Chapter 10: West Lewis Rockshelter Excavation

10 Excavation at the West Lewis Rockshelter MLP-WL027 JO MCDONALD, WENDY REYNEN, ZANE BLUNT M U R U J U GA - DY N A M I C S O F T H E D R E A M I N G A test excavation (50 cm x 40 cm) was undertaken in a small rockshelter found in the interior valley west of the historic settlement (Figure 10.1). This rockshelter has two vertical rock art panels on its exterior vertical face and it is now recorded as Site MLPWL027 (see Chapter 9). E XC AVAT I O N AT T H E W E S T L E W I S R O C K S H E LT E R M L P - W L 02 7 3 There is a small engraving site complex in the valley Th i s te st exc avat i o n wa s u n d e r t a ke n o n t h e re q u e st running southwards on the opposite side of the main of M AC C EO Pete r J eff r i e s . M AC wa s s e e k i n g a s u i t a b l e east-west valley which has semi-permanent rock holes l o c at i o n fo r re b u r i a l of h u m a n s ke l et a l re m a i n s a s p a r t of ( s e e C h a p t e r 9 , F i g u r e 9 . 3 2 ) . T h e s h e l t e r ’s i n t e r n a l their repatriation process. They wanted to ensure there space measures 2 90 cm x 310 cm x 210 cm (high) and was no cultural material within the rockshelter before its dripline is low (140 cm high), and the orientation of utilising this loc ation for the reburial. As ar tefacts were the shelter is south-east (Figure 10. 2). A large Kurrajong fo u n d h e re, M AC h a s c h o s e n a n a l te r n at i ve l o c at i o n fo r t r e e g r o w s a t t h e f r o n t o f t h e s h e l t e r, b l o c k i n g a c l e a r their repatriation program. view of its entrance. Figure 10.1. Location of the West Lewis Rockshelter (MLP-WL027 ) west of the pastoral station, and nor th of the minor gully with rock ar t site MLP-WL026. Square 275250 There is ver y limited floor area in the shelter bec ause of area between the rocky intrusions is flat, and the c ave is fallen rocks. The 50 cm x 40 cm square was positioned frequently used by rock wallabies, as evidenced by their i n t h e o n l y a v a i l a b l e s p a c e a t t h e r e a r o f t h e s h e l t e r, sc ats covering the floor (Figure 10.4). adjacent to the sloping back wall (see Figure 10.3). The 4 M U R U J U GA - DY N A M I C S O F T H E D R E A M I N G Figure 10.2. Landscape around rockshelter MLP-WL027 with a view from the valley as well as view from the dripline towards site MLP-WL026. Detail of the two engraved panels (bottom). E XC AVAT I O N AT T H E W E S T L E W I S R O C K S H E LT E R M L P - W L 02 7 5 Figure 10.3. West Lewis Rockshelter site plan and cross-section. Soils, stratigraphy and dating E xc avat i o n i n t h i s 0. 5 m x 0.4 m s q u a re p ro c e e d e d i n S U 2 – r e d b r o w n ( 7. 5 Y R 3 / 3 ) c o m p a c t e d f r i a b l e d e p o s i t , eight XUs dug in 2–4 cm depths (Figure 10.4). Three with ant nest / bioturbation areas present in stratigraphic units were encountered (Figure 10.5): p o c kets ( n ot v i s i b l e i n a l l s e c t i o n s) ; S U 1 – a t h i n v e n e e r o f l o o s e , f i n e r e d d i s h b r o w n ( 7. 5 Y R S U 3 – v e r y r o c k y, f i n e , c l a y e y d a r k r e d d i s h b r o w n 3 /3 ) s i l t y d e p o s i t , w i t h a h i g h p ro p o r t i o n of s e d i m e n t ( 7. 5 Y R 2 . 5 ) w i t h m i x e d - s i z e d i n t e r l o c k - macropod sc ats comprising the Ao layer; ing rocks. 