Underage use of alcohol is a large and increasing problem in Eastern Europe. The objective of thi... more Underage use of alcohol is a large and increasing problem in Eastern Europe. The objective of this comparative study is to examine the effects of family-related factors on youth alcohol consumption in three East-European countries (Estonia, the Czech Republic, and Hungary). Data on alcohol use and risk factors were drawn from the International Self-Report Delinquency Study (ISRD-2). Using binary logistic regression, it was found that in all three countries, adolescents with stronger parental supervision were more likely to be abstinent and less likely to be involved in heavy episodic drinking than those with weaker supervision. Parental bonding had similar positive effects regarding abstinence in Hungary and the Czech Republic but not in Estonia. In the Czech Republic, adolescents living in single-parent households were less involved in heavy episodic drinking, whereas affluence increased heavy episodic drinking. This effect is not found for Hungary and Estonia. Adolescents in Estonia who experienced more negative life events were more involved in heavy episodic drinking; this was not so for the other two countries. We conclude that family social control is a universal protective factor in decreasing alcohol use in these three Eastern European countries; concerning the other factors, the results were more mixed.
In Europe use of alcohol by adolescents is a large and increasing problem. The aim of this study ... more In Europe use of alcohol by adolescents is a large and increasing problem. The aim of this study is to examine the effects of family factors such as structure, social control, affluence, and negative life events on adolescents' risky alcohol use. Data on alcohol use and family factors were obtained from the International Self-Report Delinquency Study (ISRD-2). Using multilevel analysis, it was found that overall, complete family and high social control by parents were lowering the intense alcohol use whereas negative life events in the family and high family affluence were increasing youngsters' intense alcohol use. Differences between regions of Europe were present for all family factors except affluence. Namely, in Northern Europe the impact of family structure and social control on intense alcohol use was stronger than that in other regions (e.g., Western Europe, Mediterranean, and Postsocialist countries). Also, in Northern Europe where the proportion of adolescents wh...
Report from the project 'Assessing organised crime: testing the feasibility of a common Europ... more Report from the project 'Assessing organised crime: testing the feasibility of a common European approach in a case study of the cigarette black market in the EU.'
The book is a result of the author’s research and fieldwork on the theme of human trafficking acr... more The book is a result of the author’s research and fieldwork on the theme of human trafficking across three countries in Eurasia, namely, Latvia, Ukraine and the Russian Federation between 1998 and ...
Based on 22 semi-structured interviews with 24 young ex-offenders in Estonia, this article looks ... more Based on 22 semi-structured interviews with 24 young ex-offenders in Estonia, this article looks at the effect that stigmatization has on the reintegration of young ex-offenders. The study looks at to what extent and in which domains ex-offenders experience stigma, how they manage it, and what effect it has on social participation and involvement. The results indicate that young ex-offenders experience stigma while looking for jobs and accommodation and when interacting with the criminal justice system. The strategies for managing stigma mostly include secrecy and withdrawal. These strategies are closely related to self-stigmatization, low societal participation, and a low level of trust toward state institutions.
Research for this chapter was conducted as part of the "Assessing Organised Crime" project, spons... more Research for this chapter was conducted as part of the "Assessing Organised Crime" project, sponsored by the European Commission under the 6th Framework Programme (CIS8-CT-2004-501767). 2 Klaus von Lampe is researcher at the chair of criminology, Freie Unversität Berlin; Maarten van Dijck is researcher at the
This chapter reports on a review of a sample of international literature (n=66) conducted with th... more This chapter reports on a review of a sample of international literature (n=66) conducted with the aim of arriving at a metatheoretical classification of existing approaches to delineate, conceptualise and assess organised crime. The review suggests that contrary to the notion of two or three competing models of organised crime there is a confusing multitude of concepts and conceptions.
Approaching from the UN Convention of the Right of the Child (UNCRC) and the principle of best in... more Approaching from the UN Convention of the Right of the Child (UNCRC) and the principle of best interest of the child is mandatory in all decision-makings in all EU countries. However, we can see notable contradictions between the articles of UNCRC, the best interest principle and the practice of juvenile justice systems almost in every EU member state. International organisations and national states make efforts to cross the contradictions and to guarantee the rights stated in the UNCRC. In this paper, we present some attempts to enhance the juvenile justice systems while focusing on Estonian case. Participation in two international action research projects enables authors to give an overview about the situation how the rights of Estonian children in detention are followed and what are the main tendencies in everyday practice.
