There has been much interest in ISO 14649 as a data model for CNCs. This project examines a CNC v... more There has been much interest in ISO 14649 as a data model for CNCs. This project examines a CNC vertical milling machine operated by an ISO 14649 data model and utilizing the IEC 61499 technology. Instead of coding the tool path for a CNC machine directly, ISO14649 just provides the information required in the machining tasks. Therefore, to make a
2017 International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and System Engineering (ICEESE), 2017
Driving activity has become more important as this medium being practically, faster and cheaper i... more Driving activity has become more important as this medium being practically, faster and cheaper in connecting human from one to other places. However, in some occurrences driving activity can cause disaster or death to human in daily life as they get fatigued while driving. Driving fatigue is one of the top contributor to the road crashes. Therefore this study is to develop a driving fatigue strain index (DFSI), to quantify the risk levels caused by driving activity, and to propose an appropriate solution in minimizing the number of road accidents caused by the driving fatigue. The development of DFSI is based on risk factors associated with driving activity such as muscle activity, heart rate, hand grip force, seat pressure distribution, whole-body vibration, and driving duration. All risk factors are assigned with multipliers, and the DFSI is the output or result of those multipliers. The development of DFSI is essential to analyze the risk factors that would contribute significantly to discomfort and fatigue associated with driving. Besides, in the future this index will have a capability to recommend alternative solutions to minimize fatigue while driving.
International Review of Mechanical Engineering-IREME, 2013
The high temperature which occurs in metal cutting operations as a result of heat directly or ind... more The high temperature which occurs in metal cutting operations as a result of heat directly or indirectly influencing the cutting tool and work piece properties. The major part of the energy is converted into heat in primary heat zone which also call shear zone. This paper studies minimization of shear zone temperature during cutting a mild steel work piece by carbide insert cutting tool in computerized numerical control (CNC) turning operation using dry cutting machining. Genetic Algorithm and Direct Search Toolbox methodology is used as optimization method for this purpose. The ideal cutting parameters which help in decreasing the shear zone temperature are obtained. The upper and lower boundaries of cutting parameters will be used as operation constraints. There are many cutting parameters have a huge effect on the shear zone temperature while another have a low.
In milling cutting process, tracking performance of the CNC servo drive system is influenced by t... more In milling cutting process, tracking performance of the CNC servo drive system is influenced by the characteristics of the cutting forces generated during the milling operation. The undesired frequency harmonics of the cutting force contributes negatively to the positioning accuracy; thus an effective compensation of these harmonics is desired. This paper presents results related to suppression of cutting forces in milling process for minimal impact on tracking performance using controller design approach. A cascade P/PI position controller was designed and numerically analysed in combination with an Inverse Model Based Disturbance Observer (IMBDO) plus Disturbance Force Observer (DFO). The effectiveness of this control approach was validated on the x-axis of the XY feed table of a ball-screw driven milling machine. Results showed that the combined approach of cascade P/PI controller with IMBDO plus DFO produced the best tracking control performance with reduction of 78.8% in magnit...
Manufacturing enterprise today crucially needs computer numerical control (CNC) to employ higher ... more Manufacturing enterprise today crucially needs computer numerical control (CNC) to employ higher level input languages and reducing dependency on proprietary system. In traditional CNC system, most predefined numerical control (NC) commands programmed at early stage were often found to be unsuitable or sometimes unusable especially when the machining process was interrupted by unscheduled event. This will result in additional effort spent for advance process planning and NC code generation. Moreover, readjustment of the program consumes time and requires high skills. To address this issue, considerable efforts are being undertaken to improve CNC system by replacing traditional CNC to a next generation of intelligent CNC. This paper proposes a framework for adaptive controller of an open CNC system by merging established STEP-NC and IEC 61499 standards. This project applies STEP-NC as data input program; taking advantages offered by both standards. IEC 61499 is a layered architecture...
For being more competitive, more productive and more cost effective, machining industry requires ... more For being more competitive, more productive and more cost effective, machining industry requires a numerous change that are not only involving implementation method but also technology improvements. The major challenge is to find new solution for synergize the computer numerical control (CNC) machine tool control system capability to be more flexible and adaptable towards intelligence of next generation CNC machine tool. Availability of high level and detailed information data interface in CNC machine tool system provides real opportunity and challenge to promote the improvement of CNC system intelligent capability. One of famous research recently was the development of ISO 14649 (STEP-NC) as a next generation of data model interface for CNC system. However, STEP/STEP-NC is a passive data interface model which not contain any intelligent functionality. Therefore, there are still a lot of works must be done and more dynamics approaches needed for enhancing intelligent functionality t...
