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{{short description|Music in South Korea}}
{{redirects|KPOP}}
{{Infobox music genre
| color=black
| bgcolor=#87CEEB
| stylistic_origins  = {{flatlist|
* [[Nhạc Triều Tiên]]
* [[experimental (nhạc)|experimental]]
* [[nhạc pop|pop]]
* [[nhạc Phúc âm|Phúc âm]]
* [[nhạc Latinh (thể loại)|Latinh]]
* [[rhythm and blues]]
* [[nhạc hip hop|hip hop]]
* [[jazz]]
* [[dân gian đương đại|dân gian]]
* [[nhạc cổ điển|cổ điển]]
* [[nhạc đồng quê|đồng quê]]
* [[nhạc rock|rock]]
* [[reggae]]
* [[nhạc dance điện tử|EDM]]
}}
| cultural_origins  = Cuối thập niên 1980, [[Hàn Quốc]]
| instruments       = {{flatlist|
* [[Hát|Giọng hát]]
* [[drum machine]]
* [[trống điện tử]]
* [[guitar bass]]
* [[guitar acoustic ]]
* [[synthesizer]]
* [[keyboard instrument|keyboard]]
* [[Sampler (musical instrument)|sampler]]
* [[music sequencer|sequencer]]
* [[digital audio workstation]]
* [[nhạc cụ gõ]]
* [[groovebox]]
}}
| derivatives       = 
| subgenrelist      = 
| subgenres         = 
| fusiongenres      = 
| regional_scenes   = 
| local_scenes      = {{hlist|[[Seoul]]|[[Incheon]]|[[Busan]]|[[Jeju (thành phố)|Jeju]]}}
| other_topics      = 
}}

'''K-pop''' (viết tắt của '''Korean pop''';<ref name="mediasia">{{cite book |title=Medi@sia: global media/tion in and out of context |last=Holden |first=Todd Joseph Miles |last2=Scrase |first2= Timothy J. |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=2006 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |location= |isbn=978-0-415-37155-1 |page=144 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h5rBuzQudXYC&pg=PA144&dq=k+pop+korean+popular+music&hl=en&ei=8t-YTrO3Msqbtwf125zhAw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CDYQ6AEwAjgK#v=onepage&q=k%20pop%20korean%20popular%20music&f=false |accessdate=5 December 2011 |quote=Since the 1990s, the term “K-pop” has become popularized to refer to Korean popular music, being widely used throughout East and Southeast Asia.}}</ref> {{Korean|케이팝||}}) is characterized by a wide variety of [[audiovisual]] elements. Although it includes all genres of "popular music" within South Korea, the term is often used in a narrower sense to describe a modern form of South Korean pop using styles and genres from around the world, such as [[Pop music|Western pop music]], [[Rock music|rock]], [[Experimental music|experimental]], [[jazz]], [[Gospel music|gospel]], [[Latin music (genre)|Latin]], [[Hip hop music|hip hop]], [[Contemporary R&B|R&B]], [[reggae]], [[electronic dance music|electronic dance]], [[Contemporary folk music|folk]], [[country music|country]] and [[classical music|classical]] on top of its uniquely [[traditional Korean music]] roots.<ref name="Laurie 2016 214–231">{{Citation|last=Laurie|first=Timothy|title=Toward a Gendered Aesthetics of K-Pop|url=https://www.academia.edu/12328829/|year=2016|journal=Global Glam and Popular Music : Style and Spectacle from the 1970s to the 2000s|pages=214–231}}</ref> The more modern form of the genre emerged with one of the earliest K-pop groups, [[Seo Taiji and Boys]], forming in 1992. Their experimentation with different styles and genres of music and integration of foreign musical elements helped reshape and modernize South Korea's contemporary music scene.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20120323001104|title=K-pop still feels impact of Seo Taiji & Boys|last=Cho|first=Chung-un|date=March 23, 2012|website=The Korea Herald|publisher=|access-date=April 12, 2016}}</ref>

Modern [[Korean idol|K-pop "idol" culture]] began with the boy band [[H.O.T. (band)|H.O.T.]] in 1996, as K-pop grew into a [[subculture]] that amassed enormous fandoms of teenagers and young adults.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/k-town/5638224/the-root-of-k-pop-the-influences-of-todays-biggest-acts|title=The Root of K-Pop: The Influences of Today's Biggest Acts|work=Billboard|access-date=2017-07-16}}</ref><ref>"[http://www.economist.com/node/15385735 South Korea’s pop-cultural exports]," ''The Economist''</ref> After a slump in early K-pop, from 2003 [[TVXQ]] and [[BoA]] started a new generation of K-pop idols that broke the music genre into the neighboring Japanese market and continue to popularize K-pop internationally today.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/890981690|title=K-pop - The International Rise of the Korean Music Industry.|last=JungBong.|first=Choi,|date=2014|publisher=Taylor and Francis|others=Maliangkay, Roald.|year=|isbn=9781317681809|location=Hoboken|pages=66–80|oclc=890981690}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=K-pop Beyond Asia|last=Song|first=Cheol-min|publisher=길잡이미디어|year=2016|isbn=9788973755981|location=Korea|pages=37–46}}</ref> With the advent of online [[social networking service]]s and [[Television in South Korea|Korean TV shows]], the current global spread of K-pop and Korean entertainment, known as the [[Hallyu (Korean Wave)|Korean Wave]], is seen not only in [[East Asia|East]] and [[Southeast Asia]] but also [[Latin America]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://world.time.com/2013/08/01/forget-politics-lets-dance-why-k-pop-is-a-latin-american-smash/|title=Forget Politics, Let’s Dance: Why K-Pop Is a Latin American Smash|last=Anjani Trivedi|date=August 1, 2013|publisher=''[[Time (magazine)]]''|accessdate=January 9, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/2013/12/15/251021326/meet-latin-america-s-teenage-korean-pop-fanatics|title=Meet Latin America's Teenage Korean Pop Fanatics|last=Marlon Bishop|date=December 15, 2013|publisher=[[NPR]]|accessdate=January 9, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gxOWILlKeDQpqipMWx9fIFnKMVEA?docId=CNG.2675b7fded96e2e3c9f9668042c6fbc4.551|title=South Korea's K-pop spreads to Latin America|agency=[[Agence France-Presse]]|accessdate=March 28, 2013}}</ref> [[India]],<ref name="afpindia3">{{cite web|url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5hWpuw95RkyRy8xw4qHfkhko9GcIA?docId=CNG.18f3ac3daa0d8f95aa693b397f54d476.c1|title=Remote Indian state hooked on Korean pop culture|last=Kember|first=Findlay|agency=[[Agence France-Presse]]|accessdate=February 24, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-03/india/32005319_1_korean-drama-korean-wave-korean-tv|title=‘Korean Wave’ takes Indian kids in its sway|last=Anugya Chitransh|date=June 3, 2012|publisher=''[[The Times of India]]''|accessdate=January 9, 2014}}</ref> [[North Africa]],<ref name="kpopcairo2">{{cite web|url=http://www.egyptindependent.com/news/korean-pop-culture-spreads-cairo|title=Korean pop culture spreads in Cairo|work=Egypt Independent|accessdate=April 14, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.egyptindependent.com/news/egyptian-korean-ties-endorsed-through-pop-idol-competition|title=Egyptian-Korean ties endorsed through pop idol competition|publisher=''[[Egypt Independent]]''|accessdate=July 30, 2011}}</ref> the [[Middle East]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/blogs-news-from-elsewhere-23606319|title=Middle East: Korean pop 'brings hope for peace'|date=August 7, 2013|publisher=[[BBC]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://gulfnews.com/arts-entertainment/celebrity/infinite-lead-k-pop-invasion-in-dubai-1.1264255|title=Infinite lead K-Pop invasion in Dubai|last=Natalie Long|date=December 7, 2013|publisher=''[[Gulf News]]''|accessdate=January 9, 2014}}</ref> and the [[Western world]],<ref name="latimeskpop2">{{cite news|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2012/apr/29/entertainment/la-ca-kpop-20120429/2|title=K-pop enters American pop consciousness|last=Brown|first=August|date=April 29, 2012|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|quote=K-pop fans in America are largely in major immigrant hubs like Los Angeles and New York, where, with a crop of rising K-pop acts including BoA and Super Junior, Girls' Generation sold out Madison Square Garden.|accessdate=March 24, 2013}}</ref><ref name="newyorker2">{{cite web|url=http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2012/10/08/121008fa_fact_seabrook?currentPage=all|title=Cultural technology and the making of K-pop|last=Seabrook|first=John|quote=The crowd was older than I’d expected, and the ambience felt more like a video-game convention than like a pop concert. About three out of four people were Asian-American, but there were also Caucasians of all ages, and a number of black women. |work=[[The New Yorker]]|accessdate=March 4, 2013}}</ref> gaining a widespread global audience.<ref>{{cite news|title=How Korean culture stormed the world|url=http://www.scmp.com/news/asia/article/1094145/how-korean-culture-stormed-world|work=South China Morning Post|language=en}}</ref>

== Đặc điểm ==

=== Nội dung kết hợp âm thanh và hình ảnh ===
Although K-pop generally refers to South Korean popular music, some consider it to be an all-encompassing genre exhibiting a wide spectrum of musical and visual elements.<ref name="music_for_eyes2">{{cite web|url=http://seoulbeats.com/2011/10/k-pop-music-for-the-eyes-or-for-the-ears/|title=K-pop Music: For the Eyes or For the Ears?|date=October 1, 2011|publisher=Seoulbeats|accessdate=March 27, 2012}}</ref> The French [[Institut national de l'audiovisuel]] defines K-pop as a "fusion of synthesized music, sharp dance routines and fashionable, colorful outfits."<ref name="ina2">{{cite web|url=http://www.inaglobal.fr/en/music/article/k-pop-story-well-oiled-industry-standardized-catchy-tunes#intertitre-3|title=K-pop : the story of the well-oiled industry of standardized catchy tunes|last=Rousee-Marquet|first=Jennifer|publisher=[[Institut national de l'audiovisuel]]|quote=K-pop is a fusion of synthesized music, sharp dance routines and fashionable and colorful outfits.|accessdate=January 25, 2013}}</ref> Songs typically consist of one or a mixture of [[Pop music|pop]], [[Rock music|rock]], [[hip hop]], [[Rhythm and blues|R&B]] and [[electronic music]] genres.

=== Hệ thống đào tạo các nghệ sĩ ===
{{See also|#Industry}}
Management agencies in South Korea offer binding contracts to potential artists, sometimes at a young age. Trainees live together in a regulated environment and spend many hours a day learning music, dance, foreign languages and other skills in preparation for their debut. This "robotic" system of training is often criticized by Western media outlets.<ref name="Chosun Ilbo">{{cite web|url=http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2011/10/27/2011102700691.html|title=NYT Draws Attention to K-Pop Idol-Making Factories|work=Chosun Ilbo|accessdate=December 28, 2012}}</ref> In 2012, ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'' reported that the cost of training one [[Korean idol]] under [[S.M. Entertainment]] averaged US$3 million.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://blogs.wsj.com/speakeasy/2012/02/06/can-girls-generation-break-through-in-america/|title=Can Girls' Generation Break Through in America?|last=Yang|first=Jeff|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|quote=The management firms pay for everything; leading talent house S.M. Entertainment has pegged the cost of rearing a single idol at around $3 million, which for Girls’ Generation would be multiplied by nine.|accessdate=January 25, 2013}}</ref>

=== Hybrid genre and transnational values ===
[[File:Search volume for kpop.svg|300px|thumb|Search volume for K-pop for the period 2008–2012 according to [[Google Trends]]]]K-pop is a cultural product that features “values, identity and meanings that go beyond their strictly commercial value.”<ref>{{Cite book|title=K-pop – The International Rise of the Korean Music Industry|last=Choi|first=JungBong and Roald Maliangkay|publisher=Routledge|year=2015|isbn=9781138775961|location=New York|pages=|quote=}}</ref> It is characterized by a mixture of Western sounds with an Asian aspect of performance. It has been remarked that there is a "vision of modernization" inherent in Korean pop culture.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mcs.sagepub.com/content/28/1/25.full.pdf|title=Hybridity and the rise of Korean popular culture in Asia|year=2005|author=Doboo Shim|work=National University of Singapore}}</ref> For some, the transnational values of K-pop are responsible for its success. A commentator at the [[University of California]] has said that "contemporary Korean pop culture is built on [...] transnational flows [...] taking place across, beyond, and outside national and institutional boundaries."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uky.edu/Centers/Asia/SECAAS/Seras/2009/06_Jung_2009.pdf|title=Transnational Korea: A Critical Assessment of the Korean Wave in Asia and the United States|year=2009|author=Eun-Young Jung|work=University of California, San Diego}}</ref> Some examples of the transnational values inherent in K-pop that may appeal to those from different ethnic, national, and religious backgrounds include a dedication to high-quality output and presentation of idols, as well as their work ethic and polite social demeanour, made possible by the training period.<ref name="Lyan, Irina3">{{cite web|url=https://www.academia.edu/5737750/Hallyu_across_the_Desert_K-pop_Fandom_in_Israel_and_Palestine|title=Hallyu across the Desert: K-pop Fandom in Israel and Palestine|accessdate=January 19, 2015|author=Lyan, Irina}}</ref>

=== Marketing ===
<!-- Comeback (K-pop) redirects here, this is why that term is bolded -->
Many agencies have presented new idol groups to an audience through a "debut showcase", which consists of online marketing and television broadcast promotions as opposed to radio.<ref name="npr 20121012"/> Groups are given a name and a "concept", along with a marketing hook. These concepts are the type of visual and musical theme that idol groups utilize during their debut or comeback.{{citation needed|date=May 2018}} Concepts can change between debuts and fans often distinguish between boy group concepts and girl group concepts. Concepts can also be divided between general concepts and theme concepts, such as cute or fantasy. New idol groups will often debut with a concept well-known to the market to secure a successful first debut. Sometimes sub-units or sub-groups are formed among existing members. An example subgroup is [[Super Junior-K.R.Y.]] which consists of members Kyuhyun, Ryeowook, and Yesung, and [[Super Junior-M]], which became one of the best-selling K-pop subgroups in China.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UOKjAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA37 | title=K-Pop: Korea's Musical Explosion | last=Kallen | first=Stuart A. | publisher=Twenty-First Century Books | year=2014 | isbn= 9781467720427 | page=37&ndash;38 }}</ref>

Online marketing includes music videos posted to YouTube in order to reach a worldwide audience.<ref name="npr 20121012">{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/blogs/money/2012/10/12/162740623/gangnam-style-three-reasons-k-pop-is-taking-over-the-world|title=Gangnam Style: Three Reasons K-Pop Is Taking Over The World|last=Chace|first=Zoe|publisher=NPR|accessdate=December 26, 2012}}</ref> Prior to the actual video, the group releases teaser photos and trailers. Promotional cycles of subsequent singles are called '''comebacks''' <!-- NOTE: Highlighted on purpose since the term directs here --> even when the musician or group in question did not go on hiatus.<ref name="ramstadwsj2">{{cite news|url=https://blogs.wsj.com/korearealtime/2012/12/31/korea-counts-down-not-just-to-new-year-but-to-new-girls-album/|title=Korea Counts Down Not Just To New Year, But to New Girls' Album|last=Ramstad|first=Evan|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|quote=K-pop news sites for the past couple of weeks have seemed to have some new video or bit of Girls-related gossip to chew over once or twice a day. There’s been a “drama” teaser and a “dance” teaser (that’s the one above) and countdown videos from each of the group’s nine members. ... One of the unique things about album releases by K-pop artists is that they are routinely called 'comebacks' even when there's been no evidence that the musician or group went away or, in the conventional sports usage of the term, experienced a setback or loss.|accessdate=January 5, 2013}}</ref>

=== Sử dụng các cụm từ tiếng Anh ===
Modern K-pop is marked by its use of English phrases. Jin Dal Yong of ''Popular Music and Society '' wrote that the usage may be influenced by "Korean-Americans and/or Koreans who studied in the U.S. [who] take full advantage of their English fluency and cultural resources that are not found commonly among those who were raised and educated in Korea."<ref name="Jin 113–1312">{{Cite journal|last=Jin|first=Dal Yong|last2=Ryoo|first2=Woongjae|date=March 15, 2014|title=Critical Interpretation of Hybrid K-Pop: The Global-Local Paradigm of English Mixing in Lyrics|url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03007766.2012.731721|journal=Popular Music and Society|volume=37|issue=2|pages=113–131|doi=10.1080/03007766.2012.731721|issn=0300-7766}}</ref> In 1995, the percentage of song titles using English in the top 50 charts was 8%. This fluctuated between 30% in 2000, 18% in 2005, and 44% in 2010. Similarly, increasing numbers of K-pop bands use English names rather than Korean ones. This allows songs and artists to be marketed to a wider audience around the world. An example of a Korean song with a large proportion of English lyrics is [[Kara (South Korean band)|Kara]]’s "[[Jumping (Kara song)|Jumping]]," which was released at the same time in both Korea and Japan to much success.<ref name="Jin 113–1312" />

Increasingly, foreign songwriters and producers are employed to work on songs for K-pop idols, such as [[will.i.am]] and Sean Garrett.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/musicblog/2011/apr/20/k-pop-sweden-pelle-lidell|title=Behind the music: What is K-Pop and why are the Swedish getting involved?|last=Lindvall|first=Helienne|date=April 20, 2011|work=The Guardian|location=London|accessdate=March 27, 2012}}</ref> Musicians, including rappers such as [[Akon]], [[Kanye West]], [[Ludacris]], and [[Snoop Dogg]], have also featured on K-pop songs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fuse.tv/2013/02/kpop-connections-infographic|title=The K-Pop/U.S. Music Connections You Never Knew Existed|last=Xu|first=Tina|publisher=[[Fuse (TV channel)|Fuse]]|accessdate=March 7, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/biz/articles/news/global/1098373/secrets-behind-k-pops-global-success-explored-at-sxsw-panel|title=Secrets Behind K-Pop's Global Success Explored at SXSW Panel|last=Hampp|first=Andrew|quote=The American hip-hop community's recent interest in K-pop has helped open a lot of doors for other artists and managers Stateside, too.|work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|accessdate=March 28, 2013}}</ref>

However, the use of English has not guaranteed the popularity of K-pop in the North American market. For some commentators, the reason for this is because the genre can be seen as a distilled version of Western music, making it difficult for K-pop to find acceptance in these markets.<ref name="Jin 113–1312" /> Furthermore, Western audiences tend to place emphasis on authenticity and individual expression in music, which the idol system can be seen as suppressing.<ref name="Chosun Ilbo"/>

=== Vũ đạo ===
Dance is an integral part of K-pop. When combining multiple singers, the singers often switch their positions while singing and dancing by making prompt movements in synchrony, a strategy called "formation changing" ([[Korean language|Korean]]: 자리바꿈, Jaribaggum).<ref name="Groove Nation">{{cite web|title=유튜브 센세이션, 그루브네이션(Groove Nation)과 인터뷰|url=https://kpopalltime.wordpress.com/tag/%EA%B7%B8%EB%A3%A8%EB%B8%8C%EB%84%A4%EC%9D%B4%EC%85%98/|accessdate=27 December 2017|deadurl=bot: unknown|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6w1lN42gJ?url=https://kpopalltime.wordpress.com/tag/%EA%B7%B8%EB%A3%A8%EB%B8%8C%EB%84%A4%EC%9D%B4%EC%85%98/|archivedate=December 27, 2017|df=mdy-all}} ()</ref> The K-pop [[choreography]] (Korean: 안무, Anmu) often includes the so-called "point dance" (Korean: 포인트 안무), referring to a dance made up of hooking and repetitive movements within the choreography that matches the characteristics of the lyrics of the song.<ref name="asiaone">{{cite web|title=K-pop's second wave|url=http://www.asiaone.com/News/Latest%2BNews/Asia/Story/A1Story20110822-295555.html|accessdate=27 December 2017}}</ref><ref name="K-Pop success">{{cite web|title=K-Pop success for easy choreography |url=http://english.donga.com/srv/service.php3?biid=2013041629988
|accessdate=27 December 2017}}</ref> [[Super Junior]]'s "[[Sorry, Sorry (Super Junior song)|Sorry Sorry]]" and [[Brown Eyed Girls]]' "[[Abracadabra (Brown Eyed Girls song)|Abracadabra]]" are examples of songs with notable "point" choreography. To choreograph a dance for a song requires the writers to take the tempo into account.<ref name="the verge">{{cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/2012/10/18/3516562/k-pop-invades-america-south-korea-pop-music-factory|title=K-Pop takes America: how South Korea's music machine is conquering the world|date=2012-10-18|accessdate=2017-12-27|publisher=The Verge}}</ref> According to Ellen Kim, a Los Angeles dancer and choreographer, a fan's ability to do the same steps must also be considered: Consequently, K-pop choreographers have to simplify movements.<ref name="the verge" />

=== Thời trang ===
{{See also|Fashion in South Korea}}K-pop has a significant influence on fashion in Asia, where trends started by idols are followed by young audiences.<ref name="inquirer2">{{cite web|url=http://lifestyle.inquirer.net/14895/k-pops-slick-productions-win-fans-across-asia|title=K-pop's slick productions win fans across Asia|date=September 21, 2011|publisher=Inquirer|accessdate=April 2, 2012}}</ref> Some idols have established status as fashion icons, such as [[G-Dragon]]<ref>{{citeweb|url=http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2012/12/25/2012122500365.html|title=G-Dragon Voted Best-Dressed Celebrity of the Year|work=[[The Chosun Ilbo]]|date=December 25, 2012|accessdate=2017-03-02}}</ref> and [[CL (singer)|CL]], who has repeatedly worked with fashion designer [[Jeremy Scott]], being labeled his "muse."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.papermag.com/jeremy-scott-and-cl-on-moschino-pop-culture-and-the-power-of-girls-1427634656.html|title=Jeremy Scott and CL On Moschino, Pop Culture and the Power Of Girls|last=PAPERMAG|website=PAPERMAG|access-date=April 12, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/2253244/jeremy-scott-cl-paper-mag/|title=Bow Down To The Ultimate Besties Jeremy Scott And CL In 'Paper' Mag|website=MTV News|access-date=April 12, 2016}}</ref>

