo' rebus: पोलाद [ pōlāda ] n ( or P) Steel. 3. waterflow or waves kāṇḍa 'water' Rebus: khāṇḍā 'metalware, pots and pans, tools'. vanyāˊ (Pāṇ.gaṇa) f. ʻ heavy rain ʼ Kr̥ṣis.[vana -- 2 n. ʻ water ʼ Naigh., Kālid., vāna -- 3 n. ʻ tidal wave, boreʼ W. ~ vāˊr --] A. bān ʻ flood, abundance, swarm ʼ; Or. bāna ʻ tide, wave, flood ʼ.Addenda: vanyāˊ -- : B. bān ʻ flood ʼ. (CDIAL 11278) Rebus:bāṇá (bāˊṇa -- AV.) m. ʻ reed -- shaft, arrow ʼ RV. 2. vāṇá -- 1 m. ʻ arrow, pipe ʼ, vāṇīˊ -- f. ʻ reed ʼ RV. [Cf. *vāṇa -- 2. <-> Differing Austro -- as. sources suggested by J. Przyluski BSL xxv 56 and PMWS 34. -- → Par. bân&omacrtodtod;, bânug ʻ arrow ʼ IIFL i 240]1. Pa. Pk. bāṇa -- m. ʻ arrow ʼ; Kal.rumb. buŕə̃ ʻ arrowhead ʼ; K. bān m. ʻ arrow ʼ, S. ḇāṇu m., L. P. bāṇ m., Ku.gng. bã̄&rtodtilde;ə, A. B. bān, Or. bāṇa (whence bāṇuā ʻ hunter ʼ), Bi. bān, OAw. bāna m., H. bān, m., G. bāṇ n., M. bāṇ m., Si. baṇa.2. P. vāṇ m. ʻ arrow ʼ.bāṇāsana -- ; *antarabāṇa -- .Addenda: bāṇa -- : WPah.kṭg. bāṇ m. ʻ arrow ʼ. (CDIAL 9203) 6. markhor miṇḍāl 'markhor' (Tōrwālī) meḍho a ram, a sheep (Gujarati)(CDIAL 10120) Rebus: mẽṛhẽt, meḍ 'iron' (Santali.Munda.Ho.) 7. eagle eruvai 'eagle' rebus: eruvai 'copper' 8. cobra hood फड, phaḍa 'cobra hood' फड, phaḍa 'Bhāratīya arsenal of metal weapons' 9. woman/man kola 'woman' rebus: kol 'working in iron' kolhe 'smelter' kolimi 'smithy, forge'. mē̃d, mēd 'body, womb, back' Hieroglyp to signify mẽṛhẽt, meḍ ‘iron (metal)’ (Munda), med 'copper (metal)' (Slavic) 10.mountain range dhanga 'mountain range' Rebus: dhangar 'blacksmith' 11. tiger kul ‘tiger’ (Santali); kōlu id. (Te.) kōlupuli = Bengal tiger (Te.)Pk. kolhuya -- , kulha — m. ʻ jackal ʼ < *kōḍhu -- ; H.kolhā, °lā m. ʻ jackal ʼ, adj. ʻ crafty ʼ; G. kohlũ, °lũ n. ʻ jackal ʼ, M. kolhā, °lā m. krōṣṭŕ̊ ʻ crying ʼ BhP., m. ʻ jackal ʼ RV. = krṓṣṭu — m. Pāṇ. [√kruś] Pa. koṭṭhu -- , °uka — and kotthu -- , °uka — m. ʻ jackal ʼ, Pk. koṭṭhu — m.; Si. koṭa ʻ jackal ʼ, koṭiya ʻ leopard ʼ GS 42 (CDIAL 3615). कोल्हा [ kōlhā ] कोल्हें [ kōlhēṃ ] A jackal (Marathi) Rebus: kol ‘furnace, forge’ (Kuwi) kol ‘alloy of five metals, pañcaloha’ (Tamil) 12. sun arka 'sun' rebus: arka, era 'copper'. mēḍha ] the polar star (Phonetic determinant); rebus: meḍ 'iron' (Mu.Ho.); med 'copper' (Slavic) 13. moon kamar 'moon' rebus: kamar'blacksmith' (Santali) OP. koṭhārī f. ʻ crucible' Rebus: kuṭhārī 'granary, room' (Hindi) 14. door (temple entrance?) kole.l 'temple' rebus: kole.l 'smithy, forge' 15. twisted rope dām 'rope (single strand or string?)', dã̄u ʻtyingʼ, ḍāv m. ʻdice-throwʼ rebus: dhāu 'ore'; dhāv 'string, dotted circle' rebus: dhāu'ore' dhā̆vaḍ 'iron-smelter. meṛh f. ʻ rope tying oxen to each other and to post on threshing floor ʼ (Lahnda)(CDIAL 10317) rebus: meḍ 'iron' (Mu.Ho.); med 'copper' (Slavic) 16. lion arye 'lion' (Akkadian) Rebus: arā 'brass'.

