Teaching Charlotte Lennox's Harriot Stuart (London, 1750) and Euphemia (London, 1790) offers a tr... more Teaching Charlotte Lennox's Harriot Stuart (London, 1750) and Euphemia (London, 1790) offers a transatlantic perspective of the New York region and its diverse population of African Americans, Native Americans, and European Americans as understood from a British woman novelist who lived in New York in the 1740s during the time in which both novels are set. In addition to this diversity, her novels demonstrate the conflicts and networks within this part of America, all of which can be explored through historical and geographical contexts of contemporaneous maps. These maps not only engage the science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) focus that many colleges and universities are adopting but also engage affect and memory through contemporaneous allegorical maps, and extend to opportunities for students to create their own maps.
1. This abstract is based on my doctoral thesis ‘Cartography and Culture in Medieval Iceland’, su... more 1. This abstract is based on my doctoral thesis ‘Cartography and Culture in Medieval Iceland’, supervised by Dr Matthew Townend in the Department of English and Related Literature at the University of York, submitted in September 2014. The research is funded by the Arts and Humanities Research Council, with support from the Centre for Medieval Literature (Danish National Research Foundation DNRF102). 2. See Rudolf Simek, Altnordische Kosmographie: Studien und Quellen zu Weltbild und Weltbeschreibung in Norwegen und Island vom 12. bis zum 14. Jahrhundert (Berlin, Walter de Gruyter, 1990), 30; and Rudolf Simek, ‘Cosmology’, in Medieval Scandinavia: An Encyclopaedia, ed. Phillip Pulsiano and Kirsten Wolf (London, Garland, 1993), 110–11. 3. The map in GkS 1812 on folios 5v–6r has attracted most interest; see, for example, Leonid S. Chekin, Northern Eurasia in Medieval Cartography (Turnhout, Brepols, 2006), 69–71. All the Icelandic maps receive brief attention in Simek’s Altnordische Kosmographie (see note 2). Small foliation errors in volume 2 of Kristian Kålund, Alfræði Íslenzk (Copenhagen, S. L. Møllers bogtrykkeri, 1914–1916), have misled scholars who have attempted to place the Icelandic maps in their manuscript contexts. I have clarified such errors in foliation and transcription in my thesis.
Leah Thomas, Cataloging Coordinator, Library of Virginia. The Library of Virginia is currently im... more Leah Thomas, Cataloging Coordinator, Library of Virginia. The Library of Virginia is currently implementing three digital map collections, which already have an online presence, in DigiTool. These collections were selected to be consolidated in order to reclaim images, centralize collections, and rejuvenate a particular collection. The map originals were cataloged using MARC21 in Aleph several years ago. This presentation will explore the challenges of the integration of DigiTool and Aleph, including metadata maintenance; the creation of metadata standards for digital images of maps; and a comparison of metadata standards for maps with those of other digital content.
The Library of Virginia (LVA) in Richmond was established as the state library in 1823. Maps were... more The Library of Virginia (LVA) in Richmond was established as the state library in 1823. Maps were a part of the library's early collections. A glimpse into the library's early map collecting efforts and the collection itself highlights innovations in conserving, cataloging, and promoting the library's maps. An exploration of the challenges that arose in this early map collection reveals the accomplishments of librarians and archivists who worked closely with LVA's map collection. Earl Gregg Swem compiled the seminal Virginia cartobibliography, referred to as “Swem.” Wilmer L. Hall applied a map classification system for LVA's maps. And Marianne McKee spearheaded the online cataloging of LVA's map collection, collaborated with philanthropist Alan Voorhees to digitize United States Civil War maps with the Library of Congress and the Virginia Historical Society, and promoted scholarship using the map collection in publications, symposia, exhibitions, and lectures. Hence, Swem, Hall, and McKee, through their resourcefulness at LVA, contributed to the larger field of map librarianship. Their ingenuity provided the foundation for evolutions in LVA's map collection, especially related to growing, cataloging, and promoting the collection that has made it a valuable resource for those interested in Virginia maps and Virginia's place in the geographic imagination. This article first reviews this foundation and then addresses later developments in map cataloging that pertain to organizing and promoting LVA's map collection.
