In the last two weeks we had a renewed interest in colexifications, especially in the third gener... more In the last two weeks we had a renewed interest in colexifications, especially in the third generation of the "Database of Cross-Linguistic Colexifications" (Rzymski, Tresoldi, et al., 2020). The attention was due to two different and independent requests in few days. For those unfamiliar, the concept of "colexification" (François, 2008) refers to instances in which a language uses the same lexeme to express more than one comparable concept (e.g., Russian де́рево, which can mean both "tree" a..
This repository (see Tutorial.md for getting started) contains the code and data for reproducing ... more This repository (see Tutorial.md for getting started) contains the code and data for reproducing the analyses described in the chapter "Managing Historical Linguistic Data for Computational Phylogenetics and Computer-Assisted Language Comparison".
Cite as Johann-Mattis List, Cormac Anderson, Tiago Tresoldi, Christoph Rzymski, Simon Greenhill, ... more Cite as Johann-Mattis List, Cormac Anderson, Tiago Tresoldi, Christoph Rzymski, Simon Greenhill, and Robert Forkel (2018). Cross-Linguistic Transcription Systems (Version 1.1.1). Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History: Jena. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.1623511
Cite the library as: List, Johann-Mattis; Anderson, Cormac; Tresoldi, Tiago; Forkel, Robert (2020... more Cite the library as: List, Johann-Mattis; Anderson, Cormac; Tresoldi, Tiago; Forkel, Robert (2020): PYCLTS. A Python library for the handling of phonetic transcription systems. Version 3.0.0. URL: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3687546. With contributions by Tiago Tresoldi and Simon J. Greenhill and Christoph Rzymski. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
This document summarizes all contributions to the blog "Computer-Assisted Language Compariso... more This document summarizes all contributions to the blog "Computer-Assisted Language Comparison in Practice" from 2018, online also available under https://calc.hypotheses.org.
Tupí-Guaraní is one of the largest branches of the Tupían language family, but despite its releva... more Tupí-Guaraní is one of the largest branches of the Tupían language family, but despite its relevance there is no consensus about its origins in terms of age, homeland, and expansion. Linguistic classifications vary significantly, with archaeological studies suggesting incompatible date ranges while ethnographic literature confirms the close similarities as a result of continuous inter-family contact. To investigate this issue, we use a linguistic database of cognate data, employing Bayesian phylogenetic methods to infer a dated tree and to build a phylogeographic expansion model. Results suggest that the branch originated around 2500 BP in the area of the upper course of the Tapajós-Xingu basins, with a split between Southern and Northern varieties starting around 1750 BP. We analyse the difficulties in reconciling archaeological and linguistic data for this group, stressing the importance of developing an interdisciplinary unified model that incorporates evidence from both discipli...
This post introduces a model of segmental/distinctive features for the symbolic representation of... more This post introduces a model of segmental/distinctive features for the symbolic representation of sounds, covering almost 600 segments from CLTS (List et al., 2019) mapped to unique sets of bivalent features. It is being designed as an alternative input to vectors of presence/absence built from BIPA descriptors, analogous to other feature matrices like the one by Phoible (Moran & McCloy, 2019). While still under development, it can already be used both for training models of machine learning ..
Besides new algorithms and tools that facilitate established workflows, one change prompted by co... more Besides new algorithms and tools that facilitate established workflows, one change prompted by computer-assisted approaches to language comparison is a distinct relationship between scientists and their data. A critical part of our work, and perhaps the one with the most lasting impact, is to promote an approach in which the data life-cycle is not constrained within the limits of planning and publishing a study. Data are organized and planned for reuse in investigations perhaps not even consi..
