Papers by Amir Modarresi Chahardehi
Annual Research & Review in Biology, 2014
The symbiotic arbascular mycorrhizal vesicular fungi caused growth improvement of plants and incr... more The symbiotic arbascular mycorrhizal vesicular fungi caused growth improvement of plants and increased uptake some minerals by plants, and also improve the water relations of plants and protect them against diseases. In this study, Kiasar forest area selected due to abundant variety of plant species which located in northern part of Damghan city in Semnan province. About 56 sample collections were done in spring 1390. Almost 14 species of trees in this area were examined for the percentage of relative frequency, density accumulation, accumulation of abundance, species richness and evenness indices were calculated. The highest average of spore population with a mean 1382.35 spores per 300 g soil sample was achieved followed by other soil samples from European black alder, wild myrobalan plum and orientalis beech. The highest rates of prevalence mycorrhizal (%F) and the average of accumulation mycorrhizal density (%M) was belongs to wild myrobalan plum with %66.35 and %46.79, respectively, while the lowest was elm tree with %69.37 and %63.58, respectively. Also, 8 species in species richness value were found in some trees like chestnut, white popular, Caucasian wingnut and melder, while in other soil samples of trees such as ash and wild myrobalan plum were only four species. Of the 14 trees, 10 species of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi were identified which 8 out of them were Glomus species. The highest relative abundance of species were belongs to G. aggregatum (%29.30) and Gigaspora albida (%9.34), respectively.
Aims: This work investigated the antibacterial activity of selected ethyl acetate extract of Urti... more Aims: This work investigated the antibacterial activity of selected ethyl acetate extract of Urtica
dioica against Bacillus subtilis subsp. spizizenii ATCC® CRM-6633™ Strain NRS 231 (subtilin
producer) based on the time-kill approach. Also for further study, the effects of the ethyl acetate
extract on B. subtilis cells was studied by performing Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM).
Study Design: Prospective
Methodology: According to our previous result, ethyl acetate extract was selected to be more potent against Bacillus subtilis subsp. spizizenii ATCC® CRM-6633™ Strain NRS 231 based on its
inhibition zone diameter. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal
concentration (MBC) values of ethyl acetate extract against tested bacteria were performed and
time-kill study as well as using SEM for further study on structural degeneration of the selected
bacterial cells were performed.
Results: The MIC and MBC of the ethyl acetate extract against tested bacteria were found at 8.33
and 16.67 mg/mL from broth micro-dilution assay, respectively. The SEM observations gave ideas
on the effects of ethyl acetate extract of U. dioica on the growth of B. subtilis subsp. spizizenii
ATCC® CRM-6633™ Strain NRS 231. However, the results from SEM suggested that the
antibacterial action was due to the internal shrinkage of the cells which collapsed finally. The timekill
approach, determined the kill rate of ethyl acetate extract of U. dioica against B. subtilis subsp.
spizizenii ATCC® CRM-6633™ Strain NRS 231 and significantly inhibited the cell growth and
possessed bacteriostatic activity at lower concentration (8.33 mg/mL).
Conclusion: This study showed the potential of U. dioica extract as alternative therapy against
bacterial infection.
IISTE, Mar 1, 2014
To survey the distribution and prevalence of potato virus Y (PVY) strains in north western Iran, ... more To survey the distribution and prevalence of potato virus Y (PVY) strains in north western Iran, 381 symptomatic
infected samples of the main potatoes grown in the said region were collected from the fields between (Hall et al.,
1998) 2007 and 2008. The collected samples were first tested for PVY infection via a double antibody sandwich
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (DAS-ELISA) technique. Of the total number of collected samples, 79
(20.73%) tested positive for PVY infection. The highest level of PVY infection was observed in the district of
Gilak-Abad in Sarab County, whereas the lowest infection was observed in the district of Oughan in the suburbs
of Sarab city. The RT-PCR detection of PVY strains by using specific primers resulted in the amplification of
DNA fragments specific to the PVY strains NTN, C, O, and N at 725, 1553, 352, and 616 bp, respectively. The
highest strain diversity of PVY was detected in the district of Shirehjin in Sarab city and the lowest in the district
of Ghaleh Jugh in Bostan-Abad city. Both single and multiple infection types of the PVY stains were observed in
the region. Of the 79 PVY-infected samples, 77.21% were infected with strain O, 62.02% with strain C, 39.24%
with strain N, and 8.86% with strain NTN. The highest level of multiple infections was observed in the
combinations of the strains C+O (27.84%) and the triple strains O+N+C (15.18%). This paper is the first to
report the detection of the PVY strain NTN in Iran.
