Books by Kim von Hackwitz
Ancient Death Ways – proceedings of the workshop on archaeology and mortuary practices, contains ... more Ancient Death Ways – proceedings of the workshop on archaeology and mortuary practices, contains articles of the work in progress presented and discussed at the Ancient Death Ways 2013 meeting, which was organised around three main themes: current research, landscapes of death, and defining death. The diversity of case studies and subjects tackled by the participants reflects the richness of the field of archaeological research concerning death studies. This book does not aim to be a treaty on the archaeology of death in 2013, but rather a straightforward outcome of the sessions. The series of eight articles is introduced and closed by two commentary essays from two of the moderators of the workshop.
von Hackwitz, Kim. 2009. Along the shores of Lake Hjälmaren and beyond – the relationship between... more von Hackwitz, Kim. 2009. Along the shores of Lake Hjälmaren and beyond – the relationship between the Pitted Ware Culture and the Boat Axe Culture. Stockholm Studies in Archaeology 51. Stockholm.
The nature of the relationship between the Pitted Ware Culture and the Boat Axe Culture has dominated Swedish Middle Neolithic research, since the question was raised a century ago. Basically, the debate is concerned with whether or not the two material cultures express two different ethnical groups. Proponents for the currently established perspective
stress that the cultures represent two distinct ethnic groups. A large amount of research has focused on identifying differences between the two cultures in the archaeological
record.
This study will test an alternative approach to the archaeology of the Middle Neolithic. Rather than presuming an antithetical relationship between the two cultures attention will be given to investigating the relationship between the Pitted Ware Culture and the Boat Axe Culture. This will be done by a landscape centered approach. In the first case I will test the conventional opinion expressing that the two cultures are spatially separated to the coast and the inland. In addition, the analysis seeks to understand how different activities were located in relation to various landscape phenomena. In the second case study, phenomenology and current landscape theory combined with a viewshed GIS-analysis will form the basis for a discussion regarding the localisation and function of the Pitted Ware sites. In the third case I will discuss connective features of the Middle Neolithic landscapes in the Lake Hjälmaren area. Focus will be given to the long-term processes and the reproduction of the cultural landscapes over
time.
Based on the results, I will propose that the Middle Neolithic archaeological record, rather than being the result of two ethnic groups, express a dynamic and active society that manifests itself through a variety of different places, which were maintained for specific purposes.
Keywords: Middle Neolithic, Sweden, Pitted Ware Culture, Boat Axe Culture, landscape,GIS, stray finds, historicity, landmarks, phenomenology, viewshed, territories, ethnicity
Förord
Aktuell Arkeologi har sedan 1988 givits ut av Arkeologiska institutionen i Stockholm. B... more Förord
Aktuell Arkeologi har sedan 1988 givits ut av Arkeologiska institutionen i Stockholm. Boken ingår i serien Stockholm Archaeological Reports och har som huvudsyfte att presentera pågående av handlingar vid institutionen. Denna volym, nummer VIII, är den första utgåvan detta millennium och även den fösta där doktorander antagna efter den senaste forskarutbildningsreformen bidrar med artiklar. Det är fem år sedan Aktuell Arkeologi gavs ut sist, nummer VII kom 1999 och detta tidsglapp kan delvis ses bero på denna reform, vilket bidragit till en mer restriktiv antagning i forskarutbildningen i arkeologi. Det är dock med glädje som vi i detta nummer kan konstatera att det fortfarande finns en stor variation i både tid och rum gällande forskningsområden.
Artiklarna i denna utgåva av Aktuell Arkeologi har inte något gemensamt tema, utan vår önskan har varit att så många som möjligt av institutionens doktorander ska bidra med sin forskning oberoende ämne. Artiklarna är kronologiskt ordnade och avslutas med de mer arkeologihistoriska bidragen.
Stockholm, augusti 2004
Kim von Hackwitz & Tove Werner
Bo Petré
Papers by Kim von Hackwitz
by Gwen Robbins Schug, Maureece Levin, José Antonio López Sáez, Ciler Cilingiroglu, Oula Seitsonen, Gary Feinman, Elena Garcea, Nayeli Jimenez Cano, Kim von Hackwitz, Lucas Stephens, and Agustín A Diez Castillo Science, 2019
Environmentally transformative human use of land accelerated with the emergence of agriculture, b... more Environmentally transformative human use of land accelerated with the emergence of agriculture, but the extent, trajectory, and implications of these early changes are not well understood. An empirical global assessment of land use from 10,000 years before the present (yr B.P.) to 1850 CE reveals a planet largely transformed by hunter-gatherers, farmers, and pastoralists by 3000 years ago, considerably earlier than the dates in the land-use reconstructions commonly used by Earth scientists. Synthesis of knowledge contributed by more than 250 archaeologists highlighted gaps in archaeological expertise and data quality, which peaked for 2000 yr B.P. and in traditionally studied and wealthier regions. Archaeological reconstruction of global land-use history illuminates the deep roots of Earth’s transformation and challenges the emerging Anthropocene paradigm that large-scale anthropogenic global environmental change is mostly a recent phenomenon.