Library of Virginia (LVA) selected the digital asset management system DigiTool to host a central... more Library of Virginia (LVA) selected the digital asset management system DigiTool to host a centralized collection of digital state government publications. The Virginia state digital repository targets three primary user groups: state agencies, depository libraries and the general public. DigiTool's ability to create depositor profiles for individual agencies to submit their publications, its integration with the Aleph ILS, and product support by ExLibris were primary factors in its selection. As a smaller institution, however, LVA lacked the internal resources to take full advantage of DigiTool's full set of features. The process of cataloging a heterogenous collection of state documents also proved to be a challenge within DigiTool. This article takes a retrospective look at what worked, what did not, and what could have been done to improve the experience.
Digital literary cartography projects can provide dynamic interactive experiences with prose narr... more Digital literary cartography projects can provide dynamic interactive experiences with prose narrative, poetry, and other literary forms. Recently, literary studies have begun to incorporate maps to reveal the geographic imagination at play in literature. As metaphor, maps furnish a conceptual model to understand literary texts through characters’ proximity to each other and events and relationships between “fictional” and “real” places. The transition to digital historical maps and digital literary cartography projects continues to inform the intersection of cartographic and literary studies in that such maps and projects incorporate labels and layers to identify social and cultural contexts. Finally, these maps and projects involve users’ imaginations to read maps as narratives through the map as metaphor. Cognitive mapping, implicit in this relationship, connects cartography and literature to inform spatial and perceptual conceptions. Libraries and archives contribute to digital humanities and digital literary cartographies through digitization, preservation, and metadata of digital historical maps. Scholars, librarians, and archivists can collaborate to contribute metadata for cartographic and literary materials to create digital literary cartographies within online public access catalogs (OPACs) and digital object management systems.
ABO: Interactive Journal for Women in the Arts, 1640-1830, Dec 1, 2019
The History of Mary Prince, a West-Indian Slave, Related by Herself (1831) is the first published... more The History of Mary Prince, a West-Indian Slave, Related by Herself (1831) is the first published woman's slave narrative. In her History, Prince describes horrendous physical violence to which she and other enslaved peoples of African descent are subjected as well as the corresponding psychological and sexual abuse they endure. While Prince "speaks" the sexual abuse to some extent, how she knows what she knows goes unspoken. She expresses her knowledge of reading and writing and, at times, of the law, but she does not explain how she obtains this knowledge or knows what she knows. Her optimism to travel from one geographic location to another may indicate some knowledge that her circumstances may improve; yet when she arrives in a new location, her conditions worsen with the exceptions of Antigua and England. From the beginning of her History, Prince possesses a strong desire to escape the conditions of chattel slavery, especially shown as she travels from Brackish Pond to Spanish Point in Bermuda, from Bermuda to Turks Island, and later from Turks Island to Bermuda, then to Antigua, and finally to England. As she relates her travel, Prince speaks her knowledge networks that lay hidden within her narrative through her "silences."
Edges of Transatlantic Commerce in the Long Eighteenth Century, 2021
Helen Maria Williams’s transatlantic epic poem Peru (1784, 1786) depicts the Peruvian landscape a... more Helen Maria Williams’s transatlantic epic poem Peru (1784, 1786) depicts the Peruvian landscape as a venous human body. She incorporates the human body as a metaphor for landscape to articulate human bodies and geographic territories as objects of commerce in a transatlantic contest of empires. Douglas Porteous’s term bodyscape conveys the reflexive conflation of human bodies and landscapes to reflect simultaneously the idea of conquest of both people and territory. This metaphor describes an idyllic yet violent relationship between humanity and landscape. This relationship is idyllic in both the Romantic sense of the sublime and Edenic sense of Milton’s Paradise Lost in addition to the sensually provocative feminization of the landscape that harkens back to Donne’s America in his elegy, “To His Mistress Going to Bed.” The bleeding land evokes the violence of Francisco Pizarro’s conquest of the Incas. From European and Native American literary edges to the blade edges that lead to this bleeding, these edges of transatlantic commerce intersect with eighteenth-century revolutions: the American Revolution, the French Revolution, and the Haitian Revolution. The Potosí silver mine, originally part of Peru, was instrumental in transatlantic commerce and the conflation of human bodies and contested territories.