Keywords: RT-PCR, Molecular diagnosis, Potato, ELISA, Potato Virus Y (PVY)
Nobel Publication, 2013
The aim of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial activity such as time-kill study of the b... more The aim of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial activity such as time-kill study of the butanol extract from Urtica dioica against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) using standard microbiological procedures. The effects of the butanol extract on MRSA cells was also studied by means of scanning electron microscope (SEM) and the results showed that the butanol extract caused internal shrinkage of the cells and completely collapsed the cells after prolonged exposure to it. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) value was 16.67 mg/mL. The average log reduction in viable cell count in time-kill assay was > 4.5 log10 CFU/mL using 33.33 mg/mL (2MIC) for 48 h.The extract was bactericidal against MRSA at 2MIC from 44 h interaction period. However, the time-killed assay suggested that the butanol extract of U. dioica significantly inhibited the cell growth and possessed bactericidal activity at concentration.
Occurrence of Prunus necrotic ringspot virus and Arabis mosaic virus on Rose in Iran
July 2006... more Occurrence of Prunus necrotic ringspot virus and Arabis mosaic virus on Rose in Iran
July 2006, Volume 90, Number 7
Pages 975.2 - 975.2
F. Rakhshandehroo , H. R. Zamani Zadeh , A. Modarresi , and S. Hajmansoor , Plant Pathology Department, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, P.O. Box-14515-775, Tehran, Iran
Go to article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/PD-90-0975B
Accepted for publication 10 April 2006.
Rose is an economically important crop for Iran and the world. A survey was carried out from March 2005 to January 2006 to identify viruses infecting rose plants (Rosa × damascena, R. chinensis, R. canina, R. indica, and R. multiflora) in five plantations (Damavand, Tehran, Karaj, Shahre-Rey, and Varamin) in and near the Tehran Province of Iran. Samples (526) from eight rose-growing plantations were collected. All samples were tested for Prunus necrotic ringspot virus (PNRSV), Arabis mosaic virus (ArMV), and Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) using the dot-immunobinding assay (1) and double-antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (DAS-ELISA) according to the manufacturer's instructions (Bioreba, Basel, Switzerland). Among the samples tested, PNRSV and ArMV were found in 23.1 and 18.8% of the collection, respectively. No CMV was detected in any of the samples. The presence of ArMV and PNRSV was verified in samples by transmission to indicator test plants, cucumber (Cucumis sativus), French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), and Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata). Inoculation with extracts from PNRSV-positive plants produced systemic mosaic, stunting, and vein banding on cucumber, and necrotic local lesions on cowpea. No symptoms were observed in French bean. Inoculation with extracts from ArMV-positive plants produced systemic vein banding on cucumber, chlorotic local lesions on French bean, and systemic mosaic on cowpea. These symptoms were similar to those that were described previously for these viruses (2,4). The symptoms observed on indicator plants for each virus corresponded to the results of DAS-ELISA. Examination of crude sap prepared from ArMV- and PNRSV-infected cucumber leaves using immu-nosorbent electron microscopy (IEM) revealed the presence of isometric virus particles with a diameter of approximately 30 and 25 nm, respectively. Frequencies of occurrence of these two viruses as determined by serological detection showed ArMV to be the most prevalent virus in high altitudes (1,700 to 1,900 m above sea level) compared with the lowland regions. Serological tests also indicate that PNRSV is mostly distributed through the red rose varieties (Rosa × damascena, R. chinensis, R. canina, and R. multiflora) and ArMV is within the white varieties (R. canina, R. indica, and R. multiflora). However, mixed infections of PNRSV and ArMV were detected in all rose samples tested. An infection by PNRSV and ArMV either singly or in combination is usually responsible for rose mosaic disease. PNRSV has been isolated in many rose-growing regions worldwide. ArMV alone or in complexes with ilarviruses infect garden and greenhouse rose in Europe and India (3). Mosaic is probably the most commonly found virus on roses. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a natural occurrence of ArMV and PNRSV on rose in Iran.
Fifteen different extracts from the leaves of Urtica dioica, Pilea microphylla and Elatostema umb... more Fifteen different extracts from the leaves of Urtica dioica, Pilea microphylla and Elatostema umbellatum were examined for phenolics content and free radical scavenging capacity, to determine their potential as a source of natural antioxidants. The highest DPPH radical scavenging percentages were showed by the butanol and ethyl acetate extracts Urtica dioica that are 62.537 ± 5.069% and 62.177 ± 2.987% at concentration 1000 µg/ml, respectively. Total phenolic content ranged from 0.24 ± 0.15 to 100.30 ± 0.01 mg gallic acid/g dry weight. The ethyl acetate extract of Urtica dioica exhibited the lowest EC 50 value (100.10 µg/ml). The result indicated that the antioxidant activity was not correlated with the phenolics content suggested that non-phenolic compounds might play major free radicals scavenging activity in studied plant materials.