The Proceedings of Design & Systems Conference, 2017
This paper present the result of whole-body vibration (WBV) of the Malaysian drivers driving a ca... more This paper present the result of whole-body vibration (WBV) of the Malaysian drivers driving a car through different road conditions; straight, winding, uphill, and downhill) at constant speed (80km/h). The objective of this study is to study the effect of the WBV towards the driving fatigue. Besides, the regression modeling of WBV for drivers' fatigue was developed. There were ten healthy and experienced drivers served as the subjects of this study. The WBV measurement was taken and evaluated using the tri-axial seat pad accelerometer and 4-channel VI-400PRO Human Vibration Meter (HVM). Design Expert 8.0.6 software was used for the development of regression model. This study is expected to analyze the WBV, and develop the regression model of the WBV by using regression analysis. The result of this study indicates that the subjects recorded the vibration values that show they feel fairly uncomfortable as it in the caution zone. The vibration exposure can cause the changes in body chemistry and metabolism, which can lead to fatigue effects. Besides, the regression model was successfully developed and validated, which the validation runs were within the 90% prediction interval of the developed model and the residual errors compared to the predicted values were less than 10%. Through this study, the significant parameters that influenced the WBV were also identified. WBV was influenced by the time exposure, type of road, gender, the interaction between time exposure and type of road, and interaction between time exposure and gender. Thus, the author believes there is a new contribution to the body of knowledge throughout this study.
IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2017
The capabilities of conventional Computer Numerical Control (CNC) machine tools as termination or... more The capabilities of conventional Computer Numerical Control (CNC) machine tools as termination organiser to fabricate high-quality parts promptly, economically and precisely are undeniable. To date, most CNCs follow the programming standard of ISO 6983, also called G&M code. However, in fluctuating shop floor environment, flexibility and interoperability of current CNC system to react dynamically and adaptively are believed still limited. This outdated programming language does not explicitly relate to each other to have control of arbitrary locations other than the motion of the block-by-block. To address this limitation, new standard known as STEP-NC was developed in late 1990s and is formalized as an ISO 14649. It adds intelligence to the CNC in term of interoperability, flexibility, adaptability and openness. This paper presents an overview of the research work that have been done in developing a STEP-NC controller standard and the capabilities of STEP-NC to overcome modern manufacturing demands. Reviews stated that most existing STEP-NC controller prototypes are based on type 1 and type 2 implementation levels. There are still lack of effort being done to develop type 3 and type 4 STEP-NC compliant controller.
This paper presents the application of artificial immune system (AIS) intelligent algorithm for m... more This paper presents the application of artificial immune system (AIS) intelligent algorithm for multiple output optimization of two passes dry CNC turning operation. In this work, a mild steel work piece type (A36) and tungsten carbide insert cutting tool type (SPG4220) use for theoretical calculations. Three types of objective functions are utilized as optimization criteria, the first one estimate the chip-tool interface temperature where the heat is generated due to rubbing or shearing between the chip and cutting tool rake face. The second and third objective functions calculate the work piece surface roughness and operation cutting time respectively. Optimum values of machining parameters (cutting speed, feed rate and depth of cut) are calculated by AIS algorithm to achieve the requirements of ideal chip- tool interface temperature, work piece surface roughness and operating cutting time. The ideal values (4.9 mm depth of cut, 1.3 mm /rev feed rate and 79 m / min cutting force) accomplished an ideal performance of (132 Cо cutting temperature, 0.0005µm surface roughness and 0.45 S cutting time). The results illustrate that the feed rate has a huge affect on cutting time and surface roughness and the cutting speed largely affects on the cutting time while the depth of cut is more affect on the surface roughness
The product (Intelligent FB_NC Control) is running under the influence of IEC 61499 Function Bloc... more The product (Intelligent FB_NC Control) is running under the influence of IEC 61499 Function Block Editor, FBDK supplied by the open source HOLOBLOC and the control system is by-passing the ISO 6983 G/M codes. In the beginning IEC 61499 FB Editor is believed can only be manipulated to work under the simplest industrial control measure such as pick-and-place exercise, top-and down drilling process, load-and-unload process, open-and-close activities at airport baggage conveyor services. FB_NC Control has solved the problem of IEC 61499 limitations by providing more function of generating the Tool Path Generation (TPG) for Computer Numerical Controlled (CNC) machine tools.