There is some concern over trends such as [[skin whitening]] being popularised by the industry, which has been criticised for its narrow [[Korean beauty standards|beauty standards]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/thailand/100823/korean-wave-fashion-thai-culture|title=Warning: This fad may kill you|date=August 26, 2010|accessdate=April 2, 2012|work=Global Post}}</ref>

The emergence of [[Seo Taiji and Boys|Seo Taiji & Boys]] in 1992 paved the way for the development of contemporary K-pop groups that fans interact with today.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|last=Jin|first=Dal Yong|date=2017-04-20|title=Critical Discourse of K-pop within Globalization|url=http://illinois.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.5406/illinois/9780252039973.001.0001/upso-9780252039973-chapter-006|journal=University of Illinois Press|language=en|doi=10.5406/illinois/9780252039973.003.0006}}</ref> [[Seo Taiji and Boys|Seo Taiji & Boys]] revolutionized the Korean music scene by incorporating [[Rapping|rap]] and American [[Hip hop|hip-hop]] conventions into their music.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lie|first=John|date=2012|title=What Is the K in K-pop? South Korean Popular Music, the Culture Industry, and National Identity|url=|journal=Korea Observer|volume=43|pages=339–63|via=}}</ref> This adoption of Western style spread into the fashions worn by the boy band, and the boys adopted the hip-hop aesthetic.<ref name=":7">{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/893686334|title=K-pop : popular music, cultural amnesia, and economic innovation in South Korea|last=John,|first=Lie,|isbn=9780520958944|location=Oakland, California|oclc=893686334}}</ref> [[Seo Taiji|Seo]] and bandmates' outfits for the promotional cycle of "[[I Know (Seo Taiji and Boys song)|Nan Arayo]]" (난 알아요, I Know) included vibrant streetwear such as oversized T-shirts and sweatshirts, [[windbreaker]]s, overalls worn with one strap,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.complex.com/style/the-90-greatest-90s-fashion-trends/overalls-with-the-straps-down|title=The 90 Greatest '90s Fashion Trends90. overalls with the straps down|website=Complex|language=en|access-date=2018-05-07}}</ref> overalls worn with one pant leg rolled up,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.complex.com/style/the-90-greatest-90s-fashion-trends/one-pant-leg-rolled-up|title=The 90 Greatest '90s Fashion Trends85. One pant leg rolled up|website=Complex|language=en|access-date=2018-05-07}}</ref> and American sports team jerseys. Accessories included baseball caps worn backwards,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.complex.com/style/the-90-greatest-90s-fashion-trends/backward-caps|title=The 90 Greatest '90s Fashion Trends3. backward caps|website=Complex|language=en|access-date=2018-05-07}}</ref> [[bucket hat]]s,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.complex.com/style/the-90-greatest-90s-fashion-trends/bucket-hats|title=The 90 Greatest '90s Fashion Trends34. Bucket hats|website=Complex|language=en|access-date=2018-05-07}}</ref> and [[do-rag]]s. As K-pop "was born of post-Seo trends,"<ref name=":7" /> many acts that followed [[Seo Taiji and Boys|Seo Taiji & Boys]] adopted the same fashion style. [[Deux (band)|Deux]] and [[DJ Doc|DJ DOC]] can also be seen wearing on-trend hip-hop fashions such as [[Sagging (fashion)|sagging]] baggy pants, sportswear, and [[Kerchief|bandanas]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.complex.com/style/the-90-greatest-90s-fashion-trends/bandannas|title=The 90 Greatest '90s Fashion Trends72. Bandannas|website=Complex|language=en|access-date=2018-05-07}}</ref> in their performances. With Korean popular music transforming into youth-dominated media, manufactured teenage idol groups began debuting in the mid and late '90s,<ref name=":6" /> wearing coordinated costumes<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20171018000840|title=[Herald Interview] Girls’ Generation’s stylist caps K-pop fashion industry over years|last=Herald|first=The Korea|date=2017-10-18|access-date=2018-05-07|language=en}}</ref> that reflected the popular fashion trends among youth at the time. Hip-hop fashion, considered the most popular style in the late '90s,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.retrowaste.com/1990s/fashion-in-the-1990s/|title=1990s Fashion: Styles, Trends, History & Pictures|website=www.retrowaste.com|language=en-US|access-date=2018-05-07}}</ref> remained, with idol groups [[H.O.T. (band)|H.O.T.]] and [[Sechs Kies]] wearing the style for their debut songs. The use of accessories elevated the idol's style from everyday fashion to performance costume, as ski goggles (worn either around the head or neck),<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ko7bLsXaVLEC&lpg=PA21&ots=WiMbvge0g9&dq=%22ski%20goggles%22%20%22hip%20hop%22%20fashion&pg=PA21#v=onepage&q=%22ski%20goggles%22%20%22hip%20hop%22%20fashion&f=false|title=Skiing|date=January 1996|language=en}}</ref> headphones worn around the neck,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.complex.com/style/the-90-greatest-90s-fashion-trends/discman-headphones-around-your-neck|title=The 90 Greatest '90s Fashion Trends55. Discman headphones around your neck|website=Complex|language=en|access-date=2018-05-07}}</ref> and oversized gloves worn to accentuate choreography moves were widely used. [[H.O.T. (band)|H.O.T.]]'s 1996 hit "Candy" exemplifies the level of coordination taken into account for idol's costumes, as each member wore a designated color and accessorized with face paint, fuzzy oversized mittens, visors, bucket hats, and earmuffs, and used stuffed animals, backpacks, and messenger bags as props. While male idol groups' costumes were constructed with similar color schemes, fabrics, and styles, the outfits worn by each member still maintained individuality.<ref name=":8">{{Cite book|jstor=10.3998/mpub.7651262|title=Hallyu 2.0: The Korean Wave in the Age of Social Media|last=KWAK|first=NOJIN|last2=RYU|first2=YOUNGJU|date=2015|publisher=University of Michigan Press|isbn=9780472072521|editor-last=Lee|editor-first=Sangjoon|doi=10.3998/mpub.7651262|editor-last2=Nornes|editor-first2=Abé Mark}}</ref> On the other hand, female idol groups of the '90s wore homogeneous costumes, often styled identically.<ref name=":8" /> The costumes for female idols during their early promotions often focused on portraying an innocent, youthful image.<ref name=":9">{{Cite journal|last=Shim|first=Doobo|date=2006|title=Hybridity and the Rise of Korean Popular Culture in Asia|url=|journal=Media, Culture & Society|volume=28|pages=29|via=}}</ref> [[S.E.S. (band)|S.E.S.]]'s 1997 debut "[[I'm Your Girl (album)|I'm Your Girl]]" and [[Baby Vox]]'s 1998 debut "[[Ya Ya Ya]]" featured the girls dressed in all white outfits, and [[Fin.K.L]].'s "To My Boyfriend" showcases the idols in pink school girl outfits. To portray a natural and cutesy image, accessories were limited to large hair bows, pom pom hair adornments, and scrunchies.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.cosmopolitan.com/style-beauty/fashion/g18923532/popular-1990s-fashion-trends/?slide=19|title=30 Fashion Trends from the '90s That Are Making a MAJOR Comeback|date=2018-03-06|work=Cosmopolitan|access-date=2018-05-07|language=en-US}}</ref> With the maturation of female idol groups and the move away from [[bubblegum pop]] in the very late '90s,<ref name=":9" /> female idol groups' outfits focused on following the fashion trends of the time, many of which were revealing garments.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Son|first=Ji-won|last2=Kim|first2=Min-ja|date=March 2015|title=Korean Women’s Dress-Morality Since the 1990s|url=|journal=Fashion Practice|volume=7|issue=2|pages=199–217|via=}}</ref> The later promotions of girl groups [[Baby Vox]] and [[Jewelry (band)|Jewelry]] exemplify these trends, as members can be seen wearing [[Hotpants|hot pants]], micro miniskirts,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.cosmopolitan.com/style-beauty/fashion/news/g5852/early-2000s-celeb-trends/?slide=6|title=15 Trends From the Early 2000s You Wouldn't be Caught Dead in Today|date=2016-06-22|work=Cosmopolitan|access-date=2018-05-07|language=en-US}}</ref> [[crop top]]s, [[Blouse|peasant tops]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.allure.com/gallery/best-2000s-fashion-trends|title=13 Trends From the Early 2000s That You Totally Wore|last=Metzger|first=Chloe|work=Allure|access-date=2018-05-07|language=en}}</ref> see-through garments, and midriff baring tops.   
[[File:2NE1 2009 MAMA.jpg|thumb|2NE1 Fire]]
[[File:Wonder Girls perform Nobody at the Fillmore in San Francisco, CA, Jun 13 2010.jpg|thumb|Wonder Girls Nobody]]
K-pop showed significant trends over the past few decades. In the early 90s~2000s, ullzang culture emerged as good looking internet celebrities posted photos on popular sites like Haduri(face webcam site), Daum community.<ref>{{Cite |url=https://terms.naver.com/entry.nhn?docId=371107&cid=42028&categoryId=42028|title=얼짱|website=naver dictionary (in Korean)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite |url=http://news.mk.co.kr/newsRead.php?year=2003&no=325774|title=너희가 얼짱을 아느냐?|website=MK Kyongjae (in Korean)}}</ref> The rise of ulzzang style parallels the K-pop phenomenon, hence many K-pop idols adopted the look, which is described as “huge, delicate bambi-like eyes with double lids and a tiny, delicate nose with a high bridge are a prerequisite. Smooth, pale snow-white skin, and rosebud lips are also desirable. So is a small and sharp chin to achieve the perfect “V-line” face, which should ideally be no bigger than the size of your palm<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://sg.style.yahoo.com/blogs/singapore-showbiz/korean-ulzzang-beauty-mania-comes-singapore-072253957.html|title=Korean ‘Ulzzang’ beauty mania comes to Singapore|access-date=2018-03-17|language=en-SG}}</ref>". This look was nearly impossible to gain naturally, giving rise to the popularity of circle contact lenses, plastic surgeries, and skin-whitening products.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book|jstor=j.ctt18040jc.24|title=Global Asian American Popular Cultures|last=VÕ|first=LINDA TRINH|date=2016|publisher=NYU Press|isbn=9781479867097 |pages=304–320}}</ref> As K-pop became a modern hybrid of Western and Asian cultures starting from the late 2000s,<ref>{{Cite book|jstor=10.5406/j.ctt18j8wkv.9|title=New Korean Wave|date=2016|publisher=University of Illinois Press|isbn=9780252039973|editor-last=JIN|editor-first=DAL YONG|series=Transnational Cultural Power in the Age of Social Media|pages=111–130|doi=10.5406/j.ctt18j8wkv.9#page_scan_tab_contents}}</ref> fashion trends within K-pop reflects diversity and distinction as well. Fashion trends from the late 2000s to early 2010s can largely be categorized under the following:<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kim|first=Yun|date=Spring 2012|title=K-pop 스타의 패션에 관한 연구|url=http://www.ksfd.co.kr/neowiz/board/up_files/files_1/2012_vol12no2_02_ky.pdf|journal=Journal of the Korean Society of Fashion Design|volume=12.2|pages=17–37|via=}}</ref>
*[[File:MiroticTVXQ.png|thumb|TVXQ Mirotic]]Street: focuses on individuality, bright colors, mix-and-match styling, graphic prints, sports brands such as Adidas and Reebok (e.g. 2NE1-Fire, SHINee-Ring Ding Dong, etc.) 
* Retro: aims to bring back "nostalgia" from the 1960s to 1980s, dot prints, detailed patterns, common clothing items include denim jackets, boot-cut pants, wide pants, hair bands, scarves, and sunglasses (e.g. Wonder Girls-Nobody, Tiara-Roly Poly, etc.) 
* Sexy: highlights femininity and masculinity, revealing outfits made of satin, lace, fur, and leather, common clothing items include mini skirts, corsets, net stockings, high heels, sleeveless vests, see-through shirts (e.g. Girls' Generation-The Boys, After School, TVXQ-Mirotic, etc.) [[File:Girls' Generation at the Expo 2012 Yeosu2.jpg|thumb|Girls' Generation Genie]]
* Black & White: emphasizes modern & chic, symbolizes elegance & charisma, mostly applied to formal wear (e.g. Girls' Generation-Genie, Super Junior-Sorry Sorry, Beast-Fiction, etc.) 
* Futurism: commonly wore with electronic and hip-hop genres, popping color items, metallic details and prints, aims to have a futuristic outlook (e.g. 2NE1-I am the Best, Wonder Girls-Like Money, NCT U-Seventh Sense, etc.)[[File:South Korean exports of cultural products and services.jpg|thumb|The [[Bank of Korea]] has attributed the rapid surge in cultural exports since 1997 to the increased worldwide popularity of K-pop.<ref>{{cite web|title=K-Pop Leads Record Earnings from Cultural Exports|url=http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2012/02/07/2012020700892.html|work=[[The Chosun Ilbo]]|accessdate=January 26, 2013|quote=A BOK official said the increase "is related to a surge in exports of cultural products amid the rising popularity of K-pop in Europe and the U.S. as well as in Asia."}}</ref>]]

=== Hỗ trợ từ chính phủ ===
The [[South Korean government]] has acknowledged benefits to the country's export sector as a result of the [[Korean Wave]] (it was estimated in 2011 that a US$100 increase in the export of cultural products resulted in a US$412 increase in exports of other consumer goods including food, clothes, cosmetics and IT products<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2012/05/31/2012053101166.html|title=Korean Wave Gives Exports a Boost|quote=But for every $100 increase in exports of cultural products themselves, outbound shipments of processed food, clothes, cosmetics and IT products also grew $412 on average.|work=[[The Chosun Ilbo]]|accessdate=January 26, 2013}}</ref>) and thus have subsidised certain endeavours.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.inaglobal.fr/en/music/article/k-pop-story-well-oiled-industry-standardized-catchy-tunes|title=K-pop : the story of the well-oiled industry of standardized catchy tunes|last=Rousee-Marquet|first=Jennifer|publisher=[[Institut national de l'audiovisuel]]|quote="The government then identified the cultural industry as the next growth driver. Numerous state research agencies were created and some projects were subsided in an attempt to boost the nation’s cultural industry."|accessdate=January 25, 2013}}</ref> Government initiatives to expand the popularity of K-pop are mostly undertaken by the [[Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism]], which is responsible for the worldwide establishment of [[Korean Cultural Center]]s. South Korean embassies and consulates have also organized K-pop concerts outside the country,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2013/01/05/hallyu-highlight-korea-indonesia-ties-march.html|title='Hallyu' to highlight Korea-Indonesia ties in March|work=Jakarta Post|accessdate=January 26, 2013}}</ref> and the [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (South Korea)|Ministry of Foreign Affairs]] regularly invites overseas [[K-pop fans]] to attend the annual [[K-Pop World Festival]] in South Korea.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/ATR/SI_EN_3_2_1.jsp?cid=2415772|title=K-POP World Festival (케이팝월드페스티벌)|website=Visit Korea|accessdate=March 2, 2017|publisher=Korean Tourism Organization}}</ref>

==Lịch sử==

===Origins of Korean popular music===
{{Listen
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The history of Korean popular music can be traced back to 1885 when an American missionary, [[Henry Appenzeller]], began teaching American and British folk songs at a school. These songs were called ''changga'' in Korean, and they were typically based on a popular Western melody sung with Korean lyrics. For example, the song "Oh My Darling, Clementine" became known as "Simcheongga."<ref group="note">Not to be confused with the [[pansori]] story [[Simcheongga|of the same name]].</ref> During the [[Korea under Japanese rule|Japanese rule]] (1910–1945) the popularity of ''changga'' songs rose as Koreans expressed their feelings against Japanese oppression through music. One of the most popular songs was "Huimangga" (희망가, The Song of Hope). The Japanese confiscated the existing ''changga'' collections and published lyrics books of their own.<ref name="newforce47-492">''K-Pop: A New Force in Pop Music'', pp. 47–79</ref>{{third-party-inline|date=March 2013}}

The first known Korean pop album was "Yi Pungjin Sewol" (This Tumultuous Time), by Park Chae-seon and Lee Ryu-saek in 1925, which contained popular songs translated from Japanese. The first pop song written by a Korean composer is thought to be "Nakhwayusu" (낙화유수, Fallen Blossoms on Running Water) sung by Lee Jeong-suk in 1929.<ref name="newforce47-492" /> In the mid-1920s, Japanese composer [[Masao Koga]] mixed traditional Korean music with Gospel music that American Evangelists introduced in the 1870s. This type of music became known as [[Enka]] in Japan, and later in Korea as [[Trot (music)|Trot]] ({{lang-ko|"트로트"}}).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jpnews.kr/sub_read.html?uid=8082&section=sc1&section2=%C0%CE%B9%B0|title=:JPNews 일본이 보인다! 일본뉴스포털!|publisher=Jpnews.kr|accessdate=January 13, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=고가마사오|encyclopedia=Doosan Encyclopedia|url=http://terms.naver.com/entry.nhn?cid=200000000&docId=1164528&mobile&categoryId=200001546|accessdate=January 13, 2012}}</ref>

===1940s–1960s: Du nhập văn hóa phương Tây===
After the [[Korean Peninsula]] was partitioned into North and South following its liberation in 1945 from [[Korea under Japanese rule|Japanese occupation]], [[Western culture]] was introduced into South Korea on a small scale, with a few Western-styled bars and clubs playing Western music. After the [[Korean War]] (1950–53) [[United States|U.S.]] troops remained in South Korea. With the continued presence of the U.S. military during this time, American and world culture spread in South Korea and Western music gradually became more accepted.

[[File:Marilyn Monroe.jpg|thumb|left|[[Marilyn Monroe]] entertaining American soldiers in Korea in 1954]]

The [[United Service Organizations]] made it possible for several prominent figures of American entertainment, like [[Marilyn Monroe]] and [[Louis Armstrong]] to visit the soldiers stationed in Korea. These visits prompted attention from the Korean public. In 1957, the American Forces Korea Network radio started its broadcast, spreading the popularity of Western music. American music started influencing Korean music, as [[Pentatonic scale|pentatony]] was gradually replaced by [[Set (music)|heptachords]] and popular songs started to be modeled after American ones.<ref name="newforce50-542">''K-Pop: A New Force in Pop Music'', pp. 50–54</ref>

In the 1960s, the development of [[LP record]]s and improvements in recording technology led to the pursuit of diverse voice tones.<ref name="encykorea3">{{cite encyclopedia|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Korean Culture|publisher=Academy of Korean Studies|url=http://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Contents/Index?contents_id=E0014802|accessdate=December 7, 2012|language=ko|script-title=ko:대중가요}}</ref> Many singers sang for the American troops, usually in dedicated clubs, the number of which rose to 264. They performed various genres like country music, blues, jazz and rock & roll. The [[Economy of South Korea|South Korean economy]] started blooming and popular music followed the trend, spread by the first commercial radio stations. [[Cinema of Korea|Korean cinema]] also began to develop and Korean musicians began performing to wider audiences.

When [[The Beatles|Beatlemania]] reached the shores of Korea the first local rock bands appeared, the first of which is said to be Add4, a band founded in 1962.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.psychemusic.org/Add4.html|title=ADD4 & KOREAN PSYCH-ROCK & FOLK-POP reissues : ADD 4|publisher=psychemusic.org|accessdate=February 27, 2012}}</ref> The first talent contest for rock bands in Seoul was organized in 1968. Besides rock and pop, trot songs remained popular.

Some Korean singers gained international popularity. [[The Kim Sisters]], Yoon Bok-hee and [[Patti Kim (singer)|Patti Kim]] were the first singers to debut in such countries as Vietnam and United States. The Kim Sisters became the first Korean group to release an album in the United States, performing in [[Las Vegas Valley|Las Vegas]] and appearing several times on [[Ed Sullivan]]'s TV show.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://quart.hu/cikk.php?id=6625|title="Csomagolhattok és mehettek vissza Szöulba." Mia Kim a Quartnak|date=September 12, 2011|publisher=Quart.hu|language=hu|accessdate=February 27, 2012|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308023613/http://quart.hu/cikk.php?id=6625|archivedate=March 8, 2012|df=mdy-all}}</ref> Han Myeong Suk's 1961 song "The Boy in The Yellow Shirt" was covered by French singer [[Yvette Giraud]] and was also popular in Japan.<ref name="newforce50-542" />

=== 1970s: Ảnh hưởng hippie và dân gian ===
At the end of the 1960s Korean pop music underwent another transformation. More and more musicians were university students and graduates who were heavily influenced by American culture and lifestyle (including the [[hippie]] movement) and made lighthearted music unlike their predecessors, who were influenced by war and Japanese oppression.<ref name="encykorea3"/> The younger generation opposed the [[Vietnam War]] as much as American hippies did, which resulted in the Korean government banning songs with more liberal lyrics. In spite of this, folk-influenced pop remained popular among the youth, and local television channel [[Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation|MBC]] organised a music contest for university students in 1977. This was the foundation of several modern music festivals.<ref name="newforce54-572">''K-Pop: A New Force in Pop Music'', pp. 54–57</ref>

One of the leading figures of the era was [[Han Dae-soo]], who was raised in the United States and influenced by [[Bob Dylan]], [[Leonard Cohen]] and [[John Lennon]]. Han's song "Mul jom juso" (물 좀 주소, Give Me Water) became iconic among young people in Korea. His daring performances and unique singing style often shocked the public and later he was banned from performing in Korea. Han moved to [[New York City]] and pursued his musical career there, only returning to his home country in the 1990s.<ref name="newforce54-572" /> Other notable singers of the period include [[Song Chang-sik]], Young Nam-cho and Hee Eun-yang.

