Papers by Jean-Pascal Planche
Transportation Research Record, 2002
Recently there has been considerable interest, especially in Europe, in the use of zero shear vis... more Recently there has been considerable interest, especially in Europe, in the use of zero shear viscosity (ZSV) as a specification criterion for asphalt binders. This interest is precipitated by the apparent inability of the current Superpave criterion, G*/sin delta, to capture the contribution to rutting resistance afforded by polymer modification. ZSV can be determined directly from long-term creep tests, but such tests are time-consuming and are often very difficult to perform. Several alternative methods for determining the ZSV have been proposed in the literature, including extrapolating the dynamic viscosity to zero frequency; applying the Cross model to dynamic data; and superimposing multiple short-term, non-steady-state creep tests. A number of methods for determining the ZSV from both creep and dynamic data were evaluated. Laboratory test data for 10 unmodified and modified binders were obtained through a series of creep and dynamic experiments. ZSV values obtained from two of the more promising methods were compared, along with a comparison of the ZSV ranking with the Superpave grading temperature. Two of the methods provided very similar values for the ZSV when applied over a considerable range in test temperature, and the results from the two methods could be used interchangeably for the materials that were tested. The binders ranked quite differently when ranked according to their Superpave grading temperature or their ZSV.
Routes/Roads, 2012
This paper provides examples of recent developments in binder characterization, as new sophistica... more This paper provides examples of recent developments in binder characterization, as new sophisticated analytical tools are emerging with impacts on binder selection and modification. This trend emerges from a common need in developed countries to move towards performance related specifications (PRS) for more durable pavements, as well as increased recycling of old pavements. Hence the need for research and development efforts towards more engineered bituminous binders that can satisfy life cycle cost constraints.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE 3RD EURASPHALT AND EUROBITUME CONGRESS HELD VIENNA, MAY 2004, 2004
In order to prevent binder-related pavement failures, it is very important to be able to characte... more In order to prevent binder-related pavement failures, it is very important to be able to characterize the performances of bituminous binders that play an essential role in the construction and reinforcement of pavements. However, because of its specific and complex composition, bitumen is a visco-elastic material whose intrinsic rheological properties depend upon the temperature and the loading time. One way to characterize this particular behaviour is to measure the response of the material under dynamic loading conditions, for instance in shear mode. The visco-elastic nature at high and intermediate pavement temperatures can then be described by Dynamic Oscillatory Shear Rheometer (DSR) measurements. But, the applicability of the preparation of test samples usually carried out on neat bitumens is now questioned when analyzing, in particular, modified binders: test standardisation becomes more and more necessary with a wide agreement on the required specifications. This paper points out the effect of the test sample preparation on the rheological results obtained by DSR measurements. In this study, two different sample preparations were used to explore the thermal effect: loading the binder into moulds, 24 hours prior to testing in the rheometer, or loading of the sample directly into the plates gap. In order to cover a variety of sampling procedures, a 70/100 penetration grade bitumen was chosen and two Polymer modified Bitumens were manufactured by adding 3% of saturated plastomer (Ethylene/Vinyl Acetate) or 3% of unsaturated elastomer (Styrene/Butadiene/Styrene) to this base bitumen. These three binders were then tested before and after ageing. Moreover, the effect of temperature rising up or going down during testing in the rheometer was determined on a 6% saturated plastomer modified bitumen. Because of this high degree of modification (phase inversion), the temperature effect was exalted. This effect was then studied against both sample preparations previously analysed. In conclusion, the determination of the complex modulus and the phase angle using a Dynamic Shear Rheometer appears to be sensitive to the sample preparation and especially to the thermal history of the binders. Consequently, in order to make relative comparison between samples, it seems very important to have the same sample thermal history. This one appears to be more critical in the case of plastomer modified bitumen. For the covering abstract see ITRD E121480.
