Unveiling the Research Landscape of the Metaverse in Asia

Published by INDIAN SOCIETY FOR TECHNICAL EDUCATION Near Katwaria Sarai, Shasheed Jeet Singh Marg, New Delhi - 110 016 Unveiling the Research Landscape of the Metaverse in Asia Singh, et al Unveiling the Research Landscape of the Metaverse in Asia Dileep Kumar Singh Sameera Khan Narsee Monjee Institute of Management Studies Hyderabad Information Technology Vardhaman College of Engineering, Hyderabad Mrudula Nimbarte, Shrikrishna Dhale S B Jain Institute of Technology Management and Research Nagpur ABSTRACT In order to give a thorough picture of the current state and trends within this burgeoning discipline, this report presents a bibliometric analysis of the Metaverse research environment in Asian nations. A sizable corpus of academic works on the Metaverse was extensively examined using bibliometric methods with help of VOS viewer and R Package- Bibliometrix, providing information on publishing output, teamwork dynamics, and topic focus. The results show that Asian nations have an increasing interest in the Metaverse, with a consistent rise in research output over time. Research efforts in the region were sparked by contributions from nations including China, Japan, and South Korea. It was discovered that collaborative efforts were common, with international partnerships significantly contributing to knowledge transfer and the development of the area. Virtual reality, augmented reality, virtual worlds, immersive technologies, and social interactions within the Metaverse were among the primary topics of concentration within the Asian Metaverse research landscape that were identified through thematic analysis. These results serve as a resource for academics and policymakers interested in improving the development and use of the Metaverse and offer insightful information on the research goals and directions in Asian nations. KEYWORDS : Metaverse, Bibliometric, Content analysis, Cluster analysis, Bibliographic coupling INTRODUCTION U sers can interact with a computer-generated environment and with others in real-time in the metaverse, a virtual reality setting. It creates an immersive and linked digital realm by fusing aspects of virtual reality, augmented reality, and the internet. The metaverse provides a variety of opportunities for social interaction, virtual world exploration, digital asset trade, gaming, and commercial dealing(Yang, 2023). Companies are investigating the metaverse’s possibilities in many industries as a result of technological advancements, which have increased interest in it. Technical difficulties, ethical issues, privacy concerns, standardisation, and equal access are all problems, nevertheless(Schöbel & Leimeister, 2023). In order to address these issues and comprehend how the metaverse affects behaviour, identity, job, and social www.isteonline.in Vol. 46 Special Issue, interactions(Syuhada et al., 2023). In order to create the metaverse as an inclusive environment that improves human experiences, stimulates creativity, cooperation, and meaningful relationships, interdisciplinary research in computer science, virtual reality, sociology, economics, and philosophy is being done(Zalan & Barbesino, 2023). The ultimate objective is t o develop a digital environment that is transformational and advantageous to both people and society(JosephNg et al., 2023).The introduction of the metaverse has generated a great deal of attention and debate throughout the world and revolutionised the way we engage with digital surroundings and connect with one another (JosephNg et al., 2023). This virtual world has grabbed both academics and business experts because to its immersive experiences, augmented reality, and interconnection (Buhalis et al., 2023). Examining the metaverse’s development and effects in various parts of the world is more important than ever as it continues August, 2023 239 Unveiling the Research Landscape of the Metaverse in Asia to develop and pick up steam(Kar & Varsha, 2023). This study presents a thorough survey of the current literature and research initiatives within this dynamic and quickly growing subject with a particular focus on the bibliometric analysis of the metaverse in Asian nations(Uyar et al., 2020). This study uses bibliometric methods to examine the academic environment, pinpoint significant contributors, and highlight new metaverse-related trends and patterns in Asian nations (Quarles et al., 2023). Asian nations have been in the forefront of embracing and implementing cutting-edge technology because of their reputation for technical achievements and vibrant digital ecosystems(Dolata & Schwabe, 2023). Asian countries have taken a major role in determining the metaverse’s future thanks to their various technology landscapes and rich cultural history(Zabel et al., 2023). This work aims to give useful insights into the regional research environment and throw light on the many elements of metaverse development and utilisation in this setting by exploring the bibliometric analysis of the metaverse in Asian nations(Weking et al., 2023). This study will map the research trajectory, identify significant authors and institutions, and analyse the thematic clusters that have emerged within the metaverse discourse in Asian nations through a