bs^ir^qflk=lc=qeb=^kqfabmobpp^kq=bccb`qp=lc= i`lelif`=buqo^`qp=lc=mfib^=jf`olmevii^=fk=jf`b= = a^... more bs^ir^qflk=lc=qeb=^kqfabmobpp^kq=bccb`qp=lc= i`lelif`=buqo^`qp=lc=mfib^=jf`olmevii^=fk=jf`b= = a^o^e=f_o^efj N I=^jfo=jla^oobpf=`e^e^oabef OG I== c^ofa=^_lie^pp^kf P =C=pe^fa^=c^ofw^=pri^fj^k Q == = Äëíê~ÅíK To date, the search for novel pharmacotherapy from medicinal plants for psychiatric illnesses has significantly progressed. This study investigated the effect of selected crude extracts from máäÉ~=ãáÅêçéÜóää~ in the mouse forced test (FST) and in the tail suspension test (TST), two models predictive of antidepressant activity. Selected crude extracts from máäÉ~= ãáÅêçéÜóää~ produced an antidepressant-like effect, since the acute treatment of mice with extracts by intraperitoneal (i.p.) route significantly reduced the immobility time in the FST (50 and 100 mg/kg) and TST (50 and 100 mg/kg), as compared to positive controls (haloperidol and fluoxetine) at 1 and 10 mg/kg, respectively. The antidepressant-like effect of extracts was found to be significant at high doses, followed by an increase in the immobility time at dose of 100 mg/kg. A significant decreased of immobility was also found on the third day at the concentration of 100 mg/kg of chloroform extract of máäÉ~=ãáÅêçéÜóää~ from extraction method II (CEPM II) and ethyl acetate extract of máäÉ~= ãáÅêçéÜóää~ from extraction method II (EAEPM II); (except methanol extract of máäÉ~=ãáÅêçéÜóää~ from extraction method I (MEPM I) at 100 mg/kg) with respect to the first day. Ethyl acetate and chloroform extract from extraction method II when administered at an acute dose of 100 mg/kg of body weight (P < 0.05) reduced the immobility time. Among all the three selected extracts with two doses administered there were differences compared to the control, EAEPM II led to reduction of immobility time, in the FST method by 38.50% for 50 mg/kg to as much as 75.97% for 100 mg/kg. Similar results of increased antidepressant effect, that was, of immobility time depending on the concentration administered, were obtained with the TST method. These results suggested the anti-depression activity of the plant extract. Therefore, mK=ãáÅêçéÜóää~ may be served as a potential resource for natural psychotherapeutic agent against depression. However, further studies are still required. hÉóïçêÇëW máäÉ~=ãáÅêçéÜóää~; antidepressant activity; forced swimming test (FST); tail suspension test (TST) 1&2
Urtica dioica or stinging nettle is traditionally used as an herbal medicine in Western Asia. The... more Urtica dioica or stinging nettle is traditionally used as an herbal medicine in Western Asia. The current study represents the investigation of antimicrobial activity of U. dioica from nine crude extracts that were prepared using different organic solvents, obtained from two extraction methods: the Soxhlet extractor (Method I), which included the use of four solvents with ethyl acetate and hexane, or the sequential partitions (Method II) with a five solvent system (butanol). The antibacterial and antifungal activities of crude extracts were tested against 28 bacteria, three yeast strains and seven fungal isolates by the disc diffusion and broth dilution methods. Amoxicillin was used as positive control for bacteria strains, vancomycin for Streptococcus sp., miconazole nitrate (30µg/mL) as positive control for fungi and yeast, and pure methanol (v/v) as negative control. The disc diffusion assay was used to determine the sensitivity of the samples, whilst the broth dilution method was used for the determination of the minimal inhibition concentration (MIC). The ethyl acetate and hexane extract from extraction method I (EA I and HE I) exhibited highest inhibition against some pathogenic bacteria such as Bacillus cereus, MRSA and Vibrio parahaemolyticus. A selection of extracts that showed some activity was further tested for the MIC and minimal bactericidal concentrations (MBC). MIC values of Bacillus subtilis and Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) using butanol extract of extraction method II (BE II) were 8.33 and 16.33mg/mL, respectively; while the MIC value using ethyl acetate extract of extraction method II (EAE II) for Vibrio parahaemolyticus was 0.13mg/mL. Our study showed that 47.06% of extracts inhibited Gram-negative (8 out of 17), and 63.63% of extracts also inhibited Gram-positive bacteria (7 out of 11); besides, statistically the frequency of antimicrobial activity was 13.45% (35 out of 342) which in this among 21.71% belongs to antimicrobial activity extracts from extraction method I (33 out of 152 of crude extracts) and 6.82% from extraction method II (13 out of 190 of crude extracts). However, crude extracts from method I exhibited better antimicrobial activity against the Gram-positive bacteria than the Gram-negative bacteria. The positive results on medicinal plants screening for antibacterial activity constitutes primary information for further phytochemical and pharmacological studies. Therefore, the extracts could be suitable as antimicrobial agents in pharmaceutical and food industry. Rev. Biol. Trop. 60 (4): 1567-1576. Epub 2012 December 01.