The STEP-NC controller is module-based, consisting of Data Input, Interpreter (STEP/FB Translator... more The STEP-NC controller is module-based, consisting of Data Input, Interpreter (STEP/FB Translator), Tool-Path Generator (TPG) and Motion Control module. A STEP-NC data file is used as the input, and a generated part program is used by a machine tool to carry out the task. The research involved working with a generic and native program, thus enabling the controller to have the desired interoperability. STEP/STEP-NC standards (ISO 10303/ISO 14649) and function blocks standard (IEC 61499) include in the system framework, provide the required technologies and tools for the development of a STEP-NC controller. There are five key characteristics of the STEP-NC controller that are Encapsulation, Portability, Interoperability, Configurability and Adaptability. The multi-layered architecture enables modelling and simulation to be tightly integrated with the design process. STEP-NC controller can either perform a simulation as a formal verification, or the function block-based STEP-NC controller can be used as a virtual machining tool and assist users to create the part program using the standard function blocks in the desired order.
This paper reviews compensation methods on effects of disturbance forces on positioning accuracy ... more This paper reviews compensation methods on effects of disturbance forces on positioning accuracy in linear drives system for machine tools applications. Linear motor is directly subjected to disturbances forces acting in the direction of motion giving rise to the needs for alternative robust controllers in order to ensure precision and high tracking performance. This paper investigates effect of cutting forces generated during milling process on tracking accuracy of a linear drive motor. Recent studies are focusing on design of adaptive compensators that provide robustness against system uncertainties while maintaining high degree of precision and accuracy generally required in high performance machining applications.
2009 IEEE International Conference on Control and Automation, 2009
There has been much interest in ISO 14649 as a data model for CNCs. This project examines a CNC v... more There has been much interest in ISO 14649 as a data model for CNCs. This project examines a CNC vertical milling machine operated by an ISO 14649 data model and utilizing the IEC 61499 technology. Instead of coding the tool path for a CNC machine directly, ISO14649 just provides the information required in the machining tasks. Therefore, to make a
The STEP (STandard for the Exchange of Product model data) is a worldwide standard for exchanging... more The STEP (STandard for the Exchange of Product model data) is a worldwide standard for exchanging products between diverse computer systems and industrial applications. STEP files (ISO 10303) contain 3D data in the universal data format with a boundary representation (B-rep) that allows the exchange of data models between CAD, CAM, and CNC systems. Traditionally, G-code generation relies on CAM software as an add-on, which incurs significant installation costs. The purpose of this paper is to describe the development of an Integrated Interface System (I2S) for Tool Path Generation (TPG) for the CNC milling operations utilizing neutral STEP files.The algorithm was interpreted in Hypertext Preprocessor (PHP) programming and produced a computer interface system that is capable to convert STEP file geometric data to G-code format.The geometric features of the sample block were modeled using a 3D CAD model. The result was validated using machining simulation, and the machining is perform...
Turning process is one of the most important process in conventional machining process which usin... more Turning process is one of the most important process in conventional machining process which using single-point cutting tool to remove unwanted materials however hybrid of multi-point cutting tool also available. This paper reviews the independent variable of turning parameters toward various dependent variables. From previous studies on AISI 1045 steel, it was found that cutting speed was the most independent variable applied followed by feed rate, depth of cut, side cutting edge angle and tool nose radius. Meanwhile, surface roughness, material removal rate and tool wear were the most output dependent variables. Others output dependent variables found in the research studied were cutting force, feed force, tool tip temperature, power consumption, chip morphology, specific cutting energy, surface integrity and sustainability aspects. Taguchi method, RSM and full factorial method were the most optimization approached in design of experiment. From the review, it was found that the range of independent variables studied by most previous researchers for cutting speed from 100 to 250 m/min, feed rate from 0.10 to 0.25 mm/rev and depth of cut ranges from 0.25 to 0.75 mm. Thus, the enlarge range of the independent variables can be suggested for future experimental work.