Edges of Transatlantic Commerce in the Long Eighteenth Century examines and challenges the bounda... more Edges of Transatlantic Commerce in the Long Eighteenth Century examines and challenges the boundaries of the Atlantic in the eighteenth century, with a particular focus on commerce. Commerce as a keyword encompasses a wide range of documented and undocumented encounters that invoke topics such as shared or conflicting ideas of value, affective experiences of the emerging global system, and development of national economies, as well as their opponents. By investigating what gets exchanged, created, or obscured on the peripheries of transatlantic commercial relations and geography in the eighteenth century, the chapters in this collection reimagine the edge as a liminal space with a potential for an alternative historical and aesthetic knowledge. To ground this inquiry in a more material dimension, the chapters engage specifically with what is being exchanged, sold, or communicated across the Atlantic by exploring ideas that are being shaped, concealed, undermined, or exploited through intricate exchanges. With its contributions from multiple contexts and disciplinary perspectives, Edges of Transatlantic Commerce offers insights into relatively neglected aspects of the transatlantic world to cultivate the value that the edges allow us to conceive.
Cultural Economies of the Atlantic World: Objects and Capital in the Transatlantic Imagination, 2020
The idea of the mirror informed the geographical imagination in eighteenth-century cartography an... more The idea of the mirror informed the geographical imagination in eighteenth-century cartography and literary texts. As Europeans continued to explore the Americas during this century, the Americas, especially the Caribbean and South America, mirrored Africa as an inverse and reflection of the continent as well as an extension of it. Within this mirror, Native Americans and Africans along with the landscape were conflated as illustrated in eighteenth-century cartography and other texts that depicted the Americas. At the same time, the object of capital underlay the mapping of the Caribbean and South America. Hence, this presentation explores these three threads: the concept of the mirror, the conflation of Native Americans and Africans, and cartographic and literary texts as objects of capital culture. The initial part of this presentation examines the role of the mirror in the conflation of Native Americans and Africans in Aphra Behn’s Oroonoko (1688) and Daniel Defoe’s Robinson Crusoe (1719) and the role of this mirror in Herman Moll’s A View of the Coasts, Countries, and Islands within the Limits of the South Sea Company (1711) and Defoe’s An Essay on the South-Sea Trade (1711). Jonathan Swift satirizes the same ideas that inform Moll’s and Defoe’s texts in his “The South Sea Project” (1721) and Gulliver’s Travels (1726, 1735). The final component of this presentation addresses these cartographic and literary texts as objects of capital culture and cultural capital in their own right and suggests that the idea of the mirror drove the production of these texts as objects and further materialized in the mapping of South America that was based upon a mirage that ballooned into a bubble.
ABO: Interactive Journal for Women in the Arts, 1640-1830, 2019
The History of Mary Prince, a West-Indian Slave, Related by Herself (1831) is the first published... more The History of Mary Prince, a West-Indian Slave, Related by Herself (1831) is the first published woman’s slave narrative. In her History, Prince describes horrendous physical violence to which she and other enslaved peoples of African descent are subjected as well as the corresponding psychological and sexual abuse they endure. While Prince “speaks” the sexual abuse to some extent, how she knows what she knows goes unspoken. She expresses her knowledge of reading and writing and, at times, of the law, but she does not explain how she obtains this knowledge or knows what she knows. Her optimism to travel from one geographic location to another may indicate some knowledge that her circumstances may improve; yet when she arrives in a new location, her conditions worsen with the exceptions of Antigua and England. From the beginning of her History, Prince possesses a strong desire to escape the conditions of chattel slavery, especially shown as she travels from Brackish Pond to Spanish Point in Bermuda, from Bermuda to Turks Island, and later from Turks Island to Bermuda, then to Antigua, and finally to England. As she relates her travel, Prince speaks her knowledge networks that lay hidden within her narrative through her “silences.”