List, Johann Mattis & Rzymski, Christoph & Greenhill, Simon & Schweikhard, Nathanael & Pianykh, K... more List, Johann Mattis & Rzymski, Christoph & Greenhill, Simon & Schweikhard, Nathanael & Pianykh, Kristina & Tjuka, Annika & Wu, Mei-Shin & Hundt, Carolin & Tresoldi, Tiago & Forkel, Robert (eds.) 2020. Concepticon v2.4.0. A Resource for the Linking of Concept Lists. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. Available online at https://concepticon.clld.org
Data and scripts for producing a Baysian phylogenetic tree sample of for the Indo-European family... more Data and scripts for producing a Baysian phylogenetic tree sample of for the Indo-European family which is "good enough", using data from IELex (Dunn et al. 2011). This repository contains data and scripts for producing a Baysian phylogenetic tree sample of for the Indo-European family which is <em>good enough</em> for use in phylogenetic comparative methods. It should be considered as the current version of the "Indo-European Lexical Cognacy Database" from Dunn et al. (2011), popularly known as "IELex". The "Indo-European Cognate Relationships" (IE-CoR) database project, now based at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, has been working on a much improved database originally based on this data, but has not had any public data release so far. In the meantime, this is the best we can offer, as an alternative to the original website (http://ielex.mpi.nl) which is now offline. The <code>data/</code> dire...
This document summarizes all contributions to the blog "Computer-Assisted Language Compariso... more This document summarizes all contributions to the blog "Computer-Assisted Language Comparison in Practice" from 2019, online also available under https://calc.hypotheses.org.
Code and data for reproducing the results of the "Using lexical language models to detect bo... more Code and data for reproducing the results of the "Using lexical language models to detect borrowings in monolingual wordlists" manuscript
Files from the phylogenetic analysis and commented presentation for Linguistweets (https://www.li... more Files from the phylogenetic analysis and commented presentation for Linguistweets (https://www.linguistweets.org/programa/h/6).
This is the first public release of pybor, made public after acceptance of the paper describing t... more This is the first public release of pybor, made public after acceptance of the paper describing the experiment. GitHub repository: https://github.com/lingpy/pybor
In the last two weeks we had a renewed interest in colexifications, especially in the third gener... more In the last two weeks we had a renewed interest in colexifications, especially in the third generation of the "Database of Cross-Linguistic Colexifications" (Rzymski, Tresoldi, et al., 2020). The attention was due to two different and independent requests in few days. For those unfamiliar, the concept of "colexification" (François, 2008) refers to instances in which a language uses the same lexeme to express more than one comparable concept (e.g., Russian де́рево, which can mean both "tree" a..
This repository (see Tutorial.md for getting started) contains the code and data for reproducing ... more This repository (see Tutorial.md for getting started) contains the code and data for reproducing the analyses described in the chapter "Managing Historical Linguistic Data for Computational Phylogenetics and Computer-Assisted Language Comparison".
Cite as Johann-Mattis List, Cormac Anderson, Tiago Tresoldi, Christoph Rzymski, Simon Greenhill, ... more Cite as Johann-Mattis List, Cormac Anderson, Tiago Tresoldi, Christoph Rzymski, Simon Greenhill, and Robert Forkel (2018). Cross-Linguistic Transcription Systems (Version 1.1.1). Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History: Jena. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.1623511
Cite the library as: List, Johann-Mattis; Anderson, Cormac; Tresoldi, Tiago; Forkel, Robert (2020... more Cite the library as: List, Johann-Mattis; Anderson, Cormac; Tresoldi, Tiago; Forkel, Robert (2020): PYCLTS. A Python library for the handling of phonetic transcription systems. Version 3.0.0. URL: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3687546. With contributions by Tiago Tresoldi and Simon J. Greenhill and Christoph Rzymski. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
This document summarizes all contributions to the blog "Computer-Assisted Language Compariso... more This document summarizes all contributions to the blog "Computer-Assisted Language Comparison in Practice" from 2018, online also available under https://calc.hypotheses.org.
Tupí-Guaraní is one of the largest branches of the Tupían language family, but despite its releva... more Tupí-Guaraní is one of the largest branches of the Tupían language family, but despite its relevance there is no consensus about its origins in terms of age, homeland, and expansion. Linguistic classifications vary significantly, with archaeological studies suggesting incompatible date ranges while ethnographic literature confirms the close similarities as a result of continuous inter-family contact. To investigate this issue, we use a linguistic database of cognate data, employing Bayesian phylogenetic methods to infer a dated tree and to build a phylogeographic expansion model. Results suggest that the branch originated around 2500 BP in the area of the upper course of the Tapajós-Xingu basins, with a split between Southern and Northern varieties starting around 1750 BP. We analyse the difficulties in reconciling archaeological and linguistic data for this group, stressing the importance of developing an interdisciplinary unified model that incorporates evidence from both discipli...