thorough analysis of scholarly articles, conference papers, and other pertinent publications (Reig-Mullor et al., 2022). This study also aims to highlight the interdisciplinary nature of metaverse research, emphasising the social sciences, virtual reality, gaming, and other relevant fields that contribute to the comprehension and development of the metaverse concept(Goldberg & Schär, 2023). This article intends to present a thorough overview of the metaverse environment in Asian nations using bibliometric analysis, laying the groundwork for future research, policy development, and strategic decisionmaking (Kraus et al., 2023). The results of this study may serve as a roadmap for academics, government officials, and business leaders interested in discovering knowledge gaps, pursuing cooperative possibilities, and utilising the metaverse’s potential in Asian contexts(Dwivedi et al., 2023). In conclusion, this study offers a bibliometric analysis of the metaverse in Asian nations with the goal of providing a comprehensive picture of the academic landscape and www.isteonline.in Vol. 46 Special Issue, Singh, et al insightful information on the developments, trends, and consequences of the metaverse phenomena in this dynamic area (Fang et al., 2023). We hope that our indepth analysis will add to the corpus of knowledge and promote a better comprehension of the transformational potential of the metaverse in Asian nations. RESEARCH QUESTIONS RQ1: What are the inclusive trends and total number of research publications published in Asia about the metaverse? RQ2: Which major authors and nations are involved in the study of the metaverse in the chosen Asian nations? RQ3: In Asian nations, what are the citation trends and effects of papers concentrating on the metaverse? RQ4: What are the most popular metaverse research themes and areas of study in Asian nations? RQ5: What possible research implications could result from the findings of this bibliometric analysis? METHODOLOGY To conduct the bibliometric analysis of the metaverse in Asian countries, a systematic search was performed using the Scopus database. The search string used was “TITLE-ABS-KEY (metaverse) AND (LIMIT-TO (AFFILCOUNTRY, ‘China’) OR LIMIT-TO (AFFILCOUNTRY, ‘India’) OR LIMIT-TO (AFFILCOUNTRY, ‘Japan’) OR LIMIT-TO (AFFILCOUNTRY, ‘Singapore’) OR LIMIT-TO (AFFILCOUNTRY, ‘Malaysia’) OR LIMIT-TO (AFFILCOUNTRY, ‘Saudi Arabia’) OR LIMIT-TO (AFFILCOUNTRY, ‘Iran’) OR LIMITTO (AFFILCOUNTRY, ‘Thailand’) OR LIMITTO (AFFILCOUNTRY, ‘Pakistan’) OR LIMIT-TO (AFFILCOUNTRY, ‘Jordan’))”. This search phrase was created to discover papers that were linked to institutions in specified Asian nations, notably China, India, Japan, Singapore, Malaysia, Saudi Arabia, Iran, Thailand, Pakistan, and Jordan, and that had the word “metaverse” in their title, abstract, or keywords. The Scopus database, a large and frequently used repository for scholarly papers, was the only source that was included in the search (Zerbino, 2022). By concentrating on these Asian August, 2023 240 Unveiling the Research Landscape of the Metaverse in Asia nations, we sought to identify regional contributions to and trends in metaverse research. The Scopus search results were exported and then imported for additional examination into bibliometric analysis tools. From the retrieved publications, information such as publication year, authors, affiliations, citations, and keywords were extracted(Hassani & Bahini, 2022). Numerous quantitative measurements, such as citation counts, co-authorship networks, keyword co-occurrence analysis, and trend analysis across time, will be used in the bibliometric study. These studies will offer perceptions into the research environment, significant contributors, topic clusters, and the development of the idea of the metaverse in the chosen Asian nations. By using this technique, we want to present a thorough and data-driven assessment of the scholarly output and trends connected to the metaverse in Asian nations, providing insightful information for academics, decision-makers, and business experts working in this area(De Jong et al., 2019). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Annual Scientific Production Figure 01 displays the number of articles that were released per year between 2008 and 2023. The number of publications varies with time, with very few papers published in previous years and a progressive rise in subsequent years. The number of articles increases noticeably in 2022 and then significantly in 2023. This shows a rise in research effort and interest in the field throughout those years(Wichianrak et al., 2023). Singh, et al The quantity of citations from one source or document are referred to as “local citations,” whilst citations from other sources are referred to as “global citations.”It is clear from the statistics that the quantity of citations differs between the papers. Some papers, like Duan et al. (2021) and Dwivedi et al. (2022), have more local and international citations, demonstrating their major effect and influence within the discipline. Conversely, works by Suzuki et al. (2020) and Barry et al. (2015) have far less citations. The distribution of citations between local and international sources may be analysed using the LC/ GC ratio. A lower LC/GC ratio denotes