In the 1970s, [[DJ]]s also started to become popular.<ref name="encykorea3" />

===1980s: Kỷ nguyên ballad===
The 1980s saw the rise of [[Pop ballad|ballad]] singers after Lee Gwang-jo's 1985 album "You’re Too Far Away to Get Close to" (가까이 하기엔 너무 먼 당신, Gakkai Hagien Neomu Meon Dangsin) sold more than 300,000 copies. Other popular ballad singers included [[Lee Moon-se]] (이문세) and Byun Jin-seob (변진섭), nicknamed the "Prince of Ballads". One of the most sought-after ballad composers of the era was Lee Young-hoon (이영훈), whose songs were compiled into a modern musical in 2011 titled ''Gwanghwamun Yeonga'' (광화문 연가, Gwanghwamun's Song).<ref name="newforce60-612">''K-Pop: A New Force in Pop Music'', pp. 60–61</ref>

The Asia Music Forum was launched in 1980, with representatives from five different Asian countries competing in the event. Korean singer [[Cho Yong-pil]] won first place and went on to have a successful career, performing in Hong Kong and Japan. His first album ''Chang bakkui yeoja'' (창 밖의 여자, Woman outside the window) was a hit and he became the first Korean singer to take to the stage at [[Carnegie Hall]] in New York. Cho's musical repertoire included rock, dance, trot and folk pop.<ref name="newforce60-612" />

===1990s: Phát triển K-pop hiện đại===
[[File:DJ DOC @ Cyworld Dream Music Festival 싸이월드 드림 뮤직 페스티벌 36.jpg|thumb|[[DJ DOC]], one of the popular hip hop trios of the 1990s<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rki.kbs.co.kr/english/program/program_artist_detail.htm?No=10198|title=DJ DOC|publisher=KBS World|accessdate=December 10, 2012}}</ref>]]
In the 1990s, Korean pop musicians incorporated partially [[Europop]] and mostly [[American popular music]] styles such as [[hip hop]], [[Rock music|rock]], [[jazz]], and [[electronic dance]] in their music.<ref name="Hartong 20062">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=KmMx0FA86QcC&pg=PA15|title=Musical terms worldwide: a companion for the musical explorer|last=Hartong|first=Jan Laurens|publisher=Semar Publishers|year=2006|isbn=978-88-7778-090-4|page=15|quote=Since the 1990s, popular genres like rap, rock and techno house have been incorporated into Korean popular music... which often emulates American models.}}</ref> In 1992 the emergence of [[Seo Taiji & Boys]] marked a revolutionary moment in the history of K-pop. The trio debuted on [[Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation|MBC]]'s talent show with their song "Nan Arayo" (난 알아요, I Know) and got the lowest rating from the jury;<ref name="newforce63-662">''K-Pop: A New Force in Pop Music'', pp. 63–66</ref> however, the song and album of the same name became so successful that it paved the way for other songs of the same format. The song's success was attributed to its [[new jack swing]]-inspired beats and memorable chorus, as well as innovative lyrics which dealt with the problems of Korean society. Their footsteps were followed by a wave of successful hip hop and R&B artists like [[Yoo Seung-jun]], [[Jinusean]], [[Solid (band)|Solid]], Deux, [[1TYM]] and [[Drunken Tiger]].<ref name="newforce63-662" /><!--Since the debut of [[Seo Taiji & Boys]], multiple singers began to switch their positions while singing and dancing, a strategy called "formation changing" ([[Korean language|Korean]]: 자리 바꿈, ''Jari ba'ggum'') and a turning point for the establishment of K-pop style [[choreography]] ([[Korean language|Korean]]: 안무, ''Anmu''). [needs source!]-->

In 1995, South Korean record producer [[Lee Soo-man]] founded the entertainment company [[S.M. Entertainment]]. Former Seo Taiji & Boys' member [[Yang Hyun-suk]] formed [[YG Entertainment|YG entertainment]] in 1996, and [[Park Jin-young]] established [[JYP Entertainment]] in 1997.

[[K-pop idol|Idol bands]] (young boybands or girlbands) formed, inspired by Seo Taiji & Boys, to cater for a growing teenage audience.<ref name="newforce63-662" /> [[H.O.T.]] was one of the first idol boybands, debuting in 1996. Their success was followed by that of bands like [[Sechs Kies]], [[S.E.S. (band)|S.E.S.]], [[Fin.K.L]], [[NRG (South Korean band)|NRG]], [[Baby V.O.X.]], [[Diva (Korean Group)|Diva]], [[Shinhwa]] and [[G.o.d (South Korean band)|g.o.d]].<ref name="autogenerated12">{{cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/asia/covers/1101020729/story.html|title=Flying Too High?|date=July 29, 2002|work=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|first=Donald|last=MacIntyre|accessdate=July 3, 2012}}</ref> The 1990s saw a reactionary movement against mainstream popular culture with the rise of illegal [[underground music]] clubs and [[punk rock]] bands such as [[Crying Nut]].<ref name="newforce63-662" />

The [[1997 Asian financial crisis]] prompted South Korean entertainers to look for new markets: [[H.O.T. (band)|H.O.T.]] released a Mandarin-language album<ref name="newforce63-662" /> and [[Diva (Korean Group)|Diva]] released an English-language album in Taiwan. The need for new markets drove K-pop stars to look at foreign markets.<ref name=shim>{{Cite journal|last=Shim|first=Doobo|date=|title=Hybridity and the rise of Korean popular culture in Asia|url=|journal=Media Culture & Society|volume=|pages=29|via=}}</ref> Similar to [[J-pop|J-pop Idols]], K-pop stars are selected before being groomed to appeal to a global audience, whether through formal training and classes, or through residency programs.<ref name=shim/><ref name=oh>{{Cite journal|last=Oh|first=Ingyu|date=2013|title=The Globalization of K-pop: Korea's Place in the Global Music Industry|url=https://www.academia.edu/4732546/The_Globalization_of_K-pop_Koreas_Place_in_the_Global_Music_Industry?auto=download|journal=Korea Observer|volume=44|issue=3|pages=389-409|via=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=|first=|date=|title=Critical Interpretation of Hybrid K-Pop: The Global-Local Paradigm of English Mixing in Lyrics|url=|journal=Popular Music & Society|volume=37|pages=120|via=}}</ref> They are trained via an extensive and intensive process that includes physical and language training (a program sometimes called abusive), and they are selected for height as well, being much taller on average than their Japanese counterparts. As for looks, "K-pop emphasizes thin, tall, and feminine looks with
adolescent or sometimes very cute facial expressions, regardless of whether they’re male or female singers", according to sociology professor Ingyu Oh.<ref name=oh/> Over time, Korean-American artists have become successful due to their fluency.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=|first=|date=|title=Critical Interpretation of Hybrid K-Pop: The Global-Local Paradigm of English Mixing in Lyrics|url=|journal=Popular Music & Society|volume=37|pages=119|via=}}</ref> These efforts increase the marketability of K-pop while also increasing South Korean soft power, which has become an important part of official policy. <ref>{{Cite book|title=Korean Wave|last=Walsh|first=John|publisher=|year=|isbn=|location=|pages=20-21}}</ref>

=== Thế kỷ 21: Sự nổi lên của ''Hallyu'' ===
{{Main|Korean Wave}}
K-pop's increasing popularity forms part of ''Hallyu'', or the Korean Wave, which refers to the popularity of South Korean culture in other countries.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ryoo|first=Woongjae|date=2009|title=Globalization, or the logic of cultural hybridization: The case of the Korean wave|url=|journal=Asian Journal of Communication|volume=19|issue=2|page=139|doi=|pmid=}}</ref> K-pop is increasingly making appearances on Western charts such as [[Billboard charts|Billboard]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/266640/breaking-entering-the-wonder-girls|title=Breaking & Entering: The Wonder Girls|website=Billboard|access-date=April 12, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/502437/k-pop-hot-100-bigbang-is-unstoppable|title=K-Pop Hot 100: BIGBANG Is Unstoppable|website=Billboard|access-date=April 12, 2016}}</ref> The development of online social media has been a vital tool for the Korean music industry in reaching a wider audience.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/ddf11662-53c7-11e1-9eac-00144feabdc0.html#axzz2912O9PdC|title=South Korea's K-pop takes off in the west|last=Oliver|first=Christopher|work=Financial Times|accessdate=October 11, 2012}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" ;  style="text-align:center; float: right; margin:10px"
!colspan="3" style="background: #faccaa;"|K-pop industry statistics
|-
! Year
! Total exports in US$
! [[YouTube]] views
|-
|2008
|$16.5 million<ref name="kherald2008">{{cite web|title=K-pop’s second wave|url=http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20110821000264&ntn=0|work=[[The Korea Herald]]|accessdate=November 4, 2013}}</ref>
|
|-
|2009
|$31.3 million<ref name="kherald2008"/>
|
|-
|2010
|$84.9 million<ref name="cnbcexports"/>
| 800 million<ref name=soompiyoutubeviews>{{cite web|title=K-Pop Videos Set New Record on YouTube|url=http://www.soompi.com/2012/01/02/kpop-videos-set-new-record-on-youtube/#.Unf5pFNVO28|publisher=[[Soompi]]|accessdate=November 4, 2013}}</ref>
|-
|2011
|$180 million<ref name="cnbcexports">{{cite web|title=Move Over Bieber — Korean Pop Music Goes Global|url=https://www.cnbc.com/id/48157880|publisher=[[CNBC]]|date=July 16, 2012}}</ref>
| 2.2 billion<ref name="mashableyoutube"/>
|-
|2012
|$235 million<ref>{{cite web|title=More K-pop stars looking overseas|url=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/culture/2013/07/386_138851.html|work=[[The Korea Times]]|accessdate=November 4, 2013}}</ref>
| 7.0 billion<ref name="mashableyoutube">{{cite web|last=Anita Li|title=K-Pop YouTube Views Triple in Past Year Thanks to 'Gangnam Style'|url=http://mashable.com/2013/07/16/k-pop-youtube-gangnam-style/|publisher=[[Mashable]]|accessdate=November 4, 2013}}</ref>
|-
!colspan="3" style="background: #ffdead;" |Exports by country (US$)
|-
!Year
!Japan
!China
|-
|2008
|$11.2 million<ref>{{cite web|title=K-pop's second wave|url=http://news.asiaone.com/News/Latest+News/Asia/Story/A1Story20110822-295555.html|publisher=[[AsiaOne]]|date=August 22, 2011|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140927001844/http://news.asiaone.com/News/Latest+News/Asia/Story/A1Story20110822-295555.html|archivedate=September 27, 2014|df=mdy-all}}</ref>
|$1.80 million<ref name=scmpchina>{{cite web|title=Psy agency eyes China presence|url=http://www.scmp.com/business/china-business/article/1236393/psy-agency-eyes-china-presence|work=[[South China Morning Post]]|accessdate=November 4, 2013}}</ref>
|-
|2009
|$21.6 million<ref name="koreatimesrevenue"/>
|$2.36 million<ref name="koreatimesrevenue">{{cite web|title=K-pop opens new chapter in Asian music market|url=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/culture/2013/09/201_91128.html|work=[[The Korea Times]]|date=July 18, 2011}}</ref>
|-
|2010
|
|$3.60 million<ref name=scmpchina/>
|-
|2012
|$204 million<ref>{{cite web|title=K-pop groups strong in Japan's music charts|url=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/culture/2013/10/386_140990.html|work=[[The Korea Times]]|accessdate=November 4, 2013}}</ref>
|
|}
[[File:Girls' Generation (SNSD) intro at SMTown Live NY.jpg|thumb|left|[[Girls' Generation|Girls' Generation SNSD]] at [[SM Town Live '10 World Tour|SM Town Live]] [[Koreatown, Manhattan|NY]] in 2011]] 
By the beginning of the 21st century,  the K-pop market had slumped and early K-pop idol groups that had seen success in the 90's were on the decline. [[H.O.T. (band)|H.O.T.]] disbanded in 2001, while other groups like [[Sechs Kies]], [[S.E.S. (band)|S.E.S.]], [[Fin.K.L]], [[Shinhwa]], and [[G.o.d (South Korean band)|g.o.d]] became inactive by 2005. Solo singers like [[BoA]] and [[Rain (entertainer)|Rain]] grew in success. However, the success of boy band [[TVXQ]] after its debut in 2003 marked the resurgence of idol groups to Korean entertainment and the growth of K-pop as part of ''Hallyu''. The birth of second-generation K-pop was followed with the successful debuts of [[SS501]] (2005), [[Super Junior]] (2005), [[BIGBANG|Big Bang]] (2006), [[Wonder Girls]] (2007), [[Girls' Generation]] (2007), [[Kara (South Korean band)|Kara]] (2007), [[SHINee]] (2008), [[2NE1]] (2009), [[4Minute]] (2009), [[T-ara]] (2009), and [[After School (band)|After School]] (2009).

During the beginning of the 21st century, K-pop idols began receiving success elsewhere in Asia: in 2002, [[Baby V.O.X.]]'s single "Coincidence" became popular in many Asian countries after it was released and promoted during the [[2002 FIFA World Cup|World Cup]] in South Korea. [[BoA]] became the first K-pop singer to reach No. 1 on the Japanese [[Oricon]] [[Record chart|music chart]]<ref name="MTVK2">{{cite web|url=http://www.mtvk.com/news/story.jhtml?id=1535149 |title=The first video on MTV K: BoA "My Name" |date=June 26, 2006 |publisher=[[MTV K]] |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060705043754/http://www.mtvk.com/news/story.jhtml?id=1535149 |archivedate=July 5, 2006 |accessdate=September 29, 2008 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref> and shortly afterwards, [[Rain (entertainer)|Rain]] had a sold-out concert to an audience of 40,000 fans in Beijing.<ref name="newforce67-713">''K-Pop: A New Force in Pop Music'', pp. 67–71</ref> In 2003, Baby V.O.X. topped the Chinese music charts with their Chinese single "I'm Still Loving You" from their third album ''Devotion'', the first idol group to do so, creating a huge fanbase in China. They also charted in various music charts in Thailand. [[TVXQ]] marked the rise of K-pop boy bands in Japan. In 2008, their single "Purple Line" made [[TVXQ]] the first foreign boy band and second Korean artist after [[BoA]] to top the [[Oricon]] music chart.

Since the mid-2000s, a huge portion of the [[Music industry of East Asia|East Asian music market]] has been dominated by K-pop.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.inaglobal.fr/en/music/article/k-pop-story-well-oiled-industry-standardized-catchy-tunes|title=K-pop : the story of the well-oiled industry of standardized catchy tunes|publisher=INA Global|accessdate=May 2, 2013}}</ref> In 2008, South Korea's cultural exports (including television dramas and computer games) rose to US$2 billion, maintaining an annual growth rate of over 10%.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/13191346|title=South Korea's K-pop craze lures fans and makes profits|date=April 26, 2011|publisher=BBC|quote=According to South Korea's Trade and Investment Agency, income from cultural exports like pop music and TV shows has been rising by about 10% a year. In 2008, it was worth almost $2bn.|accessdate=May 2, 2013}}</ref> That year, Japan accounted for almost 68% of all K-pop export revenues, ahead of China (11.2%) and the United States (2.1%).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.inaglobal.fr/en/music/article/k-pop-story-well-oiled-industry-standardized-catchy-tunes|title=K-pop : the story of the well-oiled industry of standardized catchy tunes|publisher=INA Global|quote=It accounts for most of K-pop albums’ overseas sales. As of 2008, Japan accounted for 68 percent of Korea’s total music industry exports in 2008, while the Chinese and U.S. markets accounted for only 11.2 percent and 2.1 percent, respectively.|accessdate=May 2, 2013}}</ref> The sale of concert tickets proved to be a lucrative business; [[TVXQ]]'s [[Tohoshinki Live Tour 2013 Time|Tohoshinki Live Tour]] in Japan sold over 850,000 tickets at an average cost of US$109 each, generating a total of US$92.6 million in revenues.<ref name="allkpopconcert2">{{cite web|url=http://www.allkpop.com/2013/05/tvxq-rakes-in-over-92-million-in-overseas-concert-revenues|title=TVXQ rakes in over $92 million in overseas concert revenues|publisher=[[Allkpop]]|accessdate=May 3, 2013}}</ref>

Elsewhere in the world, the genre has rapidly grown in success, especially after [[Psy]]'s "[[Gangnam Style]]" [[Gangnam Style (music video)|music video]] was the first YouTube video to reach one billion views, achieving widespread coverage in mainstream media.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-20812870|title=Gangnam Style hits one billion views on YouTube|website=BBC News|access-date=April 12, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-34744836|title=Gangnam Style statue built in South Korea's Seoul|website=BBC News|access-date=April 12, 2016}}</ref> As of November 2016, the video has 2.7 billion views.<ref>{{Citation|last=officialpsy|title=PSY - GANGNAM STYLE(강남스타일) M/V|date=July 15, 2012|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?hl=en-GB&gl=GB&v=9bZkp7q19f0|accessdate=November 3, 2016}}</ref> Although several attempts have been made by entertainment companies (with idols such as [[BoA]], [[Wonder Girls]], and [[CL (singer)|CL]] releasing English-language singles) at breaking into the English-language market, these have not all achieved overall success.<ref name="nytimeschoe2">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/05/business/global/using-social-media-to-bring-korean-pop-music-to-the-west.html?pagewanted=all|title=Bringing K-Pop to the West|date=March 4, 2012|work=The New York Times|author1=CHOE SANG-HUN |author2=MARK RUSSELL |accessdate=September 12, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://kultscene.com/k-pop-idols-and-the-formidable-american-debut/|title=K-Pop Idols And The Formidable American Debut - KultScene|website=KultScene|language=en-US|access-date=April 12, 2016}}</ref>

As part of the [[Korean Wave]], K-pop has been embraced by the South Korean government as a tool for projecting South Korea's [[soft power]] abroad, particularly towards overseas youth.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/linda-constant/kpop-soft-power-for-the-g_b_1088238.html|title=K-Pop Soft Power for the SK Government|last=Constant|first=Linda|date=September 23, 2012|work=Huffington Post}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/fast_track/9633298.stm|title=South Korea pushes its pop culture abroad|date=November 8, 2011|publisher=BBC|accessdate=September 7, 2012}}</ref> In August 2014, the prominent British news magazine ''[[The Economist]]'' dubbed Korean pop culture "Asia’s foremost trendsetter".<ref>[https://www.economist.com/news/books-and-arts/21611039-how-really-uncool-country-became-tastemaker-asia-soap-sparkle-and-pop South Korea’s soft power: Soap, sparkle and pop] [[The Economist]] (August 9, 2014). Retrieved on August 12, 2014.</ref>

In May 2017, K-pop received international coverage following boy group [[BTS (band)|BTS]]'s win for Top Social Artist at the [[2017 Billboard Music Awards]], making them the first K-pop group to win a BBMA.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2017/05/22/entertainment/k-pop-bts-billboard-music-awards/index.html|title=K-pop band BTS beats US stars to win Billboard Music Award|last=CNN|first=Marian Liu,|work=CNN|access-date=2017-09-13}}</ref>
In November 2017, BTS made their U.S television debut on the American Music Awards performing DNA, which peaked at number 67 on the Billboard Hot 100, becoming the first K-pop group to perform on the award show.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.thefader.com/2017/11/19/bts-american-music-awards-performance |title=Watch BTS make their official U.S. television debut at the American Music Awards |last=Gore |first=Sydney |website=The FADER |language=en |access-date=2018-03-10}}</ref> In May 2018, BTS became the first K-pop group to reach number 1 on the Billboard 200 with ''[[Love Yourself: Tear]].''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/on-the-charts-bts-become-first-k-pop-act-to-reach-number-one-w520821|title=On the Charts: BTS Become First K-Pop Act to Reach Number One|last=|first=|date=27 May 2018|website=Rolling Stone|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> They have also made two appearances on ''[[The Ellen DeGeneres Show]],'' highlighting their success and popularity, as well as the growing popularity of K-pop, in the U.S.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/k-town/8428203/bts-ellen-fake-love|title=BTS Set to Perform New Song Called 'Fake Love' on 'Ellen'|last=|first=|date=|website=Billboard|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

In January 2018, boy group [[Exo (band)|EXO]] was invited to [[Dubai]], [[United Arab Emirates]] for the Dubai Fountain Show. Their single, "[[Power (Exo song)|Power]]", was chosen as the first K-pop song to be played at the fountain for the choreographed fountain show in Dubai.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.khaleejtimes.com/exo-conquer-iconic-dubai-fountain|title=EXO conquer iconic Dubai Fountain|first=Farhana|last=Chowdhury|website=www.khaleejtimes.com}}</ref> This prompted the group's agency, SM Entertainment, to hold the very first [[SM Town]] concert in the country in April.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.soompi.com/2018/02/14/sm-entertainment-hold-smtown-live-concert-dubai-april/|title=SM Entertainment To Hold "SMTOWN LIVE" Concert In Dubai This April - Soompi|website=www.soompi.com}}</ref>

