Applications of Polymers, Elastomers, Fibers and Composites

Applications of Polymers, Elastomers, Fibers and Composites Submitted to: Miss Farah Haseeb Submitted By: Muhammad Sohail 2011-PE5/15/2012 Table of Contents POLYMERS ..................................................................................................................................................... 3 Poly ethylene ............................................................................................................................................ 3 Poly propylene .......................................................................................................................................... 3 Polyvinyl chloride ...................................................................................................................................... 4 Polyethylene terphthalate ........................................................................................................................ 4 Poly imide.................................................................................................................................................. 5 Polystyrene ............................................................................................................................................... 5 POLYCARBONATE ...................................................................................................................................... 6 POLY (METHYL METHACRYLATE) .............................................................................................................. 6 POLYURETHANE ........................................................................................................................................ 7 POLYTETRAFLUOROETHYLENE .................................................................................................................. 7 ELASTOMERS ................................................................................................................................................. 8 POLYISOPRENE RUBBER ............................................................................................................................ 8 STYRENE BUTADIENE ................................................................................................................................ 8 SANTOPRENE ............................................................................................................................................ 9 NEOPRENE RUBBER................................................................................................................................... 9 POLYETHER BLOCK AMIDE ...................................................................................................................... 10 NITRILE RUBBER ...................................................................................................................................... 10 VAMAC RUBBER ...................................................................................................................................... 11 HYDROGENATED NITRILE BUTADIENE RUBBER ..................................................................................... 11 ETHYLENE PROPYLENE DIENEMONOMER (EPDM) ................................................................................. 12 SILICON RUBBER...................................................................................................................................... 12 FIBERS ......................................................................................................................................................... 13 ACRYLIC FIBER ......................................................................................................................................... 13 KELVAR .................................................................................................................................................... 13 RAYON FIBER ........................................................................................................................................... 14 NYLON (6,6) ............................................................................................................................................. 14 OLEFIN FIBER ........................................................................................................................................... 15 COMPOSITES ............................................................................................................................................... 16 FIBER GLASS ............................................................................................................................................ 16 CONCRETE ............................................................................................................................................... 