a more balanced or significant contribution from global sources, whereas a larger ratio implies a higher percentage of citations from local sources.A standard measure of citations is provided by the normalised local and global citations, enabling comparisons between texts. Higher numbers suggest a greater influence in terms of the number of citations compared to other papers.The table gives an overview of the citation performance of the listed publications, showing differences in citation counts, local-global citation distribution, and normalised effect within the field of study(Andreoli & Batista, 2020). Most Prolific Authors The Figure 02 lists researchers and shows how frequently their names appear in various contexts. The most often occurring names are Li Y, Wang X, and Wang Y, with 23, 22, and 21 occurrences each. These researchers are well-represented in the relevant environment. With 20 and 19 instances, respectively, Wang J and Wang F-Y also show very often. The number of occurrences for Liu Y, Niyato D, Chen Y, Li J, and Zhang X ranges from 18 to 13. The researchers who are most commonly cited or active in the field under examination are highlighted in the table(Boncinelli et al., 2023). Most Influential Sources Figure 1. Annual Scientific Production Most Influential Documents Top 10 documents basesd on local and global citation is shown in the Table 01, together with information on each one’s publication year, local and worldwide citation counts, LC/GC ratio (%), normalised local citation count, and normalised global citation count. www.isteonline.in Vol. 46 Special Issue, Top 10 prolific sources are included in the Figure 03, along with the number of articles linked to each source(Ktisti et al., 2022). The most papers are found in “Lecture Notes in Computer Science,” which has subseries on bioinformatics and artificial intelligence. With 17 papers, “IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics: Systems” comes in second place. Other noteworthy sources with 12 and 10 articles each are “ACM International Conference Proceeding August, 2023 241 Unveiling the Research Landscape of the Metaverse in Asia Series” and “Sustainability (Switzerland)”. Each of the following journals contributes 9 to 7 articles: “Frontiers in Psychology,” “Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems,” “Electronics (Switzerland”), “Frontiers in Singh, et al Artificial Intelligence and Applications,” “Proceedings - 2023 IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces Abstracts and Workshops, VRW 2023,” and “Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering.” Table 1. Most Influential Documents Bibliographic Coupling of Countries Figure 2. Most Profilic authors Figure 3. Most Influential Sources www.isteonline.in Vol. 46 Special Issue, Based on common references in scientific papers, a technique called bibliographic coupling is used to evaluate international collaboration(Niñerola et al., 2021). It aids in the identification of research collaborations, interests, and new trends. Researchers and policymakers can learn more about global networks of collaboration and information sharing by examining bibliographic coupling patterns. This knowledge supports effective international research collaborations as well as strategic planning and research assessment. Based on the quantity of papers, citations, and overall link strength, the table provides information on the research production and influence of a few chosen nations. China has the most documents and citations, which shows that it is actively engaged in research. In spite of having fewer papers, the United States comes in second with a sizable number of citations. India has a modest research output and a comparatively strong August, 2023 242 Unveiling the Research Landscape of the Metaverse in Asia overall linkage. Germany and the United Kingdom have lower research outputs but significant citations and link strength as shown in Figure 04. Singh, et al themes represent brand-new, developing study fields. Fundamental concepts act as the field’s knowledge’s building blocks. THEMATIC MAP A thematic map aids in the visualisation of the properties of several research themes within a dataset during bibliometric analysis(Johnpaul et al., 2021). The thematic map incorporates a number of characteristics, including motor theme, emerging theme, specialty theme, and basic theme, as well as development degree and relevance degree. The level of development reflects the sophistication and depth of study in a certain topic. The degree of relevance reveals a theme’s significance and influence within the larger study domain. Other themes are driven and shaped by motor themes, which serve as important and key notions. While niche themes indicate specialised and narrow issues, emerging Figure 4. Collaboration among Countries Centrality and Density details of Cluster Formed by Thematic Analysis Table 2. Details of cluster The table provides a summary of various clusters related to different research topics in the field of Metaverse. It includes columns such as Callon Centrality, Callon Density, Rank Centrality, Rank Density, and Cluster Frequency. These metrics offer insights into the prominence and frequency of each cluster within the analyzed dataset. The Callon Centrality and