Meluhha glosses on Indus Script Corpora: bichi (hematite) meḍ ‘iron’ meṛed-bica 'iron stone ore'. Tracing Assur metalworkers into the mists of Bronze Age http://tinyurl.com/p8qn4bt Kris Hirst re-opens a Farmer et al discovery of Harappan illiteracy. Zebu on Nausharo pottery signifies पोळ pōḷa magnetite ferrite ore in Indus writing wealth-accounting ledgers https://tinyurl.com/yalshmuy Pōlāda: archaeometallurgy of ancient Indian metalwork. Signified on Indus Script Corpora by hieroglyph: zebu, bos indicus http://tinyurl.com/nsfgedh Zebu, archaeometallurgy legacy of India. Zebu signifies magnetite, ferrous-ferric oxide Fe3O4 on Indus Script corpora metalwork catalogues. http://tinyurl.com/p3n28lf Sarasvati script hieroglyph evidences from Elamite Diyala valley other sites Ancient Near East http://tinyurl.com/zadb5cz Ancient Bhāratam Janam worked with magnetite ore [pōḷa] which gave the root for the famed crucible wootz steel called [pōlāda] n ( or P) [pōlādi] 'steel'. Role of caṣāla (wheat chaff) in the process of carburizing metal alloys has been explained in Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa See: http://tinyurl.com/grj2uqd Indus Script hypertexts poḷa ‘zebu' rebus polad 'steel', poḷa ‘magnetite ore’, dāẽ 'tied' rebus dhā̆vaḍ 'smelters' http://tinyurl.com/j5nshbg Indus Script hypertext पोळ pōḷa, 'zebu, bos indicus' signifies pōḷa ‘magnetite, ferrous-ferric oxide Fe3O4', पोलाद pōlāda, 'crucible steel cake' https://tinyurl.com/y9so6ubv http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2015/08/zebu-archaeometallurgy-legacy-of-india.html Hypertexts (26) of Indus Script basic sign 59 'fish', alloy metal products, sign 78 'black drongo', steel products https://tinyurl.com/ydbb284f Examples of Indus Script Signs as Meluhha metalwork hypertexts; Sign 328 Wells, Sign 418 Mahadevan https://tinyurl.com/yah8g8eo Metalwork catalogues in clusters of three consecutive Indus Script signs in K-means clusters of Indus Script Corpora https://tinyurl.com/y8khj86t Spread of Indus Script hieroglyphs पोळ pōḷa zebu and pōladu 'black drongo' from South Asia, markers of IE population and language dispersal http://tinyurl.com/yy5o2w2f Decipherment of Harappa zebu figurine with oval spots: magnetite ingots http://tinyurl.com/o75bok6 Four-hooded cobra arches over membrum virile of Daimabad charioteer of bronze chariot with Indus Script hypertexts of metalwork wealth accounting https://tinyurl.com/ybzbb2mc Celebration of polupu, 'beauty' pōḷaḍu, పసులపోలిగాడు pasula-pōli-gāḍu perched on pōḷa, 'zebu, bos indicus' indus script hypertexts signify pōḷa 'magnetite ore', pōḷaḍ 'steel' https://tinyurl.com/yd2ajn79 Kernos ring of Balochistan with Indus Script hypertext with pōḷa 'zebu' and pōladu 'black drongo' signify magnetite ore and steel https://tinyurl.com/y7zupcay Ancient Near East Indus Script hypertexts, pōḷa 'zebu', pōlaḍu 'black drongo' signify iron ore, steel https://tinyurl.com/y7aejs9o Three mineral ores: pola (magnetite), gota (laterite), bichi (hematite) -- all three Meluhha glosses -- are three varieties of minerals with sources for alloying metals. The importance of bichi (hematite) as a hieroglyph has been detailed http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2014/02/ancient-blacksmiths.html Catalogs of pola, kuṇṭha, goṭa, bichi native metalwork in Meluhha Indus script hieroglyphs http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2014/09/catalogs-of-pola-kuntha-gota-bichi.html Socio-cultural context in which pola and gota were recognized by early metalworkers (blacksmiths): While we do not know where this piece was found, the zebu bull motif ("the essence of civilization" according to the Italian exhibitors) is similar to a pot found at Nausharo in Balochistan and dated to roughly 2600-2500 BCE. The archaeologist Ute-Franke-Vogt writes about the Kulli culture from which it may stem "This late Kulli occupation to which the largest number of sites in southern Balochistan belong, co-existed with the Indus Civilization (Kanri Buthi). http://balochhistory11.blogspot.in/2014/12/brilliantly-painted-pottery-vessels.html Sign 63 = Sign59 PLUS Sign 78 PLUS split parenthesis (as on Sign 62) పోలడు pōlaḍu 'steel' PLUS ayas 'alloy metal' PLUS muhã 'ingot' (with primacy of steel alloy component) Sign 64 = Variant of Sign 63 (with primacy of alloy metal component Signs 76, 77, 78, 79 are bird black drongo variants. Hieroglyph: black drongo: పోలడు pōlaḍu rebus: पोलाद [ pōlāda ] n ( or P) Steel. पोलादी a Of steel. (Marathi) bulad 'steel, flint and steel for making fire' (Amharic); fūlād 'steel' (Arabic) The Prakritam gloss पोळ [pōḷa], 'zebu' as hieroglyph is read rebus: pōḷa, 'magnetite, ferrous-ferric oxide'; poliya 'citizen, gatekeeper of town quarter'. Thus, the black drongo perched on a zebu, bos indicus as a hypertext signifies: magnetite, ferrite ore and steel. Hieroglyph: eagle పోలడు [ pōlaḍu ] , పోలిగాడు or దూడలపోలడు pōlaḍu. [Tel.] n. An eagle. పసులపోలిగాడు the bird called the Black Drongo. Dicrurus ater. (F.B.I.)(Telugu) పసి (p. 730) pasi pasi. [from Skt. పశువు.] n. Cattle. పశుసమూహము, గోగణము. The smell of cattle, పశ్వాదులమీదిగాలి, వాసన. పసిపట్టు pasi-paṭṭu. To scent or follow by the nose, as a dog does a fox. పసిగొను to trace out or smell out. వాసనపట్టు. మొసలి కుక్కను పసిపట్టి when the crocodile scented the dog. పసులు pasulu. n. plu. Cattle, గోవులు. పసిగాపు pasi-gāpu. n. A herdsman, గోపకుడు పసితిండి pasi-tinḍi. n. A tiger, పెద్దపులి. పసులపోలిగాడు pasula-pōli-gāḍu. n. The Black Drongo or King crow, Dicrurusater. (F.B.I.) ఏట్రింత. Also, the Adjutant. తోకపసులపోలిగాడు the Raquet-tailed Drongo shrike. Jerdon. No. 55. 56. 59. కొండ పనులపోలిగాడు the White bellied Drongo, Dicrurus coerulescens. వెంటికపనుల పోలిగాడు the Hair-crested Drongo, Chibia hottentotta. టెంకిపనుల పోలిగాడు the larger Racket-tailed Drongo, Dissemurus paradiseus (F.B.I.) పసులవాడు pasula-vāḍu. n. A herdsman, గొల్లవాడు. "With short legs, they sit upright on thorny bushes, bare perches or electricity wires. They may also perch on grazing animals."(Whistler, Hugh (1949). Popular handbook of Indian birds (4th ed.). Gurney and Jackson, London. pp. 155–157.) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_drongo Rebus: Bolad (alternatively spelled Pulad, Pulat, Polat, or Polad in Persian and Turkic languages) is common given name among the Inner Asian peoples. The meaning of the word Bolad is "steel". In Khalkha Mongolian form of the word is Bold. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolad_(given_name) Sign 80 = Bird PLUS wing Fairservis thinks the bird is a peacock. Hieroglyph: wing: kambha 'wing' rebus: kammaṭa 'mint, coiner, coinage'. Thus, together with the పోలడు pōlaḍu black drongo. The hypertext Sign 80 signifies steel mint.పోలడు pōlaḍu kammaṭa. Sign 81 = Signs 76, 77, 78 79 bird black drongo variants PLUS split parenthesis. Thus, the reading is: పోలడు pōlaḍu rebus: पोलाद [ pōlāda ] n ( or P) Steel. पोलादी a Of steel. (Marathi) PLUS The split parenthesis is a hieroglyph: (lozenge) Split parenthesis: mũh, muhã 'ingot' or muhã 'quantity of metal produced at one time in a native smelting furnace.' Thus, the Sign 81 signifies crucible steel button.