BULLETIN DES LABORATOIRES DES PONTS ET CHAUSSEES, Mar 1, 1999
Nouvelle approche de caractérisation chimique des liants modifiés par microscopie infrarouge RÉSU... more Nouvelle approche de caractérisation chimique des liants modifiés par microscopie infrarouge RÉSUMÉ Les Bitumes modifiés par des Polymères (BmP) sont des matériaux composites dont la structure complexe dépend notamment de la nature du polymère, de sa concentration, de la composition chimique du bitume et de la température d'observation. Cette étude a vi sé à déterminer les espèces
In this study infrared microscopy was used to identify the chemical species of bitumens that inte... more In this study infrared microscopy was used to identify the chemical species of bitumens that interact with the polymer to swell it. Various PmBs were manufactured by adding different levels and natures of copolymers (styrene/butadiene, ethylene/vinyl acetate) to two bitumens from two different crude oils. Some physical blends were then in situ cross linked through a proprietary process. FTIR microscopy allowed to make a mapping of the specimen with respect to local polymer concentration. Most PmBs display a biphasic microstructure with polymer rich areas along with polymer poor regions. The size and composition of those areas are bitumen, polymer and manufacturing process dependent. The chemical species that swell the polymer involve certain types of aliphatics and slightly condensed aromatics, the ratio of which is highly polymer dependent. The wide size distribution of the nodules in case of some physical blends can account for the polymer demixtion over high temperature storage. However, the polymer dispersion homogeneity is enhanced by the cross linking process, which can help understanding special features of such materials. In conclusion, FTIR microscopy appears to be a very effective tool to study the microstructure of polymer modified bitumens. The knowledge of parameters related to the polymer swelling and dispersion, and the changes in bitumen composition, gives very useful information to optimise PmB formulation with respect to their functional properties. For the covering abstract see ITRD E107185.
The original asphalt binder Superpave specification criterion for fatigue, G'sinS, has received c... more The original asphalt binder Superpave specification criterion for fatigue, G'sinS, has received considerable criticism as a specification requirement. A time sweep using the dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) has been proposed as an alternative test method for the Superpave specification. The "modulus versus number of cycles" relationships generated in the time sweep test have the appearance of typical fatigue curves. In this paper, the data was examined with respect to its validity as a measure of fatigue. Special attention was given to parameters that affect or could be confounded with "true" fatigue response: apparent fatigue can generate phenomena susceptible to interfere with the fatigue behavior:-Initial value of the complex modulus of the material. Behavior in repeated shear depends markedly on the initial stiffness of the binder. If the initial stiffness is low, damage can occur as a result of plastic flow at the outer edge of the asphalt binder. The influence of the rest periods at different time of the test.-The drop of the modulus at the beginning of the curves.-Steric hardening occurring with time, apparently even during loading, may have some effect on fatigue like when the time sweep is applied over an extended period of time. Binder type: this procedure showed significant differences in the behavior of various modified binders.
The original Superpave bituminous binder specification to warrant against rutting was based on G*... more The original Superpave bituminous binder specification to warrant against rutting was based on G*/sin as measured in the dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) at the upper pavement temperature. Recent research has suggested a repeated creep test conducted in rotational shear with the DSR as a more appropriate specification test for grading PG binders at the upper grading temperature. On the other hand, zero shear viscosity (ZSV) has been proposed as a potential specification criterion in Europe. Data obtained from the static creep and recovery test or from a DSR frequency sweep can be used to estimate ZSV. Different binders consisting of common base bitumens and different modifiers with varying levels of modification were tested using repeated shear, static creep and recovery, and DSR frequency sweeps over a range of test temperatures and stress levels. Different materials exhibited different responses in repeated shear and these responses are discussed with respect to the amount and type of modifier. Different types of structuring appear to occur in the binders and this structuring, which is different for plastomers and elastomers, can affect the response of the binder to repeated shear. The nature of the recovery is evaluated with respect to modifier type and dosage level. Finally, the utility and accuracy of ZSV as determined from dynamic and static creep testing is discussed. Comparisons between the different parameters are evaluated and their relevancy as specification parameters is discussed.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE 3RD EURASPHALT AND EUROBITUME CONGRESS HELD VIENNA, MAY 2004, 2004
There is a need for a better understanding of the fatigue phenomenon for both bituminous binders ... more There is a need for a better understanding of the fatigue phenomenon for both bituminous binders and mixtures. New tools and analysis methods to evaluate fatigue are reported and discussed in the literature. They require further investigation, as existing approaches suffer from high variability of test results. The influence of the binder on the fatigue behavior of the mixture also needs to be better described and quantified. This paper presents a study on the fatigue resistance of 6 mixtures and the corresponding binders. Relations between the behavior of mixtures and binders are discussed through the use of different analysis methods. Different parameters to evaluate fatigue are derived and compared. The influence of parameters such as binder nature, penetration grade, nature and level of polymer-modification are also discussed and related to the fatigue performance of both binders and mixtures. For the covering abstract see ITRD E121480.