This volume contains a selection of the papers presented at the 8th Cross-Border-Crime Colloquium... more This volume contains a selection of the papers presented at the 8th Cross-Border-Crime Colloquium, held in Tallinn in May 2006. Petrus van Duyne provides an introduction. Joeb Rietrae reviews the 3rd EU anti-money laundering directive. A.T.A. Tilleman discusses the conflict between anti-money laundering and professional secrecy in the case of attorneys at law and civil-law notaries in the Netherlands. Petrus C. van Duyne examines the available evidence on criminal money management and its social impact. Kauko Aromaa and Martti Lehti summarize estimates on human trafficking. Jon Spencer presents findings from a study on the illicit movement of people to the UK. Klaus von Lampe explores the patterns of social interaction of illegal entrepreneurs. Maarten van Dijck and Anna Markina analyze tobacco tax evasion in the Netherlands and Estonia, respectively. Per Ole Johansen examines how illegal entrepreneurs have succeeded in the alcohol black market in Norway. Anna Markovska illustrates ...
Aims: Adolescents' use of alcohol in Europe is high. In this paper aspects of adolescents' alcoho... more Aims: Adolescents' use of alcohol in Europe is high. In this paper aspects of adolescents' alcohol use, namely differences in gender, age and country clusters concerning social context of drinking, are examined. Study Design: A secondary analysis of the survey data. Place and Duration of Study: Adolescents from 25 European countries (N = 57,771) filled in the Second International Self-Report Delinquency Study (ISRD-2) survey in 2006. Methodology: A sub-sample from the larger ISRD-2 sample was drawn by selecting students from grades 7 to 9 in the age from 12 to 16. The dependent variables were social context of drinking light and strong alcohol, and last time use of alcohol. The independent variables were gender, age and country clusters (Northern, Western, Southern and Eastern Europe). Results: Alcohol was used more with peers. Boys consumed alcohol more likely alone compared to girls. In Northern and Western Europe the proportion of drinking with peers was relatively high; in Southern Europe drinking with parents was high; in Southern and Eastern Europe drinking alone was high. The proportion of those adolescents who drank alcohol alone or with parents decreased by age; those who drank it with peers increased by age. Drinking alone in younger age is more prevalent in boys. A larger amount of alcohol was drunk with peers compared to alone or with parents.
In Europe use of alcohol by adolescents is a large and increasing problem. The aim of this study ... more In Europe use of alcohol by adolescents is a large and increasing problem. The aim of this study is to examine the effects of family factors such as structure, social control, affluence, and negative life events on adolescents' risky alcohol use. Data on alcohol use and family factors were obtained from the International Self-Report Delinquency Study (ISRD-2). Using multilevel analysis, it was found that overall, complete family and high social control by parents were lowering the intense alcohol use whereas negative life events in the family and high family affluence were increasing youngsters' intense alcohol use. Differences between regions of Europe were present for all family factors except affluence. Namely, in Northern Europe the impact of family structure and social control on intense alcohol use was stronger than that in other regions (e.g., Western Europe, Mediterranean, and Postsocialist countries). Also, in Northern Europe where the proportion of adolescents who have not experienced negative life events is the highest, the impact of negative life events on intense alcohol use was stronger; that is, negative life events increased the alcohol use. We conclude that family plays a significant role in adolescents' risky alcohol use.
Objectives Young age coupled with a high HIV prevalence among injection drug users (IDUs) and the... more Objectives Young age coupled with a high HIV prevalence among injection drug users (IDUs) and the prevalence of drug use in Eastern Europe can lead from an HIV epidemic concentrated among IDU to a selfsustained heterosexual HIV epidemic. Our objective was to explore the contexts of the prevention of sexual transmission of HIV among IDUs and their sexual partners and to provide insight into beliefs and behaviours related to condom use. Methods The authors undertook in-depth qualitative interviews to explore narratives about experience of preventing sexual transmission of HIV among 27 individuals (15 current IDUs and 12 main sexual partners of IDUs) in Kohtla-Järve, Estonia. Results The safe-sex 'norm' was not common and factors that tended to reduce condom use included valuing the relationship above health risks, established gender roles, perceptions that condoms distributed via harm reduction programmes were of low quality and the stigma attached to HIV status disclosure. HIV risk management strategies among participants included consistent condom use and serosorting but were countered by a fatalism that encompassed consciously subjecting oneself to the inevitability of HIV infection in an HIV-discordant sexual partnership. Conclusions Qualitative methods can significantly contribute to the prevention of sexual transmission of HIV among and beyond IDUs by improving our understanding of risky behaviours and the reasons for such behaviours that can be incorporated into tailored public health interventions.