6 M U R U J U GA - DY N A M I C S O F T H E D R E A M I N G Figure 10.4. Square 275250: showing (top) surface and base of XU1; base of XU6 (bottom, left); and (right) at end of excavation in XU8. View towards MLP-026 can be seen from within the shelter (top right) 7 E XC AVAT I O N AT T H E W E S T L E W I S R O C K S H E LT E R M L P - W L 02 7 Figure 10.5. Square 275250: north baulk stratigraphic section. Some faunal material was encountered here, most of t h e s e ( f ro m X U 2 a n d X U 5 ) to Wa i kato. T h e s e ret u r n e d of which appears to be animals that had died in place. indistinguishable from modern dates, which we consider Land snails were recorded in all XUs. Some loose has no bearing on the age of the deposit. sur face charcoal was noted in XU1, but was insufficient Land snail WLA-275E250N XU02-08 – Wk47913 250 ± 20 for this to be submitted for an age determination. The only materials that we considered might provide us with B P ( 9 6 . 9 % F 14C % ) Land snail WLA-275E250N XU05-04 – Wk47914 229 ± 19 a n a g e s e q u e n c e wa s t h e l a n d s n a i l . We s u b m i tt e d t w o B P ( 9 7. 2 % F 1 4 C % ) Cultural assemblage Stone ar tefacts comprise the only cultural material units (AUs) which were defined based on broad strati- recorded g r a p h i c d i v i s i o n s ( Ta b l e 1 0 .1 ; a n d s e e a b o v e ) . A g e r a n g e s in the subsurface deposit. The stone assemblage was characterised within two analy tic al UNIT DEPTH BELOW SURFACE (CM) STRATIGRAPHIC UNIT XU01 4 SU1 for these analy tic al units are unknown. ANALYTICAL DEPOSIT FLAKED TOTAL UNIT EXCAVATED ARTEFACTS WEIGHT AU1 7.5 56.3 74.6 81.6 63.8 XU02 8 SU2 AU1 7.0 XU03 11 SU2 AU1 8.9 73. 7 82.6 XU04 15 SU2 AU1 6.9 215.5 222.4 XU05 19 SU2 AU1 7.4 232.1 239.5 XU06 24 SU3 AU2 9.2 119.2 128.4 XU07 28 SU3 AU2 8.5 17 7.6 186.1 XU08 35 SU3 AU2 10.5 402.8 413.3 Ta b l e 1 0 . 1 . S q u a r e 2 7 5 2 5 0 : e x c a v a t i o n w e i g h t s f o r d e p o s i t ( k g ) a n d s t o n e a r t e f a c t s ( g ) . 8 M U R U J U GA - DY N A M I C S O F T H E D R E A M I N G Stone ar tefacts The lithic assemblage from Square 275250 comprises s h a l l o w, o d d l y s i z e d ( 0 . 5 m x 0 . 4 m x 0 . 3 5 m ) s q u a r e i s 11 7 f l a ke d sto n e a r tefac ts . O f t h e s e, 3 8 a re < 1 c m i n 1 , 6 7 1 a r t e f a c t s /m 3 . m a x i m u m d i m e n s i o n ( Ta b l e 1 0 . 2 ) . A r t e f a c t d e n s i t y i n t h i s Assemblage composition Three representative stone ar tefacts were analysed described here as ‘fine-grained volc anic’. This material using pXRF to determine raw material classific ations at is presumed to be loc al andesitic basalt deriving from M L P-W L 0 27 (s e e C h a pte r 2 ) . A r tefac ts we re n ot a b l e to We s t L e w i s I s l a n d ( s e e C h a p t e r 9 , F i g u r e 9 . 2 ) . be confidently matched to source geology or pXRF data A minor lithology disc arded within the rockshelter from other analysed materials across the archipelago is quar tz . This was found in both units (Figure 10.8). The ( Fa i r w e a t h e r 2 0 1 9 ; a n d s e e F i g u r e 1 0 . 6 ) . P e n d i n g f u t u r e q u a r tz a s s e m b l ag e c o m p r i s e s a b ro ke n f l a ke a n d t wo geologic al work on the Lewis Islands bedrock , the lithic small pieces of debris. It is assumed that this material material also has a local derivation. found throughout the M L P-W L 0 27 deposit ( 9 7. 4 % ; s e e Ta b l e 1 0 . 2 , F i g u r e 1 0 . 5 a n d F i g u r e 1 0 . 6 ) i s Figure 10.6. Square 275250 showing the three sampled ar tefacts from West Lewis Rockshelter overlaid on the mapping of the different raw materials from the Dampier Archipelago. F i g u r e 1 0 . 