REVUE GENERALE DES ROUTES (RGRA), Apr 1, 1999
Depuis environ 8 ans, le groupe de travail WG1 "Bitumes purs" du CEN travaillle a l'... more Depuis environ 8 ans, le groupe de travail WG1 "Bitumes purs" du CEN travaillle a l'harmonisation des methodes d'essais et des specifications de bitumes europeennes. Cette tache aboutit aujourd'hui avec la publication au tout debut 2000 des 13 normes bitumes purs qui permettront aux 19 pays membres du CEN de parler un langage commun et de favoriser les echanges commerciaux pendant les 5 a 10 prochaines annees, c'est-a-dire jusqu'a l'aboutissement du nouveau grand chantier qui s'ouvre cette annee : la deuxieme generation de normes basee sur les performances des materiaux routiers. D'autres travaux en discussion auront abouti avant cette echeance, parmi lesquels : des normes sur les specifications de bitumes lourds routiers, la terminologie, le remplacement de l'essai de Fraass, le remplacement des methodes Afnor et DIN pour le dosage des paraffines dans les bitumes et bien sur la reponse du CEN au mandat CE sur les produits de construction routiere. (A) (Titre en anglais et en espagnol : European standardisation of pure bitumens - Assessment of work completed from 1994 to 1998 by the CEN working group WG1 (TC19/SC1) - Normalizacion europea de los betunes puros. Balance de las obras ejecutadas entre 1994 y 1998 por el grupo de trabajo WG1 del CEN/TC19/SC1))
REVUE GENERALE DES ROUTES (RGRA), Feb 1, 2003
Les specifications Superpave des liants sont en cours de revision aux Etats-Unis. De nouvelles me... more Les specifications Superpave des liants sont en cours de revision aux Etats-Unis. De nouvelles methodes d'essais faisant appel au rheometre a cisaillement dynamique sont proposees dans le cadre des programmes "post-SHRP". Cette etude evalue le potentiel des nouvelles methodes pour une serie de liants, modifies ou non, et montre l'interet des bitumes polymeres, en particulier les elastomeres reticules. (A) (Titre en anglais et en espagnol : Applications of new "post-Superpave" rheological test methods to better characterize and differentiate bituminous binders - Aplicacion de nuevos metodos de pruebas reologicas "post-Superpave" para caracterizar de mejor modo y diferencia los aglomerantes modificados)
OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information), Oct 22, 2019
BULLETIN DES LABORATOIRES DES PONTS ET CHAUSSEES, Sep 1, 2002
Le comportement thermique de onze bitumes a ete etudie par analyse calorimetrique differentielle ... more Le comportement thermique de onze bitumes a ete etudie par analyse calorimetrique differentielle (DSC). L'influence des vitesses de chauffe et de refroidissement sur les valeurs des parametres thermiques, tels que la temperature de transition vitreuse Tg et la teneur en fractions cristallisees FC, a ete etudiee dans le domaine de temperature - 100 degres C/120 degres C. L'etat physique initial du bitume, diphasique a temperature ambiante ou monophasique a 120 degres C a egalement ete aborde. La dependance de Tg et de FC avec la vitesse de refroidissement utilisee a ete mise en evidence. En revanche, la vitesse de chauffe et l'etat physique du bitume n'ont que peu d'incidences sur les determinations des parametres thermiques. A partir de ces resultats, un nouveau protocole experimental a ete propose pour la caracterisation thermique des bitumes par DSC. Une etude comparative des resultats obtenus selon l'ancien et le nouveau protocole a ete realisee sur les onze bitumes de l'etude. (A). (Titres en anglais et allemand : Role of heat treatment in the DSC-based determination of the thermal characteristics of road bitumens - ; Einfluss der thermischen Behandlung auf die Bestimmung der therminschen Eigenschaften von Stassenbaubitumen durch DTA).