The Library of Virginia (LVA) in Richmond was established as the state library in 1823. Maps were... more The Library of Virginia (LVA) in Richmond was established as the state library in 1823. Maps were a part of the library's early collections. A glimpse into the library's early map collecting efforts and the collection itself highlights innovations in conserving, cataloging, and promoting the library's maps. An exploration of the challenges that arose in this early map collection reveals the accomplishments of librarians and archivists who worked closely with LVA's map collection. Earl Gregg Swem compiled the seminal Virginia cartobibliography, referred to as “Swem.” Wilmer L. Hall applied a map classification system for LVA's maps. And Marianne McKee spearheaded the online cataloging of LVA's map collection, collaborated with philanthropist Alan Voorhees to digitize United States Civil War maps with the Library of Congress and the Virginia Historical Society, and promoted scholarship using the map collection in publications, symposia, exhibitions, and lectures. Hence, Swem, Hall, and McKee, through their resourcefulness at LVA, contributed to the larger field of map librarianship. Their ingenuity provided the foundation for evolutions in LVA's map collection, especially related to growing, cataloging, and promoting the collection that has made it a valuable resource for those interested in Virginia maps and Virginia's place in the geographic imagination. This article first reviews this foundation and then addresses later developments in map cataloging that pertain to organizing and promoting LVA's map collection.
Map collections often include reproductions to preserve their originals or because they do not ha... more Map collections often include reproductions to preserve their originals or because they do not have the original that the reproduction represents. As more and more institutions catalog their map collections, they will encounter the issue of cataloging copies of maps and will need to know how to identify different types of reproductions for the purpose of describing the item in hand according to established standards and conventions. This paper provides criteria for identifying different types of map reproductions, particularly photoreproductions. In addition, it reviews standards and conventions for cataloging them, and provides examples of records that indicate when to use the 533 or 534 fields, in addition to providing some discussion and examples of records for reproductions, including facsimiles, reprints, tracings, and “in the style of” maps.
Teaching Charlotte Lennox's Harriot Stuart (London, 1750) and Euphemia (London, 1790) offers a tr... more Teaching Charlotte Lennox's Harriot Stuart (London, 1750) and Euphemia (London, 1790) offers a transatlantic perspective of the New York region and its diverse population of African Americans, Native Americans, and European Americans as understood from a British woman novelist who lived in New York in the 1740s during the time in which both novels are set. In addition to this diversity, her novels demonstrate the conflicts and networks within this part of America, all of which can be explored through historical and geographical contexts of contemporaneous maps. These maps not only engage the science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) focus that many colleges and universities are adopting but also engage affect and memory through contemporaneous allegorical maps, and extend to opportunities for students to create their own maps.
1. This abstract is based on my doctoral thesis ‘Cartography and Culture in Medieval Iceland’, su... more 1. This abstract is based on my doctoral thesis ‘Cartography and Culture in Medieval Iceland’, supervised by Dr Matthew Townend in the Department of English and Related Literature at the University of York, submitted in September 2014. The research is funded by the Arts and Humanities Research Council, with support from the Centre for Medieval Literature (Danish National Research Foundation DNRF102). 2. See Rudolf Simek, Altnordische Kosmographie: Studien und Quellen zu Weltbild und Weltbeschreibung in Norwegen und Island vom 12. bis zum 14. Jahrhundert (Berlin, Walter de Gruyter, 1990), 30; and Rudolf Simek, ‘Cosmology’, in Medieval Scandinavia: An Encyclopaedia, ed. Phillip Pulsiano and Kirsten Wolf (London, Garland, 1993), 110–11. 3. The map in GkS 1812 on folios 5v–6r has attracted most interest; see, for example, Leonid S. Chekin, Northern Eurasia in Medieval Cartography (Turnhout, Brepols, 2006), 69–71. All the Icelandic maps receive brief attention in Simek’s Altnordische Kosmographie (see note 2). Small foliation errors in volume 2 of Kristian Kålund, Alfræði Íslenzk (Copenhagen, S. L. Møllers bogtrykkeri, 1914–1916), have misled scholars who have attempted to place the Icelandic maps in their manuscript contexts. I have clarified such errors in foliation and transcription in my thesis.