16 1 PLYWOOD ............................................................................................................................................... 17 CARBON FIBER ........................................................................................................................................ 17 2 POLYMERS Poly ethylene 1. In its foam form, polyethylene is used in packaging, vibration damping and insulation. 2. Polyethylene, particularly HDPE is often used in pressure pipe systems due to its inertness, 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. strength and ease of assembly. It is used in the preparation of sandwich bags. It is used in the manufacturing of cling wrap. Poly ethylene is used to made car covers. It is used in the production of squeeze bottles. Poly ethylene is used in the manufacturing of liners for tanks and ponds. It is used in the production of water pipes. It also uses for wire and cable insulation. It is used in the construction of moisture barrier. Poly propylene 1. Many plastic sandbags, resalable food storage bags and candy packages consist of polypropylene. 2. It is used in the manufacturing of plastic chairs, screw-on bottle caps, crates, boxes, appliance casings and toys. 3. Manufacturers make polypropylene tubing that food and beverage produces use to transfer heated liquids at low pressure. 4. Long and short bundled strands of polypropylene appear as carpets, clothing and acoustic insulation fibers. 5. Composite insulting material thinsulate contains a layer of polypropylene material. 6. Surgeons use sterile polypropylene mesh when repairing hernias. 7. Sutures, or stitches, also often consist of polypropylene fiber. 8. Thermoformed polypropylene has recently become a material of choice for inside door panels on cars. 9. Automakers also install polypropylene tubes in areas where they require tough, heat-resisting and semi flexible hoses. 10. Poly propylene is used in disposable diapers. 3 Polyvinyl chloride 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. It is used for sewerage pipe and other pipes applications. Window and door frames are made of PVC. PVC is commonly used as the insulation on electrical cables. The largest use of polyvinyl chloride is in building material walls, paneling, water and wastewater pipes PVC flouring etc. PVC is used in the production of wallpapers, furniture, window blends and shower curtains. PVC is used for many consumer articles such as credit cards, imitation leather, garden furniture and toys. PVC is used for food packaging such as plastic trays. It is used to make candy bar wrappers and boxed cookies or chocolate. It is also used in the production of bottles. PVC is also commonly used in teethers, beach balls, bath toys, dolls, knapsacks, raincoats, and umbrellas. Polyethylene terphthalate 1. It is excellent barrier used for the production of plastic bottles for soft drinks. 2. PET is used for flexible food packaging and thermal insulation such as "space blankets". 3. Because of its high mechanical strength, PET film is often used in tape applications, such as the 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. carrier for magnetic tape or backing for pressure sensit. Non-oriented PET sheet can be thermoformed to make packaging trays and blisters. If crystallizable PET is used, the trays can be used for frozen dinners. PET is also used as substrate in thin film and solar cell. It is also used in the production of toys, boxes, water tanks etc. It 4 Poly imide 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. It used in the electronics industry for flexible cables. It is used as an insulating film magnet wire and for medical tubing. The semiconductor industry uses polyimide as a high-temperature adhesive. It is also used as a mechanical stress buffer. Some polyimide can be used like a photo resist. An additional use of polyimide resin is as an insulating and passivation layer in the manufacture of digital semiconductor and MEMS chips. 7. Polyimide powder can be used to produce parts and shapes by sintering technologies. 8. It is used as bushings, bearings, sockets or constructive parts in demanding applications. 9. Polyimide fibers are used in hot gas filtration. 10. Polyimide film in the form of Kapton can be used as diaphragm in loudspeaker tweeters. Polystyrene 1. Polystyrene is used in some polymer-bonded explosives. 2. Polystyrene (PS) is economical, and is used for producing plastic model assembly kits, plastic cutlery, CD "jewel" cases, smoke detector. 3. It is used for the production of license plate frames, and many other objects. 4. Polystyrene Petri dishes and other laboratory containers such as test tubes and micro plates play an important role in biomedical research and science. 5. Polystyrene foams are good thermal insulators and are therefore often used as building insulation materials. 6. Extruded polystyrene material is also used in crafts and model building, in particular architectural models. 