In a recent survey of users and producers of modified asphalts, stability and short-term aging we... more In a recent survey of users and producers of modified asphalts, stability and short-term aging were two of the main concerns regarding the use of modified asphalts. In an NCHRP project, a concentrated effort was put into development of revised or new testing procedures to better characterize the nature of modified asphalt and to solve some of the difficulties with using existing aging procedures developed for neat asphalts and modified asphalts. Three main procedures have been proposed to complement the existing Superpave procedures: the laboratory asphalt stability test, for measuring the storage stability of asphalt binders; the particulate additive test, for separation of particulate additives; and the modified rolling thin film oven test for short-term aging. The background behind the development of these test methods is explained, and typical data collected for a number of modified asphalts are presented. The results indicate that these tests show high promise in covering characteristics not covered by the current Superpave binder specifications and in solving some of the problems with the existing aging methods. The results also indicate that the behavior of modified binder can be very complex and that the method of data interpretation is very critical.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE 4TH EURASPHALT AND EUROBITUME CONGRESS HELD MAY 2008, COPENHAGEN, DENMARK, 2008
LCPC and Total launched in the early 2000s a joint laboratory study to address the issue of the e... more LCPC and Total launched in the early 2000s a joint laboratory study to address the issue of the evolution of the chemical and physical properties of polymer-modified bitumens (PmBs) upon ageing. Although this study involved a wide variety of polymer modifiers, this particular paper is dedicated to elastomer modified systems only. Composition parameters were examined, such as the polymer structure and content, and origin of the bitumen. The influence of an eventual chemical cross-linking was also studied. Results obtained via a number of characterization methods both physical-chemical, such as FTIR microscopy, and rheological such as dynamic shear and bending beam rheometers, performed both before and after short (RTFOT) and long (PAV) term ageing are described. Linking the rheological and chemical results enabled conclusions and directions on how to improve the ageing resistance of elastomer modified bitumens to be developed. For the covering abstract see ITRD E157233
Road Materials and Pavement Design, Jun 14, 2023
REVUE GENERALE DES ROUTES ET DES AERODROMES, Apr 1, 1996
Dans cette etude, des bitumes modifies par des elastomeres, des plastomeres et des bitumes semi-s... more Dans cette etude, des bitumes modifies par des elastomeres, des plastomeres et des bitumes semi-souffles ont ete evalues et classes selon les methodes developpees pour les liants par le Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP). Ces produits ameliorent nettement les proprietes rheologiques aux hautes temperatures de service, mais les bitumes plastomeres et plus encore les bitumes semi-souffles sont plus fragiles a froid que les bitumes elastomeres selon le critere pente de rigidite en fonction du temps de charge mesure au Bending Beam Rheometer (BBR). Des observations de fissuration sur des enrobes a base de liants plastomere et elastomere en place sur la Route 11 en Pennsylvanie (USA) ont confirme les resultats BBR. Bien qu'aux temperatures intermediaires, ces liants possedent des proprietes rheologiques equivalentes, le test de fluage les differencie nettement, en accord avec leur meilleure resistance a la fissuration. (Titre en anglais: Evaluation of modified bitumens according to SHRP binder specifications).
