معاونت:بین الاقوامی اصواتی ابجدیہ برائے ہسپانوی
| حرف صحیح | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| بـصـا | مثالیں | اردو قریباً | |
| حرف مثال | لفظ مثال | ||
| [[|b]][1] | bestia; embuste; vaca; envidia; fútbol | ب | بارے |
| [[|β]] | bebé; obtuso; vivir; curva | و (تقریباً) | وجود |
| [[|d]][1] | dedo; cuando; aldaba | د | دیر |
| [[|ð]] | dádiva; arder; admirar | عربی ذ | دھاک (تقریباً)، ذات |
| [[|f]] | fase; café | ف | فائدہ |
| [[|ɡ]][1] | gato; lengua; guerra | گ | گاڑی |
| [[|ɣ]] | trigo; amargo; sigue; signo | غ | غیر |
| [[|ʝ]][1][2] | ayuno; poyo | ی (تقریباً) | یونان |
| [[|ɟʝ]][1][2] | cónyuge; abyecto | ج (تقریباً) | |
| [[|k]] | caña; laca; quise; kilo | ک | کیلو |
| [[|l]] | lino; alhaja; principal | ل | لال |
| [[|ʎ]][1][2] | llave; pollo | ||
| [[|m]][3] | madre; comer; campo; anfibio | م | مادری |
| [[|ɱ]][3] | anfibio | م | بامسی |
| [[|n]][3] | nido; anillo; anhelo; sin; álbum | ن | نیند |
| [[|ɲ]][3] | ñandú; cañón; enyesar | نیْـ (تقریباً) | انسانیت |
| [[|ŋ]][3] | cinco; venga; conquista | ن٘گ | رنگ |
| [[|p]] | pozo; topo | پ | ٹوپی |
| [[|r]][4] | rumbo; carro; honra; amor; amor eterno | عربی ر | رب |
| [[|ɾ]][4] | caro; bravo; amor eterno | ر | رستہ |
| [[|s]][5] | saco; espita; xenón | س | سال |
| [[|θ]][5] | cereal; encima; zorro; enzima; paz | عربی ث | ارتھ (تقریباً)، ثانية |
| [[|t]] | tamiz; átomo | ت | تمیز |
| [[|tʃ]] | chubasco; acechar | چ | چلو |
| [[|v]][6] | afgano | ڤ، انگریزی V | افغانی (تقریباً) |
| [[|x]] | jamón; general; México;[7] hamster[8] | خ | ختم |
| [[|z]][6] | isla; mismo; deshuesar | ز | زیر |
| Marginal phonemes | |||
| بـصـا | مثالیں | اردو قریباً | |
| [[|ʃ]][9] | show; Rocher; Freixenet | ش | شوک |
| [[|ts]] | abertzale; Pátzcuaro | تسْ | امرتسر (شہر) |
| مصوت | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| بـصـا | مثالیں | اردو قریباً | |
| حرف مثال | لفظ مثال | ||
| [[|a]] | azahar | ◌َ، اَ، ـا، آ | اژدھا |
| [[|e]] | vehemente | ـیـ ، ے | بین |
| [[|i]] | dimitir; mío; y | ◌ِ، اِ، ◌ِـی، اِی، ی | تِیسرا |
| [[|o]] | boscoso | و، او | بول |
| [[|u]] | cucurucho; dúo | ◌ُ، ◌ُـو، اُو، و | دُود |
| Semivowels[10] | |||
| بـصـا | مثالیں | اردو قریباً | |
| حرف مثال | لفظ مثال | ||
| [[|j]] | aliada; cielo; amplio; ciudad | ی | یاد |
| [[|w]][11] | cuadro; fuego; Huila arduo | وأ
(عربی و، انگریزی W) |
ہوأ (تقریباً) |
| Stress and syllabification | |||
| بـصـا | مثالیں | اردو قریباً | |
| [[|ˈ]] | ciudad [θjuˈðað] | domain | |
| . | mío [ˈmi.o] | Mayan | |
Notes
[ترمیم]- ^ ا ب پ ت ٹ ث /b, d, ɡ, ʝ/ are pronounced as the fricatives or approximants [β̞, ð̞, ɣ˕, ʝ˕] (represented here without the undertacks) in all places except after a pausa, after an /n/ or /m/ or, in the case of /d/ and /ʝ/, after an /l/, in which contexts they are stops [b, d, ɡ, ɟʝ], like English b, d, g, j, except that they are fully voiced in all positions unlike their English counterparts. When distinct from /ʝ/, /ʎ/ is realized as an approximant [ʎ] in all positions (Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté 2003:257-8).
- ^ ا ب پ Most Spanish speakers no longer distinguish /ʎ/ from /ʝ/; the actual realization depends on dialect, however. See yeísmo and Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003:258) for more information.
- ^ ا ب پ ت ٹ The nasal consonants /n, m, ɲ/ only contrast before vowels. Before consonants, they assimilate to the consonant's place of articulation, which is partially reflected in the orthography. The three do not contrast at the end of a word; depending on dialect, the صوتیہ nasal may appear as [n], [ŋ], or nasalization of the preceding vowel.
- ^ ا ب The rhotic consonants /ɾ/ and /r/ contrast only between vowels. Otherwise, they are in complementary distribution, with [r] occurring word-initially, after /l/, /n/, and /s/, and also represented here as before consonants, and word-finally (positions in which they vary); only [ɾ] is found elsewhere.
- ^ ا ب Northern and Central Spain still distinguish between ⟨s⟩ (/s/) and soft ⟨c⟩ or ⟨z⟩ (/θ/). Almost all other dialects treat the two as identical (which is called seseo) and pronounce them as /s/. There is a small number of speakers, mostly in southern Spain, who pronounce the soft ⟨c⟩, ⟨z⟩ and even ⟨s⟩ as /θ/, a phenomenon called ceceo. See phonological history of Spanish coronal fricatives and Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003:258) for more information.
- ^ ا ب [v] and [z] are allophones of, respectively, /f/ and /s/ before voiced consonants.
- ↑ The letter ⟨x⟩ represents /x/ only in certain proper names like Ximena and some placenames in current or former Mexico (واخاکا, ٹیکساس).
- ↑ The letter ⟨h⟩ represents /x/ only in loanwords; in native words, it is always silent.
- ↑ /ʃ/ is used only in loanwords and certain proper nouns. It is nonexistent in many dialects, being realized as [tʃ] or [s]; e.g. show [tʃou]~[sou].
- ↑ The semivowels [w] and [j] can be combined with vowels to form rising diphthongs (e.g. cielo, cuadro). Falling diphthongs (e.g. aire, rey, auto) are transcribed with /i/ and /u/.
- ↑ Some speakers may pronounce word-initial [w] with an epenthetic [ɡ]; e.g. Huila [ˈɡwila]~[ˈwila].
References
[ترمیم]- Eugenio Martínez-Celdrán، Ana Ma. Fernández-Planas، Josefina Carrera-Sabaté (2003)، "Castilian Spanish"، Journal of the International Phonetic Association، 33 (2): 255–259
External links
[ترمیم]- Animations and video demonstrations of the IPA for Spanish by The Departments of Spanish and Portuguese, German, Speech Pathology and Audiology, and Academic Technologies at the University of Iowa.
- Spanish Phonetic Transcription Converter—Free Online Tool to convert Spanish Text to IPA Phonetic Transcription