7. S q u a r e 2 7 5 2 5 0 a r t e f a c t 2 7 5 2 5 0 - X U 0 7 - L A 0 8 2 : f i n e - g r a i n e d v o l c a n i c m a t e r i a l , s h o w i n g a d h e r i n g f i n e - g r a i n e d sediment. Scale is 10 mm. 9 E XC AVAT I O N AT T H E W E S T L E W I S R O C K S H E LT E R M L P - W L 02 7 MATERIAL/AU FINEGRAINED VOLCANIC %F QUARTZ %F TOTAL %F 70.9 1 81 97.6 2 2.4 83 2 33 97.1 1 2.9 34 29.1 Total 114 97.4 3 2.6 117 100.0 Ta b l e 1 0 . 2 . S q u a r e 2 7 5 2 5 0 : s t o n e a r t e f a c t a s s e m b l a g e s h o w i n g l i t h i c m a t e r i a l f r e q u e n c y b y a n a l y t i c a l u n i t . Figure 10.8. Square 275250: =raw materials proportions in the two analytical units. Although more ar tefacts were disc arded during tion amongst the blocks and hence similar disc ard rates. the more recent occupation phase (AU1, n = 83, 70.9%; As age ranges for these analy tic al units are unknown, Figure 10.8), ar tefact densities per cubic metre (Figure it is difficult to relate ar tefact disc ard and sediment 10.9) are similar in both analy tic al units. The much deposition to occupation intensity and any particular rockier substrate in AU2 means less sediment accumula- time. Figure 10.9. Square 275250: artefact densities in each analytical unit. 10 M U R U J U GA - DY N A M I C S O F T H E D R E A M I N G Most ar tefacts (63%) disc arded at the rockshelter by hard hammer stones during the knapping process a r e c o m p l e t e f l a k e s ( Ta b l e 1 0 . 3 ) . A s m a l l e r p r o p o r t i o n o f (Clarkson and David 1995 : 33; Crabtree 1972 ; Hiscock f l a ke s a re b ro ke n ( 3 0.4% ) . M o st b ro ke n f l a ke s i n AU 1 ( n = 1985). Cores and retouched ar tefacts were disc arded at 1 3 , 6 1 . 7 % ) a r e b r o k e n l o n g i t u d i n a l l y. H i g h f r e q u e n c i e s o f the site throughout its occupations (AU2 : 1 x core, 3 x l o n g i t u d i n a l l y b ro ke n f l a ke s a re a s s o c i ate d w i t h b re a kag e retouched ar tefact; AU1: 1 x core, 1 x retouched ar tefact). d u r i n g m a n u fac t u re re s u l t i n g f ro m a st ro n g fo rc e exe r te d ARTEFACT TYPE / MATERIAL Fine-grained volcanic Quartz Total BROKEN FLAKE N COMPLETE FLAKE % N % 23 29.5 49 1 100.0 – 24 30.4 49 CORE / CORE FRAGMENT TOOL TOTAL NAS TO MNA RATIO N % N % N % 62.8 2 2.6 4 5.1 78 98.7 1.2 – – – – – 1 1.3 2.0 62.0 2 2.5 4 5.1 79 100 – Ta b l e 1 0 . 3 . S q u a r e 2 7 5 2 5 0 : s t o n e a s s e m b l a g e c o m p o s i t i o n b y f r e q u e n c y a n d p r o p o r t i o n . A r t e f a c t s < 1 0 m m e x c l u d e d . Assemblage reduction F i n e - g ra i n e d vo l c a n i c f l a ke s ex h i b i t l ow S D I va l u e s platform sur faces. This also suggests non-intensive ( Ta b l e 1 0 . 4 ) , i n d i c a t i n g t h a t m o s t f l a k e s w e r e r e m o v e d core from nodules during relatively early stages of reduction. completely cortical dorsal surfaces indicates that they F u r t h e r, o n l y f o u r f l a k e s h a v e d o r s a l s c a r s t h a t a r e were removed at the earliest stage of core reduction. oriented in directions other than from the platform; Reduction of fine-grained volc anic nodules was even a n d o n l y t wo f l a ke s h ave p rev i o u s f l a ke s c a rs o n t h e i r l e s s i n t e n s i v e d u r i n g i n i t i a l s i t e v i s i t s ( A U 2 ; Ta b l e 1 0 . 4 ) . reduction. AU n µ 1 41 0.83 0.42 2 6 0.65 0.48 The presence of four f l a ke s with SD Ta b l e 1 0 . 