Processes, Apr 15, 2023
This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative... more This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY
BULLETIN DE LIAISON DES LABORATOIRES DES PONTS ET CHAUSSEES, 1990
La caracterisation des bitumes routiers par Analyse Calorimetrique Differentielle (ACD) a ete dev... more La caracterisation des bitumes routiers par Analyse Calorimetrique Differentielle (ACD) a ete developpee sous deux aspects : - couplage de l'Analyse Thermo-Optique (ATO) et de l'ACD afin de visualiser les fractions organisees d'un bitume et de suivre leur evolution en fonction de la temperature ; - correlation des resultats de l'ACD : (transition vitreuse et taux des fractions organisees) avec les proprietes physiques. L'utilisation conjointe de la microscopie a polarisation et a contraste de phase a permis de mettre en evidence le caractere diphasique du bitume a temperature ambiante. Les fractions visualisees sont en grande majorite faiblement organisees et de l'ordre de quelques micrometres. Ce caractere diphasique depend directement du taux de fractions determine par ACD. L'etude en fonction de la temperature montre la parfaite reversibilite des phenomenes de dissolution-precipitation. Cela est en parfait accord avec les etudes ACD effectuees dans des conditions experimentales identiques. Une bonne correlation a ete obtenue entre la temperature de transition vitreuse (ACD) et le point de fragilite Fraass. Il en est de meme de la quantite de fractions organisees dans le bitume avec l'ecart a la variation lineaire de consistance en fonction de la temperature representee dans le diagramme d'Heukelom pour un bitume de distillation directe non paraffinique. L'ACD se revele donc une methode particulierement pertinente de caracterisation et de prevision des proprietes physiques d'un bitume. (A). (Titres en anglais et allemand : The characterization of roadmaking bitumens by differential calorimetric analysis (DCA). Thermo-optical analysis : correlation between physical properties and DCA results. Kennzeichnung von Strassenbitumen durch Differenzscanning-Kalorimetrie. Thermooptische Analyse, Korrelation zwischen physikalischen Eigenschaften und DSK-Ergebnissen).
PROCEEDINGS OF THE 3RD EURASPHALT AND EUROBITUME CONGRESS HELD VIENNA, MAY 2004, 2004
The infrared microscopy allows to characterize separately different phases in an heterogeneous pr... more The infrared microscopy allows to characterize separately different phases in an heterogeneous product. In this study we address the case of BmP which usually are biphasic; they are studied in their original state and after conventional tests claimed to simulate the ageing during the mixing process and several years of road service (RTFOT+PAV). The studied BmP were elaborated from two base bitumen by adding different polymers (elastomers and plastomers) at 3 and 6% rate, some of them were in situ cross linked. The infrared microscopy was used to determine for each phase the polymer rate and functional indices characterizing the bitumen such as aromaticity, aliphaticity and condensation, and also to map the polymer distribution in the BmP. The characterization of BmP in their original state points out which species of the bitumen are involved in the polymer swelling, depending on the base bitumen and on the character of the polymer. The characterization of the same BmP after the RTFOT+PAV ageing points out how the bitumen species responsible for the swelling evolve during the ageing and to draw comparisons of their evolution with the evolution of the bitumen and with the evolution of the non swelling part of the bitumen, depending on the base bitumen and on the character of the polymer. These studies come to the conclusion of an obvious interdependence of the ageing of the different constitutive phases in a BmP and of chemical exchanges between them. They make clear the micromorphological modification induced by ageing in a BmP. Examples are given of such studies on BmP which were in situ cross linked; despite of their better homogeneity in the original state, evolutions occurring during the ageing are shown, depending as in the other cases on the compositional parameters. For the covering abstract see ITRD E121480.
This article describes progress towards development of a new thin film (300μm) short- and long-te... more This article describes progress towards development of a new thin film (300μm) short- and long-term aging test suggested as an alternative to the standard rolling thin film oven (RTFO) and pressure aging vessel (PAV) tests. The new test, referred to as the Simple Aging Test (SAT), can be applied to neat and modified bitumens, and emulsion residues. Before the Strategic Highway Research Program, there was considerable interest in static thin film aging. However, the RTFO test was adopted for short term aging because of the large amount of aged asphalt needed for the Bending Beam Rheometer (BBR) test. Since the adoption of the RTFO, it has been found problematic for aging high modified binders. In the case of warm mix binders, RTFO testing at lower temperature to simulate a "warm" plant may limit rolling needed to uniformly age the material. recent development of a 4-mm dia. parallel-plate dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) technique allows DSR test to -40°C, requires only 25mg of binder, and can estimate BBR m-value and creep stiffness. By combining this new DSR technique with the SAT, the low and intermediate temperature rheology of short and long-term aged bitumens can be determined. Also, there is sufficient aged material to perform high temperature DSR using 25mm plates. The SAT eliminates the "rolling" issue for polymer modified and warm mix asphalts. The SAT time and temperature equivalent to reach the same aging as the standard RTFO and PAV are reported for several bitumens.
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Papers by Jean-Pascal Planche