There has been much interest in ISO 14649 as a data model for CNCs. This project examines a CNC v... more There has been much interest in ISO 14649 as a data model for CNCs. This project examines a CNC vertical milling machine operated by an ISO 14649 data model and utilizing the IEC 61499 technology. Instead of coding the tool path for a CNC machine directly, ISO14649 just provides the information required in the machining tasks. Therefore, to make a
2017 International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and System Engineering (ICEESE), 2017
Driving activity has become more important as this medium being practically, faster and cheaper i... more Driving activity has become more important as this medium being practically, faster and cheaper in connecting human from one to other places. However, in some occurrences driving activity can cause disaster or death to human in daily life as they get fatigued while driving. Driving fatigue is one of the top contributor to the road crashes. Therefore this study is to develop a driving fatigue strain index (DFSI), to quantify the risk levels caused by driving activity, and to propose an appropriate solution in minimizing the number of road accidents caused by the driving fatigue. The development of DFSI is based on risk factors associated with driving activity such as muscle activity, heart rate, hand grip force, seat pressure distribution, whole-body vibration, and driving duration. All risk factors are assigned with multipliers, and the DFSI is the output or result of those multipliers. The development of DFSI is essential to analyze the risk factors that would contribute significantly to discomfort and fatigue associated with driving. Besides, in the future this index will have a capability to recommend alternative solutions to minimize fatigue while driving.
International Review of Mechanical Engineering-IREME, 2013
The high temperature which occurs in metal cutting operations as a result of heat directly or ind... more The high temperature which occurs in metal cutting operations as a result of heat directly or indirectly influencing the cutting tool and work piece properties. The major part of the energy is converted into heat in primary heat zone which also call shear zone. This paper studies minimization of shear zone temperature during cutting a mild steel work piece by carbide insert cutting tool in computerized numerical control (CNC) turning operation using dry cutting machining. Genetic Algorithm and Direct Search Toolbox methodology is used as optimization method for this purpose. The ideal cutting parameters which help in decreasing the shear zone temperature are obtained. The upper and lower boundaries of cutting parameters will be used as operation constraints. There are many cutting parameters have a huge effect on the shear zone temperature while another have a low.
In milling cutting process, tracking performance of the CNC servo drive system is influenced by t... more In milling cutting process, tracking performance of the CNC servo drive system is influenced by the characteristics of the cutting forces generated during the milling operation. The undesired frequency harmonics of the cutting force contributes negatively to the positioning accuracy; thus an effective compensation of these harmonics is desired. This paper presents results related to suppression of cutting forces in milling process for minimal impact on tracking performance using controller design approach. A cascade P/PI position controller was designed and numerically analysed in combination with an Inverse Model Based Disturbance Observer (IMBDO) plus Disturbance Force Observer (DFO). The effectiveness of this control approach was validated on the x-axis of the XY feed table of a ball-screw driven milling machine. Results showed that the combined approach of cascade P/PI controller with IMBDO plus DFO produced the best tracking control performance with reduction of 78.8% in magnit...
Manufacturing enterprise today crucially needs computer numerical control (CNC) to employ higher ... more Manufacturing enterprise today crucially needs computer numerical control (CNC) to employ higher level input languages and reducing dependency on proprietary system. In traditional CNC system, most predefined numerical control (NC) commands programmed at early stage were often found to be unsuitable or sometimes unusable especially when the machining process was interrupted by unscheduled event. This will result in additional effort spent for advance process planning and NC code generation. Moreover, readjustment of the program consumes time and requires high skills. To address this issue, considerable efforts are being undertaken to improve CNC system by replacing traditional CNC to a next generation of intelligent CNC. This paper proposes a framework for adaptive controller of an open CNC system by merging established STEP-NC and IEC 61499 standards. This project applies STEP-NC as data input program; taking advantages offered by both standards. IEC 61499 is a layered architecture...
For being more competitive, more productive and more cost effective, machining industry requires ... more For being more competitive, more productive and more cost effective, machining industry requires a numerous change that are not only involving implementation method but also technology improvements. The major challenge is to find new solution for synergize the computer numerical control (CNC) machine tool control system capability to be more flexible and adaptable towards intelligence of next generation CNC machine tool. Availability of high level and detailed information data interface in CNC machine tool system provides real opportunity and challenge to promote the improvement of CNC system intelligent capability. One of famous research recently was the development of ISO 14649 (STEP-NC) as a next generation of data model interface for CNC system. However, STEP/STEP-NC is a passive data interface model which not contain any intelligent functionality. Therefore, there are still a lot of works must be done and more dynamics approaches needed for enhancing intelligent functionality t...