The present study was undertaken to investigate the effect of selected crude extracts namely, Met... more The present study was undertaken to investigate the effect of selected crude extracts namely, Methanol (ME I), Chloroform Extract (CE II) and Ethyl Acetate (EAE II) extracts of Pilea microphylla on depression in mice. In the present study, the antidepressant effect of P. microphylla was examined due to its rich flavonoid contents in the Urticaceae family using two behavioral models, the Forced Swimming Test (FST) and Tail Suspension Test (TST) in mice. Selected crude extracts from Pilea microphylla produced an antidepressant-like effect, since the acute treatment of mice with extracts by intraperitoneal (i.p.) route significantly reduced the immobility time in the FST (50 and 100 mg kg −1 ) and TST (50 and 100 mg kg −1 ), as compared to positive controls (haloperidol and fluoxetine) at 1 and 10 mg kg −1 , respectively. The results showed that ME I, CE II and EAE II at dose of 100 mg kg −1 of body weight decreased immobility time with the increase swimming time with respect to the first day (p<0.05). Among all the three selected extracts with two doses administered there were differences compared to the control group, EAE II led to reduction of immobility time, in the FST method by 38.50% for 50 mg kg −1 to as much as 75.97% for 100 mg kg −1 . Similar results of increased antidepressant effect, that was, of immobility time depending on the concentration administered, were obtained with the TST method. However, EAE II and CE II extract at dose of 100 mg kg −1 were obtained as best to choose an antideprssant activity. However, amounts of phenolic and flavonoid groups were found in CE II extract. As a conclusion treatment using selected crude extracts of P. microphylla had an antidepressant-like effect across models. Reduced immobility and decreasing freezing were observed in FST and TST tests. Therefore, P. microphylla may be served as a potential resource for natural psychotherapeutic agent against depression. The present study clearly demonstrated that Pilea microphylla exerts an antidepressant effect in these two behavioural models. It may be due to present of flavonoids. This is consistent with the hypothesis that enhanced uptake of flavonoids groups might have antidepressant-like effects. However, further studies are still required.
International journal of microbiology, Jan 1, 2010
Conference Presentations by Amir Modarresi Chahardehi
The present study evaluated the toxic effects of chloroform extract of Stinging nettle (Urtica di... more The present study evaluated the toxic effects of chloroform extract of Stinging nettle (Urtica dioica), administered to mice. The results obtained would aid in developing safety measures for U. dioica as a drug fin folk medicine in South East Asia, especially Malaysia where it is widely used. A total of forty-two BALB/c mice were used and categorized into some groups by several doses including both controls to obtain toxicity during 14 days of the treatment. General sign, behavioural changes, blood analysis, weight of organs and histopathological studies were assessed during period time of experiment. In the acute toxicity tests, mice (male and female) receiving doses of this extract by the oral and intra-peritoneal routes. No mortality was evident from the experimental results in mice. In haematological evaluations, the results varied widely in respect to dose and sex, and also did not show clinical correlations. Gross pathological changes as a result of administering the doses of extract were not observed in any of the organs, even at high dose (2000 mg/kg). These results suggested the oral and intra-peritoneal administration of chloroform extract of U. dioica did not produce any significant toxic effect in mice. Hence, the extract can be utilized for pharmaceutical formulations.
This study investigated the antibacterial activity of selected ethyl acetate extract of Urtica di... more This study investigated the antibacterial activity of selected ethyl acetate extract of Urtica dioica against Bacillus subtilis subsp. spizizenii ATCC 6633 based on the time-kill approach. Also for further study, the effects of the ethyl acetate extract on B. subtilis cells was studied by performing scanning electron microscope (SEM). The cells were viewed under the SEM. The SEM observations gave roughly ideas on the effects of ethyl acetate extract of U. dioica on the growth of B. subtilis subsp. spizizenii ATCC 6633. However, the results from SEM suggested that the antibacterial action was due to the internal shrinkage of the cells and collapsed finally. Based on the time-kill approach, determined the kill rate of ethyl acetate extract of U. dioica against B. subtilis subsp. spizizenii ATCC 6633 and significantly inhibited the cell growth and possessed bacteriostatic activity at lower concentration (8.33 mg/mL).
The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro cytotoxicity activity of crude extracts of Ela... more The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro cytotoxicity activity of crude extracts of Elatostema umbellatum found in Taiping, Malaysia against different cell lines including MCF7 and WEHI-164 cell lines by MTT, Hoechst 33342/PI staining, cell proliferation and monitoring of morphologic change, flow cytometry assay. A total of nine crude extracts were prepared using different organic solvents and by two extraction methods, either by using sequential partition (method I) or Soxhelt extractor (method II). Methanol extract from extraction method II (ME II) exhibited the highest average activity (mean log GI50) of the extract at -1.457 and 1.083, against WEHI-164 and MCF-7 cell lines, respectively. The results of the nine plant extracts screening were also reported as TGI (total growth inhibition). None of the plant extracts showed a TGI of less than 6.25 μg/mL for at least two cell lines where regarded as potent, but ME II showed moderate activity at less 15 μg/mL against both cancer cell lines. ME II extract of E. umbellatum that exhibited potent and selective activity against the WEHI-164 and MCF-7 cancer cell lines might be a good hit for further investigation. To refer induction of apoptosis, we adopted potent extracts for Hoechst 33342/Propidium iodide (PI) staining and flow cytometry analysis using Annexin FITC and PI. The results revealed that ME II against WEHI-164 displayed potent activity (18.86% apoptotic cells) compared to Bacillus calmette-guérin (BCG) at 26.33% as positive control. Etoposide and BCG were used as positive controls for MCF-7 and WEHI-164 cancer cell lines, respectively.