7. Pure polystyrene is brittle, but hard enough that a fairly high-performance product can be made by giving it some of the properties of a stretcher material, such as polybutadiene rubbe. 8. Oriented polystyrene is often used in packaging. 9. Polystyrene foams often used for non-weight-bearing architectural structures (such as ornamental pillars). 10. Expanded polystyrene (EPS) is used in molded sheets for building insulation and packing material. 5 Polycarbonate 1. Being a good electrical insulator and having heat resistant and flame retardant properties, it is used in various products associated with electrical and telecommunications hardware. 2. It also serves as dielectric in high stability capacitors. 3. The second largest consumer of polycarbonates is the construction industry, e.g. for dome lights, flat or curved glazing, and sound walls. 4. A major application of polycarbonate is the production of Compact Discs, DVDs, and Blu-ray Discs. 5. Injection-molded polycarbonate can produce very smooth surfaces that make it well-suited for direct (without the need for a basecoat) metalized parts such as decorative bezels and optical reflectors. 6. It can be laminated to make bullet-proof "glass". 7. The thicker barriers of transparent plastic used in teller's windows and barriers in banks are also polycarbonate. 8. So-called "theft-proof" large plastic packaging for smaller items, which cannot be opened by hand, is uniformly made from polycarbonate. 9. The cockpit canopy of the F-22 Raptor jet fighter is made from a piece of high optical quality polycarbonate. 10. Polycarbonate is commonly used in eye protection, as well as in other projectile-resistant viewing and lighting applications. Poly (methyl methacrylate) 1. 2. 3. 4. PMMA is used in the lenses of exterior lights of automobiles. The spectator protection in ice hockey rinks is made from PMMA. PMMA (under the brand name "Lucite") was used for the ceiling of the Houston Astrodome. PMMA has a good degree of compatibility with human tissue, and can be used for replacement intraocular lenses in the eye when the original lens has been removed in the treatment of cataracts. 5. Dentures are often made of PMMA, and can be color-matched to the patient's teeth & gum tissue. 6. In cosmetic surgery, tiny PMMA microspheres suspended in some biological fluid are injected under the skin to reduce wrinkles or scars permanently. 7. A large majority of white Dental filling materials (i.e. composites) have PMMA as their main organic component. 8. PMMA was used in Laser Disc optical media. 9. It is used as a light guide for the backlights in TFT-LCDs. 10. MMA, in a purified form, is used as the matrixin laser dye-doped solid-state gain media for solid state dye lasers. 6 Polyurethane 1. Its use in garments is growing: for example, in lining the cups of brassieres. 2. Polyurethane is also used for moldings which include door frames, columns, balusters, window headers, pediments, medallions and rosettes. 3. The new I Pad Smart Cover is made of polyurethane. 4. Polyurethane foam is widely used in high resiliency flexible foam seating, rigid foam insulation panels, microcellular foam seals. 5. The walls and ceiling (not just the insulation) of the futuristic Xanadu House were built out of polyurethane foam. 6. Domed ceilings and other odd shapes are made of polyurethane. 7. PU foam is also used as a thermal insulator in many houses. 8. Polyurethane resin is used as an aesthetic flooring material. 9. Foam was used to build oddly shaped buildings, statues, and decorations in the Seuss Landing section of the Islands of Adventure theme park. 10. Being seamless and water resistant, it is gaining interest for use in (modern) interiors, especially in Western Europe. Polytetrafluoroethylene 1. Owing to its low friction, it is used for applications where sliding action of parts is needed: plain bearings, gears, slide plates, etc. 2. Powdered PTFE is used in pyrotechnic compositions as oxidizers together with powdered metals such as aluminum and magnesium. 3. In optical radiometry, sheets made from PTFE are used as measuring heads in spectroradiometers and broadband radiometers (e.g., luminance meters and UV radiometers). 4. PTFE tubes are used in gas-gas heat exchangers in gas cleaning of waste incinerators. 5. PTFE is also widely used as a thread seal tape in plumbing applications. 6. PTFE membrane filters are among the most efficient used in industrial air filtration applications. 7. PTFE can be used to prevent insects climbing up surfaces painted with the material. 8. PTFE is also sometimes used as feet for computer mice, to reduce the friction with a mouse pad or other tracking surface. 9. The roof of the Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome in Minneapolis, USA, is one of the largest applications of PTFE coatings. 10. PTFE grafts can be used to bypass stenotic arteries in peripheral vascular disease, if a suitable antilogous vein graft is not available. 