This post introduces a model of segmental/distinctive features for the symbolic representation of... more This post introduces a model of segmental/distinctive features for the symbolic representation of sounds, covering almost 600 segments from CLTS (List et al., 2019) mapped to unique sets of bivalent features. It is being designed as an alternative input to vectors of presence/absence built from BIPA descriptors, analogous to other feature matrices like the one by Phoible (Moran & McCloy, 2019). While still under development, it can already be used both for training models of machine learning ..
Besides new algorithms and tools that facilitate established workflows, one change prompted by co... more Besides new algorithms and tools that facilitate established workflows, one change prompted by computer-assisted approaches to language comparison is a distinct relationship between scientists and their data. A critical part of our work, and perhaps the one with the most lasting impact, is to promote an approach in which the data life-cycle is not constrained within the limits of planning and publishing a study. Data are organized and planned for reuse in investigations perhaps not even consi..
List, Johann Mattis & Rzymski, Christoph & Greenhill, Simon & Schweikhard, Nathanael & Pianykh, K... more List, Johann Mattis & Rzymski, Christoph & Greenhill, Simon & Schweikhard, Nathanael & Pianykh, Kristina & Tjuka, Annika & Wu, Mei-Shin & Hundt, Carolin & Tresoldi, Tiago & Forkel, Robert (eds.) 2020. Concepticon v2.4.0. A Resource for the Linking of Concept Lists. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. Available online at https://concepticon.clld.org
Data and scripts for producing a Baysian phylogenetic tree sample of for the Indo-European family... more Data and scripts for producing a Baysian phylogenetic tree sample of for the Indo-European family which is "good enough", using data from IELex (Dunn et al. 2011). This repository contains data and scripts for producing a Baysian phylogenetic tree sample of for the Indo-European family which is <em>good enough</em> for use in phylogenetic comparative methods. It should be considered as the current version of the "Indo-European Lexical Cognacy Database" from Dunn et al. (2011), popularly known as "IELex". The "Indo-European Cognate Relationships" (IE-CoR) database project, now based at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, has been working on a much improved database originally based on this data, but has not had any public data release so far. In the meantime, this is the best we can offer, as an alternative to the original website (http://ielex.mpi.nl) which is now offline. The <code>data/</code> dire...
This document summarizes all contributions to the blog "Computer-Assisted Language Compariso... more This document summarizes all contributions to the blog "Computer-Assisted Language Comparison in Practice" from 2019, online also available under https://calc.hypotheses.org.
Code and data for reproducing the results of the "Using lexical language models to detect bo... more Code and data for reproducing the results of the "Using lexical language models to detect borrowings in monolingual wordlists" manuscript
Files from the phylogenetic analysis and commented presentation for Linguistweets (https://www.li... more Files from the phylogenetic analysis and commented presentation for Linguistweets (https://www.linguistweets.org/programa/h/6).
This is the first public release of pybor, made public after acceptance of the paper describing t... more This is the first public release of pybor, made public after acceptance of the paper describing the experiment. GitHub repository: https://github.com/lingpy/pybor
Presentation for the Quantitative Methods Spring School 2016 at the Max Planck Institute for the ... more Presentation for the Quantitative Methods Spring School 2016 at the Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History (Jena)
Este trabalho analisa a evolução das figurações literárias de Ulisses de sua base arcaica às prim... more Este trabalho analisa a evolução das figurações literárias de Ulisses de sua base arcaica às primeiras figurações renascentistas, com indícios para a análise das figurações contemporâneo. Desenvolvendo reflexões de teóricos como Aby Warburg, Hans-Georg Gadamer, Hans Robert Jauss e Salvatore Settis, o estudo é orientado por uma concepção hermenêutica do ”clássico” enquanto forma de mediação da alteridade do antigo e propõe uma história desta literatura concentrada nos efeitos e nas recuperações do material antigo. Em particular, é ressaltada a inserção do material homérico em um continuum de literaturas antigas, fortemente pautado no material oriental, o progressivo aviltamento de Ulisses na literatura grega e seu resgate pela filosofia, o horizonte de expectativa que orientou sua recepção em Roma e sua recuperação por Dante no contexto das singulares narrativas mediolatinas sobre a Guerra de Tróia, a qual facultou a reinvenção desta figura no Renascimento e na modernidade.