Indus Script hieroglyphs kanac, khū̃ṭ, konḍ 'corner' are rebus kañcu 'bronze''bronze' kō̃da कोँद 'kiln, furnace' mũhã̄ 'ingot'  Signs 262, 373, display competence of metal artificer Kiln, furnace: kō̃da कोँद । कुलालादिकन्दुः f. a kiln; a potter's kiln (Rām. 1446; H. xi, 11); a brick-kiln (Śiv. 1033); a lime-kiln. -bal -बल् । कुलालादिकन्दुस्थानम् m. the place where a kiln is erected, a brick or potter's kiln (Gr.Gr. 165). --khasüñü --खस॑ञू॒ । कुलालादिकन्दुयथावद्भावः f.inf. a kiln to arise; met. to become like such a kiln (which contains no imperfectly baked articles, but only well-made perfectly baked ones), hence, a collection of good ('pucka') articles or qualities to exist. Cf. Śiv. 1033, where the causal form of the verb is used. (Kashmiri) khŏḍ or (El.) khwŏḍ ख्वड् । गर्तः m. (sg. abl. khŏḍa 1 ख्वड), a pit, a hole dug in the ground (H. x, 13); a ditch (Gr.M.); esp. a hole dug in the ground in which money or other treasure is buried for safety, a pit-hoard; a cavity (El.), a rent (El.). --khanun --खनुन् । विघातः m. to dig a pit (Śiv. 590, 746, 1215); met. to dig a pit (for a person), to lay a trap for his destruction (e.g. by calumniating him to his superiors). Cf. khŏna-waṭh,s.v. khŏn. khŏḍa-onu ख्वड-अ॑नु॒ । अन्धभेदः adj. (f. -üñü -अ॑ञू॒), a blind man whose eyeballs are sunken in as if at the bottom of a pit (an appearance presented by persons blind from smallpox, or sometimes by persons born blind).(Kashmiri) (Santali) *khuṇṭa2 ʻ corner ʼ. 2. *kuṇṭa -- 2. [Cf. *khōñca -- ]1. Phal. khun ʻ corner ʼ; H. khū̃ṭ m. ʻ corner, direction ʼ (→ P. khũṭ f. ʻ corner, side ʼ); G. khū̃ṭṛī f. ʻ angle ʼ. <-> X kōṇa -- : G. khuṇ f., khū˘ṇɔ m. ʻ corner ʼ.2. S. kuṇḍa f. ʻ corner ʼ; P. kū̃ṭ f. ʻ corner, side ʼ (← H.).(CDIAL 3898) Ka. gondi, gondu alley, lane, narrow passage in the ocean, strait. Te. gondi corner, lane. (DEDR 2100) Ta. kōṇ crookedness, angle, crossness of disposition; kōṇu (kōṇi-) to be bent, curved, be crooked, deviate, be perverse; kōṇam curve, curvature, scimitar, angle, corner; kōṇal obliquity, hump, crookedness (as of mind); kōṇaṉ humpback; kōṇai curvature, crookedness, cruelty; kuṇaku (kuṇaki-) to become bent, crooked; kuṇakku (kuṇakki-) to bend (tr.); n. crookedness, curvature, crossness; kuṇalai bending of the body through bashfulness; kuṇukku (kuṇukki-) to bend (tr.). Ma. kōṇ corner, angle; kōṇuka to bend (intr.); kōṇam corner; kōṇi corner of a piazza. Ko. go·ṇ corner of room. Ka. kōṇ, kōṇa, kōṇe, kōna angle, corner. Tu. kōṇa, kōṇè id.; kōṅgaṇṇů a squint eye. Te. kōṇamu angle, corner; kōna corner. Ga. P.) kōne corner. Konḍa (BB) kōna id. Cf. 2054(b) Ta. kōṭi. / Cf. Skt. koṇa- corner, angle, point of the compass; Turner, CDIAL, no. 3504.(DEDR 2209) kōṇa m. ʻ corner, angle ʼ MBh. [Cf. kuṇi -- , *khuṇṭa -- 2: ← Drav. T. Burrow BSOAS xi 341]Pa. kōṇa -- m., Pk. kōṇa -- , ˚aga -- , m.n. ʻ corner, part of a house ʼ; Sh. (Lor.) kunīˊ ʻ corner ʼ, K. kūn m., P. koṇ, ˚ṇā, kūṇ, ˚ṇā m., WPah. bhal. kōṇi f., cam. kūṇā m., Ku. kuṇo, pl. kwāṇā, gng. &rtodtilde; N. kunu, A. koṇ, B. koṇ, ˚ṇā, Or. koṇa, kuṇa; Bi. kon, ˚nī, konā -- konī ʻ ploughing from corner to corner ʼ; Mth. koniyā ʻ low wall round three sides of winnowing basket ʼ; Bhoj. kōn ʻ corner ʼ, H. kon, ˚nā m., G. kɔṇ m. (X *khuṇṭa -- 2 in kāṭ -- khuṇ = -- koṇ m. ʻ right angle ʼ), M. koṇ m., Si. kona; -- Pk. koṇṇa -- m. ʻ corner of a house ʼ (< kōṇa -- as tella -- < tailá -- ?); M. kon m. ʻ corner ʼ, ˚nā, ˚nyā m. ʻ cornerstone ʼ (prob., despite LM 139, koṇ, not kon, is borrowed).*kōṇakāṣṭha -- , *kōṇasītā -- ; catuṣkōṇa -- , ṣaṭkōṇa -- .Addenda: kōṇa -- : S.kcch. khūṇo m. ʻ corner ʼ, WPah.kṭg. kvṇɔ m., kc. kvṇe f., J. koṇā m., Garh. kōṇū.(CDIAL 3504) kū̃j कूँज् (cf. ) । कोणः m. a corner (El.); an intermediate point of the compass, such as north-east, south-east, and so on. El. makes this word f.kūn कून् । कोणः m. a corner (El., Gr. Gr. 18). --yunu --यिनु॒ । वक्रीभवनम् m.inf. a corner to come; in a machine, a driving band to become displaced.(Kashmiri) Sign 373 has the shape of oval or lozenge is the shape of a bun ingot. mũhã̄ = the quantity of iron produced atone time in a native smelting furnace of the Kolhes; iron produced by the Kolhes and formed likea four-cornered piece a little pointed at each end; mūhā mẽṛhẽt = iron smelted by the Kolhes andformed into an equilateral lump a little pointed at each of four ends; kolhe tehen mẽṛhẽt komūhā akata = the Kolhes have to-day produced pig iron (Santali). Thus, Sign 373 signifies word, mũhã̄ 'bun ingot'. Sign 267 is oval=shape variant, rhombus-shape of a bun ingot. Like Sign 373, this sign also signifies mũhã̄ 'bun ingot' PLUS kanac 'corner' rebus: kancu 'bell-metal'.kaṁsá1 m. ʻ metal cup ʼ AV., m.n. ʻ bell -- metal ʼ Pat. as in S., but would in Pa. Pk. and most NIA. lggs. collide with kāˊṁsya -- to which L. P. testify and under which the remaining forms for the metal are listed. 