Inimkaubandus (eriti naiste ja lastega kaubitsemine) on muutunud globaalse levikuga nähtuseks. Sa... more Inimkaubandus (eriti naiste ja lastega kaubitsemine) on muutunud globaalse levikuga nähtuseks. Samal ajal, kui kaubitsejad ja organiseeritud kuritegelikud sündikaadid saavad sellest tegevusest hiigelkasumeid, seisavad paljud riigid silmitsi migrantide ekspluateerimise ja nende inimõiguste rikkumisega kaasnevate tõsiste probleemidega. Peaaegu olematud või suhteliselt leebed sanktsioonid, ebapiisav vastumeetmete koordineerimine ja inimeste vähene teadlikkus kaubitsemise objektiks muutumise ohust ...
The report Financing of Organised Crime contributes to a better understanding of the financial as... more The report Financing of Organised Crime contributes to a better understanding of the financial aspects of organised crime. The analysis explores topics such as the sources and mechanisms for financing organised crime, settlement of payments, access to financing in critical moments, costs of business and the management of profits. Drawing on the results of the analysis, the report also suggests possible new approaches to tackling organised crime. The report has been produced with the joint efforts of the Center for the Study of Democracy, the University of Trento and Teesside University and in close collaboration with the State Agency National Security in Bulgaria, the State Police in Latvia and the French National Institute for Advanced Studies in Security and Justice.
N. Ollus, A. Jokinen, M.Joutsen (eds) Exploitation of Migrant workers in Finland, Sweden, Estonia and Lithuania: Uncovering the links between recruitment, irregular employment practices and labour trafficking
Underage use of alcohol is a large and increasing problem in Eastern Europe. The objective of thi... more Underage use of alcohol is a large and increasing problem in Eastern Europe. The objective of this comparative study is to examine the effects of family-related factors on youth alcohol consumption in three East-European countries (Estonia, the Czech Republic, and Hungary). Data on alcohol use and risk factors were drawn from the International Self-Report Delinquency Study (ISRD-2). Using binary logistic regression, it was found that in all three countries, adolescents with stronger parental supervision were more likely to be abstinent and less likely to be involved in heavy episodic drinking than those with weaker supervision. Parental bonding had similar positive effects regarding abstinence in Hungary and the Czech Republic but not in Estonia. In the Czech Republic, adolescents living in single-parent households were less involved in heavy episodic drinking, whereas affluence increased heavy episodic drinking. This effect is not found for Hungary and Estonia. Adolescents in Estonia who experienced more negative life events were more involved in heavy episodic drinking; this was not so for the other two countries. We conclude that family social control is a universal protective factor in decreasing alcohol use in these three Eastern European countries; concerning the other factors, the results were more mixed.
In Europe use of alcohol by adolescents is a large and increasing problem. The aim of this study ... more In Europe use of alcohol by adolescents is a large and increasing problem. The aim of this study is to examine the effects of family factors such as structure, social control, affluence, and negative life events on adolescents' risky alcohol use. Data on alcohol use and family factors were obtained from the International Self-Report Delinquency Study (ISRD-2). Using multilevel analysis, it was found that overall, complete family and high social control by parents were lowering the intense alcohol use whereas negative life events in the family and high family affluence were increasing youngsters' intense alcohol use. Differences between regions of Europe were present for all family factors except affluence. Namely, in Northern Europe the impact of family structure and social control on intense alcohol use was stronger than that in other regions (e.g., Western Europe, Mediterranean, and Postsocialist countries). Also, in Northern Europe where the proportion of adolescents wh...
Report from the project 'Assessing organised crime: testing the feasibility of a common Europ... more Report from the project 'Assessing organised crime: testing the feasibility of a common European approach in a case study of the cigarette black market in the EU.'