Esta dissertação discute a teorização e a prática do romance histórico oitocentista por Alessandr... more Esta dissertação discute a teorização e a prática do romance histórico oitocentista por Alessandro Manzoni, tanto em sua produção ensaística (em especial "Del romanzo storico", de 1850) quanto naquela literária em "I promessi sposi" [Os noivos] (1842). Para isto, discuto a compreensão contemporânea de “romance histórico” a partir dos entendimentos correntes quanto aos gêneros literários, buscando uma solução na defesa do romance histórico como uma manifestação artística, geográfica e temporalmente particular de um modo narrativo sempre existente e necessário, que busca conciliar o discurso percebido como histórico (de uma verdade correspondente à realidade) com aquele percebido como ficcional (de uma verdade coerente à expectativa do universo literário narrado); a conhecida crise deste gênero é assim analisada pela sua relação com os debates contemporâneos sobre a historiografia, os quais, por sua vez, dificultam uma clara separação entre histórico e ficcional. O romance de Manzoni é deste modo inserido no jogo de forças entre compromissos históricos e ficcionais que, neste entender, marcou sua prática artística desde a juventude, culminando na obra aqui analisada: esta serviu-lhe ao mesmo tempo de laboratório para este gênero então novo e de veículo para a expressão irônica, fruto de uma rígida ética ao mesmo tempo iluminista e cristã que lhe era peculiar, desta capacidade de conciliar história e ficção.
Advances in computer-assisted linguistic research are greatly influencing and reshaping linguisti... more Advances in computer-assisted linguistic research are greatly influencing and reshaping linguistic investigation. With the increasing availability of interconnected datasets created and curated by researchers, more and more interwoven questions can now be investigated. Such advances, however, are bringing high requirements in terms of rigorousness for preparing and curating datasets. In this work we present CLICS, a Database of Cross-Linguistic Colexifications which aims to both tackle interdisciplinary and interconnected research questions as well as showcasing best practices in preparing data for cross-linguistic research. This is done by addressing shortcomings of an earlier version of the database, CLICS2, and supplying an updated version with CLICS3 which massively increases the size and scope of the project. We provide tools and guidelines for this purpose and discuss insights resulting from organizing student tasks for database updates. PREPRINT: This draft has not been peer-reviewed, it is currently under review. Download (free access): http://dx.
This is a translation of my article “O Ulisses dos muitos retornos: por uma história do clássico”... more This is a translation of my article “O Ulisses dos muitos retornos: por uma história do clássico”, published in Nuntius Antiquus in 2017 (DOI: 10.17851/1983-3636.13.1.227-251), provided for convenience. Any citation should refer to the original article in Brazilian Portuguese.
Contrary to what non-practitioners might expect, the systems of phonetic notation used by linguis... more Contrary to what non-practitioners might expect, the systems of phonetic notation used by linguists are highly idiosyncratic. Not only do various linguistic subfields disagree on the specific symbols they use to denote the speech sounds of languages, but also in large databases of sound inventories considerable variation can be found. Inspired by recent efforts to link cross-linguistic data with help of reference catalogues (Glottolog, Concepticon) across different resources, we present initial efforts to link different phonetic notation systems to a catalogue of speech sounds. This is achieved with the help of a database accompanied by a software framework that uses a limited but easily extendable set of non-binary feature values to allow for quick and convenient registration of different transcription systems, while at the same time linking to additional datasets with restricted inventories. Linking different transcription systems enables us to conveniently translate between different phonetic transcription systems, while linking sounds to databases allows users quick access to various kinds of metadata, including feature values, statistics on phoneme inventories, and information on prosody and sound classes. In order to prove the feasibility of this enterprise, we supplement an initial version of our cross-linguistic database of phonetic transcription systems (CLTS), which currently registers 5 transcription systems and links to 15 datasets, as well as a web application, which permits users to conveniently test the power of the automatic translation across transcription systems.