2. *kaṁsikā -- .1. Pa. kaṁsa -- m. ʻ bronze dish ʼ; S. kañjho m. ʻ bellmetal ʼ; A. kã̄h ʻ gong ʼ; Or. kãsā ʻ big pot of bell -- metal ʼ; OMarw. kāso (= kã̄ -- ?) m. ʻ bell -- metal tray for food, food ʼ; G. kã̄sā m. pl. ʻ cymbals ʼ; -- perh. Woṭ. kasṓṭ m. ʻ metal pot ʼ Buddruss Woṭ 109.2. Pk. kaṁsiā -- f. ʻ a kind of musical instrument ʼ; A. kã̄hi ʻ bell -- metal dish ʼ; G. kã̄śī f. ʻ bell -- metal cymbal ʼ, kã̄śiyɔ m. ʻ open bellmetal pan ʼ. (CDIAL 2756) Lozenge, corner, signifier of portable furnace smoke/fire. Lozenge or oval shapes are mũhã̄ 'bun-ingot' shapes. kammaṭa 'portable furnace to melt metals', rebus: Ta. kampaṭṭam coinage, coin. Ma. kammaṭṭam, kammiṭṭam coinage, mint. Ka. kammaṭa id.; kammaṭi a coiner (DEDR 1236). Thus, bronze, bell-metal ingot mint. Variant of Sign 272. Lozenge, short vertical stroke, signifier of portable furnace smoke/fire. If the short vertical stroke is a 'notch' the rebus reading is: खांडा [ khāṇḍā ] m A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon). Rebus: khāṇḍa 'tools, pots and pans, and metal-ware'. The ccentre-piece of a metalworker'sactivities is the kiln, furnace. Many ligatures are shown to embellish the semantics of this artifact as may be seen from scores of variants and signs of Indus Script Corpora signified by the orthography of a rhombus or lozenge, focussed on the 'corner' semantics. Variants of Sign 261 Variants of Sign 267 Mohenjo-daro Seal impression. m0296 Two heads of one-horned bulls with neck-rings, joined end to end (to a standard device with two rings coming out of the top part?), under a stylized tree-branch with nine leaves. P Hypertext: Pair of rings attached to string, pair of young bulls: dol 'likeness, picture, form' (Santali) dula 'pair' Rebus: dul 'cast iron' (Santali) dul ‘to cast metal in a mould’ (Santali) dul meṛeḍ cast iron (Mundari. Santali) కమ్మరు kammaru or కమరు kammaru. [Tel.] n. A girdle. మొలనూలు. కమ్మరము kammaramu kammaramu. [Tel.] n. Smith's work, iron work. కమ్మరవాడు, కమ్మరి or కమ్మరీడు kammara-vāḍu. n. An iron-smith or blacksmith. బైటికమ్మరవాడు an itinerant blacksmith. कर्मार karmāra m. an artisan , mechanic , artificer, a blacksmith &c ऋग्-वेद RV. x , 72 , 2 AV. iii , 5 , 6 VS. Mn. iv , 215 &c (Monier-Williams) Thus, semantics of 'metalcasting' should be used to expand the meanings of associated hypertexts of 'young bull' or 'ring' hieroglyphs. Hieroglyphs which compose the hypertext on m296 are vivid and unambiguous. Hieroglyph:Nine, ficus leaves: 1.loa 'ficus glomerata' (Santali) no = nine (B.) on-patu = nine (Ta.) rebus: lo 'iron' (Assamese) loa ‘iron’ (Gypsy) lauha = made of copper or iron (Gr.S'r.); metal, iron (Skt.); lohakāra = coppersmith, ironsmith (Pali);lohāra = blacksmith (Pt.); lohal.a (Or.); loha = metal, esp. copper or bronze (Pali); copper (VS.); loho, lo = metal, ore, iron (Si.) loha lut.i = iron utensils and implements (Santali) Exact number of nine ficus leaves occur together with a zebu tied to a post, on another artifact of Mehi, a site of the civilization. Hieroglyph: loa 'a species of fig tree, ficus glomerata, the fruit of ficus glomerata (Santali) kamaṛkom ‘ficus’ (Santali); Rebus: Ta. kampaṭṭam coinage, coin. Ma. kammaṭṭam, kammiṭṭamcoinage, mint. Ka. kammaṭa id.; kammaṭi a coiner (DEDR 1236) Hieroglyph: Semantic determinative of portable furnace: కమటము kamaṭamu kamaṭamu. [Tel.] n. A portable furnace for melting the precious metals. అగసాలెవాని కుంపటి. "చ కమటము కట్లెసంచియొరగల్లును గత్తెర సుత్తె చీర్ణముల్ ధమనియుస్రావణంబు మొలత్రాసును బట్టెడ నీరుకారు సా నము పటుకారు మూస బలునాణె పరీక్షల మచ్చులాదిగా నమరగభద్రకారక సమాహ్వయు డొక్కరుడుండు నప్పురిన్" హంస. ii. కమసాలవాడు (p. 246) kamasālavāḍu Same as కంసాలి. కమసాలవాడు kamasālavāḍu kaṃsāli or కంసాలవాడు kamsāli. [Tel.] n. A goldsmith or silversmith. కమ్మటము kammaṭamu Same as కమటము. కమ్మటీడు kammaṭīḍu. [Tel.] A man of the goldsmith caste. Rebus: Ta. kampaṭṭam coinage, coin. Ma. kammaṭṭam, kammiṭṭam coinage, mint. Ka. kammaṭa id.; kammaṭi a coiner (DEDR 1236) koṭ = neck (Gujarati) koḍ 'horn' koḍiyum ‘heifer’ (G.). Rebus: koṭ ‘workshop’ (Kuwi) koṭe = forge (Santali) kōḍiya, kōḍe = young bull (G.)Rebus: ācāri koṭṭya ‘smithy’ (Tulu) Pair: kondh 'young bull' rebus: kũdār 'turner, brass-worker, engraver (writer)' kundaṇa 'fine gold'. Thus apair of young bulls signify the hypertext: dul kundaṇa koḍ 'metalcaster goldsmith workshop'. kaṛā 'ring' (Punjabi) rebus: khār 1 खार् । लोहकारः 'blacksmith, ironsmith' (Kashmiri) Pair: dul khār 'metalcaster smith'. Hieroglyph: गोटी [ gōṭī ] f (Dim. of गोटा) A roundish stone or pebble. 2 A marble Rebus: गोटी [ gōṭī ] f (Dim. of गोटा) A lump of silver: as obtained by melting down lace or fringe. Thus, the hypertext reads: dul gōṭī khār 'silver metalcaster smith'.i)