Keywords: Elatostema umbellatum, crude extracts, cytotoxicity, breast cancer, fibrosarcoma, flowcytometry.
"Urtica dioica (Stinging nettle) leaves have been used as a traditional medicine to treatrheumato... more "Urtica dioica (Stinging nettle) leaves have been used as a traditional medicine to treatrheumatoid arthritis, to alleviate rheumatic pain benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), diuretic and prevention of kidney stones by local people in Middle East region especially in Iran, Turkey and East Europe. Hence, this investigation evaluates the antidepressant effect of selected crude extracts in the forced swimming test (FST) and tail suspension test (TST), two models predictive of antidepressant activity. The acute treatment of mice with extracts by intra-peritoneal (i.p.) route significantly reduced the immobility time in the FST (50 and 100 mg/kg) and TST (50 and 100 mg/kg), as compared to positive controls (haloperidol and fluoxetine) at 1 and 10 mg/kg, respectively. On the third day of experiment, a significant decrease of mobility was observed for chloroform extract (CE I) and butanol extract (BE II) compared to first day. CE I and BE II led to reduction of immobility time, as the selected extracts with two doses administered were different compared to the control, in the FST method by 65.37% and53.92% for 100 mg/kg, respectively. However, CE I showed the best result compared to our positive controls. Similar results of increased antidepressant effect, that was, of immobility time depending on the concentration administered, were obtained with the TST method. Also our data showed that there was no significant differences between doses (50 and 100 mg/kg). The results suggested that the antidepressant action of the butanol extract and of U. dioica its fraction (BE II2) was mediated by an interaction with 5-hydroxytrptamine (5-HT). U. dioica showed a potential source for the isolation of important natural products with antidepressant-like properties. However, further studies are still required.
Key words: Urtica dioica, antidepressant activity, forced swimming test (FST), tail suspension test (TST)."
In this study, the effects of chloroform extract of Urtica dioica in comparison with Bacillus Cal... more In this study, the effects of chloroform extract of Urtica dioica in comparison with Bacillus Calmette Guerin (BCG) as positive control (known to have anticancer distinctive) on WEHI-164 fibrosarcoma transplanted to BALB/c mice was investigated. Groups of four female BALB/c mice were injected with chloroform extract of Urtica dioica at the concentration of 400 and 800 mg/mL, whilst the BCG and distilled water were used as negative controls. All the mice were then challenged with WEHI-164 fibrosarcoma cells. The mice were tested for growth of the solid tumor and the tumor sizes were measured every other day up to four weeks. The mean area of tumors of the crude extracts-, BCG alone- injected mice on the last day of measurements for CEUD at 400 mg/kg, CEUD at 800 mg/kg, and BCG were 726.81 mm2, 1948.30 mm2and 586.715 mm2, respectively. Our primary experiments revealed that the chloroform extract of Urtica dioica- treated BALB/c mice that after four weeks examination of the sacrificed animals did not reveal abnormalities. So far, our results showed that the liver size of fibrosarcoma mice reduced significantly after the treatment of CEUD at concentrations, 400 and 800 mg/kg. There was no difference in spleen weight; even the lowest dose (400 mg/kg) showed no significant increases in spleen weight compared to negative control. Blood were collected from the mice for hematological analysis and were found to have immature granulocytes and immature monocytes. Also, the histopathological examination of spleen indicated that, after treatment the spleen demonstrated a pattern ranging from minimal histopathological change to scanty small neoplastic cell nests present in the sinusoid when compared to control. In addition, TUNEL staining and Hematoxylin-Eosin staining demonstrated the CEUD-treated induction of apoptosis in WEHI-164 cell line when compared to BCG.We need further study to clarify the mechanisms of anticancer effects.
To date, the search for novel pharmacotherapy from medicinal plants for psychiatric illnesses has... more To date, the search for novel pharmacotherapy from medicinal plants for psychiatric illnesses has significantly progressed. This study investigated the effect of selected crude extracts from Pilea microphylla in the mouse forced test (FST) and in the tail suspension test (TST), two models predictive of antidepressant activity. Selected crude extracts from Pilea microphylla produced an antidepressant-like effect, since the acute treatment of mice with extracts by p.o. route significantly reduced the immobility time in the FST (50 and 100 mg/kg) and TST (50 and 100 mg/kg), as compared to positive controls (haloperidol and fluoxetine) at 1 and 10 mg/kg, respectively. The antidepressant-like effect of extracts was found to be significant at high doses, followed by an increase in the immobility time at dose of 100 mg/kg. A significant decreased of immobility was also found on the third day at the concentration of 100 mg/kg of CEPM II and EAEPM II (except MEPM I at 100 mg/kg) with respect to the first day. Ethyl acetate and chloroform extract from extraction method II when administered at an acute dose of 100 mg/kg of body weight (P ˂ 0.05) reduced the immobility time. Among all the three selected extracts with two doses administered there were differences compared to the control, EAEPM II led to reduction of immobility time, in the FST method by 38.50% for 50 mg/kg to as much as 75.97% for 100 mg/kg. Similar results of increased antidepressant effect, that was, of immobility time depending on the concentration administered, were obtained with the TST method. However, these results suggested the anti-depression activity of the plant extract. Therefore, P. microphylla may be served as a potential resource for natural psychotherapeutic agent against depression. However, further studies are still required.