==Ngành công nghiệp==

===Cơ quan đại diện===
K-pop has spawned an entire industry encompassing music production houses, event management companies, music distributors, and other merchandise and service providers. The three biggest companies in terms of sales and revenue are [[S.M. Entertainment]], [[YG Entertainment]] and [[JYP Entertainment]], often referred to as the 'Big Three'.<ref name="big32">{{cite web|url=http://english.donga.com/srv/service.php3?biid=2011072657978|title=The big 3 of Korean pop music and entertainment|date=July 26, 2011|publisher=The Dong-A Ilbo|accessdate=February 5, 2012}}</ref> These [[record label]]s also function as representative [[Talent agent|agencies]] for their artists. They are responsible for recruiting, financing, training, and marketing new artists as well as managing their musical activities and public relations. Currently, the agency with the greatest market share is S.M. Entertainment.<ref name="big32" /> In 2011, together with Star J Entertainment, AM Entertainment, and Key East, the Big Three companies founded the joint management company United Asia Management.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allkpop.com/2011/09/united-asia-management-to-hold-a-talent-meeting-at-the-16th-busan-international-film-festival|title=United Asia Management to hold a 'talent meeting' at the 16th 'Busan International Film Festival'|date=September 8, 2011|publisher=Allkpop|accessdate=March 1, 2012}}</ref><ref name="UAM2">{{cite web|url=http://www.hancinema.net/global-star-agency-united-asia-management-29846.html|title=Global Star Agency, United Asia Management|date=May 6, 2011|publisher=Hancinema|accessdate=March 1, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://uam.asia/|title=UAM -United Asia Management|website=uam.asia|access-date=April 12, 2016|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313204038/http://uam.asia/|archivedate=March 13, 2016|df=mdy-all}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ Total revenues of K-pop [[independent record labels|record labels]] (in USD million)
|-
! Year of<br/>establishment
! Record label
! 2008
! 2010
! 2011
! 2012
! 2013
! 2014
! 2015
! 2016
! Source
|-
| 1995
| [[S.M. Entertainment]]
| 42.5
| 87.1
| 129
| 241
| 268
| 286.9
| 280
| 313
| <ref name="smbillion">{{cite web|title=S.M. Entertainment (041510:KOSDAQ): Financial Statements|url=http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/financials/financials.asp?ticker=041510:KS|publisher=[[Bloomberg Businessweek]]|accessdate=March 29, 2013|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100302142038/http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/financials/financials.asp?ticker=041510:KS|archivedate=March 2, 2010|df=mdy-all}}</ref>
|-
| 1996
| [[YG Entertainment]]
|
| 51.8
| 70.3
| 96.9
| 116.6
| 156.3
| 170
| 286.4
| <ref>{{cite web|title=YG Entertainment (122870:KOSDAQ): Financial Statements|url=http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/financials/financials.asp?ticker=122870:KS|publisher=[[Bloomberg Businessweek]]|accessdate=March 29, 2013|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723213322/http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/financials/financials.asp?ticker=122870:KS|archivedate=July 23, 2013|df=mdy-all}}</ref>
|-
| 1997
| [[JYP Entertainment]]
| 3.1
| 9.1
| 17.8
| 13.5
| 21.4
| 48.5
| 50.56
| 69.5
|<ref>{{cite web|title=JYP Entertainment Corp (035900:KOSDAQ): Financial Statements|url=http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/financials/financials.asp?ticker=035900:KS|publisher=[[Bloomberg Businessweek]]|accessdate=March 29, 2013|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723213343/http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/financials/financials.asp?ticker=035900:KS|archivedate=July 23, 2013|df=mdy-all}}</ref>
|-
|}

===Sales and market value===
In 2009, [[DFSB Kollective]] became the first distributor of K-pop on [[ITunes Store|iTunes]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2013227,00.html|title=Korean Pop, with Online Help, Goes Global|date=August 26, 2010|work=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|quote=DFSB Kollective was the first company to begin direct distribution of Korean music acts on iTunes, in 2009. It began with more than 50 Korean artists in the alternative, hip-hop and electronica genres; now there are hundreds of Korean artists available in the online music store.|accessdate=April 3, 2013}}</ref>

In 2011, 1,100 albums were released in South Korea. The hip-hop genre had the most representation, at two-thirds of the total albums.<ref name="케이팝에 왜 열광하지?…케이팝의 두 얼굴2">{{cite news|url=http://www.pressian.com/article/article.asp?article_num=30120109101331|last=이|first=동연|date=January 11, 2012|newspaper=PRESSian|language=ko|script-title=ko:"케이팝에 왜 열광하지?"…케이팝의 두 얼굴|accessdate=March 11, 2012}}</ref> One-third of the albums were from a variety of other genres, including rock, modern folk, and crossover.<ref name="케이팝에 왜 열광하지?…케이팝의 두 얼굴2" />

In 2012, the average cost of obtaining a K-pop song in South Korea amounted to US$0.10 for a single download, or $0.002 when streamed online.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://bigstory.ap.org/article/cashing-gangnam-styles-youtube-fame |title=PSY's riches from 'Gangnam Style' not made at home |agency=Associated Press |quote=South Koreans pay less than $10 a month for a subscription to a music service that allows them to download hundreds of songs or have unlimited access to a music streaming service. That makes the cost of a downloaded song about 10 cents on average. The average price for streaming a song is 0.2 cent. |accessdate=December 30, 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130113112915/http://bigstory.ap.org/article/cashing-gangnam-styles-youtube-fame |archivedate=January 13, 2013 |df= }}</ref>

In the first half of 2012, according to ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'', the Korean music industry grossed nearly US$3.4 billion- a 27.8% increase on the previous year- and was recognized by ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine as "South Korea's Greatest Export".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://world.time.com/2012/03/07/south-koreas-greatest-export-how-k-pops-rocking-the-world/|title=South Korea’s Greatest Export: How K-Pop’s Rocking the World|date=March 7, 2012|work=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|accessdate=April 28, 2013}}</ref><ref name="billboardrevenue3">{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/k-town/474456/psys-gangnam-style-the-billboard-cover-story?page=0%2C1|title=PSY's 'Gangnam Style': The Billboard Cover Story|last=Kwak|first=Donnie|quote=The Korean music industry grossed nearly $3.4 billion in the first half of 2012, according to Billboard estimates, a 27.8% increase from the same period last year.|work=Billboard|accessdate=November 2, 2012}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" ; style="float: right; margin:10px"
!colspan="3"|K-pop (in Korea) global music market rank
|-
! Year !! Physical* !! Digital
|-
| 2005 || align=center|27<ref name="RIAJ Yearbook 2007">{{cite web |url=http://www.riaj.or.jp/e/issue/pdf/RIAJ2007E.pdf|title=RIAJ: Yearbook 2007, IFPI 2005 Report, p. 24|publisher=[[Recording Industry Association of Japan]]|accessdate=February 25, 2011}}</ref> ||
|-
| 2006 || style="text-align:center;"|27<ref name="RIAJ Yearbook 2008">"RIAJ: Yearbook 2013, pg 24". Recording Industry Association of Japan. Retrieved July 25, 2013.</ref> ||
|-
| 2007 || align=center|32<ref name="RIAJ Yearbook 2009">{{cite web |url=http://www.riaj.or.jp/e/issue/pdf/RIAJ2009E.pdf|title=RIAJ: Yearbook 2009, IFPI 2007 Report, p. 24|publisher=[[Recording Industry Association of Japan]]|accessdate=February 13, 2011}}</ref> || align=center|23<ref name="Digital Music Report 2012">{{cite web|title=Digital Music Report 2012|url=http://www.ifpi.org/content/library/DMR2012.pdf|publisher=IFPI|accessdate=March 11, 2012}}</ref>
|-
| 2008 || align=center|24<ref name="RIAJ Yearbook 2010">{{cite web |url=http://www.riaj.or.jp/e/issue/pdf/RIAJ2010E.pdf|title=RIAJ: Yearbook 2010, IFPI 2008 Report, p. 24|publisher=[[Recording Industry Association of Japan]]|accessdate=November 7, 2010}}</ref> ||
|-
| 2009 || align=center|24<ref name="RIAJ Yearbook 2011">{{cite web |url=http://www.riaj.or.jp/e/issue/pdf/RIAJ2011E.pdf|title=RIAJ: Yearbook 2011, IFPI 2009 Report: 33. Global Sales of Recorded Music by Country in 2009 (Page 23)|publisher=[[Recording Industry Association of Japan]]|accessdate=April 25, 2011}}</ref> || align=center|14<ref name="Digital Music Report 2012"/>
|-
| 2010 || align=center|21<ref name="RIAJ Yearbook 2012">{{cite web |url=http://www.riaj.or.jp/e/issue/pdf/RIAJ2012E.pdf|title=RIAJ: Yearbook 2012, IFPI 2010 Report: 31. Global Sales of Recorded Music by Country in 2010, p. 24|publisher=[[Recording Industry Association of Japan]]|accessdate=April 26, 2012}}</ref> ||
|-
| 2011 || align=center|11<ref name="RIAJ Yearbook 2008"/>|| align=center|11<ref name="Digital Music Report 2012"/>
|-
| 2012 || align=center|11<ref name="RIAJ Yearbook 2008"/>|| align=center|8<ref name="grammy">{{cite web|last=Marchand|first=Ruby|title=Trade Mission Engages Key Korean Music Professionals|url=http://www.grammy.com/blogs/trade-mission-engages-key-korean-music-professionals|publisher=[[Grammy Award]]|accessdate=January 14, 2013|quote=Korea is the eighth-largest digital music market in the world, larger than Sweden, China and India. It's also the first country where digital surpassed physical sales. Currently, physical is making a modest comeback as merchandise, thanks to elaborate packaging.}}</ref>
|-
|colspan="3"|<small><nowiki>*</nowiki> includes albums, singles and DVDs sold</small>
|}

===Hệ thống thực tập sinh===
{{See also|Slave contract|label 1=Slave contracts}}
By convention in modern K-pop, trainees go through a rigorous training system for an undetermined amount of time before debut. This method was popularised by [[Lee Soo-man]], founder of S.M. Entertainment,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gsb.stanford.edu/insights/lee-soo-man-taking-korean-pop-culture-global|title=Lee Soo Man: Taking Korean Pop Culture Global|website=Stanford Graduate School of Business|access-date=April 12, 2016}}</ref> as part of a concept labelled "[[cultural technology]]".<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2012/10/08/factory-girls-2|title=Factory Girls|last=Seabrook|first=John|date=October 8, 2012|newspaper=The New Yorker|issn=0028-792X|access-date=April 12, 2016}}</ref> ''[[The Verge]]'' described this as an "extreme" system of artist management.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/2012/10/18/3516562/k-pop-invades-america-south-korea-pop-music-factory|title=K-Pop takes America: how South Korea's music machine is conquering the world|last=Flatley|first=Joseph|publisher=The Verge|accessdate=October 19, 2012}}</ref> According to the CEO of [[Universal Music Group|Universal Music]]'s Southeast Asian branch, the Korean idol trainee system is unique in the world.<ref name="newforce392">''K-Pop: A New Force in Pop Music'', p. 39</ref>

Because of the training period, which can last for many years, and the significant amount of investment agencies put towards their trainees, the industry is very serious about launching new artists. Trainees may enter an agency through auditions or be scouted, and once recruited are given accommodation and classes (commonly singing, dancing, rapping, and foreign languages such as Mandarin, English and Japanese) while they prepare for debut. Young trainees sometimes attend school at the same time. There is no age limit to become a trainee and no limit to the duration one can spend as a trainee.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://business.financialpost.com/2014/08/02/how-korea-became-the-worlds-coolest-brand/|title=How Korea became the world’s coolest brand|date=August 2, 2014|publisher=Financial Post|accessdate=January 18, 2015|first=Melissa|last=Leong}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://blogs.wsj.com/korearealtime/2012/05/03/journey-to-k-pop-star-i-am|title=Journey to K-Pop Star, 'I Am.' – Korea Real Time|last=Woo|first=Jaeyeon|date=May 3, 2012|work=The Wall Street Journal|accessdate=September 17, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kpopstarz.com/articles/4143/20120207/yg-jyp-sm.htm|title=KPop's Frontiers: How Does the Big 3 Teach Foreign Languages to Their Trainees?|date=February 7, 2012|publisher=Kpopstarz.com|accessdate=March 1, 2012}}</ref>

===Bảng xếp hạng===
{{Main Article|Gaon Chart}}
{{Further|Billboard K-Town}}

Korean record charts include the [[Korea K-Pop Hot 100]] and the [[Gaon Singles Chart]]. Recently, some K-pop records have appeared on the [[Oricon Albums Chart]] of Japan and the [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]] of the United States. In May 2014, [[Exo (band)|EXO]] became the third K-pop act to enter the [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]] that year after [[2NE1]], [[Girls' Generation]] and [[Wonder Girls]] were the first K-Pop act to chart on Billboard 200.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/k-town/6084721/exo-k-overdose-ep-enters-billboard-200|title=EXO-K's 'Overdose' EP Enters Billboard 200|publisher=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|accessdate=June 4, 2014}}</ref>

In October 2016, [[BTS (band)|BTS]]'s album ''[[Wings (BTS album)|Wings]]'' becomes the first Korean album to chart in the [[UK Album Charts]], reaching #62,<ref name=":2">{{cite web|url=http://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/bts-make-history-as-they-become-the-first-korean-band-to-enter-the-official-albums-chart-with-wings__16676/|title=BTS make history as they become the first Korean band to enter the Official Albums Chart with Wings|website=Official Charts|publisher=The Official UK Charts Company |date=18 October 2016 |accessdate=2017-02-03}}</ref> and the highest charting and best selling K-pop album in the [[Billboard 200]].<ref name="Benjamin">{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/k-town/7542131/bts-wings-highest-charting-best-selling-kpop-album-billboard-200|title=BTS' 'Wings' Sets New U.S. Record for Highest-Charting, Best-Selling K-Pop Album|last=Benjamin|first=Jeff|publisher=''[[Billboard (magazine)]]''}}</ref> They also became the first Korean artist to have three entries on the Billboard 200<ref name="Benjamin" /> and first K-pop act to have an entry for more than one week on the Billboard 200.<ref name=":3">{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/k-town/7550142/bts-wings-billboard-200-blood-sweat-tears-canadian-hot-100|title=BTS Extend Chart Dominance: 'Wings' Spends 2nd Week on Billboard 200, 'Blood Sweat & Tears' Debuts on Canadian Hot 100|last=Benjamin|first=Jeff|publisher=''[[Billboard (magazine)]]''}}</ref> In February 2017, BTS landed their fourth album, "You Never Walk Alone," at #61 on the Billboard 200, becoming the first K-pop act to have four entries on the Billboard 200. They also became the first Korean artist to break into the Top 10 of the US iTunes sales chart with the title track "Spring Day" at #9.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news|url=http://headlineplanet.com/home/2017/02/12/bts-spring-day-not-today-reach-top-20-us-itunes-sales-chart-you-never-walk-alone-also-rising/|title=BTS' "Spring Day," "Not Today" Reach Top 20 On US iTunes Sales Chart; "You Never Walk Alone" Also Rising|date=2017-02-12|work=Headline Planet|access-date=2017-03-25|language=en-US}}</ref> In May 2017, [[BTS (band)|BTS]] also became the first Korean artist group to win a Billboard Music Award.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2017/05/22/entertainment/k-pop-bts-billboard-music-awards/index.html|title=K-pop band BTS beats US stars to win Billboard Music Award
|last=CNN|first=Marian Liu,|work=CNN|access-date=2017-09-13}}</ref> In September 2017, [[BTS (band)|BTS]] landed at #14 on the [[UK Album Charts]] with their new album, ''[[Love Yourself (BTS album)|Love Yourself:Her]]'', becoming the first Korean artist to land in the top 40 of the chart.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/foo-fighters-secure-their-fourth-number-1-on-the-official-albums-chart-with-concrete-and-gold__20501/|title=Foo Fighters secure their fourth Number 1 on the Official Albums Chart with Concrete and Gold|last=Copsey|first=Rob}}</ref> Moreover, on the 27th of May 2018, the band reached #1 on the Billboard 200 with their album "LOVE YOURSELF: Tear". With 135,000 copies sold, BTS made history as the first Korean band to top the Billboard charts.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/8458036/bts-earns-first-no-1-album-billboard-200-chart-love-yourself-tear|title=BTS Earns First No. 1 Album on Billboard 200 Chart With 'Love Yourself: Tear'|publisher=}}</ref>

=== Truyền hình ===
The Korean music industry has spawned numerous related reality TV shows, including [[talent show]]s such as ''[[Superstar K]]'' and ''[[K-pop Star]]'', specialist rap competition ''[[Show Me the Money (South Korean TV series)|Show Me The Money]]'' and its female counterpart ''[[Unpretty Rapstar]],'' and many 'survival' shows, which commonly pit trainees against each other in order to form a new idol group. Examples of survival shows include [[Jellyfish Entertainment]]'s ''[[MyDOL]]'', which formed the boy group [[VIXX]];<ref>{{cite web|title=Sung Si Kyung to feature debut process of idol stars through 'Mydol'|url=http://www.allkpop.com/article/2012/03/sung-si-kyung-to-feature-debut-process-of-idol-stars-through-mydol#axzz2r72X3ocq|accessdate=March 28, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://mwave.interest.me/enewsworld/en/article/5428/my-dols-ten-potential-members-revealed-ahead-of-show-premiere|title=Jellyfish Male Trainees Revealed Ahead of ′My Dol′ Premiere|publisher=CJ E&M enewsWorld|accessdate=March 19, 2016}}</ref> [[YG Entertainment]]'s ''WIN: Who Is Next'', which formed the boy group [[Winner (band)|WINNER]]; ''MIX&MATCH'', which formed [[IKON (South Korean band)|iKON]]; [[JYP Entertainment]]'s ''[[Sixteen (TV series)|SIXTEEN]]'', which formed girl group [[Twice (band)|Twice]]; [[Starship Entertainment]]'s ''No.Mercy'', which formed boy group [[Monsta X]]; [[Cube Entertainment]]'s ''Pentagon Maker'', which formed boy group [[Pentagon (South Korean band)|PENTAGON]]; [[Mnet (TV channel)|Mnet]]'s ''[[Produce 101]]'', which formed girl group [[I.O.I]] and boy group [[Wanna One]],;<ref>{{cite web|last1=Sung|first1=So-young|title=TV competition aims to form a K-pop supergroup|url=http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=3014227|work=[[JoongAng Ilbo#Korea JoongAng Daily|Korea JoongAng Daily]]|accessdate=January 25, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Kim|first1=Ji-young|title=Produce 101’ girl group to be named ‘IOI’|url=http://kpopherald.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=201604011905149913238_2|website=Kpop Herald|accessdate=April 2, 2016}}</ref><ref name=Ref1>{{cite web|last1=Ko|first1=Dong-hwan|title=101 girls down to 'I.O.I'|url=http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/culture/2016/04/201_201874.html|website=Korea Times|publisher=The Korea Times|accessdate=April 7, 2016}}</ref> [[Duble Kick Entertainment]]'s ''Finding Momo Land'', which formed the girl group [[Momoland]]; and most recently, [[Mnet (TV channel)|Mnet]]'s ''[[Idol School (2017 TV series)|Idol School]]'' , which formed the girl group [[Fromis 9]].