4 . S q u a r e 2 7 5 2 5 0 : S c a r D e n s i t y I n d e x ( S D I ) f o r c o m p l e t e f i n e - g r a i n e d volcanic flakes (not including flakes <10 mm). F l a k e s i z e v a r i e s w i d e l y, p a r t i c u l a r l y w i t h i n t h e g f l a ke ) h a s s u b st a nt i a l l y i n c re a s e d ave rag e f l a ke s i ze e a r l i e r a s s e m b l a g e ( A U 2 ; Ta b l e 1 0 . 5 ) . T h e d i s c a r d o f v a l u e s . F l a k e s a r e t y p i c a l l y s q u a r e i n s h a p e ( Ta b l e 1 0 . 6 ) . s eve ra l l a rg e f l a ke s d u r i n g t h i s t i m e ( i n c l u d i n g a 1 2 6.6 SURFACE AREA (MM2) WEIGHT (G) AU N µ SD µ SD 41 5.2 9.6 587.0 651.2 2 6 31.4 48.3 Total 47 8.5 20.1 1 1, 7 79.6 1,811.8 736.1 937.0 Ta b l e 1 0 . 5 . S q u a r e 2 7 5 2 5 0 : w e i g h t a n d s u r f a c e a r e a f o r c o m p l e t e fine-grained volcanic flakes (excluding flakes <10 mm). AU N µ SD 1 41 1.1 0.5 2 6 1.2 0.3 Total 47 1.1 0.5 Ta b l e 1 0 . 6 . S q u a r e 2 7 5 2 5 0 : e l o n g a t i o n r a t i o f o r c o m p l e t e fine-grained volcanic flakes (excluding flakes <10 mm). Th e c o re d i s c a rd e d at t h e M L P-W L 0 27 ro c ks h e l te r (AU1 ) was non-intensively reduced (SDI: 0.96). Although during the earlier phase (AU2) was intensively reduced i t wa s a l s o rot ate d (t wo p l atfo r m s) , o n l y fo u r f l a ke s we re ( S D I : 3 . 4 2 ) . I t m e a s u r e s 6 7. 6 m m x 5 3 . 5 m m x 2 4 . 0 m m removed from the nodule before it was disc arded. These a n d h a s t wo f l a ke d p l atfo r m s , f ro m w h i c h 14 f l a ke s we re findings, which suggest more intensive reduction during re m ove d . I n c o nt rast , a s i m i l a r s i ze d c o re ( 6 6.0 m m x AU2 , reveal a different reduction pattern to that found by 60.0 mm x 31.5 mm) disc arded during a later site visit a n a l ys i n g t h e f l a ke s (s e e a b ove ) . 11 E XC AVAT I O N AT T H E W E S T L E W I S R O C K S H E LT E R M L P - W L 02 7 Tool selection and use Amongst this small rockshelter assemblage are four larger in weight (m 103.9 ± 58.8) and sur face area (m ar tefacts with retouch. All exhibit sc alar retouch along 3 3 5 2 ± 3 6 0. 5 ) t h a n n o n - reto u c h e d f l a ke s d i s c a rd e d at one or more edges but none have been intensively t h e s i te. La rg e r a n d u n b ro ke n f i n e - g ra i n e d vo l c a n i c reto u c h e d . Th e s e fo u r reto u c h e d f l a ke s a re n ot i c e a b l y f l a ke s we re c l e a r l y p refe r re d fo r s u b s e q u e nt to o l u s e. Usewear and residue analysis Macroscopic inspection identified four ar tefacts with t h i s s e e m s u n l i ke l y g i ve n t h i s s a m e m et h o d h a s b e e n easily visible edge damage (10). These were subject used throughout this project region (see Blunt 2019). to more detailed usewear and residue analysis. One of Th i s re s u l t c o u l d i n d i c ate t h at t h e fo u r reto u c h e d f l a ke s these exhibits were shaped (via retouch) but then not used fur ther s c a l a r reto u c h a l o n g o n e e d g e. Th re e ot h e r f l a ke s w i t h artefacts ( 2 7 5 2 5 0 -X U 0 6 - L A 0 7 6 ) also as tools, or that these tools were previously used then sc alar retouch were also inspected microscopic ally to resharpened (removing evidence of previous use from examine their proposed function as tools. their edges) and then disc arded before they were used No residues were detected and no microscopic f u r t h e r. This inconclusive result demonstrates the usewear is present on any of the seven