Electrical Power Engineering Dept

Data transfer rate is the amount of data that can be transferred at a time. Network Control System (NCS) based communication system Industrial Ethernet (IE) is becoming very popular for automation system. The Fast Ethernet system with data rate transfer 100Mb/s is used in this project. Star topology with the hub connected to a computer and two Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) are analysis for the data transfer rate performance. Realtime communication for the system is very good without no disconnected between the computer and PLCs. Data transfer rate, packets speed (#/s), packets volume, sum volume (KByte), Central Processing Unit (CPU) usage in percentage, percentage available Read Access Memory (RAM), available memory RAM(MByte) are analysed. It is shown that the data flow for traffic out (speed) is greater than traffic in (speed) for the data transfer rate between the computer and PLCs.

the manual mode of operation, 3 switches which are SW2 with 20% duty cycle, SW3 with 40% duty cycle and SW3 with 80% duty cycle are developed. The result shows that the maximum brightness of LED is about 127.6 Lumen at 80% of duty cycle for manual operation mode. Besides, by varying the duty cycle of PWM signal for both modes of operation, manual and automatic, LED brightness can be controlled.

Electricity is energy that very important in daily human life. Lack of electricity causes not only inconvenience to domestic consumers due to affect of electrical appliances operation, but also introduces economic losses for industrial and commercial sectors whereby affecting their productions and services. For domestic sector, it is very important for each consumer to manage their daily usage of electricity in proper way. This paper is about electric energy management investigation among the consumers at residential area of Taman Pintas Jaya, Parit Raja, Batu Pahat, Johor. The main reasons of this study are to find out the characteristic of electric energy usage in daily life and investigating the habits of consumers due to usage of common electrical appliances. Questionnaire is the tool that being used for data collection and for analysis purposes. The questionnaire consists of several questions that provided information of the electric energy usage among consumers in their daily life. The finding of this study shows that most of the consumers do not alert how to use electric energy efficiently in their daily life. In other word, the consumers uses electric energy inefficiently in term of the usage of inefficient electrical appliances and the lack of knowledge to use electric energy in daily life efficiently. Therefore this paper reveals the habits of electric energy usage from the consumers' side and the common characteristic of electrical appliances usage in common domestic sector. From the finding obtained, many good advices can be suggested in order to alert consumers to use electric energy efficiently in their daily life.