Keywords: Pilea microphylla, antidepressant activity, forced swimming test (FST), tail suspension test (TST).
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Papers by Amir Modarresi Chahardehi
dioica against Bacillus subtilis subsp. spizizenii ATCC® CRM-6633™ Strain NRS 231 (subtilin
producer) based on the time-kill approach. Also for further study, the effects of the ethyl acetate
extract on B. subtilis cells was studied by performing Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM).
Study Design: Prospective
Methodology: According to our previous result, ethyl acetate extract was selected to be more potent against Bacillus subtilis subsp. spizizenii ATCC® CRM-6633™ Strain NRS 231 based on its
inhibition zone diameter. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal
concentration (MBC) values of ethyl acetate extract against tested bacteria were performed and
time-kill study as well as using SEM for further study on structural degeneration of the selected
bacterial cells were performed.
Results: The MIC and MBC of the ethyl acetate extract against tested bacteria were found at 8.33
and 16.67 mg/mL from broth micro-dilution assay, respectively. The SEM observations gave ideas
on the effects of ethyl acetate extract of U. dioica on the growth of B. subtilis subsp. spizizenii
ATCC® CRM-6633™ Strain NRS 231. However, the results from SEM suggested that the
antibacterial action was due to the internal shrinkage of the cells which collapsed finally. The timekill
approach, determined the kill rate of ethyl acetate extract of U. dioica against B. subtilis subsp.
spizizenii ATCC® CRM-6633™ Strain NRS 231 and significantly inhibited the cell growth and
possessed bacteriostatic activity at lower concentration (8.33 mg/mL).
Conclusion: This study showed the potential of U. dioica extract as alternative therapy against
bacterial infection.
infected samples of the main potatoes grown in the said region were collected from the fields between (Hall et al.,
1998) 2007 and 2008. The collected samples were first tested for PVY infection via a double antibody sandwich
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (DAS-ELISA) technique. Of the total number of collected samples, 79
(20.73%) tested positive for PVY infection. The highest level of PVY infection was observed in the district of
Gilak-Abad in Sarab County, whereas the lowest infection was observed in the district of Oughan in the suburbs
of Sarab city. The RT-PCR detection of PVY strains by using specific primers resulted in the amplification of
DNA fragments specific to the PVY strains NTN, C, O, and N at 725, 1553, 352, and 616 bp, respectively. The
highest strain diversity of PVY was detected in the district of Shirehjin in Sarab city and the lowest in the district
of Ghaleh Jugh in Bostan-Abad city. Both single and multiple infection types of the PVY stains were observed in
the region. Of the 79 PVY-infected samples, 77.21% were infected with strain O, 62.02% with strain C, 39.24%
with strain N, and 8.86% with strain NTN. The highest level of multiple infections was observed in the
combinations of the strains C+O (27.84%) and the triple strains O+N+C (15.18%). This paper is the first to
report the detection of the PVY strain NTN in Iran.
Keywords: RT-PCR, Molecular diagnosis, Potato, ELISA, Potato Virus Y (PVY)
July 2006, Volume 90, Number 7
Pages 975.2 - 975.2
F. Rakhshandehroo , H. R. Zamani Zadeh , A. Modarresi , and S. Hajmansoor , Plant Pathology Department, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, P.O. Box-14515-775, Tehran, Iran
Go to article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/PD-90-0975B
Accepted for publication 10 April 2006.