The book is a result of the author’s research and fieldwork on the theme of human trafficking acr... more The book is a result of the author’s research and fieldwork on the theme of human trafficking across three countries in Eurasia, namely, Latvia, Ukraine and the Russian Federation between 1998 and ...
Based on 22 semi-structured interviews with 24 young ex-offenders in Estonia, this article looks ... more Based on 22 semi-structured interviews with 24 young ex-offenders in Estonia, this article looks at the effect that stigmatization has on the reintegration of young ex-offenders. The study looks at to what extent and in which domains ex-offenders experience stigma, how they manage it, and what effect it has on social participation and involvement. The results indicate that young ex-offenders experience stigma while looking for jobs and accommodation and when interacting with the criminal justice system. The strategies for managing stigma mostly include secrecy and withdrawal. These strategies are closely related to self-stigmatization, low societal participation, and a low level of trust toward state institutions.
Research for this chapter was conducted as part of the "Assessing Organised Crime" project, spons... more Research for this chapter was conducted as part of the "Assessing Organised Crime" project, sponsored by the European Commission under the 6th Framework Programme (CIS8-CT-2004-501767). 2 Klaus von Lampe is researcher at the chair of criminology, Freie Unversität Berlin; Maarten van Dijck is researcher at the
This chapter reports on a review of a sample of international literature (n=66) conducted with th... more This chapter reports on a review of a sample of international literature (n=66) conducted with the aim of arriving at a metatheoretical classification of existing approaches to delineate, conceptualise and assess organised crime. The review suggests that contrary to the notion of two or three competing models of organised crime there is a confusing multitude of concepts and conceptions.
Approaching from the UN Convention of the Right of the Child (UNCRC) and the principle of best in... more Approaching from the UN Convention of the Right of the Child (UNCRC) and the principle of best interest of the child is mandatory in all decision-makings in all EU countries. However, we can see notable contradictions between the articles of UNCRC, the best interest principle and the practice of juvenile justice systems almost in every EU member state. International organisations and national states make efforts to cross the contradictions and to guarantee the rights stated in the UNCRC. In this paper, we present some attempts to enhance the juvenile justice systems while focusing on Estonian case. Participation in two international action research projects enables authors to give an overview about the situation how the rights of Estonian children in detention are followed and what are the main tendencies in everyday practice.
This volume contains a selection of the papers presented at the 8th Cross-Border-Crime Colloquium... more This volume contains a selection of the papers presented at the 8th Cross-Border-Crime Colloquium, held in Tallinn in May 2006. Petrus van Duyne provides an introduction. Joeb Rietrae reviews the 3rd EU anti-money laundering directive. A.T.A. Tilleman discusses the conflict between anti-money laundering and professional secrecy in the case of attorneys at law and civil-law notaries in the Netherlands. Petrus C. van Duyne examines the available evidence on criminal money management and its social impact. Kauko Aromaa and Martti Lehti summarize estimates on human trafficking. Jon Spencer presents findings from a study on the illicit movement of people to the UK. Klaus von Lampe explores the patterns of social interaction of illegal entrepreneurs. Maarten van Dijck and Anna Markina analyze tobacco tax evasion in the Netherlands and Estonia, respectively. Per Ole Johansen examines how illegal entrepreneurs have succeeded in the alcohol black market in Norway. Anna Markovska illustrates ...
Aims: Adolescents' use of alcohol in Europe is high. In this paper aspects of adolescents' alcoho... more Aims: Adolescents' use of alcohol in Europe is high. In this paper aspects of adolescents' alcohol use, namely differences in gender, age and country clusters concerning social context of drinking, are examined. Study Design: A secondary analysis of the survey data. Place and Duration of Study: Adolescents from 25 European countries (N = 57,771) filled in the Second International Self-Report Delinquency Study (ISRD-2) survey in 2006. Methodology: A sub-sample from the larger ISRD-2 sample was drawn by selecting students from grades 7 to 9 in the age from 12 to 16. The dependent variables were social context of drinking light and strong alcohol, and last time use of alcohol. The independent variables were gender, age and country clusters (Northern, Western, Southern and Eastern Europe). Results: Alcohol was used more with peers. Boys consumed alcohol more likely alone compared to girls. In Northern and Western Europe the proportion of drinking with peers was relatively high; in Southern Europe drinking with parents was high; in Southern and Eastern Europe drinking alone was high. The proportion of those adolescents who drank alcohol alone or with parents decreased by age; those who drank it with peers increased by age. Drinking alone in younger age is more prevalent in boys. A larger amount of alcohol was drunk with peers compared to alone or with parents.