The Proceedings of Design & Systems Conference, 2017
This paper present the result of whole-body vibration (WBV) of the Malaysian drivers driving a ca... more This paper present the result of whole-body vibration (WBV) of the Malaysian drivers driving a car through different road conditions; straight, winding, uphill, and downhill) at constant speed (80km/h). The objective of this study is to study the effect of the WBV towards the driving fatigue. Besides, the regression modeling of WBV for drivers' fatigue was developed. There were ten healthy and experienced drivers served as the subjects of this study. The WBV measurement was taken and evaluated using the tri-axial seat pad accelerometer and 4-channel VI-400PRO Human Vibration Meter (HVM). Design Expert 8.0.6 software was used for the development of regression model. This study is expected to analyze the WBV, and develop the regression model of the WBV by using regression analysis. The result of this study indicates that the subjects recorded the vibration values that show they feel fairly uncomfortable as it in the caution zone. The vibration exposure can cause the changes in body chemistry and metabolism, which can lead to fatigue effects. Besides, the regression model was successfully developed and validated, which the validation runs were within the 90% prediction interval of the developed model and the residual errors compared to the predicted values were less than 10%. Through this study, the significant parameters that influenced the WBV were also identified. WBV was influenced by the time exposure, type of road, gender, the interaction between time exposure and type of road, and interaction between time exposure and gender. Thus, the author believes there is a new contribution to the body of knowledge throughout this study.
IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2017
The capabilities of conventional Computer Numerical Control (CNC) machine tools as termination or... more The capabilities of conventional Computer Numerical Control (CNC) machine tools as termination organiser to fabricate high-quality parts promptly, economically and precisely are undeniable. To date, most CNCs follow the programming standard of ISO 6983, also called G&M code. However, in fluctuating shop floor environment, flexibility and interoperability of current CNC system to react dynamically and adaptively are believed still limited. This outdated programming language does not explicitly relate to each other to have control of arbitrary locations other than the motion of the block-by-block. To address this limitation, new standard known as STEP-NC was developed in late 1990s and is formalized as an ISO 14649. It adds intelligence to the CNC in term of interoperability, flexibility, adaptability and openness. This paper presents an overview of the research work that have been done in developing a STEP-NC controller standard and the capabilities of STEP-NC to overcome modern manufacturing demands. Reviews stated that most existing STEP-NC controller prototypes are based on type 1 and type 2 implementation levels. There are still lack of effort being done to develop type 3 and type 4 STEP-NC compliant controller.
This paper presents the application of artificial immune system (AIS) intelligent algorithm for m... more This paper presents the application of artificial immune system (AIS) intelligent algorithm for multiple output optimization of two passes dry CNC turning operation. In this work, a mild steel work piece type (A36) and tungsten carbide insert cutting tool type (SPG4220) use for theoretical calculations. Three types of objective functions are utilized as optimization criteria, the first one estimate the chip-tool interface temperature where the heat is generated due to rubbing or shearing between the chip and cutting tool rake face. The second and third objective functions calculate the work piece surface roughness and operation cutting time respectively. Optimum values of machining parameters (cutting speed, feed rate and depth of cut) are calculated by AIS algorithm to achieve the requirements of ideal chip- tool interface temperature, work piece surface roughness and operating cutting time. The ideal values (4.9 mm depth of cut, 1.3 mm /rev feed rate and 79 m / min cutting force) accomplished an ideal performance of (132 Cо cutting temperature, 0.0005µm surface roughness and 0.45 S cutting time). The results illustrate that the feed rate has a huge affect on cutting time and surface roughness and the cutting speed largely affects on the cutting time while the depth of cut is more affect on the surface roughness
The product (Intelligent FB_NC Control) is running under the influence of IEC 61499 Function Bloc... more The product (Intelligent FB_NC Control) is running under the influence of IEC 61499 Function Block Editor, FBDK supplied by the open source HOLOBLOC and the control system is by-passing the ISO 6983 G/M codes. In the beginning IEC 61499 FB Editor is believed can only be manipulated to work under the simplest industrial control measure such as pick-and-place exercise, top-and down drilling process, load-and-unload process, open-and-close activities at airport baggage conveyor services. FB_NC Control has solved the problem of IEC 61499 limitations by providing more function of generating the Tool Path Generation (TPG) for Computer Numerical Controlled (CNC) machine tools.