Rose is an economically important crop for Iran and the world. A survey was carried out from March 2005 to January 2006 to identify viruses infecting rose plants (Rosa × damascena, R. chinensis, R. canina, R. indica, and R. multiflora) in five plantations (Damavand, Tehran, Karaj, Shahre-Rey, and Varamin) in and near the Tehran Province of Iran. Samples (526) from eight rose-growing plantations were collected. All samples were tested for Prunus necrotic ringspot virus (PNRSV), Arabis mosaic virus (ArMV), and Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) using the dot-immunobinding assay (1) and double-antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (DAS-ELISA) according to the manufacturer's instructions (Bioreba, Basel, Switzerland). Among the samples tested, PNRSV and ArMV were found in 23.1 and 18.8% of the collection, respectively. No CMV was detected in any of the samples. The presence of ArMV and PNRSV was verified in samples by transmission to indicator test plants, cucumber (Cucumis sativus), French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), and Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata). Inoculation with extracts from PNRSV-positive plants produced systemic mosaic, stunting, and vein banding on cucumber, and necrotic local lesions on cowpea. No symptoms were observed in French bean. Inoculation with extracts from ArMV-positive plants produced systemic vein banding on cucumber, chlorotic local lesions on French bean, and systemic mosaic on cowpea. These symptoms were similar to those that were described previously for these viruses (2,4). The symptoms observed on indicator plants for each virus corresponded to the results of DAS-ELISA. Examination of crude sap prepared from ArMV- and PNRSV-infected cucumber leaves using immu-nosorbent electron microscopy (IEM) revealed the presence of isometric virus particles with a diameter of approximately 30 and 25 nm, respectively. Frequencies of occurrence of these two viruses as determined by serological detection showed ArMV to be the most prevalent virus in high altitudes (1,700 to 1,900 m above sea level) compared with the lowland regions. Serological tests also indicate that PNRSV is mostly distributed through the red rose varieties (Rosa × damascena, R. chinensis, R. canina, and R. multiflora) and ArMV is within the white varieties (R. canina, R. indica, and R. multiflora). However, mixed infections of PNRSV and ArMV were detected in all rose samples tested. An infection by PNRSV and ArMV either singly or in combination is usually responsible for rose mosaic disease. PNRSV has been isolated in many rose-growing regions worldwide. ArMV alone or in complexes with ilarviruses infect garden and greenhouse rose in Europe and India (3). Mosaic is probably the most commonly found virus on roses. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a natural occurrence of ArMV and PNRSV on rose in Iran.
Conference Presentations by Amir Modarresi Chahardehi
Keywords: Elatostema umbellatum, crude extracts, cytotoxicity, breast cancer, fibrosarcoma, flowcytometry.
Key words: Urtica dioica, antidepressant activity, forced swimming test (FST), tail suspension test (TST)."
Keywords: Pilea microphylla, antidepressant activity, forced swimming test (FST), tail suspension test (TST).
dioica against Bacillus subtilis subsp. spizizenii ATCC® CRM-6633™ Strain NRS 231 (subtilin
producer) based on the time-kill approach. Also for further study, the effects of the ethyl acetate
extract on B. subtilis cells was studied by performing Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM).
Study Design: Prospective
Methodology: According to our previous result, ethyl acetate extract was selected to be more potent against Bacillus subtilis subsp. spizizenii ATCC® CRM-6633™ Strain NRS 231 based on its
inhibition zone diameter. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal
concentration (MBC) values of ethyl acetate extract against tested bacteria were performed and
time-kill study as well as using SEM for further study on structural degeneration of the selected
bacterial cells were performed.
Results: The MIC and MBC of the ethyl acetate extract against tested bacteria were found at 8.33
and 16.67 mg/mL from broth micro-dilution assay, respectively. The SEM observations gave ideas
on the effects of ethyl acetate extract of U. dioica on the growth of B. subtilis subsp. spizizenii
ATCC® CRM-6633™ Strain NRS 231. However, the results from SEM suggested that the
antibacterial action was due to the internal shrinkage of the cells which collapsed finally. The timekill
approach, determined the kill rate of ethyl acetate extract of U. dioica against B. subtilis subsp.
spizizenii ATCC® CRM-6633™ Strain NRS 231 and significantly inhibited the cell growth and
possessed bacteriostatic activity at lower concentration (8.33 mg/mL).
Conclusion: This study showed the potential of U. dioica extract as alternative therapy against
bacterial infection.
infected samples of the main potatoes grown in the said region were collected from the fields between (Hall et al.,
1998) 2007 and 2008. The collected samples were first tested for PVY infection via a double antibody sandwich
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (DAS-ELISA) technique. Of the total number of collected samples, 79
(20.73%) tested positive for PVY infection. The highest level of PVY infection was observed in the district of
Gilak-Abad in Sarab County, whereas the lowest infection was observed in the district of Oughan in the suburbs
of Sarab city. The RT-PCR detection of PVY strains by using specific primers resulted in the amplification of
DNA fragments specific to the PVY strains NTN, C, O, and N at 725, 1553, 352, and 616 bp, respectively. The
highest strain diversity of PVY was detected in the district of Shirehjin in Sarab city and the lowest in the district
of Ghaleh Jugh in Bostan-Abad city. Both single and multiple infection types of the PVY stains were observed in
the region. Of the 79 PVY-infected samples, 77.21% were infected with strain O, 62.02% with strain C, 39.24%
with strain N, and 8.86% with strain NTN. The highest level of multiple infections was observed in the
combinations of the strains C+O (27.84%) and the triple strains O+N+C (15.18%). This paper is the first to
report the detection of the PVY strain NTN in Iran.
Keywords: RT-PCR, Molecular diagnosis, Potato, ELISA, Potato Virus Y (PVY)
July 2006, Volume 90, Number 7
Pages 975.2 - 975.2
F. Rakhshandehroo , H. R. Zamani Zadeh , A. Modarresi , and S. Hajmansoor , Plant Pathology Department, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, P.O. Box-14515-775, Tehran, Iran
Go to article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/PD-90-0975B
Accepted for publication 10 April 2006.