examined n e e d fo r m i c ro s c o p i c a n a l ys e s to b e u n d e r t a ke n o n a l l ar tefacts. It is possible that this result is due to the possible tools to assess macroscopic edge damage and s c r e e n i n g m e t h o d s n o t d e t e c t i n g r e s i d u e s ; h o w e v e r, retouched edges, and their possible uses. 1mm F i g u r e 1 0 .1 0 . A r t e f a c t 2 7 5 2 5 0 -X U 0 6 -L A 0 7 6 s h o w i n g d e t a i l o f n e g a t i v e f l a k e s c a r r i n g a l o n g e d g e s w i t h a b s e n c e o f c o n c e n t r a t e d s c a r s , p o l i s h a n d s t r i a t i o n s . Discussion Th e ag e of t h e M L P-W L 0 27 ro c ks h e l te r a s s e m b l ag e there was no evidence of recent water disturbance or is units general dampness within the rockshelter during the which both include stone artefacts indicate either an unknown. Tw o distinctive stratigraphic fieldwork . Most ar tefacts were disc arded within the occupation sequence representing multiple site visits u p p e r s t r a t i g r a p h i c /a n a l y t i c a l u n i t ( A U 1 ) , a l t h o u g h t h e or an occupation deposit of considerable age which l o w e r l a y e r s a r e r o c k i e r. W h i l e t h e r e a r e s o m e m o r p h o - has undergone paedogenesis. Many ar tefacts appear l o g i c a l d i ffe re n c e s i n f l a ke a n d c o re re d u c t i o n i nte n s i t y altered by the adhering clayey sediment, suggesting b et we e n t h e t wo u n i ts , t h e s m a l l a s s e m b l ag e s i ze m a ke s that they have been enc ased in this deposit for a long it difficult to build meaningful interpretations. p e r i o d o f t i m e . C o n v e r s e l y, e p i s o d e s o f w a t e r m o v e m e n t The disc ard of loc al lithologies only at the rockshelter through the shelter may have resulted in sediment i n d i c ate s t h at t h i s p l ac e wa s m o st l i ke l y u s e d a s a b r i ef adhering s t o p f o r t a s k - s p e c i f i c a c t i v i t i e s ( Ve t h 1 9 8 2 ) . T h i s i s o n e to artefact surfaces over time, although 12 M U R U J U GA - DY N A M I C S O F T H E D R E A M I N G o f t h e o n l y k n o w n r o c k s h e l t e r s o n We s t L e w i s I s l a n d ( a n d grained volc anic material were exploited to manufacture i n d e e d , m o r e b r o a d l y, a c r o s s t h e D a m p i e r A r c h i p e l a g o ) . large This place offered rare shelter and protection from sive reduction of this fine-grained material reflects its e x t r e m e w e a t h e r c o n d i t i o n s ( r a i n a n d /o r i n t e n s e h e a t ) , a b u n d a n t a v a i l a b i l i t y a c r o s s We s t L e w i s I s l a n d . T h e located close to semi-permanent water in the adjacent absence of microscopic usewear on the four disc arded v a l l e y. T h i s s h e l t e r i s u n u s u a l i n t h a t i t h a s e n g r a v e d reto u c h e d f l a ke s c o u l d i n d i c ate t h e i r d i s p o s a l p r i o r to track motifs on its ver tic al exterior wall: the two pairs of their use as tools or that resharpening occurred along engraved tracks with five digits have been interpreted previous used edges (removing prior traces of usewear). as echidna tracks, while the other three tracks are The assemblage demonstrates that some (limited) quar tz three-toed bird tracks. It is assumed that this site was r e d u c t i o n a n d /o r t o o l m a i n t e n a n c e a l s o t o o k p l a c e h e r e . v i s i te d p r i m a r i l y fo r t h e s h e l te r i t p rov i d e s i n p rox i m i t y