The STEP-NC controller is module-based, consisting of Data Input, Interpreter (STEP/FB Translator... more The STEP-NC controller is module-based, consisting of Data Input, Interpreter (STEP/FB Translator), Tool-Path Generator (TPG) and Motion Control module. A STEP-NC data file is used as the input, and a generated part program is used by a machine tool to carry out the task. The research involved working with a generic and native program, thus enabling the controller to have the desired interoperability. STEP/STEP-NC standards (ISO 10303/ISO 14649) and function blocks standard (IEC 61499) include in the system framework, provide the required technologies and tools for the development of a STEP-NC controller. There are five key characteristics of the STEP-NC controller that are Encapsulation, Portability, Interoperability, Configurability and Adaptability. The multi-layered architecture enables modelling and simulation to be tightly integrated with the design process. STEP-NC controller can either perform a simulation as a formal verification, or the function block-based STEP-NC controller can be used as a virtual machining tool and assist users to create the part program using the standard function blocks in the desired order.
This paper reviews compensation methods on effects of disturbance forces on positioning accuracy ... more This paper reviews compensation methods on effects of disturbance forces on positioning accuracy in linear drives system for machine tools applications. Linear motor is directly subjected to disturbances forces acting in the direction of motion giving rise to the needs for alternative robust controllers in order to ensure precision and high tracking performance. This paper investigates effect of cutting forces generated during milling process on tracking accuracy of a linear drive motor. Recent studies are focusing on design of adaptive compensators that provide robustness against system uncertainties while maintaining high degree of precision and accuracy generally required in high performance machining applications.
2009 IEEE International Conference on Control and Automation, 2009
There has been much interest in ISO 14649 as a data model for CNCs. This project examines a CNC v... more There has been much interest in ISO 14649 as a data model for CNCs. This project examines a CNC vertical milling machine operated by an ISO 14649 data model and utilizing the IEC 61499 technology. Instead of coding the tool path for a CNC machine directly, ISO14649 just provides the information required in the machining tasks. Therefore, to make a
The STEP (STandard for the Exchange of Product model data) is a worldwide standard for exchanging... more The STEP (STandard for the Exchange of Product model data) is a worldwide standard for exchanging products between diverse computer systems and industrial applications. STEP files (ISO 10303) contain 3D data in the universal data format with a boundary representation (B-rep) that allows the exchange of data models between CAD, CAM, and CNC systems. Traditionally, G-code generation relies on CAM software as an add-on, which incurs significant installation costs. The purpose of this paper is to describe the development of an Integrated Interface System (I2S) for Tool Path Generation (TPG) for the CNC milling operations utilizing neutral STEP files.The algorithm was interpreted in Hypertext Preprocessor (PHP) programming and produced a computer interface system that is capable to convert STEP file geometric data to G-code format.The geometric features of the sample block were modeled using a 3D CAD model. The result was validated using machining simulation, and the machining is perform...
Turning process is one of the most important process in conventional machining process which usin... more Turning process is one of the most important process in conventional machining process which using single-point cutting tool to remove unwanted materials however hybrid of multi-point cutting tool also available. This paper reviews the independent variable of turning parameters toward various dependent variables. From previous studies on AISI 1045 steel, it was found that cutting speed was the most independent variable applied followed by feed rate, depth of cut, side cutting edge angle and tool nose radius. Meanwhile, surface roughness, material removal rate and tool wear were the most output dependent variables. Others output dependent variables found in the research studied were cutting force, feed force, tool tip temperature, power consumption, chip morphology, specific cutting energy, surface integrity and sustainability aspects. Taguchi method, RSM and full factorial method were the most optimization approached in design of experiment. From the review, it was found that the range of independent variables studied by most previous researchers for cutting speed from 100 to 250 m/min, feed rate from 0.10 to 0.25 mm/rev and depth of cut ranges from 0.25 to 0.75 mm. Thus, the enlarge range of the independent variables can be suggested for future experimental work.
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Papers by Mohamad Minhat