Context
Cultural landscapes evolve over time. However,
the rate and direction of change might no... more Context
Cultural landscapes evolve over time. However,
the rate and direction of change might not be in
line with societal needs and more information on the
forces driving these changes are therefore needed.
Objectives
Filling the gap between single case
studies and meta-analyses, we present a comparative
study of landscape changes and their driving forces
based in six regions across Europe conducted using a
consistent method.
Methods
A LULC analysis based on historical and
contemporary maps from the nineteenth and twentieth
century was combined with oral history interviews to
learn more about perceived landscape changes, and
remembered driving forces. Land cover and landscape
changes were analysed regarding change, conversions
and processes. For all case study areas, narratives on
mapped land cover change, perceived landscape
changes and driving forces were compiled.
Results
Despite a very high diversity in extent,
direction and rates of change, a few dominant
processes and widespread factors driving the changes
could be identified in the six case study areas, i.e.
access and infrastructure, political shifts, labor market, technological innovations, and for the more recent
period climate change.
Conclusions
Grasping peoples’ perception supplements
the analyses of mapped land use and land cover
changes and allows to address perceived landscape
changes. The list of driving forces determined to be
most relevant shows clear limits in predictability:
Whereas changes triggered by infrastructural developments
might be comparatively easy to model,
political developments cannot be foreseen but might,
nevertheless, leave major marks in the landscape.
One of the goals of Work Package (WP) 3 of HERCULES is to reconstruct and assess the shortterm ch... more One of the goals of Work Package (WP) 3 of HERCULES is to reconstruct and assess the shortterm changes and dynamics of cultural landscapes, using a case study approach. In this deliverable, we aim at describing and understanding how landscapes changed in six HERCULES Study Municipalities (SM) since 1850, i.e. Colmenar Viejo (Spain), Lenk (Switzerland), Börje (Sweden), Plomari & Gera (Greece), Alatskivi & Peipsiääre (Estonia) and Mobdury (Great Britain).
Whereas the description is based on the map comparison presented in D3.2, additional sources of information were needed to better understand the so called driving forces of the changes determined. We used secondary literature, statistical information and oral history interviews to assess the local historical context, the changes perceived, but also to determine which actors were influential for the changes observed.
Abandonment shows to be the most important process across all SMs included and it was especially dominant in the 20th century. Afforestation, deforestation, expansion of agriculture and intensification of agriculture were also widespread. Whereas afforestation shows an
increasing trend, deforestation and expansion of agriculture show a moderate, and intensification of agriculture even a strong decreasing trend.
The SMs differ greatly regarding their average rate of change, with the fastest SM (Colmenar Viejo) showing about seven times higher rates of change than the slowest SM (Modbury). However, all SMs depict great temporal variability of change in the course of the study period.
Overall, it is interesting to note that the latest periods was in no SM showing the highest rates of change, but even included the least dynamic period in one SM (Lenk).
We also evaluate if certain factors seem to be especially suitable to cause change or persistence across the different SMs. Infrastructural developments, (macro-) economic shifts and crises, and increasing population numbers seem to have the potential to trigger massive landscape changes. However, the specific context determines if and how such developments have an impact on the landscape. An economic crises triggering emigration, such as in the case of Lenk 1876 to 1914,
might well lead to agricultural abandonment, which however in the case of pastures in harsh alpine environment might not immediately lead to forest expansion. Abandonment due to the conversion of a community structure from (subsistence) farming into commercial and industrial
activities might however trigger rapid changes. Such changes can be largely facilitated by infrastructural developments, enabling easy commuting to nearby centers.
Our study reflects the diversity and complexity of landscape change processes across Europe. The number of case studies does not allow to draw general conclusions, but enables to formulate further hypotheses for research and feedback to the local communities regarding their specific development.
Work Package 2.3 of the HERCULES project brings together a protocol for studying the long-term ch... more Work Package 2.3 of the HERCULES project brings together a protocol for studying the long-term changes in cultural landscapes and spatial dynamic modelling frameworks and tools. Additionally it presents the possibilities of applying web GIS tools, which are available through HERCULES´s Knowledge Hub (WP7) to publish and share the research results with various actors having different disciplinary backgrounds.
