Electronics&communication

This paper explores a possible solution to avoid accidents by designing and demonstrating a GPS and directional speedometer based transceiver. This module establishes Vehicle to Vehicle Communication link and prevent accidents by alerting the driver with appropriate direction of threat. We have designed a module that needs GPS only at the start up point (partially dependent on GPS) to acquire its initial coordinates and as vehicle move in any direction these coordinates gets updated with help of directional speedometer. This help in detection of other vehicles in the vicinity of a moving vehicle. Interface of prototype module consisting of GPS, microcontroller AT89S52 (256 bytes RAM and 8K ROM) and Zig-bee (2.4 GHz trans-receiver) is done with PC through Keil software. We have simulated in Keil the transmission and reception of co-ordinates and thereby tracking vehicles in GPS reference plane and analyze to give appropriate direction of threat. A vehicle embedded with this module broadcasts its position (Co-ordinates) every 2 seconds while simultaneous receives coordinates from surrounding vehicles, If distance between 2 vehicles is less than threshold then appropriate direction of threat is analyzed and highlighted through LEDs and buzzer.

A simple, sensitive, specific and high-resolution reversed-phase liquid chromatographic method utilizing ultraviolet detection has been developed and validated for simultaneous determination of topotecan and four intestinal permeability markers (atenolol, antipyrine, propranolol and furosemide) as suggested by US-FDA. Chromatography was carried out on C-18 column with mobile phase comprising water (pH 3.0) and acetonitrile gradient pumped at a flow rate of 1 ml min −1 . The validation parameters included specificity, accuracy, precision, sensitivity and stability studies. Topotecan, an anti-cancer drug widely used in metastatic carcinoma, is a P-glycoprotein substrate having oral bioavailability of 30% with large inter-patient variability. The present method was successfully applied for demonstrating P-gp mediated transport of topotecan and its inhibition using verapamil in Caco-2 cell monolayer. The method can be used in identification of novel P-gp inhibitors for topotecan and estimating the contribution of P-gp in affecting oral bioavailability of topotecan. The other applications of method include its use in validation of Caco-2 monolayer assay for getting biowaiver based on Biopharmaceutic Classification System and its extrapolation to in situ and/or in vivo studies.

License plate recognition uses image processing and character recognition approaches to identify vehicles by automatically reading their license plates. In this work an intelligent real time On Line License Plate Recognition System which caters to the need for intelligent traffic management system, in order to cope up with constantly increasing traffic on today's roads has been developed. License plate recognition (LPR) algorithms in images or videos are generally composed of four processing steps, namely, Image acquisition, License plate detection and extraction, Character segmentation, is done through fusion of spectral analysis and connected component analysis, and Character recognition is done using support vector machines.

Greek word which means hidden secret and is practiced to secure the data from third party. More generally, it is about constructing and analyzing protocols that overcome the influence of adversaries and which are related to various aspects in information security such as data confidentiality, data integrity, and authentication. The ancient cryptography just meant the encryption of the data while the Modern cryptography follows a strongly scientific approach, and designs cryptographic algorithms around computational hardness assumptions, making such algorithms hard to break by an adversary. Due to modernization the world has moved on towards various technologies that uses computers.In order to prevent some unwanted users or people to get access to the data cryptography is needed.

The RON receptor tyrosine kinase regulates the balance between classical (M1) and alternative (M2) macrophage activation. In primary macrophages, the ligand for Ron, macrophage-stimulating protein (MSP), inhibits the expression of inducible NO synthase, a marker of classically activated macrophages, whereas promoting the expression of arginase I, a marker of alternative activation. Ron 2/2 mice express increased levels of IL-12, a product of classically activated macrophages, after endotoxin administration, resulting in increased serum IFN-g levels and enhanced susceptibility to septic shock. In this study, we demonstrate that MSP inhibits LPS-induced IL-12p40 expression, and this inhibition is dependent on the docking site tyrosines in Ron. To further define this inhibition, we examined the effect of Ron on signaling pathways downstream of Ron. We found that MSP does not inhibit the MyD88-independent activation of IFN regulatory factor 3 and production of IFN-b in response to LPS, nor does it inhibit MyD88dependent TGF-b-activated kinase phosphorylation or MAPK activation in primary macrophages. However, the induction of IkB kinase activity, IkB degradation, and DNA binding of NF-kB after LPS stimulation is delayed in the presence of MSP. In addition, Ron inhibits serine phosphorylation of p65 and NF-kB transcriptional activity induced by LPS stimulation of TLR4. Finally, MSP inhibits the NF-kB-dependent upregulation of the nuclear IkB family member, IkBz, a positive regulator of secondary response genes including IL-12p40. LPS also induces expression of Ron and an N-terminally truncated form of Ron, Sf-Ron, in primary macrophages, suggesting that the upregulation of Ron by LPS could provide classical feedback regulation of TLR signaling.