This work presents the results of an investigation on the usage of phylogenetic methods for the s... more This work presents the results of an investigation on the usage of phylogenetic methods for the study of the textual tradition of the Divine Comedy. Following previous work by Shaw (2011), largely incorporated and replicated, I briefly review the fundamentals of textual criticism and its analogies with phylogenetics, present an overview of the tradition of the poem, and report preliminary results on stemma validation, inference of phylogenetic trees and their performance for ancestral state reconstruction, and analyses of hypothesis on the work's textual evolution.
Este ensaio aponta como o grego antigo ainda tem sido desbastado de sua linguagem de baixo regist... more Este ensaio aponta como o grego antigo ainda tem sido desbastado de sua linguagem de baixo registro, freqüentemente promovendo-se, com intencionalidade, a idéia de uma língua própria apenas a discursos filosóficos e arroubos líricos de alta subjetividade. Para contrastar esta visão que recusa uma característica típica a todas as línguas, é fornecida uma série de vocábulos, como referências às genitálias ou à prática sexual, acompanhada de traduções em português que tentam se igualar, na medida do possível, em termos de registro e efeito sobre o ouvinte. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: grego antigo, linguagem obscena, censura literária. INTRODUÇÃO Um certo fetichismo para com a coletânea de expressões lingüísticas acomunadas sob a etiqueta de " grego antigo " , no qual se percebem facilmente ecos da dicotomia entre civilização e barbárie, resultou ao longo dos séculos em uma negação e um ocultar dos registros mais baixos deste último: a altivez que relega expressões obscenas a um populacho do qual deseja se diferenciar, escondendo-se sob um linguajar pomposo e muitas vezes penoso, forçosamente enquadrava esta história lingüística em sua ética, esquecendo-se do que lhe era conveniente. Antes dos avanços a partir do final do século XIX, em muito devedores a pesquisas de orientamento renovadamente etnológico, poucos autores tiveram a sorte de escapar a esta censura pactuada, como Aristófanes e em medida muito menor Safo, ainda assim sujeitados quase sem exceção a um processo de revisão e adaptação que, em língua inglesa, ficou conhecido pelo epônimo de bowdlerisation, a partir das versões expurgadas de Shakespeare organizadas por Thomas Bowdler. De fato, não é raro que, em débito com a duradoura opinião de uma Grécia qual raiz mais profunda da ocidentalidade e fonte de seu ramo mais civilizado, tradutores, historiadores, críticos e professores ainda busquem desbastar sua literatura e suas fontes lingüísticas de todas as locuções e termos que lhes soem inconvenientes, ao máximo reservando-os a um conhecimento de transmissão oral poucas vezes concretizado na escrita2. Assim, mais como medida de resposta destinada a suscitar curiosidade entre os demais, e ressaltando a total ausência de pretensões a uma abrangência plena deste tópico 3, será apresentado neste artigo um mostruário de palavras de baixo calão e obscenas referentes ao " grego antigo " , compêndio das poucas fontes a respeito que foram encontradas. OBSCENIDADES EM GREGO ANTIGO: ALGUNS EXEMPLOS E NOTAS
This work proposes a tentative model for the calculation of dimen-sionless distances between phon... more This work proposes a tentative model for the calculation of dimen-sionless distances between phonemes; sounds are described with binary distinctive features and distances show linear consistency in terms of such features. The model can be used as a scoring function for local and global pairwise alignment of phoneme sequences, and the distances can be used as prior probabilities for Bayesian analyses on the phylogenetic relationship between languages, particularly for cognate identification in cases where no empirical prior probability is available.
ngesh is a Python library for simulating random phylogenetic trees and related data. It is intend... more ngesh is a Python library for simulating random phylogenetic trees and related data. It is intended for benchmarking phylogenetic methods and for providing dummy trees during the development or debugging of phylogenetic methods. The generation of random phylogenetic trees also goes by the name of “simulation methods for phylogenetic trees” or just “simulating phylogenetic trees”.