==Văn hóa==
K-pop artists are frequently referred to as [[South Korean idol|idols]] or idol groups.<ref name="idol2">{{cite web|url=http://koreajoongangdaily.joinsmsn.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=2916729|title=A Korean Idol's Life: Sweat and Sleepless Nights|date=February 18, 2010|publisher=Korean JoongAng Daily|accessdate=February 2, 2012|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://archive.is/20130111060515/http://koreajoongangdaily.joinsmsn.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=2916729|archivedate=January 11, 2013|df=mdy-all}}</ref> Groups usually have a leader, who is often the eldest or most experienced member and speaks for the group. The youngest group member is called the ''maknae'' ([[:wiktionary:막내|막내]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mtvk.com/2011/01/10/k-pop-dictionary-maknae-%EB%A7%89%EB%82%B4/ |title=K-pop dictionary: maknae |publisher=MTV Korea |accessdate=January 30, 2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110818191437/http://mtvk.com/2011/01/10/k-pop-dictionary-maknae-%EB%A7%89%EB%82%B4/ |archivedate=August 18, 2011 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref> The popular use of this term in Japan was influenced by boy group [[SS501]] when they expanded their activities in the country in 2007. Its Japanese translation "マンネ" was often used to name the group's youngest member [[Kim Hyung-jun]] in order to differentiate him from their leader with a similar name and spelling, [[Kim Hyun-joong]].<ref>[http://hwaiting.jp/?p=13461 "ソロでの活躍がめざましい各グループのマンネたち"]''Hwaiting! Hallyu News & Magazine''. Retrieved.2013-02-23</ref>

K-pop groups often are very delineated, with each member having a specific role or roles within the group. Roles are divided mainly into singing, dancing, and rapping, with "main", "lead", or "sub" added before the main role to differentiate between the skill level or position of the members in the group. Groups also have "visuals", who are the most traditionally beautiful or handsome member of the group. The "face" of the group refers to the most well-known or popular member of the group, and sometimes changes between releases as popularity fluctuates.<ref>{{cite web|title=K-Pop Positions Explained|url=http://kprofiles.com/kpop-positions-explained/|website=Kprofiles|accessdate=29 May 2018}}</ref>

===Industry-specific expressions===
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!Korean!!Romanized!!Meaning
|-
|대상||''daesang''||rowspan="2"|At music awards artists may receive a ''bonsang'' for outstanding music achievements. One of the ''bonsang'' winners is then awarded with a ''daesang'', the "Grand Prize".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allkpop.com/2012/01/winners-from-the-21st-seoul-music-awards|title=Winners from the 21st Seoul Music Awards|date=January 19, 2012|publisher=Allkpop|accessdate=January 1, 2013}}</ref>
|-
|본상||''bonsang''
|-
| colspan="2" |{{vanchor|All-Kill}} (AK)
|Referring to chart positions. An Instiz certified all-kill ("AK") occurs when an individual song sweeps all of South Korea's major music charts simultaneously, placing first on both the real-time and daily charts.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allkpop.com/2012/02/big-bang-first-to-achieve-perfect-all-kill-in-2012|title=Big Bang first to achieve 'Perfect All Kill' in 2012|date=February 26, 2012|publisher=Allkpop|accessdate=February 26, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allkpop.com/article/2013/10/iu-achieves-a-certified-all-kill-with-the-red-shoes|title=IU achieves a certified all-kill with 'The Red Shoes'|date=October 9, 2013|publisher=Allkpop.com|quote=An Instiz certified all-kill ("AK") occurs when an individual song sweeps all of South Korea's major music charts simultaneously, placing first on both the real-time and daily charts.}}</ref>
|-
| colspan="2" |{{vanchor|Perfect All-Kill}} (PAK)
|An Instiz Perfect all-kill happens when an individual song has an all-kill and at the same time it places first on Instiz Weekly Chart. 
|-
| colspan="2" |Mini album
|Roughly equivalent to an EP, contains multiple tracks but shorter than a full-length album.<ref name="soompi-glossary8">{{cite web|url=http://www.soompi.com/news/kpop-culture-glossary/page/4|title=K-Pop Culture Glossary|year=2012|publisher=Soompi|accessdate=January 31, 2012}}</ref>
|-
| colspan="2" |Title track
|Equivalent to a 'lead single', title track is the main track of an album released with a music video and promoted through live performances on televised music shows.<ref name="soompi-glossary8"/>
|-
| colspan="2" |Promotion
|Takes place when a title track is released. Artists perform in televised music shows and interviews. Promotion on TV shows usually lasts one month, with a 'debut stage' for newcomers, a 'comeback stage' for regulars and a 'goodbye stage' at the end of the cycle.<ref name="soompi-glossary8"/>
|-
| colspan="2" | Comeback
|Refers to the release of an artist's new music and the accompanying TV performances.<ref name=allkpopterms>{{cite web|title=English terms all K-Pop fans should know|url=https://www.allkpop.com/article/2014/03/english-terms-all-k-pop-fans-should-know|website=allkpop|accessdate=29 May 2018}}</ref>
|}

===Appeal and fan base===
[[File:Big Bang 2012 3.jpg|thumb|right|[[Big Bang (South Korean band)|Big Bang]] fans (VIPs) hold crown shaped light sticks during a concert: this is the symbol of the fan club]]
Not all K-pop fans are young females, although most are;<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20110613000731|title=K-pop drives hallyu craze: survey|last=Herald|first=The Korea|date=2011-06-13|access-date=2017-09-18|language=en}}</ref> in 2012 ''[[New York (magazine)|New York]]'' magazine interviewed male adult [[Girls' Generation]] fans, who admitted to liking the group for its members' looks and personalities, citing the members' humility and friendliness towards the fans.<ref name="nymagazine201210102">{{cite web|url=http://nymag.com/thecut/2012/10/grown-men-moved-by-south-korean-girl-groups.html|title=Grown Men Creepily Moved by South Korean Girl Groups|date=October 1, 2012|work=[[New York (magazine)|New York]]|accessdate=October 2, 2012}}</ref>

Many fans travel overseas to see their idols on tour, and tourists commonly visit Korea from Japan and China to see K-pop concerts.<ref name="world.time.com2">{{cite news|url=http://world.time.com/2012/03/07/south-koreas-greatest-export-how-k-pops-rocking-the-world/|title=K-Pop: How South Korea's Great Export Is Rocking the World|last=Mahr|first=Krista|date=March 7, 2012|work=Time|accessdate=September 17, 2012}}</ref> A K-pop tour group from Japan had more than 7,000 fans fly to Seoul to meet boy band [[JYJ]] in 2012,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://blogs.wsj.com/korearealtime/2012/06/15/latest-k-pop-invasion-the-fans/|title=Latest K-Pop Invasion: The Fans|date=June 15, 2012|work=The Wall Street Journal|accessdate=December 19, 2012}}</ref> and during JYJ's concert in Barcelona in 2011, fans from many parts of the world camped overnight to gain entrance.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2011/10/31/2011103100599.html|title=JYJ First K-Pop Band to Perform Solo in Europe|date=October 13, 2011|work=The Chosun Ilbo|accessdate=December 19, 2012}}</ref> A 2011 survey conducted by the [[Korean Culture and Information Service]] reported that there were over 3 million active members of ''Hallyu'' fan clubs.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2011/dec/15/cowell-pop-k-pop|title=Bored by Cowell pop? Try K-pop|last=Mukasa|first=Edwina|date=December 15, 2011|work=[[The Guardian]]|location=London|quote=The result, according to a survey conducted by the Korean Culture and Information Service, is that there are an estimated 460,000 Korean-wave fans across Europe, concentrated in Britain and France, with 182 ''Hallyu'' fan clubs worldwide boasting a total of 3.3m members.|accessdate=January 25, 2013}}</ref>

An article by ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'' indicated that K-pop’s future staying power will be shaped by fans, whose online activities have evolved into "micro-businesses".<ref name="Ramstad2">{{cite news|url=https://blogs.wsj.com/korearealtime/2012/08/14/behind-k-pops-pop-the-work-of-fans/|title=Behind K-pop's Pop: The Work of Fans|last=Ramstad|first=Evan|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|quote=Others handle things like publishing lyrics, translations of lyrics or spreading news about K-pop groups and stars.  To get a feel for this micro-business, we asked the operators of a K-pop lyrics translation site called pop!gasa.com to provide a glimpse of their role in the Korean Wave. Our takeaway: it’s as competitive as any business.|accessdate=January 26, 2013}}</ref> K-pop groups commonly have dedicated fanclubs with a collective name and sometimes an assigned colour,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://seoulbeats.com/2014/05/k-pop-fanclub-fan-names/|title=What’s Your Name?: A Compendium of K-pop Fandoms|website=seoulbeats|language=en-US|access-date=April 12, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://kpoplists.com/post/3637287228|title=Official Fan Clubs and Fan Colors|website=Kpop Lists|access-date=April 12, 2016}}</ref> to which they will release merchandise. For example, [[TVXQ]] fans are known as 'Cassiopeia', and their official colour is 'pearl red'. Some of the more popular groups have personalised light sticks for use at concerts; for example, [[Big Bang (South Korean band)|Big Bang]] fans hold yellow crown-shaped light sticks.<ref name="color wars2">{{cite web|url=http://www.hani.co.kr/arti/culture/entertainment/482535.html|date=June 13, 2011|publisher=Hani.co.kr|language=ko|script-title=ko:아이돌 팬 '응원 풍선 색깔찾기 전쟁'|accessdate=June 25, 2012}}</ref> 
[[Image:Fan rice for EXO.jpg|thumb|220px|[[Fan rice]] for the Korean boyband [[Exo (band)|Exo]]]]
Fan clubs sometimes participate in charity events to support their idols, purchasing bags of '[[fan rice]]' in order to show support. The rice bags are donated to those in need.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=http://www.allkpop.com/2011/08/rice-wreaths-indicate-that-k-pop-fandoms-are-becoming-more-mature|title='Rice wreaths' indicate that K-Pop fandoms are becoming more mature|date=August 16, 2011|publisher=[[Allkpop]]|accessdate=January 30, 2012}}</ref> According to ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'', for one of Big Bang's shows, 12.7 tons of rice were donated from 50 fan clubs around the world. There are businesses in Korea dedicated to shipping rice from farmers to the venues.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://world.time.com/2012/03/07/south-koreas-greatest-export-how-k-pops-rocking-the-world/|title=South Korea's Greatest Export: How K-pop's Rocking the World|last=Mahr|first=Krista|date=March 7, 2012|newspaper=Time|accessdate=September 13, 2012}}</ref> Another way that fan clubs show their devotion is sending lunch to idols during their schedules, and there are catering companies in South Korea specifically for this purpose.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://blogs.wsj.com/korearealtime/2012/02/24/video-treating-your-idol-to-lunch-is-the-true-test-of-fandom/|title=Video: Treating Your Idol to Lunch Is the True Test of Fandom|date=February 24, 2012|work=The Wall Street Journal|accessdate=December 19, 2012}}</ref>

A unique feature of K-pop fandom is the "fan chant". When an idol group releases a new song, chants, usually consisting of group members' names, are performed by live concert audiences during non-singing parts of songs.<ref name="soompi-glossary8"/>

====Obsession====
{{Main|Sasaeng fan}}
Some idols and idol groups have faced problems from obsessive fans that indulge in stalking or invasive behaviour. These fans are known as [[Sasaeng fan|''sasaeng'']] fans, from the Korean word for 'private life', which alludes to their penchant for invading the privacy of idols and members of idol groups. There have been accounts of extreme behaviours from fans trying to gain idols' attention as well as taxi services that cater to those wishing to follow idols.<ref name="sg.entertainment.yahoo.com3">{{cite web|url=http://sg.entertainment.yahoo.com/blogs/singapore-showbiz/sasaeng-groupies-gone-wild-part-1-k-fans-141105992.html|title='Sasaeng Stalkers' (Part 1): K-pop fans turn to blood, poison for attention|date=August 2, 2012|publisher=Yahoo! Singapore|accessdate=December 19, 2012}}</ref> Korean public officials recognize this as a unique but serious concern.<ref name="koreajoongangdaily.joinsmsn.com2">{{cite web|url=http://koreajoongangdaily.joinsmsn.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=2951370|title=When an autograph isn't enough|date=April 13, 2012|publisher=Korea JoongAnd Daily|accessdate=December 19, 2012|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://archive.is/20130103133028/http://koreajoongangdaily.joinsmsn.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=2951370|archivedate=January 3, 2013|df=mdy-all}}</ref>

Some idols have reacted angrily towards ''sasaeng'' fans, for which they received backlash; including members of JYJ, [[Super Junior]] member [[Kim Heechul|Kim Hee-chul]], and [[Jang Keun-suk]].<ref name="sg.entertainment.yahoo.com3" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/entertainment/view/1187970/1/.html|title=JYJ apologises over rough treatment of obsessive "sasaeng" fans|date=March 9, 2012|publisher=Channel NewsAsia|accessdate=December 19, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allkpop.com/2012/03/jyjs-sasaeng-fan-at-the-center-of-the-recorded-audio-clip-speaks-up|title=JYJ's Sasaeng fan at the center of the recorded audio clip speaks up|date=March 10, 2012|publisher=Allkpop|accessdate=March 15, 2012}}</ref>

In response to the issue, a new law introduced in February 2016 in Korea saw the penalty for stalking rise to around US$17,000 as well a possible two-year jail sentence.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2016/01/116_196665.html|title=Stalkers to face harsher punishment|website=koreatimes|access-date=April 21, 2016}}</ref>

===Events===
[[File:Psy 2012.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Psy]], whose [[Gangnam Style (music video)|music video]] for "[[Gangnam Style]]" in December 2012 became the first to reach more than a billion [[YouTube]] views<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/anthonykosner/2012/12/21/out-of-this-world-gangnam-style-hits-one-billion-views-and-now-even-nasas-in-psys-orbit/|work=[[Forbes]]|author=Anthony Wing Kosner|title=Out Of This World! Gangnam Style Hits One Billion Views And Now Even NASA's In PSY's Orbit|date=December 21, 2012|accessdate=December 21, 2012}}</ref>]]

====Lưu diễn quốc tế====
{{Main|List of K-pop concerts held outside Asia}}

====Sự kiện và lễ hội âm nhạc====
{{See also|Category:K-pop festivals}}
* 2003–present: [[Korean Music Festival]] at the [[Hollywood Bowl]] in Los Angeles
* 2011–present: [[K-POP World Festival]] in South Korea
* 2012–present: [[KCON (music festival)|KCON]] in California
* 2015–present: [[KCON (music festival)|KCON]] in New York
* 2015–present: [[KCON (music festival)|KCON]] in Japan
* 2009–present: Philippine K-pop Convention

===Mạng xã hội===
Social media has been instrumental in the global reach of K-Pop, particularly video-sharing site [[YouTube]]. Of the 2.28 billion worldwide K-pop YouTube views in 2011, 240 million came from the United States, more than double the figure from 2010 (94 million).<ref name="soompi.com2">{{cite web|url=http://www.soompi.com/2012/01/02/kpop-videos-set-new-record-on-youtube|title=K-Pop Videos Set New Record on YouTube|date=January 2, 2012|publisher=Soompi|accessdate=September 17, 2012}}</ref>

==Sự phổ biến và ảnh hưởng==

===Châu Á===

==== Nhật Bản ====
Following the lifting of [[World War II|WWII]]-era restrictions imposed on exchanges and trade between Korea and Japan in the late 1990s, the first-generation girl group [[S.E.S. (band)|S.E.S]] became the first Korean artists to debut in Japan in late 1998 and their first album [[Reach Out (S.E.S. album)|Reach Out]] in 1999. [[BoA]]'s debut Japanese album released in 2002, entitled ''[[Listen to My Heart (BoA album)|Listen to My Heart]]'', was the first album by a Korean singer to debut at the top of the Japanese Oricon Charts and become an RIAJ-certified "million-seller" in Japan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.riaj.or.jp/data/others/million_list/2002.html|title=RIAJ 2002 million-seller list by year|publisher=RIAJ}}</ref>

On January 16, 2008, [[TVXQ]] (known as ''Tōhōshinki'' in Japan) also reached the top of the Oricon Charts with their sixteenth Japanese single "[[Purple Line (song)|Purple Line]]". This made them the first Korean male group to have a number-one single in Japan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oricon.co.jp/music/release/d/743460/1/|title=東方神起-リリース-ORICON STYLE ミュージック|publisher=Oricon|language=ja|accessdate=December 19, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newsen.com/news_view.php?news_uid=200237&code=100200|date=January 22, 2008|publisher=Newsen|language=ko|script-title=ko:동방신기 오리콘 위클리 1위 아시아-남성가수 최초|accessdate=December 19, 2012}}</ref> Since then, the Japanese market has seen an influx of Korean pop acts such as [[SS501]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.riaj.or.jp/e/data/gdisc/2008.html|title=THE 22nd JAPAN GOLD DISC AWARD 2008|quote=SS501 released their first Japanese single ''Kokoro'' in 2007, debuting at the 5th spot on the Oricon chart, and moved to 3rd spot the next day. It was also chosen as an ending theme song for an anime entitled Blue Dragon. The next year in 2008, the group received the "Newcomer Award" by Japan Gold Disc Award marking the first time for Korean artists to receive this award.|work=[[Recording Industry Association of Japan]]|accessdate=January 26, 2014}}</ref> [[SHINee]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://enewsworld.mnet.com/enews/contents.asp?idx=6809|title=SHINee Ranks #2 on Oricon Upon Release|date=May 17, 2012|accessdate=December 19, 2012}}</ref> [[Super Junior]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/js/m/2012-08/more/2/|title=CDシングル 月間ランキング-ORICON STYLE ランキング|publisher=Oricon|language=ja|accessdate=December 19, 2012}}</ref> [[Big Bang (South Korean band)|Big Bang]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oricon.co.jp/news/confidence/87735/full/|title=BIGBANG Major Debut in Japan|publisher=Oricon|language=ja|accessdate=December 19, 2012}}</ref> [[Kara (South Korean band)|KARA]] and [[Girls' Generation]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2011/09/how-korean-pop-conquered-japan/244712/|title=How Korean Pop Conquered Japan|work=The Atlantic|accessdate=December 19, 2012}}</ref> In 2011, it was reported that the total sales for K-pop artists' increased 22.3% between 2010–2011 in Japan. Some Korean artists were in the top 10 selling artists of the year in Japan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.chosun.com/news/ntype.htm?id=201202180100120760010659&servicedate=20120217|title=韓가수, 지난해 日서 3490억 벌었다! "소시-카라, 견인차 역할"|last=지은|first=백|date=February 17, 2012|publisher=Sports Joseon|accessdate=March 10, 2012}}</ref>

With tensions still remaining between Korea and Japan, the import of Korean popular culture has been met with different forms of resistance, in the form of the 'Anti-Korean Wave'. One demonstration against the Korean Wave with roughly 500 participants was broadcast on Japan’s Fuji TV to an Internet audience of over 120,000. However, the chairman of the Presidential Council on National Branding cites this resistance as proof of “how successful Korean Wave is.”<ref name="litigation-essentials.lexisnexis.com3">{{cite web|url=https://litigation-essentials.lexisnexis.com/webcd/app?action=DocumentDisplay&crawlid=1&doctype=cite&docid=36+Hastings+Comm.+%26+Ent.+L.J.+59&srctype=smi&srcid=3B15&key=9c8494d7ed2e1dcc59300b164e7c0893|title=A Possibility of the Korean Wave Renaissance Construction Through K-Pop: Sustainable Development of the Korean Wave as a Cultural Industry|publisher=Hastings Communications and Entertainment Law Journal|last1=Kim|first1=Yeojin|accessdate=December 7, 2015}}</ref>

====Trung Quốc====
[[File:K-pop_countries.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:K-pop_countries.svg|thumb|'''China is the biggest country in the world with a large K-pop fan community.''' ''Dark green'': Countries with a large K-pop fan community. ''Light green'': Countries with a small but significant K-pop fan community. ''Red dots'': Immigrant hubs with a small K-pop fan community.]]The 1990s saw the rise of K-pop in China through groups like [[H.O.T. (band)|H.O.T.]] and [[Sechs Kies|SechKies]]—sparking China’s investment in Korea’s entertainment industry. K-pop artists have achieved considerable success in China since then: in 2005, [[Rain (entertainer)|Rain]] held a concert in Beijing with 40,000 people in attendance.<ref name="newforce67-713" /> In 2010, the [[Wonder Girls]] won an award for the highest digital sales for a foreign artist, with 5 million digital downloads, in the 5th annual China Mobile Wireless Music Awards.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://asiapacificarts.usc.edu/w_apa/showarticle.aspx?articleID=14188&AspxAutoDetectCookieSupport=1|title=Wonder Girls to Invade China in 2010|last=Mendoza|first=Jaime|date=December 31, 2009|publisher=Asia Pacific Arts}}</ref> Most recently, China has become the South Korean entertainment industry’s biggest market for exports.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/08/world/asia/china-korea-thaad.html|title=South Korean Missile Defense Deal Appears to Sour China’s Taste for K-Pop|last=Qin|first=Amy|date=2016-08-07|work=The New York Times|access-date=2018-03-16|last2=Sang-Hun|first2=Choe|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Twelve percent of [[S.M. Entertainment|SM Entertainment]]’s sales in 2015 went to China, and this number rose to 14.4 percent by the middle of 2016.<ref name=":05">{{Cite news|url=http://english.hankyung.com/business/2017/01/26/0713371/kpop-industry-relies-more-on-japan-than-china|title=K-Pop Industry Relies More on Japan Than China|date=2017-01-26|access-date=2018-03-16|language=en}}</ref> China has found that K-pop is a profitable investment.<ref name=":13">{{Cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/tamarherman/2018/02/27/korean-entertainment-thrives-on-beneficial-but-tense-relationship-with-chinese-investments/#653459626364|title=Korean Entertainment Thrives On Beneficial But Tense Relationship With Chinese Investments|last=Herman|first=Tamar|work=Forbes|access-date=2018-03-16|language=en}}</ref> According to Director of Communication for the Korea Economic Institute of America Jenna Gibson, sales for a certain shampoo brand rose by 630% after Super Junior endorsed it on a Chinese reality show.<ref name=":13" /> K-pop’s popularity has also led China’s e-commerce company [[Alibaba Group|Alibaba]] to buy roughly $30 million worth of [[S.M. Entertainment|SM Entertainment]]’s shares in 2016 in order to help its expansion into the online music industry.<ref name=":23">{{Cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/johnkang/2016/02/11/why-alibaba-bought-30m-stake-in-k-pop-giant-sm-entertainment-home-to-exo-and-girls-generation/#2e7ee311a556|title=Why Alibaba Bought $30M Stake In K-Pop Giant SM Entertainment, Home To EXO And Girls' Generation|last=Kang|first=John|work=Forbes|access-date=2018-03-16|language=en}}</ref> Legend Capital China has also invested in [[BTS (band)|BTS]]’ label [[Big Hit Entertainment|BigHit Entertainment]].<ref name=":13" /> As of the beginning of 2017, China took up around 8-20 percent of major Korean entertainment companies’ total sales.<ref name=":05" /> Chinese entertainment companies have also claimed stakes in the industry, partially overseeing groups like [[EXID]] and [[T-ara]] or representing groups like [[Uniq (band)|UNIQ]] and [[Cosmic Girls|WJSN]], which include both Chinese and Korean members<ref name=":13" />

Having Chinese members in K-pop groups is one way Korean entertainment companies make K-pop more marketable and appealing in China. Other strategies include giving Korean members Chinese-sounding names, releasing songs or whole albums in Chinese, and making subgroups with members that predominantly speak Mandarin<ref name=":23" />—like [[S.M. Entertainment]]'s [[Exo (band)|EXO-M]] and [[Super Junior-M]], which has had successful results on the Kuang Nan Record and CCR.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.naver.com/main/read.nhn?mode=LSD&mid=sec&sid1=106&oid=003&aid=0003731033|title=슈퍼주니어M, 중국 가요계 완전 싹쓸이|date=March 8, 2011|publisher=Newsis}}</ref>[[File:Zhang Bi Chen at Kpop World Festival (8156750340).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zhang Bi Chen at Kpop World Festival (8156750340).jpg|thumb|Chinese singer Zhang Bi Chen, later a member of K-pop girl group Sunny Days, performs during 2012's K-POP World Festival.]]The K-pop industry’s methods of producing idols have influenced Chinese entertainment companies’ practices.  These Chinese companies aim to reproduce K-pop idols’ success with their own stars so that Chinese entertainers can compete better globally. To achieve this, Chinese entertainment companies have recruited K-pop industry experts, and some of these insiders have actively started moving into the Chinese music industry to capitalize on K-pop’s increasing influence on market demands. Chinese reality show ''[[Idol Producer]]'' further highlights K-pop’s impact on China’s entertainment scene: closely mirroring Korea’s ''[[Produce 101]]''.<ref name=":13" />[[File:Jackson@Got7.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jackson@Got7.jpg|thumb|Chinese singer Jackson Wang from GOT7 at promotional event in Hong Kong]]A number of Chinese K-pop idols, such as [[Super Junior-M]]’s [[Han Geng]] and [[Exo (band)|EXO-M]]’s [[Kris Wu|Kris]], [[Lu Han|Luhan]], and [[Huang Zitao|Tao]], have left their respective K-pop groups in order to pursue solo careers in China. However, lately, Korean entertainment companies have allowed their Chinese K-pop idols more freedom in pursuing solo work in China.<ref name=":13" /> Therefore, [[Got7|GOT7]]’s [[Jackson Wang]], for example, has released several of his own songs in China and, in 2017, reached number one on Chinese music charts.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/china-v-chart/2017-12-16|title=China V Chart|work=Billboard|access-date=2018-04-07}}</ref>