to Quar tz ar tefacts (this material is found in seams in the the large waterholes present in the rock ar t site complex loc al basalts) may have been transpor ted away from the a c r o s s t h e l o w v a l l e y. rockshelter after these activities. f l a ke s for non-intensive tool use. Non-inten- T h e M L P-W L 0 2 7 ro c k s h e l t e r o n We s t Le w i s I s l a n d This assemblage is potentially of a significant age, was visited by people only very occasionally in the past. pre-dating the Holocene. There is no shellfish associated Despite the low ar tefact disc ard rates, this assemblage with the lithic assemblage, in contrast to shell being p rov i d e s s o m e i n s i g hts i nto t h e ac t i v i t i e s u n d e r t a ke n observed in many locations along the interior valley and a t t h e r o c k s h e l t e r. L o c a l l y a v a i l a b l e n o d u l e s o f f i n e - a r o u n d t h e i s l a n d ’s c o a s t l i n e . References Blunt, Z. 2019. Sea level rise and islandisation: how did the r e c o n f i g u r a t i o n o f M u r u j u g a ’s H o l o c e n e l a n d s c a p e i n f l u e n c e I n d i g e n o u s p e o p l e ’s o c c u p a t i o n a n d r e s o u r c e e x p l o i t a t i o n on Enderby and Rosemary islands? Unpublished BA (Hons) thesis, Archaeology and Centre for Rock Ar t Research + M a n a g e m e n t , U n i v e r s i t y o f We s t e r n A u s t r a l i a . C l a r ks o n , C. a n d B . Dav i d 1 9 9 5 . 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SRTM-derived 1 second digital elevation models v e r s i o n 1 . 0 . C a n b e r r a : G e o s c i e n c e A u s t r a l i a . h t t p s : // e c a t . g a . g o v. a u /g e o n e t w o r k /s r v /e n g /c a t a l o g . s e a r c h # / metadata/72759. H i s c o c k , P. 1 9 8 5 . T h e n e e d f o r a t a p h o n o m i c p e r s p e c t i v e i n s t o n e ar tefact analysis. Queensland Archaeologic al Research 2 : 8 2 – 9 5 . h t t p s : //d o i . o r g / 1 0 . 2 5 1 2 0 /q a r. 2 .1 9 8 5 .1 9 7 L a n d g a t e 2 0 2 1 . LG AT E 3 2 0 I m a g e r y. A c c e s s e d v i a W e b M a p p i n g Service h t t p s : //c a t a l o g u e . d a t a .w a . g o v. a u /d a t a s e t / wa-now-aerial-photography-mosaic. All aerial images re p ro d u c e d b y p e r m i s s i o n o f t h e We s t e r n A u s t ra l i a n L a n d I n f o r m a t i o n A u t h o r i t y, P e r t h . Ve t h , P. 1 9 8 2 . Te s t i n g t h e b e h a v i o u r a l m o d e l : t h e u s e o f o p e n s i t e d at a . U n p u b l i s h e d H o n o u r s t h e s i s , U n i v e r s i t y o f We s t e r n Australia . First published in 2022 by U WA P u b l i s h i n g C r a w l e y, We s t e r n A u s t r a l i a 6 0 0 9 w w w. u w a p . u w a . e d u . a u U WA P i s a n i m p r i n t o f U WA P u b l i s h i n g , a d i v i s i o n o f T h e U n i v e r s i t y o f We s t e r n A u s t r a l i a . This book is copyright. Apar t from any fair dealing for the purpose o f p r i v a t e s t u d y, r e s e a r c h , c r i t i c i s m o r r e v i e w, a s p e r m i t t e d under the Copyright Act 1968, no par t may be reproduced by any process without written permission. Enquiries should be made t o t h e p u b l i s h e r. Copyright © 2022 T h e m o r a l r i g h t o f t h e a u t h o r/s h a s b e e n a s s e r t e d a n d t h e Indigenous Cultural and Intellectual Proper ty rights of the Murujuga Aboriginal Corporation, as representatives of the Ngarda ngarli are acknowledged. 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