Density values represent the centrality and density of the cluster, respectively, indicating the level of importance and interconnectedness of the research within that specific topic. Higher values suggest greater centrality and density, indicating a more prominent and cohesive www.isteonline.in Vol. 46 Special Issue, research area. The Rank Centrality and Density values denote the rank position of each cluster in terms of centrality and density, respectively. A lower rank value indicates higher centrality or density compared to other clusters, signifying a more influential or concentrated area of research. Lastly, the Cluster Frequency column indicates the number of publications associated with each cluster, providing an indication of the research activity and interest within each topic. Higher frequencies suggest a greater volume of research within a specific cluster. By evaluating these metrics, researchers can identify the most influential and August, 2023 243 Unveiling the Research Landscape of the Metaverse in Asia interconnected research areas (based on centrality and density), as well as the most prolific topics (based on cluster frequency). This information can guide further research efforts, collaborations, and the allocation of resources within the field of Metaverse research. Singh, et al systems flourish, giving rise to vibrant communities, cooperative networks, and engaging interpersonal relationships. Cyber physicals smoothly combine digital and physical components, bridging the gap between the virtual and physical worlds, and turning interactions into palpable experiences. The metaverse’s digital cyberspaces, which provide limitless opportunities for connection and self-expression, serve as the setting for exploration, creativity, and participation. In the metaverse, task analysis assures effective job execution and boosts efficiency, while computational modelling enables designers and developers to create complex virtual environments and engaging simulations. These ideas come together to form the metaverse, a vast digital environment that is full of invention, connections, and life-changing events. Cluster analysis 2: 3d Modelling Figure 5. Thematic Map Content Analysis A technique for analysing and classifying textual or qualitative material into significant clusters or groupings is called content analysis using cluster analysis. It entails locating recurring themes, patterns, or subjects in a dataset. According to their content, such as words, phrases, or concepts, comparable objects are grouped together using mathematical methods in cluster analysis. This method offers a systematic method for organising and condensing enormous volumes of data and aids researchers in revealing hidden structures or links within the data. Researchers can better identify the major themes or categories included in the dataset and investigate the links between various clusters by clustering the data. Here from thematic map, we have examined 06 major clusters as follows: Cluster analysis 1: Reinforcement Learning The blending of “reinforcement learning,” “social systems,” “cyber physicals,” “cyberspaces,” “reinforcement learnings,” “task analysis,” and “computational modelling” creates an enthralling tapestry of interrelated topics in the vast metaverse. Reinforcement learning algorithms are essential in the metaverse for optimising user interactions and experiences, adjusting to unique preferences, and enhancing virtual worlds. In the metaverse, social www.isteonline.in Vol. 46 Special Issue, The fusion of “real-time,” “image reconstruction,” “three-dimensional displays,” “cameras,” “textures,” “holographic displays,” “3D modelling,” “algorithms,” and “image processing” in the metaverse results in an enthralling digital environment. While image reconstruction techniques completely meld digital and physical worlds, real-time interactions and experiences immerse users in dynamic virtual environments. The visual fidelity of the metaverse is improved through holographic and three-dimensional technology, allowing for lifelike representations and immersive experiences. The incorporation of aspects from the real world into the metaverse is made possible by cameras, which record the essence of the physical world. The complexity of virtual surroundings is enhanced by point clouds and textures, which replicate fine features and textures. The production and manipulation of 3D models is made possible by cutting-edge algorithms and image processing techniques, which help to shape the digital architecture of the metaverse. Liquid crystals aid in the creation of high-caliber displays by enhancing visual realism and clarity. These connected components serve as the building blocks of immersive experiences in the metaverse, allowing users to engage, create, and explore in a colourful and interesting digital world. Cluster 03: E-learning Students may engage in dynamic and engaging learning experiences outside of the typical classroom August, 2023 244 Unveiling the Research Landscape of the Metaverse in Asia environment because to the metaverse’s immersive platform for e-learning. Teachers may use the metaverse to create personalised and adaptable learning experiences catered to each student’s requirements using computer-aided education and knowledge-based