In Europe use of alcohol by adolescents is a large and increasing problem. The aim of this study ... more In Europe use of alcohol by adolescents is a large and increasing problem. The aim of this study is to examine the effects of family factors such as structure, social control, affluence, and negative life events on adolescents' risky alcohol use. Data on alcohol use and family factors were obtained from the International Self-Report Delinquency Study (ISRD-2). Using multilevel analysis, it was found that overall, complete family and high social control by parents were lowering the intense alcohol use whereas negative life events in the family and high family affluence were increasing youngsters' intense alcohol use. Differences between regions of Europe were present for all family factors except affluence. Namely, in Northern Europe the impact of family structure and social control on intense alcohol use was stronger than that in other regions (e.g., Western Europe, Mediterranean, and Postsocialist countries). Also, in Northern Europe where the proportion of adolescents who have not experienced negative life events is the highest, the impact of negative life events on intense alcohol use was stronger; that is, negative life events increased the alcohol use. We conclude that family plays a significant role in adolescents' risky alcohol use.
Objectives Young age coupled with a high HIV prevalence among injection drug users (IDUs) and the... more Objectives Young age coupled with a high HIV prevalence among injection drug users (IDUs) and the prevalence of drug use in Eastern Europe can lead from an HIV epidemic concentrated among IDU to a selfsustained heterosexual HIV epidemic. Our objective was to explore the contexts of the prevention of sexual transmission of HIV among IDUs and their sexual partners and to provide insight into beliefs and behaviours related to condom use. Methods The authors undertook in-depth qualitative interviews to explore narratives about experience of preventing sexual transmission of HIV among 27 individuals (15 current IDUs and 12 main sexual partners of IDUs) in Kohtla-Järve, Estonia. Results The safe-sex 'norm' was not common and factors that tended to reduce condom use included valuing the relationship above health risks, established gender roles, perceptions that condoms distributed via harm reduction programmes were of low quality and the stigma attached to HIV status disclosure. HIV risk management strategies among participants included consistent condom use and serosorting but were countered by a fatalism that encompassed consciously subjecting oneself to the inevitability of HIV infection in an HIV-discordant sexual partnership. Conclusions Qualitative methods can significantly contribute to the prevention of sexual transmission of HIV among and beyond IDUs by improving our understanding of risky behaviours and the reasons for such behaviours that can be incorporated into tailored public health interventions.
Inimkaubandus (eriti naiste ja lastega kaubitsemine) on muutunud globaalse levikuga nähtuseks. Sa... more Inimkaubandus (eriti naiste ja lastega kaubitsemine) on muutunud globaalse levikuga nähtuseks. Samal ajal, kui kaubitsejad ja organiseeritud kuritegelikud sündikaadid saavad sellest tegevusest hiigelkasumeid, seisavad paljud riigid silmitsi migrantide ekspluateerimise ja nende inimõiguste rikkumisega kaasnevate tõsiste probleemidega. Peaaegu olematud või suhteliselt leebed sanktsioonid, ebapiisav vastumeetmete koordineerimine ja inimeste vähene teadlikkus kaubitsemise objektiks muutumise ohust ...
The report Financing of Organised Crime contributes to a better understanding of the financial as... more The report Financing of Organised Crime contributes to a better understanding of the financial aspects of organised crime. The analysis explores topics such as the sources and mechanisms for financing organised crime, settlement of payments, access to financing in critical moments, costs of business and the management of profits. Drawing on the results of the analysis, the report also suggests possible new approaches to tackling organised crime. The report has been produced with the joint efforts of the Center for the Study of Democracy, the University of Trento and Teesside University and in close collaboration with the State Agency National Security in Bulgaria, the State Police in Latvia and the French National Institute for Advanced Studies in Security and Justice.
N. Ollus, A. Jokinen, M.Joutsen (eds) Exploitation of Migrant workers in Finland, Sweden, Estonia and Lithuania: Uncovering the links between recruitment, irregular employment practices and labour trafficking
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Keywords: children’s rights; incarceration; closed institutions; juvenile justice
Keywords: children’s rights; incarceration; closed institutions; juvenile justice