Iqlim oʻzgarishi
Bu maqola ayni damda Anjaniy tomonidan faol tahrirlanyapti. Iltimos, mazkur ogohlantirish xabari sahifadan olib tashlanmagunga qadar sahifaga oʻzgartirishlar kiritmay turing. Aks holda, tahrirlar toʻqnashuvi yuz berishi mumkin. Bu sahifa oxirgi marta 09:28, 15-dekabr 2024 (UTC) (13 daqiqa avval) da tahrir qilingan. |
Iqlim oʻzgarishi (shuningdek, global isish) – butun dunyodagi oʻrtacha haroratning davomli oʻsishi va uning Yer iqlimiga oʻtkazadigan taʼsiri. Global haroratning hozirgi davrdagi koʻtarilishi inson faoliyati, xususan, sanoat inqilobidan beri qazib olinayotgan yoqilgʻining yoqilishi bilan bogʻliq[3][4]. Qazib olingan yoqilgʻidan foydalanish, oʻrmonlarni kesish va baʼzi qishloq xoʻjaligi va sanoat amaliyotlari iqlim oʻzgarishiga sabab boʻluvchi issiqxona gazlarini chiqaradi[5]. Karbonat angidrid, global isishda asosiy rol oʻynayotgan issiqxona gazi, millionlab yillar davomida kuzatilmagan darajada, taxminan, 50%ga oʻsdi[6].
Iqlim oʻzgarishi atrof-muhitga tobora katta taʼsir koʻrsatmoqda. Xususan, choʻllar kengaymoqda, issiq toʻlqinlar va oʻrmon yongʻinlari keng tarqalmoqda[7]. Arktikadagi havo haroratining koʻtarilishi |abadiy muzliklarning erishiga sabab boʻldi[8]. Yuqori haroratlar kuchli boʻronlar, qurgʻoqchilik va boshqa ob-havo sharoitlariga ham sabab boʻlmoqda[9]. Togʻlar, marjon riflari va Arktikadagi tez atrof-muhit oʻzgarishi koʻplab turlarni boshqa joyga koʻchishga yoki yoʻq boʻlib ketishga majbur qilmoqda[10]. Kelajakda iqlim oʻzgarishini minimallashtirishga qaratilgan harakatlar muvaffaqiyatli amalga oshirilsa-da, baʼzi taʼsirlar, masalan, okeanning isishi, okeanning kislotalanishi va dengiz sathining koʻtarilishi asrlab davom etadi[11].
Iqlim oʻzgarishi odamlarga suv toshqini, haddan tashqari issiqlik, oziq-ovqat va suv tanqisligining kuchayishi, turli xil kasalliklar va iqtisodiy yoʻqotishlar bilan tahdid qilmoqda. Iqlim oʻzgarishiga inson migratsiyasi va mojarolar ham taʼsir oʻtkazmoqda[12]. Jahon sogʻliqni saqlash tashkiloti iqlim oʻzgarishini 21-asrda global sogʻliq uchun eng katta tahdidlardan biri deb atadi[13]. Toshqinga qarshi choralar koʻrish, qurgʻoqchilikka chidamli ekinlar ekish kabi saʼy-harakatlar orqali iqlim oʻzgarishiga moslashish iqlim oʻzgarishi xavfini qisman kamaytiradi[14]. Kambagʻal hudud aholisi garchi iqlim oʻzgarishiga eng kam taʼsir oʻtkazayotgan boʻlsa-da, eng koʻp zarar koʻrmoqda[15][16].
21-asrning birinchi oʻn yilliklarida iqlim oʻzgarishining koʻplab oqibatlari yuzaga keldi: 1850-yil bilan, muntazam kuzatuv boshlangan vaqt bilan solishtirganda, 2023-yilda issiqlikning rekord darajada koʻtarilishi (+1,48 °C) yuzaga keldi[18][19]. Bu kabi issiqlikning koʻtarilishi ayni damdagi holatni yanada battarlashishiga hissa qoʻshishi, hatto Grenlandiya muz qatlami ning erishi kabi katta oʻzgarishga sabab boʻlishi mumkin[20]. 2015-yilgi Parij kelishuvida davlatlar global isishni „2 °C dan past“ ushlab turishga kelishib olgan boʻlsa-da, vaziyat hozirgi holatdan oʻzgarmay davom etsa, asr oxirida global isish 2,8 °C ga yetadi[21]. Global isishni 1,5 °C gacha tushirish uchun davlatlar 2030-yilgacha chiqarayotgan gazlarini ikki baravar kamaytirishi va 2050-yilga kelib esa turli xil gazlarni chiqarishni butunlay toʻxtatishi kerak[22][23].