7 ELASTOMERS Polyisoprene rubber 1. 2. 3. 4. It is used in the production of tyers. Polyisoprene rubber used in the manufacturing of shock absorbers. Polyisoprene rubber is used to made gaskets. It is used in the production of adhesives. 5. It is used in the formation of coatings and health items. 6. Polyisoprene is used in the production of sporting goods. 7. It is used in automotive mounts. 8. Gloves (medical, household and industrial) and toy balloons are also made of polyisoprene rubber. 9. Polyisoprene rubber is also commonly used to make rubber bands and pencil erasers. 10. Many aircraft tires and inner tubes are made of polyisoprene rubber. Styrene butadiene 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Latex (emulsion) SBR is extensively used in coated papers. It is being one of the most cost-effective resins to bind pigmented coatings. It is used in some rubber cutting boards. It is used widely in pneumatic tires. Styrene butadiene rubber also uses in shoe heels and soles. Gaskets are made of styrene butadiene rubber. It has also its applications in chewing gum. It is also used in building applications, as a sealing and binding agent. SBR can be used to 'tank' damp rooms. SBR is found in toys, caulking compounds, sponges and floor tiles. 8 Santoprene 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. The material is used for the blades on training knives, swords, and bayonets. Knife handles are made of santoprene. It is commonly used in gaskets. It is also used for making appliances. Some business machines are made of santoprene rubber. It is used in medical devices. Sporting goods are made of santoprene rubber. It is also a good option for building and construction. It is also used in fluid delivery. It uses in hardware applications. Neoprene rubber 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Neoprene is used in gaskets, hoses, and corrosion-resistant coatings. It can be used as a base for adhesives. It can be used as a base for adhesives. Neoprene is commonly used as a material for fly fishing waders, as it provides excellent insulation against cold. Thick wet suits made at the extreme end of their cold water protection are usually made of 7 mm thick neoprene. Home accessories including laptop sleeves (e.g. Built NY Inc), iPod holders, remote controls and cycling chamois are made of neoprene. It is used in cinches, saddle pads, and bareback pads. It is often used in Air soft as a protective garment. Training knives and swords are made of Neoprene. Neoprene is also used for drum practice pads in music industry. 9 Polyether block amide 1. PEBA is used in medical products such as catheters for its flexibility, 2. It is also widely used in the manufacture of electric and electronic goods such as cables and wire coatings, electronic device casings, components, etc. 3. PEBA can be used to make textiles film. 4. Breathable film is also made of polyether block amide. 5. Fresh feeling fibers or non-woven fabrics are made of polyether block amide. 6. Some hydrophilic grades of PEBA are also used for their antistatic and anti dust properties. 7. It is used in various other sports applications such as racquet grommets and golf balls. 8. PEBA is found in the sports equipment market. 9. It is used to replace common elastomers – thermoplastic polyurethanes, polyester etc. 10. Membranes for potential use in gasoline or other organic vapors emission control Separation of VOCs from N2 Using Poly (Ether Block Amide). Nitrile rubber 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Nitrile rubber used in non-latex gloves for the healthcare industry. Automotive transmission belts are made of nitrile rubber. It is used in the manufacturing of hoses and O rings. It is used to make gaskets, oil seals and V belts. Synthetic leather is also made by nitrile rubber. Nitrile rubber used in printer's roller, and as cable jack. NBR latex can also be used in the preparation of adhesives. Pigment binder is produced by nitrile rubber. A hydrogenated version of nitrile rubber, HNBR is commonly used to manufacture o-rings. It is used for automotive air-conditioning systems. 10 Vamac rubber 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Low oil swell and compression set combine for good results in gaskets made with Vamac rubber. Tough transmission lip seals of Vamac rubber take the pressure, hot or cold. Vamac rubber is used in the production of turbo/intercooler hose. Molded CVJ and other boots are made of Vamac rubber offer heat- and oil-resistance and long flex life. Transmission oil cooler (TOC) hoses made of Vamac rubber perform hotter, better. It is used in the manufacturing of turbo ducts. Bonded piston seals made of Vamac rubber deliver cost-effective performance. Fiber-reinforced hose is also made of Vamac rubber. Durable automotive hoses made of Vamac rubber retain elastomeric properties. Molded parts of Vamac rubber help connect under-hood tubes and hoses. Hydrogenated nitrile butadiene rubber 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. A/C seals and hoses are made of HNBR. HNBR is used in the manufacturing of Engine seals. It is also used in grommets, and gaskets. HNBR is used in Transmission system bonded piston seals. For industrial application it is utilized in Paper mill rolls. It is also used in Rotary shaft seals. HNBR is also used in Steel mill rolls. Hi-performance shoe soles are made of HNBR. It is used in Heat exchanger gaskets. HNBR is used in the production of Oil field packers. 