The protocol defines an innovative methodological procedure for understanding the long-term development and transformation of cultural landscapes, drawing on recent insights from geography, landscape archaeology, (historical) ecology, anthropology and information
science
This paper presents the outlines of a new EU-funded research program for the long-term history, p... more This paper presents the outlines of a new EU-funded research program for the long-term history, present-day management and further development of the European landscapes, including their natural and cultural heritage: HERCULES. One of the subprojects of this program (Work Package 2) links archaeological, historical and historical ecological data to the analysis of geo-information in order to develop models of long-term landscape change in three carefully chosen study regions in the Netherlands, Sweden and Estonia. This is framed theoretically by integrating insights from landscape biography, historical ecology and complex systems theory. The linking and analysis of data will be done using a Spatial Data Infrastructure and by means of dynamic modelling. 1 IntroductIon In December 2013 a new large-scale program was launched for the research, protection and management of the European cultural landscapes within EU Seventh Framework Programme: HERCULES (Sustainable Futures for Europe'...
This paper will discuss a pedagogical approach to integrating the humanities and the natural scie... more This paper will discuss a pedagogical approach to integrating the humanities and the natural sciences. Our approach calls for extended collaboration between the two fields and a capacity to integrate the experimental and deductive lines of reasoning within the natural sciences with the holistic and critical perspectives of the humanities. This paper will describe and discuss how this notion is applied to the construction of a pedagogical framework or a learning environment constituted from landscape theory, GIS, and pedagogical principles derived from EBL and PL. The paper highlights how a landscape approach in combination with the interactive and dynamic properties of GIS can be used as an active learning environment crossing the interfaces of the disciplines.
The second deliverable of WP2 (D2.2) of the HERCULES project contains the outlines of the
Spatia... more The second deliverable of WP2 (D2.2) of the HERCULES project contains the outlines of the
Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI) for retrieving and linking archaeological, historical, and
ecological data and geo-information to support the interdisciplinary study of landscape
change. It reports on the current state of the infrastructural facility, as the content (data) and
functionality (query, analysis and visualization functions) will be refined further in the
process of the modelling conducted in three regional case studies (task 2.3) and inter-regional
comparisons within the HERCULES project. The SDI outline defines an innovative SDI
conceptualization and architecture, grounded in international SDI literature and the
functionality and data needs of interdisciplinary research of the long-term development and
transformation of cultural landscapes. Furthermore, it describes how the architecture has been
implemented in order to achieve a user-centric facility that meets the demands of the WP2
researchers and their societal partners and that enables the SDI to be linked to the Knowledge
Hub developed in WP7.
The SDI outline subsequently deals with the following topics and issues:
1. A short description of its main aim and its relationship to the work being done in other
WPs of the HERCULES project (Section 1);
2. A detailed description of an innovative methodology for the development of a usercentric
SDI (Section 2)
3. An elaboration on the SDI architecture (technical components) implemented to support
the researchers of WP2 (Section 3)
4. An elaboration on the SDI content (data) with specific reference to the modelling
conducted in WP2 (Section 4)
Work package (WP) 3 aim is to reconstruct and assess the short-term past changes and
dynamics of... more Work package (WP) 3 aim is to reconstruct and assess the short-term past changes and
dynamics of cultural landscapes, using case study approach. As a more detailed analysis can
be carried out in smaller spatial scale, Study Municipalities (SM) were distinguished within
Study Landscapes (SL).
The aim of this deliverable is to present the results of the task of “Compiled timelines of
cultural landscape change (CTCLC)” based on land use / land cover (LULC) change analysis
of maps and aerial images since mid-19th century from scales 1:10,000 – 1:50,000 digitised
and generalised to 1:50,000 level.
The variety of available maps, scales and level of detail for each SM in different natural,
physical, political, social and cultural environment is enormous and does not justify cross-SM
comparisons on LULC level. Still, some individual conclusions for CTCLC for specific SM
can be drawn:
1. Estonia: SL – Vooremaa and Kodavere, SM – Alatskivi and Peipsiääre. Constant
struggle with amelioration has reduced the area of wetlands remarkably promoting
forest in a marginalised area where otherwise the landscape has been quite stable:
massive forest with mosaic village landscapes.
2. Greece: SL – Lesvos, SM – Gera. The most remarkable change from 1960 to 2012 has
been the decline of agriculture whereas the grassland and shrubs, especially wooded
grasslands and shrubs taking over based on mapping categories. Also the forest and
built-up areas are increasing as is the road network. Probably the processes of
modernisation and tourist influx have had impact on abandoning agriculture, which in
turn may negatively affect tourism industry that is in search for traditional olive
landscapes.