Energiyani tejash va uglerod ifloslanishini keltirib chiqarmaydigan energiya manbalariga oʻtish orqali qazib olinadigan yoqilgʻidan foydalanishni bosqichma-bosqich toʻxtatish mumkin. Bu kabi energiya manbalariga shamol, quyosh, suv va atom energiyasi kiradi[24]. Ushbu energiya manbalari transport, binolarni isitish va sanoat jarayonlarida qazilma yoqilgʻi oʻrnini bosishi mumkin[25]. Uglerod miqdorini atmosferada ham kamaytirish mumkin. Bu uchun oʻrmon maydonlarini kengaytirish va tuproqdagi uglerodni ushlash usullari bilan dehqonchilik qilish kerak[26].
Terminologiyasi
[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]1980-yillarga qadar issiqxona gazlaridan chiqayotgan gazlarning issiqligi havo ifloslanishidagi atmosfera zarrachalarining sovutish taʼsiridan kuchli yoki kuchsizligi nomaʼlum edi. Olimlar iqlimning bexosdan oʻzgarishi atamasini oʻsha paytda insonning iqlimga taʼsirini ifodalash uchun ishlatishgan[27]. 1980-yillarda global isish va iqlim oʻzgarishi atamalari keng tarqalgan boʻlib, koʻpincha bir xil maʼnoni anglatish uchun bir birini oʻrniga ishatila boshlandi[28][29][30]. Ilmiy nuqtai nazardan, global isish faqat yer sirti isishining kuchayishini anglatsa, iqlim oʻzgarishi global isishni va uning Yer iqlim tizimiga taʼsirini, masalan, yogʻingarchilikning oʻzgarishini tavsiflaydi[27].
1975-yildan buyon qoʻllanib kelinayotgan[31] global isish atamasi NASA iqlimshunosi James Hansen 1988-yilda AQSh Senatida bergan koʻrsatmasida foydalanganidan soʻng mashhurlasha boshladi[32]. 2000-yillardan boshlab, ushbu atamadan foydalanish keskin oshdi[33].
Manbalar
[tahrir | manbasini tahrirlash]- ↑ „GISS Surface Temperature Analysis (v4)“. NASA. Qaraldi: 2024-yil 12-yanvar.
- ↑ IPCC AR6 WG1 Summary for Policymakers 2021, SPM-7
- ↑ Forster et al. 2024, s. 2626 : „The indicators show that, for the 2014–2023 decade average, observed warming was 1.19 [1.06 to 1.30] °C, of which 1.19 [1.0 to 1.4] °C was human-induced.“
- ↑ Lynas, Mark; Houlton, Benjamin Z.; Perry, Simon (19 October 2021). "Greater than 99% consensus on human caused climate change in the peer-reviewed scientific literature". Environmental Research Letters 16 (11): 114005. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/ac2966. ISSN 1748-9326.
- ↑ Our World in Data, 18 September 2020
- ↑ IPCC AR6 WG1 Technical Summary 2021, s. 67 : „Concentrations of Andoza:CO2, methane (Andoza:CH4), and nitrous oxide (Andoza:N2O) have increased to levels unprecedented in at least 800,000 years, and there is high confidence that current Andoza:CO2 concentrations have not been experienced for at least 2 million years.“
- ↑
- IPCC SRCCL 2019, s. 7 : „Since the pre-industrial period, the land surface air temperature has risen nearly twice as much as the global average temperature (high confidence). Climate change… contributed to desertification and land degradation in many regions (high confidence).“
- IPCC AR6 WG2 SPM 2022, s. 9 : „Observed increases in areas burned by wildfires have been attributed to human-induced climate change in some regions (medium to high confidence)“
- ↑ IPCC SROCC 2019, s. 16 : „Over the last decades, global warming has led to widespread shrinking of the cryosphere, with mass loss from ice sheets and glaciers (very high confidence), reductions in snow cover (high confidence) and Arctic sea ice extent and thickness (very high confidence), and increased permafrost temperature (very high confidence).“
- ↑ IPCC AR6 WG1 Ch11 2021, s. 1517
- ↑ EPA. „Climate Impacts on Ecosystems“ (2017-yil 19-yanvar). — „Mountain and arctic ecosystems and species are particularly sensitive to climate change... As ocean temperatures warm and the acidity of the ocean increases, bleaching and coral die-offs are likely to become more frequent.“. 2018-yil 27-yanvarda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2019-yil 5-fevral.