-- Archaeological evidence of Iconographic system in Sindh-Sarasvati maritime, riverine waterway contact areas of ANE -- Iconographic narratives on Indus Script inscriptions Indus Script of Sindhu-Sarasvati River Basins has two components within the framework of Meluhha language representations: 1. Iconographic system; based on an underlying 2. Semantic system of Meluhha sprachbund 'speech union'. These systems spread into and are evidenced in archaeological contexts, in Balochistan and other contact areas of Ancient Near East (ANE). The objective of the monograph is to provide the framework of the Meluhha iconographic system and the underlying Meluhha semantic system of Indus Script which can be called a visible language or a writing system. Akinori Uesugi has provided a brilliant analysis of the iconographic system traceable from sites of Balochistan, neighbouring areas and in Sindhu-Sarasvati River basins. A decipherment of the hieroglyphs identified in the iconographic system, defines the Meluhha semantics of a writing system -- the Indus Script Cipher. "For archaeologists," write the authors Alessandro Ceccarelli and Cameron A. Petrie, "pottery is one of the most significant sources of data, not only for the durability and abundance of ceramic artefacts in the archaeological record, but also for the vast range of information on ancient societies that can be inferred from its study." [Petrie, 2017, Ceramic Analysis and the Indus Civilization. A Review 2018)] https://www.harappa.com/content/ceramic-analysis-and-indus-civilization-review The vivid iconographs identified and deciphered as Meluhha expressions are evidenced on pots and bowls of sites such as Nal, Kulli, Kotdiji, Nausharo and many other sites of Sarasvati-Sindhu River Basins. A few vivid examples of seals and tablets in Indus Script Corpora are presented to demonstrate how the early Meluhha semantics are expanded in iconographic narratives to signify details of metalwork competence as they evolved over time. The Indus zone. Map showing distribution of Indus sites during the Urban period (after Petrie et al. 2017: 44). After Fig. 68 Relationships between the Kulli culture and the surrounding regions The hieroglyphs and rebus renderings in Meluhha are as follows: Hieroglyphs, hypertexts (17 Iconographic categories) and Rebus Meluhha decipherment 1. Fish ayo, hako 'fish'; a~s = scales of fish (Santali); rebus: aya = iron (G.); ayah, ayas = alloy 2. Zebu pōḷa 'zebu, bos indicus' Rebus: पोळा [ pōḷā ] 'magnetite, Fe3O4' 3. Zebu tied to a pillar मेड [ mēḍa ] 'stake, pillar' rebus: mẽṛhẽt, meḍ ‘iron’ (Mu.Ho.) 'copper' (Slavic languages) 4. Black drongo bird pōlaḍu, 'black drongo bird' rebus pōlaḍ 'steel' 5. Water flow காண்டம்² kāṇṭam , n. < kāṇḍa. 1. Water; sacred water; நீர். துருத்திவா யதுக்கிய குங்குமக் காண் டமும் (கல்லா. 49, 16). ayaskāṇḍa ‘a quantity of iron, excellent iron’ (Pāṇ.gaṇ) Rebus: khāṇḍā ‘tools, pots and pans, metal-ware’. 6. Ficus leaf loa 'ficus glomerata' rebus: loh 'metal, copper' eṟaka ‘wing’ (Telugu) Rebus: erako ‘molten cast’ (Tulu) loa ‘ficus’; rebus: loh ‘copper’. Pajhar ‘eagle’; rebus: pasra ‘smithy’. 7. Eagle śyēná m. ʻ hawk, falcon, eagle ʼRV. aśáni f. ʻ thunderbolt ʼ RV. Rebus: آهنāhan P آهن āhan, s.m. (9th) Iron. Sing. and Pl. آهنګر āhan gar, s.m. (5th) A smith, a blacksmith. Pl. آهنګران āhan-garān. آهنربا āhan-rubā, s.f. (6th) The magnet or loadstone. (E.) Sing. and Pl.); (W.) Pl. آهنرباوي āhan-rubāwī.(Pashto) ahan-gār अहन्-गार् (= ) m. a blacksmith (H. xii, 16)(Kashmiri))VarBr2S. iic , 4 ; of the 5th cycle of Jupiter viii , 23 ; of an eclipse iii , 6 ; त्वष्टुर् आतिथ्य N. of a सामन् A1rshBr. ) 8. Criss0cross of + shape kaṇḍa, 'fire altar' Rebus: kaṇḍa,'(metal) equipment'. 9. Lozenge or oval shape dula 'pair, duplicated' rebus: dul 'metalcasting' PLUS Sign'oval/lozenge/rhombus' hieoglyph Sign 373. Sign 373 has the shape of oval or lozenge is the shape of a bun ingot. mũhã̄ = the quantity of iron produced atone time in a native smelting furnace of the Kolhes; iron produced by the Kolhes and formed likea four-cornered piece a little pointed at each end; mūhā mẽṛhẽt = iron smelted by the Kolhes andformed into an equilateral lump a little pointed at each of four ends; kolhe tehen mẽṛhẽt komūhā akata = the Kolhes have to-day produced pig iron (Santali). Thus, Sign 373 signifies word, mũhã̄ 'bun ingot'. Thus, hypertext Sign 403 reads: dul mũhã̄ 'metalcast ingot'. Inclined stroke is a semantic determinant to signify ingot: ḍhāḷ = a slope; the inclination of a plane (G.) Rebus: : ḍhāḷako = a large metal ingot (G.). Thus, the Sign 407 hypertext reads: dul mũhã̄ ḍhāḷako metal casting large ingot. 