11 Ethylene propylene dienemonomer (epdm) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. EPDM rubber is used in seals, glass-run channels and in radiators. EPDM is used in garden and appliance hose. It is used in tubing, washers, and belts and in electrical insulation. EPDM is used in vibrators, and speaker cone surrounds. It is also used as a medium for water resistance in electrical cable-jointing, roofing membranes, geomembranes. EPDM is also used in rubber mechanical goods and in plastic impact modification. EPDM rubber is commonly used in weather seals on all vehicles. EPDM is especially used in cooling system circuit hoses in an automobile. EPDM can be used as charge air tubing on turbo charged engines. It is used in cold-room doors for sealing purpose. Silicon rubber 1. Silicone rubber can be extruded into tubes, strips, solid cord or custom profiles according the size restrictions of the manufacturer. 2. Silicone rubber can be molded into custom shapes and designs. 3. It is used in large variety of cooking and baking. 4. Silicon rubber is used in food storage products. 5. It is used to apparel, undergarment and sportswear applications. 6. It is used to electronics applications. 7. It is used to home repair, hardware and a host of unseen applications. 8. It is used in the destruction of waterborne bacteria such as Legionella. 9. Non-dyed silicone rubber tape with an iron-oxide additive (making the tape a red-orange color) is used extensively in aviation and aerospace wiring applications. 10. Silicone rubber is used in the formation of matrix of the first autonomic self-healing elastomer. 12 FIBERS Acrylic fiber 1. Some acrylic is used in clothing as a less expensive alternative to cashmere, due to the similar feeling of the materials. 2. It is used in the production of socks. 3. It is in the production of hats. 4. It is used in gloves. 5. It is used in scarves and sweaters. 6. It is used in home furnishing fabrics, and awnings. 7. It can be useful in certain items, like garments for babies, which require constant washing, because it is machine-washable. 8. End uses include hand-knitting yarns, rugs and awnings. 9. Boat covers, and upholstery are also made of acrylic fiber. 10. Acrylic fiber is also used as a precursor for carbon fiber. Kelvar 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Kevlar is used to manufacture gloves, sleeves, jackets, chaps and other articles of clothing. Designed to protect users from cuts, abrasions and heat. It is used as an inner lining for some bicycle tires to prevent punctures. Due to its excellent heat resistance, is used for fire poi wicks. In table tennis, plies of Kevlar are added to custom ply blades, or paddles, in order to increase bounce and reduce weight. It is used for motorcycle safety clothing, especially in the areas featuring padding such as shoulders and elbows. It was also used as speed control patches for certain Soap Shoes models. It is one of the main materials used for paraglide suspension lines. Kevlar has been used as a strength member in fiber optic cables such as the ones used for audio data transmissions. It is even used in sails for high performance racing boats. 13 Rayon fiber 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. It is used in the production of Aloha shirts, blouses and dresses. It is also used in the production of jackets, lingerie, linings, scarves and suits. It is used in neckties, hats and socks. It is used as a filling in Zippo lighters. It is used as furnishings (e.g. bedspreads, bedsheezs, blankets, window treatments, upholstery, and slipcovers). Industrial uses are (e.g. non-woven products, tire cord). It is also used in medical surgery products. Rayon is a major feedstock in the production of carbon fiber. It is uses in yarn, feminine hygiene products. It is used in the production of diapers and towels. Nylon (6,6) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. It is used as a Carpet fiber. Apparel is also the application of nylon(6,6) Nylon (6, 6) is also used in Airbags. It is used in Tires. Zip Ties are also made of nylon (6, 6). It is used in Ropes. It is used in the manufacturing of Conveyor Belts. It is also used in Hoses. Nylon 6,6's longer molecular chain and denser structure qualifies it as a premium nylon fiber, specified most often by professional architects and designers for use in commercial settings like offices, airports, and other places that get a lot of wear and tear. 10. It is also an excellent choice for residential carpet applications 14 Olefin fiber 1. It is used in the production of Sports & active wear. 2. It used in socks and lining fabrics. 