Leah Thomas, Cataloging Coordinator, Library of Virginia. The Library of Virginia is currently im... more Leah Thomas, Cataloging Coordinator, Library of Virginia. The Library of Virginia is currently implementing three digital map collections, which already have an online presence, in DigiTool. These collections were selected to be consolidated in order to reclaim images, centralize collections, and rejuvenate a particular collection. The map originals were cataloged using MARC21 in Aleph several years ago. This presentation will explore the challenges of the integration of DigiTool and Aleph, including metadata maintenance; the creation of metadata standards for digital images of maps; and a comparison of metadata standards for maps with those of other digital content.
The Library of Virginia (LVA) in Richmond was established as the state library in 1823. Maps were... more The Library of Virginia (LVA) in Richmond was established as the state library in 1823. Maps were a part of the library's early collections. A glimpse into the library's early map collecting efforts and the collection itself highlights innovations in conserving, cataloging, and promoting the library's maps. An exploration of the challenges that arose in this early map collection reveals the accomplishments of librarians and archivists who worked closely with LVA's map collection. Earl Gregg Swem compiled the seminal Virginia cartobibliography, referred to as “Swem.” Wilmer L. Hall applied a map classification system for LVA's maps. And Marianne McKee spearheaded the online cataloging of LVA's map collection, collaborated with philanthropist Alan Voorhees to digitize United States Civil War maps with the Library of Congress and the Virginia Historical Society, and promoted scholarship using the map collection in publications, symposia, exhibitions, and lectures. Hence, Swem, Hall, and McKee, through their resourcefulness at LVA, contributed to the larger field of map librarianship. Their ingenuity provided the foundation for evolutions in LVA's map collection, especially related to growing, cataloging, and promoting the collection that has made it a valuable resource for those interested in Virginia maps and Virginia's place in the geographic imagination. This article first reviews this foundation and then addresses later developments in map cataloging that pertain to organizing and promoting LVA's map collection.
Library of Virginia (LVA) selected the digital asset management system DigiTool to host a central... more Library of Virginia (LVA) selected the digital asset management system DigiTool to host a centralized collection of digital state government publications. The Virginia state digital repository targets three primary user groups: state agencies, depository libraries and the general public. DigiTool's ability to create depositor profiles for individual agencies to submit their publications, its integration with the Aleph ILS, and product support by ExLibris were primary factors in its selection. As a smaller institution, however, LVA lacked the internal resources to take full advantage of DigiTool's full set of features. The process of cataloging a heterogenous collection of state documents also proved to be a challenge within DigiTool. This article takes a retrospective look at what worked, what did not, and what could have been done to improve the experience.
Digital literary cartography projects can provide dynamic interactive experiences with prose narr... more Digital literary cartography projects can provide dynamic interactive experiences with prose narrative, poetry, and other literary forms. Recently, literary studies have begun to incorporate maps to reveal the geographic imagination at play in literature. As metaphor, maps furnish a conceptual model to understand literary texts through characters’ proximity to each other and events and relationships between “fictional” and “real” places. The transition to digital historical maps and digital literary cartography projects continues to inform the intersection of cartographic and literary studies in that such maps and projects incorporate labels and layers to identify social and cultural contexts. Finally, these maps and projects involve users’ imaginations to read maps as narratives through the map as metaphor. Cognitive mapping, implicit in this relationship, connects cartography and literature to inform spatial and perceptual conceptions. Libraries and archives contribute to digital humanities and digital literary cartographies through digitization, preservation, and metadata of digital historical maps. Scholars, librarians, and archivists can collaborate to contribute metadata for cartographic and literary materials to create digital literary cartographies within online public access catalogs (OPACs) and digital object management systems.