Selenium is an essential micronutrient that suppresses the redox-sensitive transcription factor NF-κB-dependent pro-inflammatory gene expression. To understand the molecular mechanisms underlying the anti-inflammatory property of selenium, we examined the activity of a key ...

This paper is about designing a portable leaf area meter using Beagle board single board computer and a line scan image sensor. A leaf area meter is a device used by agriculture scientists as well as in agriculture industry to measure the area of leaves. The goal of this project is to design a portable system more like a hand held scanner that can be used to scan a leaf and get a measurement of its area, size and shape and optionally diseased areas also. The system will be designed around a beagle board single board computer interfaced to a line scan image sensor and also a LCD/LED display panel and a touch keypad. The system will be handheld or dockable to a portable conveyor. Results will be stored on-board or can be transferred via optionally wireless mode to a desktop machine.

Heart-related disorders are the most common health condition that can influence various aspects of life. Heart rate monitoring plays a vital role to predict health conditions. Telemedicine is providing health-related resources and information through telecommunications technology and electronic information. One of the most emerging trends in day-to-day life is the telemedicine system. This telemedicine system is evolving as a result of reducing the overall cost of the patient, in particular for disadvantaged patients and border area patients, by reducing travel allowances, hotel expenses, and the sum to be charged by specialists for some complicated illnesses. Patients do not need to consult with physicians with the use of telemedicine services, and patients may be able to obtain successful care from their locations or local hospitals.

The demand for wide bandwidth has driven us to focus on the higher spectrum, the millimeter wave (mmWave) spectrum. The mmWave offers several advantages, such as wide bandwidth, low latency, and higher data rate, but the signal at these frequencies significantly suffers high atmospheric attenuation and path loss. To overcome these issues, array antennas are used as it provides high gain, better directivity, and bandwidth. This paper presents a detailed review of array antennas based on feeding methods and discusses reconfigurable arrays. The series-fed array results in a narrow bandwidth, high return losses, and low gain that can be resolved with tapered structures, coplanar waveguide (CPW), and SIW technique. Similarly, transmission losses, coupling losses, and high side lobe-levels in parallel-fed arrays can be addressed with multilayer structures, coplanar strips with CPW, pill-box transmission, ridge gap waveguide (RGWG), graphene material, and magnetoelectric dipoles. The merits of series and parallel feed methods are availed with the hybrid feed method. These feeding methods with arrays are extended to reconfigurable array along with active RF switch with stubs, continuous or discrete phase shifter, butler matrix, and/or graphene nanoplates. The parameter performance metrics of these arrays are summarized and concluded with the future scope.

The wireless communication system is steered towards the millimeter wave spectrum to achieve low latency and high-speed data rate. The MIMO antennas aid in attaining a higher data rate. The prominent spectrum at millimeter wave is Ka-band, suitable for short-range communication. The |S-parameter| response and radiation pattern of the existing MIMO antenna at this band are relatively unstable. Hence it encouraged to design and develop a four-element MIMO antenna operating at Ka-band. The antenna is a circular ring shape with two concentric rings with a plus-shape stub overlayed on circular rings. The structure is developed in four-stage with the comprehension of characteristic mode theory (CMA). The proposed structure generated Mode 2 as an efficient mode, with minor Modes 3 and 5 contributing for resonance out of five modes. The overall antenna profile is 3.27λ 0 × 3.74λ 0 (where λ 0 is the wavelength at a resonance frequency of 28 GHz). The novel decoupling structure has improved the isolation to 30 dB and increased the bandwidth. The antenna has an operating bandwidth of 24.1-30.9 GHz, with a maximum gain of 6.5 dBi. The |S-parameter| from all the ports has an exact and stable response. The proposed antenna has resulted in bidirectional radiation tilted at an angle of 334 0 and 210 0 in the XZ plane. In the YZ plane, it has a triple beam. The radiation pattern is also stable throughout the bandwidth. The proposed MIMO antenna has a symmetrical design, demonstrating the possibility of expansion to n-element MIMO through a six-element MIMO antenna design. The article also presents the channel capacity, path loss, and link margin calculation for designed antenna line-of-sight (LOS) communication. The antenna has been evaluated with diversity parameters such as ECC, DC, CCL, TARC, and MEG. INDEX TERMS CMA, decoupling structure (DCS), diversity metrics, link margin, millimeter wave (mmWave), MIMO, path loss, scalable MIMO.