Rose is an economically important crop for Iran and the world. A survey was carried out from March 2005 to January 2006 to identify viruses infecting rose plants (Rosa × damascena, R. chinensis, R. canina, R. indica, and R. multiflora) in five plantations (Damavand, Tehran, Karaj, Shahre-Rey, and Varamin) in and near the Tehran Province of Iran. Samples (526) from eight rose-growing plantations were collected. All samples were tested for Prunus necrotic ringspot virus (PNRSV), Arabis mosaic virus (ArMV), and Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) using the dot-immunobinding assay (1) and double-antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (DAS-ELISA) according to the manufacturer's instructions (Bioreba, Basel, Switzerland). Among the samples tested, PNRSV and ArMV were found in 23.1 and 18.8% of the collection, respectively. No CMV was detected in any of the samples. The presence of ArMV and PNRSV was verified in samples by transmission to indicator test plants, cucumber (Cucumis sativus), French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), and Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata). Inoculation with extracts from PNRSV-positive plants produced systemic mosaic, stunting, and vein banding on cucumber, and necrotic local lesions on cowpea. No symptoms were observed in French bean. Inoculation with extracts from ArMV-positive plants produced systemic vein banding on cucumber, chlorotic local lesions on French bean, and systemic mosaic on cowpea. These symptoms were similar to those that were described previously for these viruses (2,4). The symptoms observed on indicator plants for each virus corresponded to the results of DAS-ELISA. Examination of crude sap prepared from ArMV- and PNRSV-infected cucumber leaves using immu-nosorbent electron microscopy (IEM) revealed the presence of isometric virus particles with a diameter of approximately 30 and 25 nm, respectively. Frequencies of occurrence of these two viruses as determined by serological detection showed ArMV to be the most prevalent virus in high altitudes (1,700 to 1,900 m above sea level) compared with the lowland regions. Serological tests also indicate that PNRSV is mostly distributed through the red rose varieties (Rosa × damascena, R. chinensis, R. canina, and R. multiflora) and ArMV is within the white varieties (R. canina, R. indica, and R. multiflora). However, mixed infections of PNRSV and ArMV were detected in all rose samples tested. An infection by PNRSV and ArMV either singly or in combination is usually responsible for rose mosaic disease. PNRSV has been isolated in many rose-growing regions worldwide. ArMV alone or in complexes with ilarviruses infect garden and greenhouse rose in Europe and India (3). Mosaic is probably the most commonly found virus on roses. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a natural occurrence of ArMV and PNRSV on rose in Iran.
Keywords: Elatostema umbellatum, crude extracts, cytotoxicity, breast cancer, fibrosarcoma, flowcytometry.
Key words: Urtica dioica, antidepressant activity, forced swimming test (FST), tail suspension test (TST)."
Keywords: Pilea microphylla, antidepressant activity, forced swimming test (FST), tail suspension test (TST).
Keywords: Pilea microphylla, crude extracts, cytotoxicity, flow cytometry, breast cancer, fibrosarcoma.
among the most commonly found viral agents on roses. Conventional method
of thermotherapy is not an efficient technique in regenerating virus-free
plants. Using a combination of thermotherapy, chemotherapy and in vitro
culture we have developed a procedure for eliminating ArMV and PNRSV
from rose plants. Viral infected rose stem nodal segments were surface
sterilized and cultured on MS media containing 0.4 mg/l NAA, 0.4 mg/l BAP
(pH 5.8) and 10, 20 or 30 mg/ml of ribavirin. After 20 to 40 days, regenerated
segments were excised and transferred to new media and were tested for virus
titer by enzyme linked immune-sorbent assay (ELISA). In addition to
ribavirin treatment plants were also subjected to combination of ribavirin and
thermotherapy treatments where ribavirin treated plants after 30 days were
exposed to the temperature of 38°C for 16 hours and 22°C for 8 hours. Results
of chemotherapy showed that complex of PNRSV and ArMV was efficiently
eradicated from plantlets that were grown on MS medium containing 10 and
30 mg/l for 40 and 20 days respectively. The virus elimination rates of 63.33
and 85.18% were obtained for ArMV and ArMV+PNRSV, respectively.
However, thermotherapy along with chemotherapy (containing 30 mg/l)
during the period of four weeks was the most effective treatment for plantlet
regeneration and virus elimination. Explant cultures with ribavirin appears to
be a simple and effective way for obtaining virus-free roses in vitro.
Keywords: Elatostema umbellatum; Antioxidant and antimicrobial activity; DPPH radical scavenging; Toxicity test.
Key word: Antioxidant activity, Toxicity activity, Stinging nettle, Urtica dioica.
Keywords: Elatostema umbellatum; Pilea microphylla; Urtica dioica; DPPH radical scavenging; Total phenolic content.
Keywords: Pilea microphylla; Antioxidant and antimicrobial activity; DPPH radical scavenging; Toxicity test.