Additionally, the rise of K-pop has led to an increase in the number of Chinese tourists in South Korea—3.8 million more Chinese toured South Korea in 2016 than 2015 according to the [[Union of International Associations]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2017/02/23/asia/south-korea-china-thaad-retaliation/index.html|title=Why South Korean companies, entertainers are getting cold shoulder in China|last=CNN|first=Emiko Jozuka and Sol Han,|work=CNN|access-date=2018-04-07}}</ref> K-pop has also made China’s youth find South Korean culture "cool",<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.vox.com/latest-news/2017/3/3/14795636/china-south-korea-pop-culture-kpop-attacks-thaad|title=The surprising reason why China is blocking South Korean music videos and TV|work=Vox|access-date=2018-04-07}}</ref> and K-pop has helped facilitate greater understanding between Korea and China.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/opinon/2016/11/202_218799.html|title=China's ban on hallyu|date=2016-11-23|work=koreatimes|access-date=2018-04-07|language=en}}</ref>

==== Bắc Triều Tiên ====
Despite North Korea’s traditionally strict [[North Korea#Government and politics|isolationism]], K-pop has managed reach a North Korean audience. While consumption of South Korean entertainment is punishable by death in North Korea,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2017/07/19/asia-pacific/north-korea-conducts-public-executions-theft-watching-south-korea-media-report/#.WvX099MvyV5|title=North Korea conducts public executions for theft, watching South Korea media: report|last=|first=|date=July 19, 2017|website=www.japantimes.co.jp|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> it has still become increasingly more available with the global rise of technology and the implementation of underground smuggling networks over the past decades.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/2017/07/05/534742750/watching-foreign-movies-is-illegal-in-north-korea-but-plenty-do-it-anyway|title=Watching Foreign Movies Is Illegal In North Korea, But Some Do It Anyway|last=Hajek|first=Danny|date=July 5, 2017|website=www.npr.org|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> Utilizing the increasingly sophisticated smuggling networks, several thousands of USB drives and SD cards containing K-pop and K-dramas have been distributed and sold through care packages and the black market.<ref name=":03">{{Cite book|title=North Korea's Hidden Revolution|last=Baek|first=Jieun|publisher=|year=|isbn=|location=|pages=}}</ref> In fact, access to USB drives and SD cards exponentially rose from 26% to 81% in from 2010-2014, with a large majority containing South Korean music and dramas.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kretchun, Lee, Tuohy|first=|date=|title=Compromising Connetivity- Information Dynamics Between the State and Society in a Digitizing North Korea|url=http://www.intermedia.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Compromising-Connectivity-Final-Report_Soft-Copy.pdf|journal=www.intermedia.org|volume=|pages=|via=Intermedia}}</ref> The content on these USB drives and SD cards are then viewed by plugging the device into a [[notel]], a small portable media player.<ref name=":03" /> Although this practice had originally began with banned books and simple radios, there is now an even higher demand for South Korean media following the cultural phenomena of [[hallyu]], or the Korean Wave.

The dissemination of K-pop and Korean media has been crucial in presenting the realities of North Korea to its citizens. By detailing the basic conditions of life in South Korea and introducing foreign ideologies, Korean media has aroused civil unrest amongst both citizens and elites concerning the disparities between living conditions inside and outside North Korea.<ref name=":03" /> The high demand for Korean media continues to rise as now approximately 70% of North Koreans consume foreign media in their homes.<ref name=":03" /> One researcher at the [[Korea Institute for National Unification]] claims to have never met a single defector who had not seen or listened to foreign media before entering South Korea.

Even North Korean leader [[Kim Jong-un|Kim Jong Un]] has shown a liking for K-Pop music. In 2018, Kim stated he was "deeply moved" after attending a two-hour concert in [[Pyongyang]] featuring South Korean performers such as singer [[Cho Yong-pil|Cho Yong Pil]] and the popular girl band [[Red Velvet (band)|Red Velvet]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2018/04/03/kim-jong-un-north-korea-k-pop-music-concert/482843002/|title=Kim Jong Un likes K-pop music, banned in North Korea. That could be a diplomatic breakthrough.|work=USA TODAY|access-date=2018-05-11|language=en}}</ref>

==== Đài Loan ====
Despite sharing a similar past, the Taiwanese did not carry a positive sentiment towards South Korea after 1992, which is when South Korea broke off its diplomatic relationship with Taiwan in order to pursue one with mainland China. This changed in the early 2000s as the cultural dispersion of ''Hallyu'' has contributed to the reconstruction of South Korea's image among the Taiwanese. This change was in part prompted by the South Korean government, who wished to encourage goodwill between the two countries after the break of diplomacy. Now many Taiwanese have remarked that Korean popular music and Korean dramas has helped to foster a renewed interest and healthier relationship with South Korea.<ref>{{cite news|jstor=23615262|title=Constructing a New Image. Hallyu in Taiwan|date=July 2010|author=Sang-Yeon Sung}}</ref>

==== Singapore ====
[[File:2NE1 2012 2.jpg|thumb|right|[[2NE1]] holding a concert in [[Clarke Quay]], [[Singapore]].]]
There is a thriving K-pop fanbase in Singapore, where idol groups, such as 2NE1, [[BTS (band)|BTS]], Girls' Generation and EXO, often hold concert tour dates.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kpopstarz.com/articles/271285/20160410/got7-fly-in-singapore-concert.htm|title=GOT7 To Hold Their  First Solo Concert in Singapore|date=April 10, 2016|website=KpopStarz|access-date=April 13, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hallyusg.net/2015/12/11/upcoming-event-exo-to-hold-two-nights-of-concert-in-singapore-in-january-2016/|title=[UPCOMING EVENT] EXO to hold two nights of concert in Singapore in January 2016|last=14|first=Yanie // December|last2=Reply|first2=2015 at 5:19 PM //|website=HallyuSG|access-date=April 13, 2016}}</ref> The popularity of K-pop alongside [[Korean drama]]s has influenced the aesthetics image of Singaporeans. Korean-style "straight eyebrows" have become quite popular among many Singaporean females and males of Chinese, Malay and Indian descent.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.straitstimes.com/lifestyle/brows-are-big-in-the-beauty-business|title=Brows are big in the beauty business|first=|last=hermes|date=July 28, 2016|publisher=}}</ref> Singaporean beauty salons have seen an increase in the number of customers interested in getting Korean-style "straight eyebrows" and Korean-style haircuts in recent years.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://women.asiaone.com/women/beauty/eyebrows-spotlight-brow-grooming-services-and-products-rise-popularity|title=Eyebrows in spotlight as brow-grooming services and products rise in popularity|publisher=}}</ref> On 5 August 2017, Singapore hosted the 10th Music Bank World Tour, a concert spin-off of Music Bank, a popular weekly music programme by South Korean broadcaster KBS. More than 7,000 fans were treated to a spread by five music acts, namely BTS, Red Velvet, SHINee, Mamamoo and CNBlue, at the sold-out session at the Suntec Singapore Convention & Exhibition Centre. This event proved the immense popularity of the ''Hallyu'' wave in Singapore.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.straitstimes.com/lifestyle/entertainment/a-night-of-k-pop-extravaganza|title=K-pop extravaganza Music Bank In Singapore is a music buffet feast|last=Ng|first=Gwendolyn|date=August 7, 2017|website=The Straits Times|accessdate=21 October 2017}}</ref>

====Malaysia====
In Malaysia, among the three main ethnic groups- [[Malaysian Malay|Malay]], [[Malaysian Chinese|Chinese]] and [[Malaysian Indian|Indian]]- many prefer to listen to music in their own languages, but the popularity of K-pop alongside Korean movies and TV series has become popular among all three ethnic groups, which Malaysian firms have capitalized upon.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-18589777|title=Malaysian firms tap into K-Pop power|date=July 3, 2012|work=[[BBC]]|location=[[Kuala Lumpur]]|accessdate=December 8, 2015}}</ref> The popularity of K-pop has also resulted in politicians bringing K-pop idols to the country in order attract young voters.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2014/11/116_168490.html|title=Asians worry about 'hallyu effect'|date=November 20, 2014|work=[[The Korea Times]]|location=[[Bangkok]]|accessdate=February 28, 2016}}</ref>

====Indonesia====
K-pop along with Korean TV series and movies has turned into a popular culture, specially among young generation of Indonesia. This trend can be observed in any major city of the country. Music in Indonesia is also influenced by Korean Pop (K-Pop) music.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-10-04/indonesians-in-love-with-south-korea/7899628|title=Music, fashion, drama: Indonesians 'falling in love' with South Korea|accessdate=2 April 2018}}</ref> Popularity of Korean culture has increased continuously in Indonesia since the early 2000s, starting with the East Asian popular culture boom.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/life/2017/02/13/essay-hallyu-the-korean-wave.html|title=ESSAY: Hallyu, the Korean wave|newspaper=The Jakarta Post|accessdate=2 April 2018}}</ref>

==== Ấn Độ ====
In the [[Northeast India]]n state of [[Manipur]], where separatists have banned Bollywood movies, consumers have turned to Korean popular culture for their entertainment needs. The [[BBC]]'s correspondent Sanjoy Majumder reported that Korean entertainment products are mostly unlicensed copies smuggled in from neighbouring Burma, and are generally well received by the local population. This has led to the increasing use of Korean phrases in common parlance amongst the young people of Manipur.<ref name="afpindia3"/><ref name="bbcindia2">{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-11525715|title=A little corner of Korea in India|date=October 17, 2010|publisher=BBC|accessdate=August 30, 2012}}</ref>

In order to capitalize on the popularity of K-pop in Manipur, many hairdressing salons have offered "Korean-style" cuts based on the hairstyles of K-pop boy bands.<ref name="afpindia3" /><ref name="bbcindia2" /> This wave of Korean popular culture is currently spreading from Manipur to the neighbouring state of [[Nagaland]]. K-pop is catching up in various other states of the country and millions of fans hold festivals and competitions in regard of the same.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/art-and-culture/k-pop-goes-india-2917799/|title=K-pop goes India! Riding the Korean musical wave|date=July 17, 2016|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report_south-korean-films-inundate-manipur-market_1546485|title=South Korean films inundate Manipur market|last=Sugathan|first=Priya|work=[[Daily News and Analysis]]|accessdate=February 24, 2013}}</ref>

====Nepal====
In [[Nepal]], K-pop gained popularity along with [[Korean drama]]s and films. K-pop has become influential in the Nepali music industry and K-pop music videos are often used as an accompaniment to Nepali music on [[YouTube]] and has become a popular trend in the country.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://beed.com.np/beed-insights/article.php?id=59|title=Korea in Nepal|publisher=beed|accessdate=January 6, 2016|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://archive.is/20160710194144/http://beed.com.np/beed-insights/article.php?id=59|archivedate=July 10, 2016|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/indiahome/indianews/article-2241245/Seoul-mate-world-What-Koreans-makes-popular.html|title=Seoul mate to the world: What is it about the Koreans that makes them so popular?|last=Kala|first=Advaita|date=November 30, 2012|work=Daily Mail|location=London|accessdate=December 2, 2012}}</ref>

===Bắc Mỹ===
[[File:Fan watching a k-pop video.jpg|thumb|Donika Sterling, an American K-Pop fan diagnosed with [[Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease]], was sponsored to meet her favourite idols in South Korea.<ref>[http://bigstory.ap.org/article/american-teenager-illness-meets-k-pop-idols American teenager with illness meets K-pop idols], Associated Press</ref><ref>[http://en.korea.com/blog/enter/k-pop/super-junior-and-shinee-meet-a-young-american-girl/ Super Junior and SHINee meet a young American girl] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120624080805/http://en.korea.com/blog/enter/k-pop/super-junior-and-shinee-meet-a-young-american-girl/ |date=June 24, 2012 }}, KOREA.com</ref>]]

In 2006, [[Rain (entertainer)|Rain]] held sold-out concerts in New York and Las Vegas as part of his [[Rain's Coming World Tour]].

In 2009, the [[Wonder Girls]] became the first K-pop artist to debut on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.accesshollywood.com/south-korean-pop-sensation-wonder-girls-hits-the-states_article_25353|title=South Korean Pop Sensation Wonder Girls Hits The States|work=Access Hollywood|accessdate=January 13, 2012}}</ref> They went on to join the [[Jonas Brothers]] on the [[Jonas Brothers World Tour 2009]]. In 2010, they toured 20 cities in the United States, Canada and Mexico, and were named [[House of Blues]] "Artist of the Month" for June.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.houseofblues.com/artistfeatures/artistofmonth/1006wondergirls/ |title=Featured artist at House of Blues |publisher=House of Blues |accessdate=August 30, 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320101135/http://www.houseofblues.com/artistfeatures/artistofmonth/1006wondergirls/ |archivedate=March 20, 2012 |df= }}</ref>

In 2010, [[S.M. Entertainment]] held the [[SMTown Live '10 World Tour]] with dates in Los Angeles, Paris, Tokyo, and New York. The same year, during the 8th Annual [[Korean Music Festival]], K-pop artists made their first appearances at the [[Hollywood Bowl]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.soompi.com/2010/04/25/upcoming-kpop-concerts-in-the-us/|title=Upcoming K-Pop Concerts In The US|publisher=[[Soompi]]|accessdate=August 30, 2012}}</ref>[[File:RAIN 2011 Shankbone.JPG|thumb|upright|[[Rain (entertainer)|Rain]] at the 2011 [[Time 100|''Time'' 100]] gala at [[Lincoln Center]] in [[New York City]]]]Notable K-pop concerts in the United States in 2011 include the [[Korean Broadcasting System|KBS]] Concert at the New York Korea Festival, the K-Pop Masters Concert in Las Vegas, and the Korean Music Wave in Google, which was held at [[Google]]'s headquarters in [[Mountain View, California]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://global.mnet.com/news/newsdetail.m?searchNewsVO.news_id=201205091503_6462|title=K-Pop Stars to Take Over Google Headquarters|last=Hong|first=Grace Danbi|publisher=Mnet|accessdate=August 30, 2012}}</ref>

2012 marked a breakthrough year for K-pop in North America. At the start of the year, [[Girls' Generation]] performed the English version of "[[The Boys (Girls' Generation song)|The Boys]]" on the late night talk show ''The [[Late Show with David Letterman]]'' and also on the daytime talk show ''[[Live! with Kelly]]'', becoming the first Korean musical act to perform on these shows, and the first Korean act to perform on syndicated television in the United States.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/sep/28/kpop-stars-lowdown-south-korean-pop|title=K-pop stars: the lowdown on South Korean pop|last=McCurry|first=Justin|date=September 28, 2012|work=The Guardian|location=London|accessdate=December 19, 2012}}</ref> In the same year, the group formed their first sub-unit, entitled [[Girls' Generation-TTS]], or simply "TTS", composed of members [[Taeyeon]], [[Tiffany (South Korean singer)|Tiffany]], and [[Seohyun]]. The subgroup's debut EP, ''[[Twinkle (EP)|Twinkle]]'', peaked at #126 on the Billboard 200.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/489102/girls-generation-splinter-group-enters-billboard-200|title=Girls' Generation Splinter Group Enters Billboard 200|date=May 4, 2012|work=Billboard|accessdate=December 19, 2012}}</ref> In May, [[SM Town|SMTown]] returned to California again with the [[SMTown Live World Tour III]] in [[Anaheim, California|Anaheim]]. In August, as part of their [[List of 2NE1 concert tours|New Evolution Global Tour]], [[2NE1]] held their first American concert in the [[New York Metropolitan Area]] at the [[Prudential Center]] of [[Newark, New Jersey]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ph.news.yahoo.com/2ne1-holds-first-concert-us-030416466.html|title=2NE1 Holds First Concert In The US|date=August 20, 2012|work=Manila Bulletin|accessdate=September 12, 2012}}</ref> In November, as part of their Alive Tour, [[Big Bang (South Korean band)|Big Bang]] held their first solo concert in America, visiting the [[Honda Center]] in Los Angeles and the [[Prudential Center]] in Newark. The tickets sold out in only a few hours, and additional dates were added.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allkpop.com/2012/09/big-bang-adds-two-additional-tour-dates-for-the-u-s|title=Big Bang adds two additional tour dates for the U.S|date=September 29, 2012|publisher=Allkpop|accessdate=December 19, 2012}}</ref> On November 13, the American singer-songwriter [[Madonna (entertainer)|Madonna]] and backup dancers performed "[[Gangnam Style]]" alongside [[Psy (entertainer)|PSY]] during a concert at [[Madison Square Garden]] in New York City. PSY later told reporters that his gig with Madonna had "topped his list of accomplishments".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1697354/madonna-psy-gangnam-style.jhtml|title=Madonna Goes 'Gangnam Style' With Psy|last=Kaufman|first=Gil|publisher=MTV|accessdate=November 15, 2012}}</ref>

On January 29, 2013, [[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]], one of America's most popular music magazines, launched [[Billboard K-Town]], an online [[Column (periodical)|column]] on its website that covered K-pop news, artists, concerts, and chart information.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20130131000759|title=Billboard launches K-pop column with INFINITE|last=Bae|first=Soo-min|date=January 31, 2013|work=[[The Korea Herald]]|accessdate=October 9, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/k-town/1535985/billboard-girls-generation-welcome-you-to-k-town|title=Billboard & Girls' Generation Welcome You to K-Town!|last=Benjamin|first=Jeff|date=January 29, 2013|work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|accessdate=October 9, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/08/business/media/new-leader-at-billboard-sees-future-in-visuals.html?module=Search&mabReward=relbias%3Ar%2C%7B%222%22%3A%22RI%3A15%22%7D&_r=0|title=New Leader at Billboard Sees Future in Visuals|last=Carr|first=David|date=January 7, 2014|work=[[The New York Times]]|accessdate=October 9, 2014}}</ref>

In March of that year, [[F(x) (band)|f(x)]] performed at the [[K-Pop Night Out at SXSW]] in [[Austin, Texas]], alongside [[The Geeks (band)|The Geeks]], who represented Korean rock. f(x) was the first K-pop group ever to perform at SXSW.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://schedule.sxsw.com/2013/events/event_MS22157|title=f(x) Schedule at SXSW|date=March 1, 2013|publisher=SXSW|accessdate=November 27, 2013}}</ref>
Mnet hosted its Kcon event in NY and LA in July 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kpop.musictimes.com/articles/273056/20160708/kcon-ny-2016-recap-review-ailee-crush-dynamic-duo-seventeen.htm|title=A Look Back At A First Timer's KCON NY 2016 - Day 1|first=|last=KpopStarz|date=July 8, 2016|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/k-town/7460873/kcon-la-2016-day-2|title=KCON LA 2016: BTS, Monsta X, Davichi & More Close Out Fest|publisher=}}</ref>

In 2017, [[BTS (band)|BTS]] was nominated for the [[Billboard Music Award for Top Social Artist|Top Social Artist Award]] at the 2017 [[Billboard Music Award]]s. Their winning of the award marks the first time a Korean group has won a Billboard Award, and the second time a Korean artist has won the award, after [[Psy]]'s win in 2013.<ref>{{cite web|title=BTS Becomes First K-Pop Group To Win At Billboard Music Awards|url=https://www.soompi.com/2017/05/21/bts-becomes-first-k-pop-group-win-billboard-music-awards/|website=Soompi|accessdate=29 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=BILLBOARD MUSIC AWARDS 2013: THE COMPLETE WINNERS LIST|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/1707641/billboard-music-awards-winners-list/|website=MTV|accessdate=29 May 2018}}</ref> [[BTS (band)|BTS]] won the award at both the 2017 and 2018 [[Billboard Music Award]]s.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Cirisano|first1=Tatiana|title=BTS Wins Top Social Artist Award at the 2018 Billboard Music Awards|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/bbma/8456936/bts-wins-top-social-artist-2018-billboard-music-awards|website=Billboard|accessdate=29 May 2018}}</ref> They performed at the 2017 [[American Music Award]]s and the 2018 [[Billboard Music Award]]s, making them one of the first Korean group to have performed at either awards show.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Wang|first1=Mary|title=BTS’s Much-Hyped AMAs Performance Fulfilled All Your K-Pop Dreams|url=https://www.vogue.com/article/bts-amas-performance-kpop|website=Vogue|accessdate=29 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Weatherby|first1=Taylor|title=BTS Put on Epic Performance of 'Fake Love' at the 2018 Billboard Music Awards: Watch|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/bbma/8456875/bts-fake-love-performance-billboard-music-awards-2018-video|website=Billboard|accessdate=29 May 2018}}</ref> [[BTS (band)|BTS]]'s album [[Love Yourself: Tear]] reached #1 on the [[Billboard 200]], making it the first Korean act to do so.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Chiu|first1=Allyson|title=South Korean boy band BTS makes history: First K-pop group to top U.S. Billboard 200 chart|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2018/05/29/south-korean-boy-band-bts-makes-history-as-first-k-pop-group-tops-u-s-billboard-200-chart/|website=Washington Post|accessdate=28 May 2018}}</ref> Additionally, [[BTS (band)|BTS]]'s single, "[[Fake Love (BTS song)|Fake Love]]", debuted at #10 on the [[Billboard Hot 100]], making them the second Korean artist to chart in the top ten.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Trust|first1=Gary|title=BTS Scores First Hot 100 Top 10 for a K-Pop Group & Its First No. 1 on Digital Song Sales Chart With 'Fake Love'|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/8458217/bts-first-hot-100-top-10-k-pop-group-fake-love|website=Billboard|accessdate=29 May 2018}}</ref>