10. Monkey kuṭhāru 'monkey' Rebus: kuṭhāru ‘armourer or weapons maker’(metal-worker) 11a. Tiger kola 'tiger' Rebus: kol 'working in iron' kolhe 'smelter'; kolimi 'smithy'; kolle 'blacksmith'; kole.l 'smithy, temple' (Kota) 11b. Tiger tied to a pillar kola 'tiger' PLUS medhi 'pillar' Rebus: kol 'working in iron' med 'iron, copper' 12. Markhor H. mẽṛā, mẽḍā m. ʻram with curling horns ʼ (CDIAL 10120). Rebus: mẽṛhẽt, meḍ ‘iron’ (Mu.Ho.) 13. Scorpion bica 'scorpion' Rebus: bica 'haematite ferrite ore' 14. Face (human or bull) mũh 'face' (Hindi) Rebus: mūha ‘smelted ingot’ [mũh opening or hole (in a stove for stoking, in a handmill for filling, in a grainstore for withdrawing)(Bi.)] 15. Horn koda 'horn' rebus: kod 'workshop' 16. Woman kola 'woman' rebus: kol 'working in iron' 17. Star मेढा [ mēḍhā ] 'polar star' Rebus: mẽṛhẽt, meḍ ‘iron’ (Mu.Ho.) After Fig. 67 Types of terracotta human figurines in Kulli, Nal cultures of Balochistan (Akinori Uesugi 2018) Monkey.Mohenjo-daro. John Marshall wrote "The monkey is now extinct in Sind, but that it existed there in ancient times is suggested by the fact that models of it are found in Mohenjo-daro made in faience, pottery, and steatite. It is always represented in a squatting position with a hand on each knee." (Marshall 1931: 349). kuṭhāru 'monkey' Rebus: kuṭhāru ‘armourer or weapons maker’(metal-worker) After Fig. 85 Nal-style pot with fish and pipal leaf motifs After Fig. 87 Nal-style pot with fish and pipal leaf motifs After Fig. 168 Nal-style pot with fish, bull, criss-cross shapes and bird motifs After Fig. 170 Nal-style pot with griffin, scorpion, pipal leafand geometric motifs After Fig. 190 Nal-style bowl with leopard and plant motifs After Fig. 195 Nal-style bowl with bull, bird and plant motifs After Fig. 198 Nal-style pot with bull, caprid and plant motifs After Fig. 204 Nal-style pot with bull, fish, water and plant motifs Comparison of motifs in Balochistan After Fig. 64 Paintings on ceramics from Nausharo Period 1D Depiction styles of animal motifs and ceramics in Balochistan After Fig. 74 Development of iconographic system in Balochistan, Sindhu-Sarasvati river basins Distribution of a pot type in Southweest Asia After Fig. 66 Spatio-chronological distribution of ceramic styles between 3000 BCE and 1500 BCE in the north-western part of the South Asian Subcontinent https://drive.google.com/file/d/1qfNP9fGRhI-8eOK9yMwlQBbkhrj1wN5l/view?fbclid=IwAR1C7-AaQg8EwdEFQBfHKB3o_22UTruB_-Laky_MwbYYf4MeLp7WxnrC8JI Ceramics and terracotta figurines from Balochistan Drone view of Mohenjodaro (The Indus Valley Civilization) (8:57) National Fund for Mohenjodaro Published on Mar 22, 2017 SUBSCRIBE 593 This is rare video which enabled you to watch Mohenjodaro, the oldest civilization of mankind, as bird’s eye. This video was recorded on 9th February 2017 on the occasion of International Conference on Mohenjodaro & Indus Valley Civilization arranged by “National Fund for Mohenjodaro”, Ministry of Culture, Tourism & Antiquities – Government of Sindh. Directed by: Amar Fayaz Buriro The ziggurat of Mohenjo-daro is a temple, an integral monument of the civilization from ca. 3rd millennium BCE. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q2ibUMQ5cgI&fbclid=IwAR1AZlDDRRpMl7UpC45i2t0YRRLOb6-esHv9YjE0CF05La_eq0b1nZ1p1Iw Rebus Meluhha readings of 17 hieroglyphs/hypertexts 1. Fish ayo, hako 'fish'; a~s = scales of fish (Santali); rebus: aya = iron (G.); ayah, ayas = alloy 2. Zebu pōḷa 'zebu, bos indicus' Rebus: पोळा [ pōḷā ] 'magnetite, Fe3O4' 3. Zebu tied to a pillar मेड [ mēḍa ] f (Usually मेढ q. v.) मेडका m A stake (Marathi, Molesworth lexicon p.662). Rebus: meḍ 'iron, metal' (Ho. Munda). See: Hieroglyph: Medhi (f.) [Vedic methī pillar, post (to bind cattle to); BSk. medhi Divy 244; Prk. meḍhi Pischel Gr. § 221. See for etym. Walde, Lat. Wtb. s. v. meta] pillar, part of a stūpa [not in the Canon?] (Pali) मेढ a stake; मेढी (p. 665) [ mēḍhī ] f (Dim. of मेढ) A small bifurcated stake: also a small stake, with or without furcation, used as a post to support a cross piece.(Marathi) mḗḍhra- (mēṇḍhra-- BhP.) n. ʻ penis ʼ AV. in mēdra-- n. ʻ penis, lower belly ʼ (Samskritam. Apte). Rebus: mẽṛhẽt, meḍ ‘iron’ (Mu.Ho.) 'copper' (Slavic languages) 4. Black drongo bird pōlaḍu, 'black drongo bird' rebus pōlaḍ 'steel' 5. Water flow காண்டம்² kāṇṭam , n. < kāṇḍa. 1. Water; sacred water; நீர். துருத்திவா யதுக்கிய குங்குமக் காண் டமும் (கல்லா. 49, 16). ayaskāṇḍa ‘a quantity of iron, excellent iron’ (Pāṇ.gaṇ) Rebus: khāṇḍā ‘tools, pots and pans, metal-ware’. 6a. Ficus leaf loa 'ficus glomerata' rebus: loh 'metal, copper' eṟaka ‘wing’ (Telugu) Rebus: erako ‘molten cast’ (Tulu) loa ‘ficus’; rebus: loh ‘copper’. Pajhar ‘eagle’; rebus: pasra ‘smithy’.