ABO: Interactive Journal for Women in the Arts, 1640-1830, Dec 1, 2019
The History of Mary Prince, a West-Indian Slave, Related by Herself (1831) is the first published... more The History of Mary Prince, a West-Indian Slave, Related by Herself (1831) is the first published woman's slave narrative. In her History, Prince describes horrendous physical violence to which she and other enslaved peoples of African descent are subjected as well as the corresponding psychological and sexual abuse they endure. While Prince "speaks" the sexual abuse to some extent, how she knows what she knows goes unspoken. She expresses her knowledge of reading and writing and, at times, of the law, but she does not explain how she obtains this knowledge or knows what she knows. Her optimism to travel from one geographic location to another may indicate some knowledge that her circumstances may improve; yet when she arrives in a new location, her conditions worsen with the exceptions of Antigua and England. From the beginning of her History, Prince possesses a strong desire to escape the conditions of chattel slavery, especially shown as she travels from Brackish Pond to Spanish Point in Bermuda, from Bermuda to Turks Island, and later from Turks Island to Bermuda, then to Antigua, and finally to England. As she relates her travel, Prince speaks her knowledge networks that lay hidden within her narrative through her "silences."
Edges of Transatlantic Commerce in the Long Eighteenth Century, 2021
Helen Maria Williams’s transatlantic epic poem Peru (1784, 1786) depicts the Peruvian landscape a... more Helen Maria Williams’s transatlantic epic poem Peru (1784, 1786) depicts the Peruvian landscape as a venous human body. She incorporates the human body as a metaphor for landscape to articulate human bodies and geographic territories as objects of commerce in a transatlantic contest of empires. Douglas Porteous’s term bodyscape conveys the reflexive conflation of human bodies and landscapes to reflect simultaneously the idea of conquest of both people and territory. This metaphor describes an idyllic yet violent relationship between humanity and landscape. This relationship is idyllic in both the Romantic sense of the sublime and Edenic sense of Milton’s Paradise Lost in addition to the sensually provocative feminization of the landscape that harkens back to Donne’s America in his elegy, “To His Mistress Going to Bed.” The bleeding land evokes the violence of Francisco Pizarro’s conquest of the Incas. From European and Native American literary edges to the blade edges that lead to this bleeding, these edges of transatlantic commerce intersect with eighteenth-century revolutions: the American Revolution, the French Revolution, and the Haitian Revolution. The Potosí silver mine, originally part of Peru, was instrumental in transatlantic commerce and the conflation of human bodies and contested territories.
Edges of Transatlantic Commerce in the Long Eighteenth Century examines and challenges the bounda... more Edges of Transatlantic Commerce in the Long Eighteenth Century examines and challenges the boundaries of the Atlantic in the eighteenth century, with a particular focus on commerce. Commerce as a keyword encompasses a wide range of documented and undocumented encounters that invoke topics such as shared or conflicting ideas of value, affective experiences of the emerging global system, and development of national economies, as well as their opponents. By investigating what gets exchanged, created, or obscured on the peripheries of transatlantic commercial relations and geography in the eighteenth century, the chapters in this collection reimagine the edge as a liminal space with a potential for an alternative historical and aesthetic knowledge. To ground this inquiry in a more material dimension, the chapters engage specifically with what is being exchanged, sold, or communicated across the Atlantic by exploring ideas that are being shaped, concealed, undermined, or exploited through intricate exchanges. With its contributions from multiple contexts and disciplinary perspectives, Edges of Transatlantic Commerce offers insights into relatively neglected aspects of the transatlantic world to cultivate the value that the edges allow us to conceive.