===Mỹ Latin===
{{main|K-Pop in Latin America}}
Many idol groups have loyal fan bases in Latin America. Since 2009, about 260 fan clubs with a total of over 20,000 and 8,000 active members have been formed in Chile and Peru respectively.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.yonhapnews.co.kr/national/2012/12/15/95/0301000000AEN20121215001500315F.HTML|title=(Yonhap Feature) K-pop fever takes hold in Latin America|last=Oh|first=Seok-min|agency=Yonhap News Agency|accessdate=December 16, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20130127000290|title=K-pop craze boosts Korea's public diplomacy|last=Shin|first=Hyon-hee|quote=In Chile alone, there are about 20,000 members of 200 clubs also for Big Bang, 2PM, CN Blue, SHINee, MBLAQ and other artists.  Peru is another K-pop stronghold, with nearly 8,000 people participating in 60 groups.|work=[[The Korea Herald]]|accessdate=January 28, 2013}}</ref>

In 2011, the United Cube Concert was held in [[São Paulo]], shortly after the second round of the first [[K-pop Cover Dance Festival|K-Pop Cover Dance Festival]] was held in Brazil, with [[MBLAQ]] as judges.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://english.visitkoreayear.com/english/community/community_01_01_01_view.asp?bidx=219|title='2011 K-POP Cover Dance Festival to Celebrate the Visit Korea Year Campaign', The Second Round Contest Held Successfully in Russia and Brazil|accessdate=April 7, 2014|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408213113/http://english.visitkoreayear.com/english/community/community_01_01_01_view.asp?bidx=219|archivedate=April 8, 2014|df=mdy-all}}</ref>

In March 2012, [[JYJ]] performed in Chile and Peru. When the group arrived at the [[Jorge Chávez International Airport]] in Peru for the JYJ World Tour Concert, they were escorted by airport security officials through a private exit due to safety reasons concerning the large number of fans (over 3,000).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allkpop.com/2012/03/over-3000-peruvian-fans-gather-to-greet-jyj-in-peru|title=Over 3,000 Peruvian fans gather to greet JYJ in Peru|publisher=Allkpop|accessdate=August 30, 2012}}</ref> At the [[Estadio Monumental "U"|Explanada Sur del Estadio Monumental]] in Lima, some fans camped out for days in to see JYJ.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gxOWILlKeDQpqipMWx9fIFnKMVEA?docId=CNG.2675b7fded96e2e3c9f9668042c6fbc4.551|title=AFP: South Korea's K-pop spreads to Latin America|date=June 19, 2012|publisher=Google|accessdate=September 17, 2012}}</ref> In April, [[Caracol TV]] and [[Arirang (TV network)|Arirang TV]] jointly aired a K-pop reality show in Colombia.<ref name="caracol2">{{cite news|url=http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2012/05/14/2012051400637.html|title=Colombia Getting into K-Pop Groove with Reality TV Shows|newspaper=The Chosun Ilbo|accessdate=August 30, 2012}}</ref> In September, [[Junsu]] became the first K-pop idol to perform solo in Brazil and Mexico, after the [[Wonder Girls]] in [[Monterrey]] in 2009.<ref name="english.chosun.com3">{{cite news|url=http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2012/09/10/2012091000841.html|title=JYJ Charts New Territory for K-Pop Solo Act in Mexico|newspaper=The Chosun Ilbo|accessdate=September 11, 2012}}</ref> The concerts sold out well in advance.<ref name="english.chosun.com3"/> That year there were 70 K-pop fan clubs in Mexico, with at least 60,000 members altogether.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/22/world/americas/for-migrants-new-land-of-opportunity-is-mexico.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0|title=For Migrants, New Land of Opportunity Is Mexico|last=DAMIEN CAVE|date=September 21, 2013|work=[[The New York Times]]|quote=there are now 70 fan clubs for Korean pop music in Mexico, with at least 60,000 members.|accessdate=September 23, 2013}}</ref>

In January 2014, [[Kim Hyung-jun]] performed in Peru, Chile, and Bolivia, becoming the first K-pop idol to perform in Bolivia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ph.omg.yahoo.com/news/kim-hyung-jun-completes-his-south-american-concert-025700671.html|title=Kim Hyung Jun completes his South American concert tour on a successful note|date=January 22, 2014|publisher=Yahoo!|archive-url=https://archive.li/20140126120455/ph.omg.yahoo.com/news/kim-hyung-jun-completes-his-south-american-concert-025700671.html |archive-date=January 26, 2014|dead-url=yes|access-date=January 26, 2014}}</ref> The tour proved his popularity in the continent as both fans and the media followed him everywhere he went, causing traffic on the roads and police to be called to maintain safety.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SKUUpl8N-FQ "Kim Hyung Jun Is Greeted By Huge Kpop Fan Base In Bolivia"]. ''YouTube''. Retrieved January 26, 2014.</ref> Fans were also seen pitching their tents outside the concert venue for days before the actual concert.<ref>[http://mwave.interest.me/enewsworld/en/article/55980/kimhyungjun-successfully-holds-concert-in-peru "Kim Hyung Jun Gathers Crowds of Fans Everywhere in Peru"]. ''Mwave''. Retrieved January 26, 2014.</ref><ref>{{ko icon}}[http://www.newsen.com/news_view.php?uid=201401150718022510 "김형준 남미 인기 이 정도? 페루공항 마비 포착"]. ''Naver''. Retrieved January 26, 2014.</ref>

=== Mexico ===
Korean media in [[Mexico]] experienced a surge in 2002 after Mexican governor, [[Arturo Montiel|Arturo Montiel Rojas]], visited South Korea.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cronica.com.mx/notas/2002/15169.html|title=Inicia Montiel gira por Asia, para atraer inversiones|website=www.cronica.com.mx|language=es-MX|access-date=2018-03-11}}</ref> From his trip, he brought Korean series, movies, and other programs to Mexico State's broadcasting channel:<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://world.kbs.co.kr/spanish/news/news_Cu_detail.htm?No=8651&id=Cu&page=48|title=Ministerio de Cultura busca convertir a Surcorea en líder de la industria cultural del mundo|website=world.kbs.co.kr|language=ES|access-date=2018-04-01}}</ref>[[Televisión Mexiquense]] (channel 34). Korean dramas exposed the Mexican public to Korean products and spurred interest in other aspects of Korean culture. K-Pop commenced to gain ground in Mexico due to the series the music accompanied. Fans particularly sought out the music of soundtracks respective to Korean dramas that were broadcast.

However, K-Pop's arrival to Mexico is also attributed to an influence of Japanese media in Mexico and the introduction of [[Pump It Up (video game series)|PIU]]<nowiki/>s (Pump It Up). The comic convention, La Mole, commenced selling Japanese comics and music and later commenced to sell K-Pop. PIUs combined gaming and dancing, introducing the Mexican youth to Korean gaming software and generating interest in Korean music.<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal|last=Lopez Rocha|first=Nayelli|date=|title=Hallyu in Mexico and the role of Korean pop idols’ fan clubs|url=|journal=The Journal of Foreign Studies|volume=24|pages=615–637|via=}}</ref>

[[File:KCON_Mexico_27.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:KCON_Mexico_27.jpg|thumb|KCON in Mexico City]]K-Pop's presence in Mexico can be outlined through the growing number of Korean music acts in the country. In the recent years, the amount of K-Pop concerts in Mexico has risen and branched into other portions of the country. Idol groups, including [[Big Bang (South Korean band)|BIGBANG]] and [[NU'EST]], have visited Mexico through their respective world tours. [[JYJ]]'s [[Kim Junsu|Kim Jun-su]] became the first Korean star to perform solo. His concert held in Mexico City sold out in advance.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2012/09/10/2012091000841.html|title=JYJ Charts New Territory for K-Pop Solo Act in Mexico|access-date=2018-04-01|language=en}}</ref> The [[Music Bank World Tour]] also brought various acts to the Mexican public. Many of those groups covered widely-known songs, such as [[Exo (band)|EXO]]'s cover of Sabor A Mi.

In 2017, Mexico also became the first Latin American country to host [[KCON (music festival)|KCON]]. The two-day convention held on March 17–18 brought over 33,000 fans to [[Mexico City Arena|Arena Ciudad de México]].<ref name=":04">{{Cite web|url=http://www.helloasia.com.au/news/inaugural-kcon-mexico-draws-over-33000-fans-plus-another-200000-live-stream-viewers/|title=Inaugural KCON Mexico draws over 33,000 fans plus another 200,000 live stream viewers! – Hello Asia!|website=Hello Asia!|language=en-AU|access-date=2018-04-01}}</ref> Much like artists during Music Bank, idols covered Spanish songs.

The strength and large number of fanclubs have continuously helped promote and support K-Pop across the country. Over 70 fan clubs dedicated to Korean music are present in Mexico, bringing together around 30,000 fans.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/22/world/americas/for-migrants-new-land-of-opportunity-is-mexico.html|title=For Migrants, New Land of Opportunity Is Mexico|last=Cave|first=Damien|date=2013-09-21|work=The New York Times|access-date=2018-04-01|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Although many fanclubs were created around 2003, they achieved a public presence in 2005 when Korea's ex-president [[Roh Moo-hyun|Roh Moo Hyun]] visited Mexico for a meeting with Mexico's ex-president [[Vicente Fox|Vicente Fox Quesada]]. Around 30 Hallyu fanclubs held a "rally" asking Roh to bring actors [[Jang Dong-gun]] and [[Ahn Jae-wook]] to their country.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hancinema.net/mexican-fans-ask-president-roh-to-send-hallyu-stars-3946.html#FjDFSbuh2UQkThkg.99|title=Mexican fans ask President Roh to send hallyu stars|work=HanCinema|access-date=2018-04-01|language=en-US}}</ref>

Demonstrations have continued into recent years. On May 13, 2013, a large march was held in Mexico City's Zócalo. Called ''KPOP: MASSIVE MARCH K－POP MEXICO II'', it was the second mass march that brought together hundreds of avid K-Pop fans.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://g-dragon-is-vip.blogspot.kr/2013/05/kpop-marcha-masiva-k-pop-mexico-ii.html|title=KPOP: MARCHA MASIVA K-POP MEXICO II|website=g-dragon-is-vip.blogspot.kr|language=es|access-date=2018-04-01}}</ref>

However, larger fanclub organization in Mexico receive indirect or direct support from Korean cultural programs. [http://eng.kofice.or.kr/ KOFICE] (Korea Foundation for International Cultural Exchange) and the [http://mexico.korean-culture.org/es/welcome Korean Cultural Center] in Mexico often work in conjunction with fanclubs. These larger organizations contain multiple fanclubs within their structure. The three largest are MexiCorea, Hallyu Mexican Lovers, and HallyuMx. Both MexiCorea and Hallyu Mexican Lovers are supported by KOFICE while HallyuMx previously worked with the Korean Cultural Center and the Embassy of the Republic of Korea in Mexico.<ref name=":12" />

===Châu Âu===
In 2010, both the [[SMTown Live '10 World Tour]] and the [[Super Junior]] [[Super Show 4 Tour]] were held in Paris.[[File:Kpop fans in poland.jpg|thumbnail|left|K-pop fans in Warsaw holding a South Korean-Polish flag as well as banners of various boy bands]]

In February 2011, [[Teen Top]] performed at the Apolo concert hall in Barcelona. In May, [[Rain (entertainer)|Rain]] became the first K-pop artist to perform in Germany, during the [[Dresden]] Music Festival.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allkpop.com/2011/05/german-press-praises-rain-at-the-dresden-music-festival|title=German press praises Rain at the Dresden Music Festival|publisher=Allkpop|accessdate=August 30, 2012}}</ref> [[JYJ]] also performed in both Berlin and Barcelona. [[Big Bang (South Korean band)|Big Bang]] flew to [[Belfast]] and won the Best Worldwide Act during the [[2011 MTV Europe Music Awards|2011 MTV EMAs]] in Northern Ireland.<ref name="guardian.co.uk2">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2011/dec/15/cowell-pop-k-pop|title=Bored of Cowell pop? Try K-pop|date=December 15, 2011|work=The Guardian|location=London|first=Edwina|last=Mukasa|accessdate=September 17, 2012}}</ref> In Poland, the K-pop Star Exhibition was held in the [[Warsaw]] Korean Culture Center. K-pop also saw a surge in popularity in Russia, where 57 dance teams took part in the [[K-pop Cover Dance Festival]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://muz-tv.ru/news/1867/|title=К-РОР Cover Dance Фестиваль|publisher=Muz TV|accessdate=August 30, 2012}}</ref> During the second round of the competition, [[Shinee|SHINee]] flew to Moscow as judges, also performing to Russian fans.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allkpop.com/2011/09/watch-shinee-in-russia-on-first-episode-of-2011-cover-dance-festival-k-pop-road-show-40120|title=SHINee in Russia on first episode of 2011 Cover Dance Festival 'K-Pop Road Show 40120′|publisher=Allkpop|accessdate=August 30, 2012}}</ref> The following year, Russian youths launched K-Plus, a Korean culture magazine, and the number of Russian K-pop fans was reported at 50,000.<ref name="K-pop magazine published in Russia3">{{cite web|url=http://www.korea.net/NewsFocus/Society/view?articleId=103076|title=K-pop magazine published in Russia|date=October 15, 2012|publisher=Korea.net|accessdate=January 17, 2015}}</ref>[[File:Beast in berlin concert.jpg|thumb|[[Beast (South Korean band)|Beast]] performing at the [[Beautiful Show]] in Berlin]]

In February 2012, [[Beast (South Korean band)|BEAST]] held their [[Beautiful Show]] in Berlin. According to the [[Berliner Zeitung]], many fans who attended were not just from Germany but also from neighbouring countries such as France and Switzerland.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.berliner-zeitung.de/berlin/b-e-a-s-t---schoen-frisiert-und-wohlerzogen,10809148,11610354,item,1.html|title=Schön frisiert und wohlerzogen|date=February 10, 2012|language=de|work=[[Berliner Zeitung]]|accessdate=December 19, 2012}}</ref> Also in February, the [[Music Bank World Tour]] drew more than 10,000 fans to the [[Palais Omnisports de Paris-Bercy]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ibtimes.com/articles/300968/20120218/korean-pop-kpop-groups-paris-music-bank.htm|title=KPop 'Music Bank' World Tour: Korean Star Groups Pack Paris Stadium|last=Kleinman:|first=Kleinman|newspaper=International Business Times|accessdate=August 30, 2012}}</ref> That year, artists such as [[Beast (South Korean band)|Beast]] and [[4Minute]] performed during the United Cube Concert in London, where the MBC Korean Culture Festival was also held.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allkpop.com/2012/06/mbc-korean-culture-festival-in-london-2012-gathers-2500-fans|title='MBC Korean Culture Festival in London 2012′ gathers 2,500 fans|publisher=Allkpop|accessdate=August 30, 2012}}</ref> When [[Shinee|SHINee]] arrived at the [[London Heathrow Airport]] for a concert at the [[Odeon West End]] in the same year, part of the airport became temporarily overrun by frenzied fans. The reservation system of the Odeon West End crashed for the first time one minute after ticket sales began as the concert drew an unexpectedly large response.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2011/11/03/2011110300870.html|title=SHINee's London Concert Causes a Stir|work=The Chosun Ilbo|accessdate=August 30, 2012}}</ref> At this time, SHINee also held a 30-minute performance at the [[Abbey Road Studios|Abbey Road Studio]]. The ticket demand for this performance was so high that fashion magazine [[Elle (magazine)|Elle]] gave away forty tickets through a lottery, and the performance was also televised in Japan through six different channels.<ref name="litigation-essentials.lexisnexis.com3"/> Also in 2012, Big Bang won the Best Fan category in the Italian [[TRL Awards]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mtvasia.com/news/big-bang-wins-best-fan-mtv-trl-award-in-italy/|title=Big Bang Wins 'Best Fan' MTV TRL Award In Italy|publisher=MTV|accessdate=August 30, 2012}}</ref>

2014 saw a continued rise in the popularity of K-pop in Russia. On February 3, [[Park Jung-min (singer)|Park Jung-min]] became the first ever Korean singer to hold a solo concert in Moscow.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mwave.interest.me/enewsworld/en/article/57436/parkjungmin-will-hold-concert-in-russia-for-the-first-time|title=Park Jung Min to Hold Solo Concert in Russia|work=Mwave|accessdate=July 30, 2014}}</ref>

===Trung Đông và châu Phi===
<!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:Egyptian fans of K-Pop.jpg|thumb|Egyptian K-pop fans holding banners written in Korean to show their passion and support for their favourite bands]] -->
K-pop has become increasingly popular across the Middle East and Africa over recent years, particularly among younger fans.<ref name="korea3"/> In July 2011, Israeli fans met South Korea's Ambassador to Israel, Ma Young-sam, and traveled to Paris for the [[SMTown Live '10 World Tour]] in Europe.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://koreajoongangdaily.joinsmsn.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=2938596|title=Israeli fans latch on to ever-mobile K-pop wave|newspaper=JoongAng Daily|accessdate=August 31, 2012|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://archive.is/20130127033843/http://koreajoongangdaily.joinsmsn.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=2938596|archivedate=January 27, 2013|df=mdy-all}}</ref> According to Dr. Nissim Atmazgin, a professor of East Asian Studies at [[Hebrew University of Jerusalem|Hebrew University]] of Jerusalem, "Many young people look at K-pop as culture capital- something that makes them stand out from the crowd." As of 2012, there are over 5,000 K-pop fans in Israel and 3,000 in the Palestinian territories.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/blogs-news-from-elsewhere-23606319|title=Middle East: Korean pop 'brings hope for peace'|date=August 7, 2013|publisher=BBC|accessdate=August 7, 2013}}</ref> Some dedicated Israeli and Palestinian fans see themselves as "cultural missionaries" and actively introduce K-pop to their friends and relatives, further spreading the ''Hallyu'' wave within their communities.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cross-currents.berkeley.edu/sites/default/files/e-journal/articles/otmazgin_lyan_0.pdf|title=Hallyu across the Desert: K-pop Fandom in Israel and Palestine|date=December 2013|publisher=Hebrew University of Jerusalem|accessdate=January 17, 2015|author1=Nissim Otmazgin |author2=Irina Lyan }}</ref>

In 2012, the number of fans in Turkey surpassed 100,000, reaching 150,000 in 2013.<ref name="korea3">{{cite web|url=http://www.korea.net/NewsFocus/Culture/view?articleId=104412|title=K-pop fan base continues to grow|publisher=[[KOREA.net]]|accessdate=January 20, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://sanat.milliyet.com.tr/k-pop-istanbul-u-sallayacak-/editoruntavsiyesi/detay/1727058/default.htm|title=K-POP İstanbul'u sallayacak!|publisher=[[Milliyet]]|language=tr|quote=Türkiye’de kayıtlı 150.000 K-POP fanı bulunuyor.|accessdate=June 25, 2013}}</ref> [[ZE:A]] appeared for a fan meet-and-greet session in Dubai and a concert in Abu Dhabi.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://gulfnews.com/pictures/spotlight/k-pop-invasion-1.1013157|title=K-pop invasion|newspaper=[[Gulf News]]|accessdate=August 30, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://gulfnews.com/gntv/arts/korean-pop-phenomenon-ze-a-in-dubai-1.1011599|title=Korean pop phenomenon ZE:A in Dubai|last=Tusing|first=David|accessdate=August 30, 2012|work=[[Gulf News]]}}</ref> In Cairo, hundreds of fans went to the [[Maadi Library]]’s stage theater to see the final round of the K-POP Korean Song Festival, organised by the Korean Embassy.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.egyptindependent.com/news/egyptian-korean-ties-endorsed-through-pop-idol-competition|title=Egyptian-Korean ties endorsed through pop idol competition|newspaper=Egypt Independent|accessdate=September 9, 2012}}</ref>

===Châu Đại Dương===
In 2011, the K-Pop Music Festival at the [[Stadium Australia|ANZ Stadium]] was held in Sydney, featuring Girls' Generation, TVXQ, B2ST, SHINee, 4minute, miss A, 2AM, and MBLAQ.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.anzstadium.com.au/events/EventCalendar/EventDetails.aspx?EventContentId=4a0f2cdf-21d1-4fc4-8bcd-b66b3055df49|title=2011 K-POP MUSIC FEST|publisher=Azn stadium|accessdate=August 30, 2012}}</ref> There was also demand for concerts from New Zealand.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10801485|title=Tidal wave of K-pop heads our way|date=April 26, 2012|newspaper=The New Zealand Herald|accessdate=August 30, 2012}}</ref>

In August 2012, [[NU'EST]] visited Sydney Harbour and the [[University of New South Wales]], as judges of a K-pop contest being held there. The following year, [[4Minute]] were judges at the same contest in Sydney.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dkpopnews.net/2012/08/nuest-to-judge-k-pop-contest-in-sydney.html|title=NU'EST to judge K-pop contest in Sydney|publisher=DKpopnews|accessdate=December 19, 2012}}</ref> In October, [[Psy]] toured Australia after his single "Gangnam Style" reached number one in Australia on the [[ARIA Charts|ARIA]] charts.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.news.com.au/entertainment/gangnam-styles-psy-on-way-to-australia/story-e6frfmq9-1226486857527|title=Gangnam Style's Psy on way to Australia|date=October 2, 2012|publisher=news.com.au|accessdate=December 19, 2012}}</ref>

In May 2016, [[B.A.P]] held a concert in Auckland, becoming the first K-Pop group to perform in New Zealand.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.helloasia.com.au/news/dates-announced-for-b-a-p-australian-and-new-zealand-2016-tour/|title=Dates announced for B.A.P Australian and New Zealand 2016 Tour|publisher=helloasia|accessdate=June 26, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/entertainment/news/article.cfm?c_id=1501119&objectid=11610673|title=B.A.P. first K-Pop group to perform in NZ|publisher=nzherald |accessdate=June 26, 2016}}</ref>

In May 2017, [[BTS (band)|BTS]] came to Sydney as part of their [[2017 BTS Live Trilogy Episode III: The Wings Tour|Wings Tour]]. The show sold out in less than 48 hours, and attracted fans from other Australian states and New Zealand. It was the group's second time visiting Australia after their [[2015 BTS Live Trilogy Episode II: The Red Bullet|Red Bullet Tour]] in 2015.