This paper gives a framework of the Internet of Things (IoT) with emphasis on enabling headways, traditions, and application issues. The IoT is engaged by the latest headways in RFID, clever sensors, correspondence developments, and Internet traditions[1]. The central begin is to have sharp sensors cooperate clearly without human commitment to pass on another class of usages. The present change in Internet, compact, and machine-to-machine (M2M) progressions can be seen as the fundamental time of the IoT. In the coming years, the IoT is depended upon to interface different advances to engage new applications by partner physical inquiries together in help of adroit fundamental initiative. This paper starts by giving a level layout of the IoT. By then, we give a framework of some specific unobtrusive components that identify with the IoT enabling headways, traditions, and applications. Diverged from other review papers in the field, we will likely give a more serious summary of the mos...

This article presents a flexible four-element MIMO antenna designed on a thin polyimide substrate to operate at 30.50 GHz for wearable applications. The antenna element structure is a combination of circular rings combined with T-shape stubs. The MIMO antenna isolation is enhanced through a novel decoupling structure consisting of a rectangular stub, four open-ended horizontal strip lines, and two vertical strip lines connecting the ground plane. It provides 22.5 dB isolation, even with conformal orientation. A metamaterial (MTM) reflective surface of 9 × 9 unit cells is designed and placed below the antenna to improve its radiation characteristics, bandwidth, gain, and specific absorption rate (SAR). The metamaterial unit cell provides a double negative property with a wide stop-band range of 26.27-36.49 GHz. With an MTM surface, the measured bandwidth is 25.2-33 GHz with a maximum broadside gain of 8.90 dBi. The resulting SAR is reduced from 1.71 W/kg to 0.86 W/kg with MTM surface. The MIMO antenna with MTM improves the bandwidth by 56%, gain by 32.5%, and radiation from bidirectional to broadside, compared to the MIMO antenna without MTM. Also, the antenna is measured and validated for diversity parameters such as Envelope correlation coefficient (ECC), Diversity gain (DG), Channel coefficient loss (CCL), Total active reflection coefficient (TARC), and Mean effective gain (MEG). The reduced SAR and improved antenna performance suggest the proposed MIMO antenna with an MTM reflective surface is suitable for on-body wearable applications in IoT devices, smart watches, headwear, and footwear devices. INDEX TERMS Decoupling structure, flexible substrate, metamaterial, MIMO, millimeter wave, SAR measurement, wearable antenna, on-body measurement. PARVEEZ SHARIFF B. G. (Student Member, IEEE) received his B.E. degree in Telecommunication Engineering in 2007 and the Masters degree (M.Tech) in Digital Electronics and Communication Systems in 2009 from Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi, India. He is pursuing Ph.D. in Electronics and Communication Engineering Department, at

Thin-film electronics in its myriad forms has underpinned much of the technological innovation in the fields of displays, sensors, and energy conversion over the past four decades. This technology also forms the basis of flexible electronics. Flexible electronics, also known as flex circuits, is a technology for assembling electronic circuits by mounting electronic devices on flexible plastic substrates, such as polyamide, PEEK or transparent conductive polyester  film. The characteristic of Flexible Electronics is its reduced production cost and they have lightweight, thinner, non-breakable and new forms to create many new applications.  Here we review the current status of flexible electronics along with its manufacturing and its applications mainly in healthcare and display.