3. Olefin can be used by itself or in blends for indoor and outdoor carpets, carpet tiles, and carpet backing. 4. The fiber can also be used in wall coverings, slipcovers, and floor coverings. 5. It can also be used in upholstery and draperies. 6. Olefin can be used for interior fabrics, sun visors, arm rests, door and side panels. 7. Olefin can be used for trunks, parcel shelves, and resin replacement as binder fibers. 8. Olefin creates carpets, ropes and geo-textiles. 9. Olefin creates filter fabrics and bagging. 10. In an industrial setting, olefin creates concrete reinforcement, and heat-sealable paper (e.g. teaand coffee-bags). 15 COMPOSITES Fiber glass 1. Its first main civilian application was for building of boats and sports car bodies. 2. Its uses in the automotive and sport equipment sectors as well as in aircraft. 3. Fiberglass uses also include hot tubs, pipes for drinking water and sewers, office plant display containers and flat roof systems. 4. Fiberglass is also used in the telecommunications industry for shrouding the visual appearance of antennas, due to its RF permeability and low signal attenuation properties. 5. It may also be used to shroud the visual appearance of equipments. 6. Other uses include sheet form made electrical insulators and other structural components commonly found in the power industries. 7. Storage tanks can be made of fiberglass. 8. With the advent of high volume manufacturing processes it is possible to construct fiberglass brick effect panels which can be used in the construction of composite housing. 9. Glass reinforced plastics are also used in the house building market for the production of roofing laminate, door surrounds, over-door canopies, window canopies and dormers, chimneys, coping systems, heads with keystones and sills. 10. It is used in the production of wide variety of pipes. Concrete 1. Concrete is used in large structures typically include gravity dams, such as the Hoover Dam, the Itapúa Dam and the Three Gorges Dam, arch dams, navigation and breakwaters. 2. It is used in filling in the form of granules. 3. It is used in the production of slabs known as concrete slabs used in construction of buildings. 4. With the use of form liner, concrete can be cast and molded into different textures and used for decorative concrete applications. 5. It is used in the construction of Sound/retaining walls. 6. It is used in construction of bridges. 7. Sound retaining office buildings are the applications of concrete. 8. It is used in the construction of paved highways. 9. Reinforced concrete can encompass many types of structures and components, including slabs, walls, beams, columns, and more. 10. Prestressed concrete is the main material for floors in high-rise buildings. 16 Plywood 1. Plywood is also used as an engineering material for stressed-skin applications. 2. It has been used for marine and aviation applications since WWII. 3. Wide ranges of boats are built primarily by plywood. 4. Plywood is often used to create curved surfaces. 5. Skateboard ramps often utilize plywood as the top smooth surface over bent curves. 6. Soft plywood is used in Floors, walls and roofs in house constructions 7. Wind bracing panels are made of soft ply wood. 8. Vehicle internal body consists of soft plywood. 9. Soft plywood also used in Packages and boxes. 10. Birch plywood is used in the manufacturing of Wind turbine blades. Carbon fiber 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Carbon reinforced composites are often used for low strength applications requiring good electrical properties due to the high conductivity of carbon fiber. Carbon fiber is most notably used to reinforce composite materials. Tail of an RC helicopter, made of Carbon fiber reinforced polymer. (RCC) consists of carbon fiber-reinforced graphite and is used structurally in hightemperature applications. The carbon fiber also finds use in filtration of high-temperature gases, as an electrode. It is also used commonly as breast implants. It is used as and as an anti-static component. By molding a thin lyre of carbon fiber it is used to improve fire resistance of polymers or thermo set composites. The two main applications of carbon fibers are in specialized technology, which includes aerospace and nuclear engineering, and in general engineering and transportation, which includes engineering components such as bearings, gears, cams, fan blades and automobile bodies. It is used for Decoration of automotive, marine, general aviation interiors, general entertainment and musical instruments and after-market transportation products. 17