==Quan hệ với nước ngoài==
{{See also|Korean Wave}}On May 25, 2010, South Korea responded to the alleged North Korean sinking of a navy ship by broadcasting [[4Minute]]'s single "[[HuH (4minute song)|HuH]]" across the [[Korean Demilitarized Zone|DMZ]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/world/south-korea-blasts-pop-music-propaganda-border-article-1.184065|title=South Korea blasts pop music, propaganda over the border|work=[[Daily News (New York)|Daily News]]|location=New York|accessdate=March 5, 2013}}</ref> In response, North Korea affirmed its decision to "destroy" any speakers set up along the border.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1993376,00.html|title=South Korean Propaganda Blasts|date=June 7, 2010|work=Time|accessdate=March 5, 2013}}</ref> That year, [[The Chosun Ilbo]] reported that the [[Ministry of National Defense (Republic of Korea)|Ministry of Defense]] had considered setting up large TV screens across the border to broadcast music videos by several popular K-pop girl groups such as [[Girls' Generation]], [[Wonder Girls]], [[After School (band)|After School]], [[Kara (South Korean band)|Kara]] and [[4Minute]] as part of "psychological warfare" against North Korea.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2010/06/11/2010061100432.html|title=Girl Bands to Assist in 'Psychological Warfare'|work=[[The Chosun Ilbo]]|accessdate=March 5, 2013}}</ref>

In September 2012, North Korea uploaded a video with a photo manipulated image of South Korean president [[Park Geun-hye]] performing the dance moves of "[[Gangnam Style]]". The video labeled her as a "devoted" admirer of the [[Yushin]] system of autocratic rule set up by her father, [[Park Chung-hee]].<ref name="straitstimes12">{{cite web|url=http://www.straitstimes.com/breaking-news/asia/story/n-korea-takes-gangnam-style-shot-south-politician-20120919|title=N. Korea takes 'Gangnam Style' shot at South politician|date=August 20, 2012|publisher=Singapore Press Holdings|work=The Straits Times|accessdate=September 20, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2012/09/20/world/asia/north-korea-gangnam-video/index.html|title=North Korean video evokes 'Gangnam Style' to taunt South Korean candidate|date=September 20, 2012|publisher=CNN|author1=Kwon, K. J. |author2=Mullen, Jethro |accessdate=September 25, 2012}}</ref>[[File:Obama mentions Korean Wave and Gangnam Style.ogv|thumb|On May 7, 2013, [[President of the United States|U.S. President]] [[Barack Obama]] cited Psy's "[[Gangnam Style]]" as an example of how people around the world are being "''swept up by Korean culture -- the [[Korean Wave]].''"<ref>{{cite web|title=Remarks by President Obama and President Park of South Korea in a Joint Press Conference|url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2013/05/07/remarks-president-obama-and-president-park-south-korea-joint-press-confe|publisher=[[White House]]|accessdate=May 7, 2013|quote=And of course, around the world, people are being swept up by Korean culture -- the Korean Wave.  And as I mentioned to President Park, my daughters have taught me a pretty good Gangnam Style.}}</ref>]]Since the early 2010s, several political leaders have acknowledged the global rise of Korean pop culture, most notably U.S. President [[Barack Obama]], who made an official visit to South Korea in 2012 and mentioned the strong influences of social media networks, adding that it was "no wonder so many people around the world have caught the Korean wave, ''[[Hallyu (Korean Wave)|Hallyu]]''."<ref name="White House2">{{cite web|url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2012/03/26/remarks-president-obama-hankuk-university|title=Remarks by President Obama at Hankuk University|publisher=White House|quote=It’s no wonder so many people around the world have caught the Korean Wave, Hallyu.|accessdate=October 27, 2012}}</ref> A few months later, [[Secretary-General of the United Nations|U.N. Secretary-General]] [[Ban Ki-moon]] delivered a speech in front of the [[National Assembly of South Korea]], where he noted South Korea's "great global success" in the fields of culture, sports and the arts, before pointing out that the Korean Wave was "making its mark on the world".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/sg/statements/index.asp?nid=6398|title=United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-Moon's Statements|publisher=United Nations|quote=As is clear with the recent rise of Psy’s "Gangnam Style", the Hallyu-wave and Korean pop music, Korean culture is making its mark on the world.|accessdate=December 28, 2012}}</ref> This occurred a few days after [[United States Department of State|U.S. State Department]] spokeswoman [[Victoria Nuland]] remarked in a daily press briefing that her daughter "loves Korean pop",<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/dpb/2012/10/198646.htm|title=Daily Press Briefing – October 3, 2012|publisher=[[United States Department of State]]|quote=No, but I bet you my daughter does. She loves Korean pop.|accessdate=March 5, 2013}}</ref> which sparked a media frenzy in South Korea after a journalist from the country's publicly funded [[Yonhap News Agency]] arranged an interview with Nuland and described Nuland's teenage daughter as "crazy about Korean music and dance".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.yonhapnews.co.kr/n_interview/2012/11/11/13/4801000000AEN20121111000100315F.HTML|title=Psy-loving Nuland hopes for closer Korea-US-Japan ties|last=Chi-dong|first=Lee|publisher=[[Yonhap]]|quote=Nuland's teenage daughter was the first in the family to go crazy about Korean music and dance, dubbed K-pop|accessdate=March 5, 2013}}</ref>

In November 2012, the British [[Minister of State]] for the [[Foreign Office]], [[Hugo Swire]], addressed a group of South Korean diplomats at the [[House of Lords]], where he emphasized the close ties and mutual cooperation shaping [[South Korea–United Kingdom relations]] and added: "As "Gangnam Style" has demonstrated, your music is global too."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/anglo-korean-society-dinner|title=Speech: Anglo-Korean Society Dinner|publisher=gov.uk|quote=As "Gangnam Style" has demonstrated, your music is global too.|accessdate=March 5, 2013}}</ref> In February 2013, the [[Vice President of Peru]], [[Marisol Espinoza]], gave an interview with South Korea's Yonhap News Agency, where she voiced her desire for more South Korean companies to invest in her country and named K-pop as "one of the main factors that made Peruvian people wanting to get to know South Korea more".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.yonhapnews.co.kr/national/2013/02/26/26/0301000000AEN20130226000251315F.HTML|title=(LEAD)(Yonhap Interview) Peruvian vice president hopes for further economic ties|publisher=[[Yonhap]]|quote="K-pop and soap operas have taken popularity. It was one of the main factors that made Peruvian people wanting to get to know South Korea more," Espinoza said.|accessdate=March 5, 2013}}</ref>

According to an article published by the international relations magazine [[Foreign Policy]], the spread of Korean popular culture across Southeast Asia, parts of South America, and parts of the Middle East is illustrating how the gradual cessation of European [[colonialism]] is giving way and making room for unexpected [[soft power]] outside of the Western world.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/09/27/the_gangnam_phenom|title=The Gangnam Phenom|last=James Russell|first=Mark|quote=More generally, it illustrates the new reality that the North-South pattern of trade and cultural exchange that has dominated the world since the ascendance of European colonialism is giving way and making room for unexpected soft power.|work=[[Foreign Policy]]|accessdate=March 5, 2013}}</ref> On the other hand, an article published by [[The Quietus]] magazine expressed concern that discussions about ''Hallyu'' as a form of soft power seems to bear a whiff of the "old Victorian fear of [[Yellow Peril]]".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thequietus.com/articles/11001-psy-gangnam-style-k-pop|title=Gangnam Style & How The World Woke Up To The Genius Of K-Pop|last=Barry|first=Robert|quote=While suspicious talk of Hallyu as 'soft power' akin to the CIA's cultural Cold War bears a whiff of the old Victorian fear of yellow peril,|work=[[The Quietus]]|accessdate=March 5, 2013}}</ref>

In August 2016, it was reported that China planned to ban Korean media broadcasts and K-pop idol promotions within the country in opposition to South Korea's defensive deployment of [[Terminal High Altitude Area Defense|THAAD]] (Terminal High Altitude Area Defense) missiles.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://variety.com/2016/biz/asia/china-confirms-ban-on-korean-content-talent-1201830391/|title=China Reportedly Bans Korean TV Content, Talent|last=Frater|first=Patrick|date=August 4, 2016|website=Variety|publisher=|language=en-US|access-date=September 5, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.theepochtimes.com/n3/2133809-k-pop-stars-become-scapegoats-in-chinas-protests-against-anti-missile-deployment/|title=K-Pop Stars Become Scapegoats in China's Protests Against Anti-Missile Deployment|last=Fu|first=Eva|date=August 8, 2016|website=Epoch Times|publisher=|language=en-US|access-date=September 5, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/china-takes-aim-at-k-916395|title=China Takes Aim at K-pop Stars Amid Korean Missile-Defense Dispute|last=Brzeski|first=Patrick|date=August 2, 2016|work=The Hollywood Reporter|publisher=|access-date=September 5, 2016}}</ref> The reportage of these planned regulatory measures caused an immediate negative impact on shares in Korean talent agencies, although stock prices later recovered.<ref name=":1" />

On 1 April 2018, [[North Korea]]n leader [[Kim Jong-Un]] watched a K-Pop concert in Pyeongyang.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Seo|first1=Yoonjung|last2=Levenson|first2=Eric|last3=McKirdy|first3=Euan|title=Kim Jong Un 'deeply moved' by K-pop concert in Pyongyang|url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/04/01/world/kim-jong-un-concert-kpop/index.html|website=CNN|accessdate=29 May 2018}}</ref>

== Chỉ trích và tranh cãi ==
Main accusations and criticisms faced by the genre and industry as a whole include:

=== Âm nhạc và hình ảnh ===
K-Pop has at times faced criticisms from journalists who perceive the music to be formulaic and unoriginal.<ref name="fast music2">{{cite web|url=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/biz/2012/02/123_100092.html|title=K-pop grows on disposable 'fast music'|date=April 12, 2011|work=The Korea Times|accessdate=March 27, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://qz.com/725161/kpop-feature/|title=Hallyu, K-pop! Inside the weirdest, most lucrative global frenzy in music|last=Wang|first=Amy X.|date=30 July 2016|work=QUARTZ|access-date=11 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.scmp.com/comment/insight-opinion/article/2126242/k-pop-infectious-disease-not-cultural-export-be-proud|title=K-pop is an infectious disease, not a cultural export to be proud of|last=Lhatoo|first=Yonden|date=30 December 2017|work=South China Morning Post|access-date=10 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2012/10/08/factory-girls-2|title=Factory Girls|last=Seabrook|first=John|date=8 October 2012|work=The New Yorker|access-date=11 April 2018}}</ref> Accusations of plagiarism are also rampant, with K-Pop groups often being accused of plagiarizing Western music acts in particular.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.soompi.com/news/kpops-plague-of-plagiarism|title=K-Pop's Plague of Plagiarism|date=April 26, 2010|publisher=[[Soompi]]|accessdate=March 27, 2012}}</ref> In addition, K-Pop has been criticized for [[K-pop#Use of English phrases|its reliance on English phrases]], with critics dubbing the use of English in titles “meaningless”.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/musicblog/2011/apr/20/k-pop-sweden-pelle-lidell|title=Behind the music: What is K-Pop and why are the Swedish getting involved?|last=Lindvall|first=Helienne|date=|work=|access-date=}}</ref>

K-Pop groups have been regularly accused on [[cultural appropriation]] of cultures such as [[African-American culture|African American culture]], especially due to the frequent use of cornrows and bandanas in idol groups' on-stage styling.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.dailydot.com/upstream/kpop-hip-hop-culture-appropriation/|title=When K-pop culturally appropriates|last=Tucci|first=Sherry|date=2 April 2016|work=The Daily Dot|access-date=10 April 2018}}</ref> K-Pop groups have also been accused of appropriating [[Native American Culture|Native American]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://seoulbeats.com/2012/08/k-pop-and-cultural-appropriation-cool-culture/|title=K-pop and Cultural Appropriation: "Cool" Culture|date=24 August 2012|work=Seoulbeats|access-date=10 April 2018}}</ref> and [[Culture of India|Indian]] cultures.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.buzzfeed.com/ikrd/omg-ohmygirl|title=This K-Pop Girl Group Is Being Accused Of Appropriating Indian Culture|last=Dahir|first=Ikran|date=21 July 2016|work=Buzzfeed|access-date=10 April 2018}}</ref> However, debate exists about whether the borrowing of cultural elements from cultures outside of Korea indeed constitutes cultural appropriation, or if this cultural appropriation is negative at all. Scholar Crystal S. Anderson writes that “[a]ppropriating elements of a culture by taking them out of their original context and using them in a completely different way does not automatically constitute negative cultural appropriation.”<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://highyellow.me/2013/01/12/of-misconceptions-about-cultural-appropriation-in-k-pop/|title=Of Misconceptions About Cultural Appropriation in K-pop|last=Anderson|first=Crystal|date=12 January 2013|website=High Yellow|access-date=10 April 2018}}</ref>

=== Industry practices ===

==== Tham nhũng ====
In 2002, ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine reported that Korean television producers such as Hwang Yong-woo and Kim Jong-jin had been arrested for "accepting under-the-table payments guaranteeing TV appearances to aspiring singers and musicians" in a bid to tackle "systemic corruption in South Korea's music business". Companies investigated included [[SidusHQ]] and [[S.M. Entertainment]].<ref name="autogenerated12" />

==== Bị lợi dụng và điều kiện sống khó khăn ====
K-pop management companies have also been criticized for exploitation of idols through overwork and restrictive contracts, described as "[[slave contract]]s" in a ''[[BBC]]'' report.<ref name="BBCdark4">{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-13760064|title=The dark side of South Korean pop music|date=June 14, 2011|accessdate=January 6, 2012|publisher=BBC}}</ref> According to ''[[The Hollywood Reporter]]'', "Korea’s entertainment business is notoriously improvisational and unregulated. In-demand K-pop stars – many of whom are teenage 'idols' – have been known to rehearse and perform without sleep."<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/south-korean-law-protect-young-717098|title=South Korean Law to Protect Young K-Pop Stars From Sexualization, Overwork|work=The Hollywood Reporter|access-date=April 13, 2016}}</ref>

In July 2009, S.M. Entertainment was taken to court by [[TVXQ]] and a [[Super Junior]] member, who alleged that their working conditions had led to adverse health effects.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://world.kbs.co.kr/english/entertainment/enter_chart_detail.htm?No=10722|title=Will TVXQ Stay Together?|date=October 28, 2009|work=KBS World|accessdate=October 28, 2009}}</ref><ref>[http://star.mt.co.kr/view/stview.php?no=2009122215270135930&type=1&outlink=1 "한경 "SM, 非정상적 활동강요"] ''Star News''. December 22, 2009. Retrieved May 1, 2012 {{ko icon}}</ref> The court decision in the TVXQ lawsuit determined their contract with S.M. Entertainment [[Void (law)|void]], and resultantly the Fair Trade Commission released contract templates to regulate industry conditions.<ref name="BBCdark4" />

In 2014, South Korea passed a law to regulate its music industry, protecting idols aged under 19 from unhealthy labor practices and overtly sexualized performances.<ref>[http://www.wonderingsound.com/news/south-korea-passes-law-regulating-k-pop-industry/ South Korea Passes Law Regulating K-Pop Industry] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140804122719/http://www.wonderingsound.com/news/south-korea-passes-law-regulating-k-pop-industry/|date=August 4, 2014}} WonderingSound.com (July 8, 2014). Retrieved on August 3, 2014.</ref><blockquote>Under the new law, underage stars will be guaranteed the basic rights to learn, rest and sleep, though exceptions can be made for projects requiring long-distance travel. Weekly working hours for children younger than 15 are not to exceed 35 hours, while minors aged 15-18 are limited to 40 hours. Minors cannot work between 10 p.m. and 6 a.m. unless their guardians give consent. It will also be illegal to coerce minors into wearing revealing stage costumes or dancing sexually suggestive choreography routines.<ref name=":02" /></blockquote>Failure to comply with these regulations may lead to the equivalent of a US$10,000 fine.<ref name=":02" />

Industry professionals such as SM Entertainment’s CEO Kim Young-min have defended the system, arguing that individuals trained within the system are "no different than typical middle or high school kids, who go to after-school programs to cram for college entrance exams". Kim has also argued that there is a need to consider the expenses incurred by the company during the trainee period, including "facilities, equipment, costumes, and virtually everything the trainees need".<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Park|first=Gil-Sung|date=2013|title=Manufacturing Creativity: Production, Performance|url=https://www.ekoreajournal.net/sysLib/down.php?file=..%2FUPLOAD%2FT_articles%2F2(Gil-Sung_PARK).pdf|journal=Korea Journal|volume=53|issue=4|pages=14–33|via=}}</ref>

On March 7, 2017, the South Korea Fair Trade Commission (KFTC) passed new regulations in order to protect trainee idols from unfair terms and working conditions. Prior to these regulations, trainee idols at eight idol agencies were not permitted to seek contracts at any other agency while at training. Moreover, agencies were able to terminate a trainee contract at any time for any reason. The Fair Trade Commission states that they believe these changes will "result in a more just contract culture within the entertainment industry between trainee and agency." For now these regulations only apply to eight major idol agencies but the Ministry of Culture intends to apply these regulations to all existing agencies throughout 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.koreaboo.com/longform/new-contractual-changes-cause-concern-within-music-industry|title=New contractual changes cause concern within music industry|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

Some of the concerns raised by the idol agencies over these regulations include the risk of a trainee at one agency going undercover at another agency to receive training with the other agency. This introduces further risk that the idol agencies must take in training new idols. Trainees train for 3 years on average and the agencies support these trainees with various training programs during this duration, resulting in each trainee being a very large investment for the agency.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.koreaboo.com/news/south-korea-passes-new-regulations-unfair-trainee-contracts/|title=South Korea Passes new regulations for unfair trainee contracts|last=|first=|date=|website=Korea Boo|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

==== Tình dục hóa và lợi dụng tình dục ====
The industry has been criticized for the sexualization of both male and female idols, with the sexualization of minors in particular being of concern.<ref name="sexualizing">{{Cite news|url=http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20110720000617|title=Should a law ban sexualizing of K-pop teens?|last=Power|first=John|date=20 July 2011|work=Korea Herald|access-date=10 April 2018}}</ref> Critics such as James Turnbull  of the Korean Pop Culture blog [http://thegrandnarrative.com The Grand Narrative] have argued young female idols are especially susceptible to pressures to wear revealing clothing or dance provocatively.<ref name="sexualizing" />  However, compared to western popular music, K-pop has little sex, drugs, or aggressive behavior and has a much more parent-friendly branding.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Oakeley|first1=Lucas|title=How K-pop became a propaganda tool|url=https://theoutline.com/post/4269/k-pop-propaganda-south-korea-north-korea-demilitarized-zone?zd=1&zi=nms4d5dz|accessdate=25 April 2018|work=[[The Outline (website)|The Outline]]|date=24 April 2018}}</ref>

Sponsorships or "sponsor relationships" are a common form of sexual exploitation in the industry. Wealthy individuals will "sponsor" idols or trainees by giving them expensive gifts or by helping them land roles coverage in return for sexual favors.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://seoulbeats.com/2016/02/sponsorships-just-another-word-for-prostitution/|title=Sponsorships: Just Another Word For Prostitution?|last=|first=Pat|date=22 February 2016|work=Seoulbeats|access-date=11 April 2018}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|K-pop}}
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Korean idol]]
* [[Korean Wave|Hallyu]]
* [[Korean drama]]
* [[Contemporary culture of South Korea]]
* [[South Korean music]]
* [[List of K-pop artists]]
* [[List of South Korean idol groups]]
* [[Korean hip hop]]
* [[Korean rock]]
* [[Music industry of East Asia]]
* [[List of K-Pop concerts held outside Asia]]
{{div col end}}

==Notes==
<references group="note" />

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Bibliography==
{{Wiktionary}}
{{commons category|K-pop}}
* {{cite book |last=Hartong |first=Jan Laurens |title=Musical Terms Worldwide: A Companion for the Musical Explorer |publisher=Semar Publishers |year=2006 |isbn=978-88-7778-090-4}}
* {{cite book |last=Holden |first=Todd Joseph Miles |last2=Scrase |first2= Timothy J.|title=Medi@sia: Global Media/tion In and Out of Context |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-415-37155-1}}
* {{cite book |last=Jung |first=Sun |title=Korean Masculinities and Transcultural Consumption: Yonsama, Rain, Oldboy, K-Pop Idols |publisher=Hong Kong University Press |year=2011 |isbn=978-988-8028-66-5}}
* {{cite book |last=Kim |first=Myung Oak |last2=Jaffe |first2=Sam |title=The New Korea: An Inside Look at South Korea's Economic Rise |publisher=AMACOM Div American Mgmt Assn |year=2010   |isbn=978-0-8144-1489-7}}
* {{cite book |title=K-Pop: A New Force in Pop Music |year=2011 |publisher=Korean Culture and Information Service; Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism |isbn=978-89-7375-166-2 |edition=Korean Culture No. 2|url=http://www.korea.net/Resources/Publications/About-Korea/view?articleId=2217 |format=PDF }}

{{K-pop}}
{{Music of Korea}}
{{Korea topics}}
{{Pop music}}