Eron inqilobi sahifasining manbasini koʻrish

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'''Eron inqilobi yani''' '''islom inqilobi''' nomi bilan tarixga kirgan ( {{Lang-fa|انقلاب اسلامی|Enqelâb-e Eslâmī}}     ), <ref><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="3231">[http://www.iranchamber.com/history/islamic_revolution/islamic_revolution.php "Islamic Revolution | History of Iran]." </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="3232">''Iran Chamber Society''. </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="3233">{{Webarxiv}}.</span></ref> [[shoh]] [[Muhammad Rizo Pahlaviy]] davridagi [[Pahlaviylar|Pahlaviylar sulolasining]] agʻdarib tashlanishi va uning hukumati fraksiyalardan birining yetakchisi bo'lgan [[Oyatulloh]] [[Ruhulloh Xumayniy|Ruhulloh Humayniy]] boshqaruvi ostidagi islomiy respublikaga o'zgartitilishi bilan yakunlangan voqealar edi. {{Sfnp|Gölz|2017}} Bu inqilob turli soʻl va islomiy tashkilotlar tomonidan qoʻllab-quvvatlangan. <ref name="orsam">{{Veb manbasi|muallif=Goodarzi, Jubin M.|sana=8 February 2013|sarlavha=Syria and Iran: Alliance Cooperation in a Changing Regional Environment|url=http://www.orsam.org.tr/en/enUploads/Article/Files/201331_makale2.pdf|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020172459/http://www.orsam.org.tr/en/enUploads/Article/Files/201331_makale2.pdf|arxivsana=20 October 2013|qaralgan sana=18 October 2014}}</ref>

1953 yilgi Eron davlat to'ntarishidan keyin, Pahlaviy [[monarx]] sifatida yanada qat'iyroq hukmronlik qilish uchun Qo'shma Shtatlar va G'arbiy Blok bilan birlashdi. U yana 26 yil davomida hokimiyatni boshqarib turish uchun Qo'shma Shtatlarning yordamidan foydalandi.<ref name="Milani Shah">{{Kitob manbasi|last=Milani|first=Abbas|title=The Shah|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3e2L0Nt6NgQC|isbn=9780230340381|date=22 May 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Kitob manbasi|last=Sylvan, David|title=U.S. foreign policy in perspective: clients, enemies and empire|year=2009|location=London|page=121|doi=10.4324/9780203799451|isbn=978-0-415-70134-1|oclc=259970287}}</ref> Bu kabi o'ylamasdan qilingan ishlar  1963 yildagi Oq inqilob va 1964 yilda Oyatulloh Humoyiniyning hibsga olinishiga va surgun qilinishiga olib keldi. Humoyiniy va Shoh o'rtasida katta muammolar bo'layotgan biur paytda 1977 yil oktyabr oyida namoyishlar boshlanib ketti va ular ham dunyoviy, ham diniy elementlarni o'z ichiga olgan fuqarolik qarshilik guruhiga aylanib qoldi. {{Sfnp|Abrahamian|1982}} <ref name="Afkhami">{{Kitob manbasi|last=Afkhami|first=Gholam-Reza|title=The Life and Times of the Shah|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pTVSPmyvtkAC|isbn=9780520942165|date=12 January 2009}}</ref><ref>[[Ervand Abrahamian|Abrahamian, Ervand]]. 2009. </ref> Norozilik namoyishlari 1978 yilda inqilob yetakchisi sifatida qaralgan Reks kinoteatrining <ref name="mottahedeh">[[Roy Mottahedeh|Mottahedeh, Roy]]. 2004. </ref><ref>{{Veb manbasi|sarlavha=The Iranian Revolution|url=http://www.fsmitha.com/h2/ch29ir.html|ish=fsmitha.com|arxivsana=10 October 2016|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161010233759/http://www.fsmitha.com/h2/ch29ir.html}}</ref> yondirilishi natijasida va oʻsha yilning avgust-dekabr oylari orasida katta ish tashlashlar va ish tashlashlar natijasida juda tez kuchaydi. Namoyishlar mamlakatni butunlay falaj qilib qo'ydi.

1979-yil 16-yanvarda Shoh Erondan chiqib ketti va so‘nggi fors monarxi sifatida <ref>{{Kitob manbasi|last=Kabalan|first=Marwan J.|editor=Mansour|title=Shocks and Rivalries in the Middle East and North Africa|date=2020|publisher=Georgetown University Press|page=113|chapter=Iran-Iraq-Syria|quote=After more than a year of civil strife and street protests, Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi left Iran for exile in January 1979.}}</ref> surgunga jo‘nab ketdi va o‘z vazifalarini hokimiyat kengashiga va muxolifatga asoslangan bosh vazir bo‘lgan Shopur Baxtiyorga qoldirildi. Oyatulloh Humayniy hukumati tomonidan Eronga qaytib kelish taklif qilindi <ref name="Milani Shah"/> <ref name="Milani-Persians">{{Kitob manbasi|last=Milani|first=Abbas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ixU33FaG_dgC|title=Eminent Persians|publisher=Syracuse University Press|year=2008|isbn=978-0-8156-0907-0}}</ref> va bir necha ming eronliklar tomonidan salomlashish uchun [[Tehron|Tehronga]] qaytib keldi. <ref>"[http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/1/newsid_2521000/2521003.stm 1979: Exiled Ayatollah Khomeini returns to Iran]." </ref> Qirollik saltanati ko'p o'tmasdan, 11-fevralda, partizanlar va isyonchi qo'shinlar qurolli ko'cha janglarida Shohga sodiq qo'shinlarni bostirgach, Humayniyni rasmiy hokimiyatga keltirganida quladi. {{Sfnp|Graham|1980}} {{Sfnp|Kurzman|2004}} Eron davlat 1979 yil 1 aprelda islom respublikasi boʻlish uchun milliy referendumda <ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20060316040030/https://www.britannica.com/ebi/article-202892 Islamic Republic | Iran]." </ref> va yangi teokratik-respublika konstitutsiyasini {{Sfnp|Abrahamian|1982}} <ref name="Afkhami"/> {{Sfnp|Kurzman|2004}} <ref name="Amuzegar">{{Harvp|Amuzegar|1991}}</ref> ishlab chiqish va tasdiqlash uchun ovoz berdi. 1979 yil dekabrdan boshlab mamlakatning rasman [[Eron Oliy Rahbari|oliy rahbari]] deb hisoblandi.