- ↑ IPCC SR15 Ch1 2018, s. 64 : „Sustained net zero anthropogenic emissions of Andoza:CO2 and declining net anthropogenic non-Andoza:CO2 radiative forcing over a multi-decade period would halt anthropogenic global warming over that period, although it would not halt sea level rise or many other aspects of climate system adjustment.“
- ↑
- ↑ WHO, Nov 2023
- ↑
- IPCC AR6 WG2 SPM 2022, ss. 21–26
- IPCC AR6 WG2 Ch16 2022, s. 2504
- IPCC AR6 SYR SPM 2023, ss. 8–9 : „Effectiveness15 of adaptation in reducing climate risks16 is documented for specific contexts, sectors and regions (high confidence) … Soft limits to adaptation are currently being experienced by small-scale farmers and households along some low-lying coastal areas (medium confidence) resulting from financial, governance, institutional and policy constraints (high confidence). Some tropical, coastal, polar and mountain ecosystems have reached hard adaptation limits (high confidence). Adaptation does not prevent all losses and damages, even with effective adaptation and before reaching soft and hard limits (high confidence).“
- ↑ Tietjen, Bethany „Loss and damage: Who is responsible when climate change harms the world's poorest countries?“. The Conversation (2022-yil 2-noyabr). Qaraldi: 2023-yil 30-avgust.
- ↑ „Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability“. IPCC (2022-yil 27-fevral). Qaraldi: 2023-yil 30-avgust.
- ↑ Ivanova, Irina „California is rationing water amid its worst drought in 1,200 years“. CBS News (2022-yil 2-iyun).
- ↑ Poynting, Mark; Rivault, Erwan „2023 confirmed as world's hottest year on record“. BBC (2024-yil 10-yanvar). Qaraldi: 2024-yil 13-yanvar.
- ↑ „Human, economic, environmental toll of climate change on the rise: WMO“ (en). United Nations (2023-yil 21-aprel). Qaraldi: 2024-yil 11-aprel.
- ↑ IPCC AR6 WG1 Technical Summary 2021, s. 71
- ↑ United Nations Environment Programme 2024, s. XVIII : „The full implementation and continuation of the level of mitigation effort implied by unconditional or conditional NDC scenarios lower these projections to 2.8 °C (range: 1.9–3.7) and 2.6 °C (range: 1.9–3.6), respectively. All with at least a 66 per cent chance.“
- ↑ IPCC SR15 Ch2 2018, ss. 95–96 : „In model pathways with no or limited overshoot of 1.5 °C, global net anthropogenic Andoza:CO2 emissions decline by about 45% from 2010 levels by 2030 (40–60% interquartile range), reaching net zero around 2050 (2045–2055 interquartile range)“
- ↑ IPCC SR15 2018, s. 17, SPM C.3 : „All pathways that limit global warming to 1.5 °C with limited or no overshoot project the use of carbon dioxide removal (CDR) on the order of 100–1000 GtAndoza:CO2 over the 21st century. CDR would be used to compensate for residual emissions and, in most cases, achieve net negative emissions to return global warming to 1.5 °C following a peak (high confidence). CDR deployment of several hundreds of GtAndoza:CO2 is subject to multiple feasibility and sustainability constraints (high confidence).“
- ↑
- IPCC AR5 WG3 Annex III 2014, s. 1335
- IPCC AR6 WG3 Summary for Policymakers 2022, ss. 24–25
- IPCC AR6 WG3 Technical Summary 2022, s. 89
- ↑ IPCC AR6 WG3 Technical Summary 2022, s. 84 : „Stringent emissions reductions at the level required for 2 °C or 1.5 °C are achieved through the increased electrification of buildings, transport, and industry, consequently all pathways entail increased electricity generation (high confidence).“
- ↑
- ↑ 27,0 27,1 NASA, 5 December 2008 .
- ↑ NASA, 7 July 2020
- ↑ Shaftel 2016 : „ 'Climate changeʼ and 'global warmingʻ are often used interchangeably but have distinct meanings. … Global warming refers to the upward temperature trend across the entire Earth since the early 20th century … Climate change refers to a broad range of global phenomena …[which] include the increased temperature trends described by global warming.“
- ↑ Associated Press, 22 September 2015 : „The terms global warming and climate change can be used interchangeably. Climate change is more accurate scientifically to describe the various effects of greenhouse gases on the world because it includes extreme weather, storms and changes in rainfall patterns, ocean acidification and sea level.“.
- ↑ Broecker, Wallace S. (8 August 1975). "Climatic Change: Are We on the Brink of a Pronounced Global Warming?". Science 189 (4201): 460–463. doi:10.1126/science.189.4201.460. PMID 17781884. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1740491.
- ↑ Weart "The Public and Climate Change: The Summer of 1988" , „News reporters gave only a little attention …“.
- ↑ Joo et al. 2015 .