systems. The establishment of engaging and dynamic learning environments where multimedia technologies excite students’ perception and improve their grasp of difficult subjects is made possible by the educational metaverse. Students can successfully use problem-based learning approaches in the metaverse to address realworld issues and hone their critical thinking abilities. Additionally, the metaverse creates possibilities for online education, allowing students to access learning materials and participate in the learning process from any location. Cluster 04: Blockchain The metaverse uses blockchain technology to provide safe, decentralised transactions, digital asset ownership, and smart contract-based authentication. It offers a platform for immersive and interactive experiences inside of video games and other virtual worlds, having an influence on many different facets of everyday life, society, and the digital economy. The metaverse intends to provide the secure and effective flow of digital assets and electronic documents with an emphasis on information management, data privacy, and cybersecurity. In order to give consumers a smooth and engaging experience, it embraces intelligent systems, optimisations for displaying visuals, network security, and distributed computer systems. As Industry 4.0’s metaverse develops, it attracts investments and spurs advancements in web 3.0, intelligent systems, and artistic computing. The metaverse aims to offer a safe and revolutionary digital environment for people and businesses alike by embracing decentralisation, cloud computing, and network optimisations. Cluster 05: Machine Learning Wearable technology and virtual avatars are only two examples of how “human-computer interaction” is made easy in the metaverse through the combination of “machine learning” and “user interfaces.” The “complex networks” that support the metaverse grow, and it depends on effective “data handling” methods to manage massive volumes of data. “Decision trees” and www.isteonline.in Vol. 46 Special Issue, Singh, et al “learning algorithms” are used to improve decisionmaking processes so that “intelligent robots” can move around and interact in virtual settings. Advanced methods like “speech recognition” and “neural networks” enable intuitive and natural communication between people and the metaverse. The metaverse is researching topics like “convolution” and “brain- computer interfaces” in an effort to close the gap between the “human brain” and virtual experiences as technology advances. Cluster 06: Human Interface The idea of a “human-machine interface” is crucial in the metaverse because it allows for seamless communication between real world surroundings and virtual ones. New “flexible electronics” developments open the door to creative solutions that improve user experiences. “Gesture recognition” is essential for converting physical human motions into digital commands in the metaverse. By generating power from user interactions, cutting-edge technologies like “nanogenerators” and “triboelectricity” can power “wearable sensors” and other metaverse devices in a sustainable way. In order to record and decipher neural impulses, electrodes are used, enabling direct communication between the human brain and the virtual world. The metaverse experience gains an additional degree of expressiveness and control because to the recognition and interpretation of “gestures,” which also makes it more user- friendly and immersive. The incorporation of these technologies results in a more seamless and interesting virtual world as the metaverse continues to develop. CONCLUSION The Metaverse in Asian nations was subjected to a thorough bibliometric study in this work, which offered insightful information on the state of the field and upcoming trends. This study provided insight into a variety of topics, including publishing productivity, collaborative patterns, and subject focus by methodically analysing a sizable corpus of scholarly publications. The results of this investigation showed that Asian nations have an increasing interest in the Metaverse, with a consistent rise in research output over time. The findings also showed how important particular nations—including China, Japan, and South Korea—have been in promoting study on the Metaverse in the area. August, 2023 245 Unveiling the Research Landscape of the Metaverse in Asia Collaboration was discovered to be a crucial component of research in the Metaverse, with a sizeable portion of publications coming from cross-border partnerships. This demonstrates the international scope of the topic and the necessity of international collaboration and knowledge exchange among academics. Additionally, the theme analysis revealed major areas of interest within Asia’s Metaverse research environment. These included subjects including immersive technology, virtual reality, augmented reality, virtual worlds, and social interactions in the Metaverse. Such results are a useful resource for academics and policymakers interested in boosting the development and uptake of the Metaverse in Asian nations, and they also help us comprehend the existing research environment. as a disruptive technology revolutionising tourism management and marketing. 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