Inqilob butun dunyoni hayraga solgan. {{Sfnp|Amuzegar|1991}} Unda inqilobning koʻpgina odatiy sabablari yoʻq edi (urushdagi magʻlubiyat, moliyaviy inqiroz, dehqonlar qoʻzgʻoloni yoki norozi harbiylar ); {{Sfnp|Arjomand|1988}} Nisbiy farovonlikni boshdan kechirayotgan xalqda sodir bo'ldi; <ref name="Milani Shah"/> <ref name="Amuzegar">{{Harvp|Amuzegar|1991}}</ref> katta tezlikda bilan chuqur o'zgarishlarni keltirib chiqardi; {{Sfnp|Amuzegar|1991}} juda mashhur bo'ldi ko'plab eronliklarning surgun qilinishiga olib keldi; {{Sfnp|Kurzman|2004}} va gʻarbparast dunyoviy {{Sfn|Amanat|2017}} [[Avtoritarizm|avtoritar]] monarxiya <ref name="Milani Shah" /> oʻrniga ''velayat-i faqih'' (yoki [[Viloyati faqih|vasiylik)]] tushunchasiga asoslangan Gʻarbga qarshi islomiy [[teokratiya]] <ref name="Milani Shah" /> {{Sfnp|Kurzman|2004}} <ref name="Amuzegar" /> <ref name="Middle East Studies 1987, p. 261">''[[International Journal of Middle East Studies]]'' 19, 1987, p. 261</ref> bilan o'rni  almashtirildi. [[Viloyati faqih|islom huquqshunoslari]]  avtoritarizm va [[totalitarizm]] o'rtasida vositasitachi edi. <ref>{{Kitob manbasi|last=Özbudun|first=Ergun|editor=Badie|title=International Encyclopedia of Political Science|date=2011|publisher=SAGE Publications, Inc.|isbn=978-1452266497|page=109|chapter=Authoritarian Regimes|quote=Another interesting borderline case between authoritarianism and totalitarianism is Iran, where an almost totalitarian interpretation of a religious ideology is combined with elements of limited pluralism. Under the Islamist regime, Islam has been transformed into a political ideology with a totalitarian bent, and the limited pluralism is allowed only among political groups loyal to the Islamic revolution.}}</ref> Bunga qo'shimcha ravishda, inqilob butun hududda [[Shialik|shialarni]] qayta tiklashga va [[Oʻrta Sharq|Yaqin Sharqdagi]] mavjud hukmron arab [[Ahl as-Sunna val-Jamoa|sunniy]] [[Gegemonlik|gegemonligini]] yo'q qilishga harakat qildi; <ref>{{Kitob manbasi|last=Nasr|first=Vali|title=THE SHIA REVIVAL:How Conflicts within Islam Will Shape the Future|url=https://archive.org/details/shiarevivalhowco0000nasr_v2n2|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company|year=2006|isbn=978-0-393-32968-1|location=New York|pages=|chapter=The Battle for the Middle East}}</ref> bu Eronni [[Saudiya Arabistoni]] bilan kelishmovchilikka olib keldi va 2022- yil holatiga ko'ra ikki davlat [[Oʻrta Sharq|Yaqin Sharq]] va kengroq [[Islom dunyosi|musulmon dunyosida]] ta'sir o'tkazish uchun proksi mojaroga qarshi kurashmoqda . 

== Havolalar ==

* [http://www.iranchamber.com/history/islamic_revolution/revolution_and_iran_after1979_1.php "Eron 1979 yilgi inqilob g'alabasidan keyin",] ''Eron palatalari jamiyati'' haqida
* [http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761588431/Islamic_Revolution_of_Iran.html Eron Islom inqilobi, Enkarta] {{Webarxiv|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091028082940/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761588431/Islamic_Revolution_of_Iran.html |date=2009-10-28 }} (   Archived 2009-10-31)
* [https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-32981/international-relations Islom inqilobi, Britannica]
* [https://www.theguardian.com/world/audioslideshow/2009/feb/03/iran-iranian-revolution Islom inqilobi: 30 yil o'tdi, uning merosi hali ham katta] - ''[[The Guardian]]'' audio slayd-shou