Cultural Economies of the Atlantic World: Objects and Capital in the Transatlantic Imagination, 2020
The idea of the mirror informed the geographical imagination in eighteenth-century cartography an... more The idea of the mirror informed the geographical imagination in eighteenth-century cartography and literary texts. As Europeans continued to explore the Americas during this century, the Americas, especially the Caribbean and South America, mirrored Africa as an inverse and reflection of the continent as well as an extension of it. Within this mirror, Native Americans and Africans along with the landscape were conflated as illustrated in eighteenth-century cartography and other texts that depicted the Americas. At the same time, the object of capital underlay the mapping of the Caribbean and South America. Hence, this presentation explores these three threads: the concept of the mirror, the conflation of Native Americans and Africans, and cartographic and literary texts as objects of capital culture. The initial part of this presentation examines the role of the mirror in the conflation of Native Americans and Africans in Aphra Behn’s Oroonoko (1688) and Daniel Defoe’s Robinson Crusoe (1719) and the role of this mirror in Herman Moll’s A View of the Coasts, Countries, and Islands within the Limits of the South Sea Company (1711) and Defoe’s An Essay on the South-Sea Trade (1711). Jonathan Swift satirizes the same ideas that inform Moll’s and Defoe’s texts in his “The South Sea Project” (1721) and Gulliver’s Travels (1726, 1735). The final component of this presentation addresses these cartographic and literary texts as objects of capital culture and cultural capital in their own right and suggests that the idea of the mirror drove the production of these texts as objects and further materialized in the mapping of South America that was based upon a mirage that ballooned into a bubble.
ABO: Interactive Journal for Women in the Arts, 1640-1830, 2019
The History of Mary Prince, a West-Indian Slave, Related by Herself (1831) is the first published... more The History of Mary Prince, a West-Indian Slave, Related by Herself (1831) is the first published woman’s slave narrative. In her History, Prince describes horrendous physical violence to which she and other enslaved peoples of African descent are subjected as well as the corresponding psychological and sexual abuse they endure. While Prince “speaks” the sexual abuse to some extent, how she knows what she knows goes unspoken. She expresses her knowledge of reading and writing and, at times, of the law, but she does not explain how she obtains this knowledge or knows what she knows. Her optimism to travel from one geographic location to another may indicate some knowledge that her circumstances may improve; yet when she arrives in a new location, her conditions worsen with the exceptions of Antigua and England. From the beginning of her History, Prince possesses a strong desire to escape the conditions of chattel slavery, especially shown as she travels from Brackish Pond to Spanish Point in Bermuda, from Bermuda to Turks Island, and later from Turks Island to Bermuda, then to Antigua, and finally to England. As she relates her travel, Prince speaks her knowledge networks that lay hidden within her narrative through her “silences.”
The Library of Virginia (LVA) in Richmond was established as the state library in 1823. Maps were... more The Library of Virginia (LVA) in Richmond was established as the state library in 1823. Maps were a part of the library's early collections. A glimpse into the library's early map collecting efforts and the collection itself highlights innovations in conserving, cataloging, and promoting the library's maps. An exploration of the challenges that arose in this early map collection reveals the accomplishments of librarians and archivists who worked closely with LVA's map collection. Earl Gregg Swem compiled the seminal Virginia cartobibliography, referred to as “Swem.” Wilmer L. Hall applied a map classification system for LVA's maps. And Marianne McKee spearheaded the online cataloging of LVA's map collection, collaborated with philanthropist Alan Voorhees to digitize United States Civil War maps with the Library of Congress and the Virginia Historical Society, and promoted scholarship using the map collection in publications, symposia, exhibitions, and lectures. Hence, Swem, Hall, and McKee, through their resourcefulness at LVA, contributed to the larger field of map librarianship. Their ingenuity provided the foundation for evolutions in LVA's map collection, especially related to growing, cataloging, and promoting the collection that has made it a valuable resource for those interested in Virginia maps and Virginia's place in the geographic imagination. This article first reviews this foundation and then addresses later developments in map cataloging that pertain to organizing and promoting LVA's map collection.