John Huntington has demonstrated the continuum from Vedic times related to some symbols on punch-marked coins, traceable to Harappa Script hieroglyphs/hypertexts. http://bharatkalyan97.blogspot.in/2016/10/vajra-six-angled-hypertext-of-punch.html Vajra षट्--कोण 'six-angled' hypertext of Punch-marked coins khambhaṛā 'fish-fin' rebus: kammaṭa 'mint' Metalworkers of Sarasvati-Sindhu civilization expand their functions in janapada-s to manage mints and monetary transactions of the janapada-s. With the decipherment of Harappa (Indus) Script as rebus cipher in Meluhha Script (Bharata sprachbund, language union), it is now possible to rename the punch-marked coins and symbols punched on the coins using Meluhha lexis (vocabulary) since most of the symbols used are a continuum from Harappa (Indus) Script tradition. Thus, it is no longer necessary to name the symbols on Punchmarked coins with expressions such as taurine symbol, srivatsa, svastika, arrow, dotted circle, elephant, bull. All the symbols can now be expressed in Meluhha language, the lingua franca of Bhāratam Janam from ca. 7th millennium BCE. A coin is mudda ‘seal, stamp’. mudrāˊ f. ʻ seal, signet -- ring ʼ MBh. [Prob. ← Ir. EWA ii 654] Pa. muddā -- f. ʻ seal, stamp ʼ, muddikā -- f. ʻ signetring ʼ; NiDoc. mu(ṁ)dra, mutra ʻ seal ʼ; Pk. muddā -- , °diā -- f., °daya -- m. ʻ seal, ring ʼ; S. muṇḍra f. ʻ seal ʼ, °rī f. ʻ finger -- ring with seal ʼ; L. mundrī f. ʻ ring ʼ; P. mundar m. ʻ earring ʼ, mundī f. ʻ ring ʼ; Ku. munṛo ʻ earring ʼ, gng. mun*lṛ ʻ ring ʼ, N. mun(d)ro, MB. mudaṛī; Or. muda ʻ seal ʼ, mudi ʻ ring ʼ, mudā ʻ act of sealing ʼ; Bi. mū̃drī ʻ iron ring fastening blade of scraper ʼ; G. mū̃drī f. ʻ ring ʼ, M. mudī f., Ko. muddi; Si. mudda < muduva, st. mudu -- ʻ seal, ring ʼ; Md. mudi ʻ ring ʼ.mudraṇa -- , mudrayati; mudrākara -- . mudrākara m. ʻ maker of seals ʼ MW. [mudrāˊ -- , kará -- 1] Si muduvarayā ʻ goldsmith ʼ. (CDIAL 10203, 10204) முத்திரை muttira, n. < mudrā. 1. Impress, mark; அடையாளம். அசாதாரண முத்திரை யோடே வரவேணு மென்கிறார் (திவ். பெரியாழ். 1, 8, 9, வ்யா.). 2. Seal, signet; இலாஞ்சனை. பொறித்த முத்திரையும் வேறாய் (திருவாலவா. 24, 8). 3. Stamp, as for postage, for court fees; தபால் முத்திரை முதலியன. 4. Badge of a soldier or peon; போர்ச்சேவகன் அல்லது சேவகனுக்குரிய அடையாள வில்லை. முத்திரைக்கணக்கர் muttirai-k-kaṇakkar, n. < முத்திரை +. A class of temple servants; கோயிற்பணியாளருள் ஒருவகையார். (மீனாட். சரித். i, 2.) Four Harappa Script hieroglyphs are uambiguous on the Sunga coin and are relatale to the mineral/metal resources deployed in mint-work: The Meluhha rebus readings, respectively, from l. to r. are: iron, implements, red ore, zinc mēḍhā 'a twist or tangle arising in thread or cord, a curl or snarl' rebus: meḍh ‘helper of merchant’ (Pkt.) meṛha, meḍhi ‘merchant’s clerk; (Gujarati) मेढ ‘merchant’s helper’ (Pkt.) meḍ 'iron' (Ho.); med 'copper' medha 'yajna' medhā 'dhanam'. A variant for the 'twist' hieroglyph reading: kãsā 'twist, loo' rebus: kãsā 'bronze'. kaṇḍa, 'arrow' rebus: kaṇḍa,'implements/sword dhātu 'strand' (Rigveda) S. dhāī f. ʻ wisp of fibres added from time to time to a rope .rebus: dhāū, dhāv, dhātu 'red ore' Hieroglyph: svastika: sāthiyo (G.); satthia, sotthia (Pkt.) rebus: svastika pewter (Kannada), jasta 'zinc' (Hindi) Thus, when a hypertext is orthographed including one or more of thee hieroglyphs, the message is clear and unambiguous, as, for example on a common hypertext on early Punch-marked coins which include three of these hieroglyphs: :mēḍhā 'twist' rebus: mēḍ 'iron', kaṇḍa 'arrow rebus:kaṇḍa,'implements' dhātu 'strand' rebus: dhātu 'red ore'. An alternative reading is also apposite for the 'loop' imagery: kāca m. ʻloop' rebus: kāsa 'bronze'. Thus, the frequently signified hypertext on Punch-marked coins may be read: dhatu kāsa kaṇḍa 'mineral (metal), bronze implements'. One some Punch-marked coins, hieroglyph mēḍhā 'twist' is elaborated with a hypertext which signfies: khambhaṛā 'fish-fin' (Lahnda CDIAL 13640) Ta. kampaṭṭam, kammaṭa 'mint, coiner, coinage'. Bhaja Chaitya ca. 100 BCE. Hieroglyphs are: fish-fin pair; pine-cone; yupa: kandə ʻpine' rebus: kaṇḍa 'implements, fire-altar' khambhaṛā 'fish-fin' (Lahnda CDIAL 