Lexical borrowing, the transfer of words from one language to another, is one of the most frequen... more Lexical borrowing, the transfer of words from one language to another, is one of the most frequent processes in language evolution. In order to detect borrowings, linguists make use of various strategies, combining evidence from various sources. Despite the increasing popularity of computational approaches in comparative linguistics, automated approaches to lexical borrowing detection are still in their infancy, disregarding many aspects of the evidence that is routinely considered by human experts. One example for this kind of evidence are phonological and phonotactic clues that are especially useful for the detection of recent borrowings that have not yet been adapted to the structure of their recipient languages. In this study, we test how these clues can be exploited in automated frameworks for borrowing detection. By modeling phonology and phonotactics with the support of Support Vector Machines, Markov models, and recurrent neural networks, we propose a framework for the supervised detection of borrowings in mono-lingual wordlists. Based on a substantially revised dataset in which lexical borrowings have been thoroughly annotated for 41 different languages from different families, featuring a large typological diversity, we use these models to conduct a series of experiments to investigate their performance in mono-lingual borrowing detection. While the general results appear largely unsatisfying at a first glance, further tests show that the performance of our models improves with increasing amounts of attested borrowings and in those cases where most borrowings were introduced by one donor language alone. Our results show that phonological and phonotactic clues derived from monolingual language data alone are often not sufficient to detect borrowings when using them in isolation. Based on our detailed findings, however, we express hope that they could prove to be useful in integrated approaches that take multilingual information into account. Download (Open Access) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0242709 Citation Miller, J., T. Tresoldi, R. Zariquiey, C. Beltrán Castañón, N. Morozova, and J.-M. List (2020): Using lexical language models to detect borrowings in monolingual wordlists. PLOS One 15.12. e0242709.
The Open Handbook of Linguistic Data Management, 2022
The chapter gives an overview on the management of data in historical
linguistics that was compil... more The chapter gives an overview on the management of data in historical linguistics that was compiled for the purpose of analyzing it with software for computational phylogenetics.
With increasing amounts of digitally available data from all over the world, manual annotation of... more With increasing amounts of digitally available data from all over the world, manual annotation of cognates in multilingual word lists becomes more and more time-consuming in historical linguistics. Using available software packages to pre-process the data prior to manual analysis can drastically speed up the process of cognate detection. Furthermore, it allows us to get a quick overview on data which has not yet been intensively studied by experts. LingPy is a Python library which provides a large arsenal of routines for sequence comparison in historical linguistics. With LingPy, linguists cannot only automatically search for cognates in lexical data, they can also align the automatically identified words, and output them in various forms, which aim at facilitating manual inspection. In this tutorial, we will briefly introduce the basic concepts behind the algorithms employed by LingPy, and then illustrate in concrete workflows, how automatic sequence comparison can be applied to multilingual word lists. The goal is to provide the readers with all information they need to (a) carry out cognate detection and alignment analyses in LingPy, (b) select the appropriate algorithms for the appropriate task, (c) evaluate how well automatic cognate detection algorithms perform compared to experts, and (d) export their data into various formats useful for additional analyses or data sharing. While basic knowledge of the Python language is useful for all analyses, our tutorial is structured in such a way that scholars with basic knowledge of computing can follow through all steps as well.
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Papers by Tiago Tresoldi
hermenêutica do ”clássico” enquanto forma de mediação da alteridade do antigo e propõe uma história desta literatura concentrada nos efeitos e nas recuperações do material antigo. Em particular, é ressaltada a inserção do material homérico em um continuum de literaturas antigas, fortemente pautado no material oriental, o progressivo aviltamento de Ulisses na literatura grega e seu resgate pela filosofia, o horizonte de expectativa que orientou sua recepção em Roma e sua recuperação por Dante no contexto das singulares narrativas mediolatinas sobre a Guerra de Tróia, a qual facultou
a reinvenção desta figura no Renascimento e na modernidade.
universo literário narrado); a conhecida crise deste gênero é assim analisada pela sua relação com os debates contemporâneos sobre a historiografia, os quais, por sua vez, dificultam uma clara separação entre histórico e ficcional. O romance de Manzoni é deste modo inserido no jogo de forças entre compromissos históricos e ficcionais que, neste entender, marcou sua prática artística desde a juventude, culminando na obra
aqui analisada: esta serviu-lhe ao mesmo tempo de laboratório para este gênero então novo e de veículo para a expressão irônica, fruto de uma rígida ética ao mesmo tempo iluminista e cristã que lhe era peculiar, desta capacidade de conciliar história e ficção.
linguistics that was compiled for the purpose of analyzing it with software for computational phylogenetics.