Map collections often include reproductions to preserve their originals or because they do not ha... more Map collections often include reproductions to preserve their originals or because they do not have the original that the reproduction represents. As more and more institutions catalog their map collections, they will encounter the issue of cataloging copies of maps and will need to know how to identify different types of reproductions for the purpose of describing the item in hand according to established standards and conventions. This paper provides criteria for identifying different types of map reproductions, particularly photoreproductions. In addition, it reviews standards and conventions for cataloging them, and provides examples of records that indicate when to use the 533 or 534 fields, in addition to providing some discussion and examples of records for reproductions, including facsimiles, reprints, tracings, and “in the style of” maps.
Because little is known about Eliza Haywood, she continues to fascinate scholars. In her Passion ... more Because little is known about Eliza Haywood, she continues to fascinate scholars. In her Passion and Language in Eighteenth-Century Literature: The Aesthetic Sublime in the Work of Eliza Haywood, Aaron Hill, and Martha Fowke, Earla Wilputte asserts "[I]n a very real sense Haywood's identity is a fiction, because such a dearth of biographical detail has not stopped the speculations about her-has not stemmed the creation of fictions about her in an attempt to reassemble some facts about her life" (9). Although Wilputte acknowledges this perspective on Haywood, she attempts to construct Haywood's identity through the fictional writings of Haywood, Hill, and Fowke. Wilputte elucidates how these writers, who made "up the nucleus of the London literary group, the Hillarian circle, from 1720 to 1724-attempt to develop a language for the passions that clearly conveys the deepest felt emotions" (2). Even though she focuses on these three writers, she sets Haywood apart from Hill and Fowke in Haywood's appropriation of Hill's masculine power and in Haywood's writing of the sublime. Wilputte interweaves literary cultural history with the writers' personal lives to "reveal not only how belonging to a literary culture influences writers' work but how their works are reflective of their own passions" (8).
John Smith’s 1606 map of Virginia represents diversity in his depictions of Native Americans and ... more John Smith’s 1606 map of Virginia represents diversity in his depictions of Native Americans and Native Americans as Americans. Smith frames his map with vignettes of Powhatan and a Susquehannock and, thus, differentiates between these groups. Smith’s images of Powhatan and the Susquehannock echo John White’s and Theodor De Bry’s images from the previous decade. Smith also attributes geographic information to various Native Americans, which was unusual for Europeans to do. He includes a taxonomy of tribes that presents Native Americans as part of the landscape. His mapping of Native Americans shows them as vehicles to navigate the topography as well as obstacles to navigation. The images of Native Americans identify the people who live in “Virginia”: they are Native Americans who occupy America; they are America; thus, America becomes the iconographic Native American. Accordingly, these images are the only ones of Native Americans despite the typography that indicates many more. This typography provides clues to geographic information Native Americans contributed to European cartography and to the Native American-British encounter.
In this paper I analyze Native Americans’ contributions to Smith’s map within the context of his narrative The Generall Historie (1624), defined as both a historical and literary text. I consider Smith’s constructions of race and culture in America and how his narrative helped create an “American” literary tradition based upon his interactions with Native Americans. Through his construction of Native American identity and incorporation of Native Americans and their information in his map of Virginia, I locate Native Americans within these spaces to reconstruct and to read Smith’s map as a Native American text.
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In this paper I analyze Native Americans’ contributions to Smith’s map within the context of his narrative The Generall Historie (1624), defined as both a historical and literary text. I consider Smith’s constructions of race and culture in America and how his narrative helped create an “American” literary tradition based upon his interactions with Native Americans. Through his construction of Native American identity and incorporation of Native Americans and their information in his map of Virginia, I locate Native Americans within these spaces to reconstruct and to read Smith’s map as a Native American text.