13640) Ta. kampaṭṭam, kammaṭa 'mint, coiner, coinage'. Yupa: Or. kāṇḍa, kã̄ṛ ʻstalk, arrow ʼ(CDIAL 3023). Rebus: kāṇḍa,'implements'. Sunga 185-75 BCE karabha 'trunk of elephant' ibha 'elephant' rebus: karba 'iron' ib 'iron' kaṇḍa 'fire-altar' Yupa: Or. kāṇḍa, kã̄ṛ ʻstalk, arrow ʼ(CDIAL 3023). Rebus: kāṇḍa,'implements'. kuṭi 'tree' rebus: kuṭhi 'smelter' Mountain range + crucible: OP. koṭhārī f. ʻ crucible ʼ(CDIAL 3546) Rebus: koṭhār 'treasury, warehouse' PLUS ḍāng 'mountain range' Rebus: dhangar 'blacksmith' Four dotted circles joined together orthographed as 'Ujjaini symbol': gaṇḍa 'four' rbus: kaṇḍa 'implements' PLUS dhātu 'strand' (Rigveda) S. dhāī f. ʻ wisp of fibres added from time to time to a rope .rebus: dhāū, dhāv, dhātu 'red ore'. Thus, metal implements (with a variety of ore alloys). karṇaka कर्णक m. du. the two legs spread out AV. xx , 133 rebus: karṇaka 'helmsman' PLUS koḍa 'one' rebus: koḍ 'workshop' पोळ [pōḷa] 'zebu' rebus: पोळ [pōḷa] 'magnetite, ferrite ore' . Kausambi 200 BCE arA 'spokes' rebus: Ara 'brass' eraka 'nave of wheel' rebus: eraka 'moltencast' arka 'copper'.PLUS khambhaṛā 'fish-fin' (Lahnda CDIAL 13640) Ta. kampaṭṭam, kammaṭa 'mint, coiner, coinage'. Thus, copper mint. dala 'petal' rebus: ढाळ [ḍhāḷa] ḍhāḷako 'ingot' (Marathi) kola 'tiger' rebus: kol 'blacksmith' karabha 'trunk of elephant' ibha 'elephant' rebus: karba 'iron' ib 'iron' kaṇḍa 'fire-altar' ḍāng 'mountain range' Rebus: dhangar 'blacksmith' Taxila. Pushkalavati 185-160 BCE Karshapana Kalinga. Copper punch-marked 3rd cent. BCE arka 'sun' rebus: arka 'copper gold' Mauryan Dynasty .(321 to 185 BC ) Silver punch marked coins. ಮುರ್ಯರ , ಮುದ್ರಂಕಿಥ ಬೆಳ್ಳಿ ನಾಣ್ಯಗಳು Hieroglyph: hare: N. kharāyo ʻ hare ʼ, Or. kharā, °riā, kherihā, Mth. kharehā, H. kharahā m(CDIAL 3823) Rebus: khār 'blacksmith' (Kashmiri) खार् । Is it a stylized 'ram' in the centre, reduplicated? dula 'pair' rebus; dul 'metal casting' PLUS meḍho 'ram' rebus: meḍh ‘helper of merchant’ (Pkt.) meṛha, meḍhi ‘merchant’s clerk; (Gujarati) मेढ ‘merchant’s helper’ (Pkt.) meḍ 'iron' (Ho.); med 'copper' medha 'yajna' medhā 'dhanam'. Janapadas, 600 - 300 BCE dhātu 'strand' (Rigveda) S. dhāī f. ʻ wisp of fibres added from time to time to a rope .rebus: dhāū, dhāv, dhātu 'red ore'. Three combined are orthographed as a triangle with curved endings: tri-dhātu 'three strands' (Rigveda) rebus: tri-dhātu 'three red ores' (perhaps, magnetite, haematite, laterite). May also refer to eraka, arka 'red copper ores' (pyrites).. Source: http://ancientcoinsofindiaaruns.blogspot.in/2010_03_01_archive.html Ancient Indian Coins. "ಪ್ರಾಚಿನ ಭಾರತದ ನಾಣ್ಯಗಳು." Thanks to Arun [email protected] for these excellent images. Silver punch-marked Mauryan. Ashoka. This braided orthography of three strands may be a variant to signify: tri-dhātu 'three strands of rope' Rebus: dhāv 'red ore' (ferrite) ti-dhāu 'three strands' Rebus: ti-dhāv 'three ferrite ores: magnetite, hematite, laterite'. Asmaka OP. koṭhārī f. ʻ crucible ʼ(CDIAL 3546) Rebus: koṭhār 'treasury, warehouse' PLUS gota 'roundish stone' Rebus: goṭa 'laterite, ferrite ore' 'gold-lac, braid'.PLUS gaṇḍa 'four' rbus: kaṇḍa 'implements' ḍhāḷa 'sprig' rebus: ḍhāḷako 'large ingot' kamaḍha 'archer, bow' Rebus: kammaṭa 'mint, coiner, coinage' dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metal casting' PLUS ayo 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'metal alloy' PLUSmēḍhā 'a twist or tangle arising in thread or cord, a curl or snarl' rebus: meḍh ‘helper of merchant’ (Pkt.) meṛha, meḍhi ‘merchant’s clerk; (Gujarati) मेढ ‘merchant’s helper’ (Pkt.) meḍ 'iron' (Ho.); med 'copper' medha 'yajna' medhā 'dhanam'. Thus, alloy metal castings, iron castings. Vidarbha janapada . Seven symbols Five symbols Taxila symbol. A hypertext composed of 'round stone' 'crucible pair' 'a pair of persons standing with spread legs': gota 'roundish stone' Rebus: goṭa 'laterite, ferrite ore' 'gold-lac, braid'. OP. koṭhārī f. ʻ crucible ʼ(CDIAL 3546) Rebus: koṭhār 'treasury, warehouse' karṇaka कर्णक m. du. the two legs spread out AV. xx , 133 rebus: karṇaka 'helmsman' Mauryan. Karshapana The symbol circled in brown represents the sun (of the type shown below):