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2017, Journal of Multinational Financial Management
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36 pages
1 file
We study how creditor rights and culture interact with one another to influence corporate dividend payout policy. Where creditor rights are strong, creditors accept the status quo, which are large dividends in individualist and small dividends in collectivist traditions, respectively. Culture influences dividend payout where creditor rights are weak. In collectivist countries where group cohesion among corporate stakeholders results in perceived lower agency costs of debt and equity, creditors place few if any restrictions on dividend payout given weak creditor rights. In contrast, in individualist traditions, creditors continue to restrict dividend payouts under weak creditor rights. Our findings emphasize the importance of accounting for the interactions between creditor rights and culture in determining dividend policy.
Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Finance, 2014
We examine the relations between three dimensions of national culture and dividend policies of banks using a sample of banks from 51 countries over the period 1998-2007. In our main analysis, we employ three dimensions of Hofstede et al. (2010) and find that banks in high uncertainty avoidance, high long-term orientation and low masculinity countries pay lower amount of dividends and, are less likely to pay dividends. To confirm our main results, we also employ comparable three dimensions of national culture of House et al. (2004) and find that banks in high uncertainty avoidance, high future orientation and low assertiveness countries pay lower amount of dividends and, are less likely to pay dividends, findings confirming our above results. In sum, we find significant influence of the three dimensions of national culture on bank dividend policies.
2008
Recent research on international differences in the dividend policy provides conflicting evidence on catering theory of dividends. Using a sample of over 25,000 firm-year observations, we find a substantial variation in the propensity to pay dividends. We determine that larger firms, firms with higher profitability, and firms with lower growth opportunities have a higher propensity to pay dividends. Further, we document important cross-sectional differences in the presence of catering effects driven by legal regime, the extent of anti-director rights, and ownership concentration. We also find evidence that catering effects persist even after controlling for agency cost-based lifecycle proxies. Overall, we conclude that catering remains an important factor in explaining international dividend policies.
2018
This study analyzes the impact of socio-cultural factors on dividend policy in 83 countries, for 12,150 companies in the period of 2009-2013. Using a hierarchical linear modelling it is noticed that there is a significant influence of socio-cultural factors on the dividend payout decision. Also, some financial factors, considered classics in literature, have been tested. Using a Logit-Normal Generalized Linear Mixed Effects Model it is proven that there is an association between socio-cultural factors and the probability to pay dividends. The main results confirm that religion, corruption, anti-self dealing index, law system, property rights and business freedom index have a significant impact on dividend policy.
This paper outlines and tests two agency models of dividends. According to the "outcome" model, dividends are the result of effective pressure by minority shareholders to force corporate insiders to disgorge cash. According to the "substitute" model, insiders interested in issuing equity in the future choose to pay dividends to establish a reputation for decent treatment of minority shareholders. The first model predicts that stronger minority shareholder rights should be associated with higher dividend payouts; the second model predicts the opposite. Tests on a cross-section of 4,000 companies from 33 countries with different levels of minority shareholder rights support the outcome agency model of dividends.
Economic Modelling, 2017
The extant literature shows that shareholder and creditor rights positively affect corporate payout policy in a static macroeconomic environment. This study examines how the effects of shareholder and creditor rights on dividend policy change under the impact of the global financial crisis. We posit that this exogenous shock increases agency costs of both shareholders and creditors. With a sample of 133,631 firm-year observations from 23,890 firms incorporated in 41 countries, we find that both shareholder and creditor rights are less effective in dividend decisions in the post-crisis period and the extent of shareholder (creditor) expropriation in the post-crisis period is larger when creditors (shareholders) are adequately protected.
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Journal of Business Finance & Accounting, 2009
This study investigates patterns in dividend payment across nine common law and sixteen civil law countries over 1994-2007. We begin by examining whether the recent decline in the number of dividend payers is solely a US phenomenon or part of a more global trend. We find that at the beginning of our sample period, 72% of our sample firms pay dividends, but by 2007, this percentage decreases to 55%, with the decline more acute in common law countries. Our analysis further shows that the growing incidence of non-dividend paying firms can be explained by an increase in the percentage of firms that have never paid dividends. We find that common law firms are less likely to initiate new dividend programs than those in civil law nations, although they tend to have more abundant growth opportunities. We further establish that this global decline in the propensity to pay dividends is more pronounced in firms incorporated in common law jurisdictions. Finally, we find that both the percentage increase in aggregate dividends and the dividend payout ratio is higher in civil law countries.
Journal of Banking & Finance, 2012
We investigate the influence of national culture on corporate debt maturity choice. Based on the framework of Williamson, we argue that culture located in social embeddedness level can shape contracting environments by serving as an informal constraint that affects human actors' incentives and choices in market exchange. We therefore expect national culture to be related to debt maturity structure after controlling for legal, political, financial, and economic institutions. Using Hofstede's four cultural dimensions (uncertainty avoidance, collectivism, power distance, and masculinity) as proxies for culture, and using a sample of 114,723 firm-years from 40 countries over the 1991-2006 period, we find robust evidence that firms located in countries with high uncertainty avoidance, high collectivism, high power distance, and high masculinity tend to use more short-term debt. We interpret our results as consistent with the view that national culture helps explain cross-country variations in the maturity structure of corporate debt.
International Review of Financial Analysis, 2013
We study the importance of investor rights in payout policy determination in Asia, using a sample of up to 52,778 firm years. The listed Asian firms located in relatively high investor protection, common law countries, have a greater tendency to pay out and, if they do so, they tend to pay out more. We also examine the importance of distinctive creditor and minority shareholder rights in respect to payout policy determination. In our study of a variety of pay out events (decisions to pay out, to initiate or omit pay out and to markedly increase or decrease pay out), we show that this set of pay out events is principally determined by competing creditor and minority shareholder rights, rather than managerial sought reputation related effects, to diminish the cost of capital. Our findings indicate that creditors exert significant and far reaching influence over corporate payout policy decision-making, however, the importance of the agency costs of equity predominate.
Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, 2020
Previous studies of the relation between insider ownership and dividend policy have focused only on U.S. or European firms from a legal system perspective. We explore how the effects of the increase in insider ownership concentration on the dividend policy change in different legal, corporate governance, and cultural environments in Asian countries. The severity of agency problems between controlling insiders and outside investors in Asian countries provides a unique circumstance for exploring this issue. We find that insider ownership has an inverse U-shaped relation with dividend payouts in Asian countries and that the inversely U-shaped relation becomes stronger in common law, strong corporate governance, low long-term orientation, or low uncertainty avoidance countries.
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