3. Switzerland: SL – Obersimmental, SM – Lenk. With the glaciers melting away bare
natural rock area grows slowly. No agriculture. Built-up area grows slowly. Grassland
and shrubs are decreasing and forest increasing, both fragmented. Linear
infrastructures have been modernised from main roads, railways to cable cars. It seems
to be a rather natural landscape with forest overgrowth.
4. Spain: SL – Sierra de Guadarrama foothills, SM – Colmenar Viejo. 1946 seems to be
the crucial year, agriculture was in large amounts substituted with grasslands and
shrubs; forest almost clear cut. Built-up area and quarries spread as it is situated NW
from Madrid. The landscape is criss-crossed with infrastructures: highways, railways
and channels. A peri-urban landscape that is in constant change.
5. Sweden: SL – Uppland, SM – Börje. Changes in the vicinity of Uppsala city do not
seem radical at all. Scattered mosaic land use seems to have found its peri-urban
equilibrium, if this is a possibility. Typical mature polarisation is slowly under way:
more monolithic fields appear and grasslands and shrubs are taking over – perhaps as
the urban way of life creeps into the countryside leaving fields aside, or more ecoaware
attitudes have emerged.
CTCLC based on LULC change analysis is not landscape, thus this outcome will serve as a
basis for “objective” background against which comparison of other methods (e.g. oral history
interviews (OHI), major events and driving forces (DF) analysis, public participatory GIS
(PP-GIS), terrestrial photos etc.) can be done forming Landscape change trajectories (LCT) as
case study approach. The mapping exercise results will be uploaded to Knowledge Hub (KH).
Analecta Prehistorica Leidensia
This paper presents the outlines of a new EU-funded
research program for the long-term history, ... more This paper presents the outlines of a new EU-funded
research program for the long-term history, present-day
management and further development of the European
landscapes, including their natural and cultural heritage:
HERCULES. One of the subprojects of this program
(Work Package 2) links archaeological, historical and
historical ecological data to the analysis of geo-information
in order to develop models of long-term landscape change
in three carefully chosen study regions in the Netherlands,
Sweden and Estonia. This is framed theoretically by
integrating insights from landscape biography, historical
ecology and complex systems theory. The linking and
analysis of data will be done using a Spatial Data
Infrastructure and by means of dynamic modelling.
This paper focuses on the question of how a landscape perspective can contribute to the understan... more This paper focuses on the question of how a landscape perspective can contribute to the understanding of mortuary practices. By applying basic GIS methodology, we argue that it is possible to add additional dimensions to an understanding of the management of burials. The starting point is that the selection of locations and spatial relations of burials should be considered an expression of the norms and values that were important for the society that created the burials and organised the landscape. To illustrate this we use two case studies: The Passage Graves of Karleby, Falbygden and the Pitted Ware burials in Eastern Middle Sweden, Lake Hjälmaren.
Main authors:
Claudia Bieling, Matthias Bürgi
With contributions from
Laurence Le Du-Blayo, ... more Main authors:
Claudia Bieling, Matthias Bürgi
With contributions from
Laurence Le Du-Blayo, María García Martín, Geneviève Girod, Kim von Hackwitz, Pip Howard, Krista Karro, Thanasis Kizos, Maurice de Kleijn, Jan Kolen, Juraj Lieskovski, Niels van Manen, Matthias Müller, Anu Printsmann, Martti Veldi
Executive summary
HERCULES develops insights, tools, technologies and strategies and applies and tests these at regional case studies that span major environmental and land use history gradients throughout Europe. As a project that specifically refers to landscapes, the case studies form a cornerstone for HERCULES.
This report describes the selection of the HERCULES case studies (in the following termed study landscapes, SLs) regarding the criteria considered and the process carried out. As a second part, it contains an overview of all SLs and provides a detailed profile for each area, including cartographic information.
Attending to the criteria defined in the HERCULES Description of Work, a five step-process was carried out to identify the SLs. This encompassed 1) an open call for proposals of SL candidates among the HERCULES projects partners, 2) the evaluation of the suitability of proposed SLs by the leaders of those WPs that are active at the SL scale, 3) a decision on the SLs taken by the responsible WP 3 team and the project coordinator, 4) an adjustment process
in order to achieve a maximum overlap of the activities of different WPs in the SLs, and 5) the selection of specific focus areas/study municipalities (SMs) within the larger SLs, to be referred to e.g. for more detailed map analyses or closer stakeholder interaction.
This process resulted in the identification of nine SLs: 1) Vooremaa and Kodavere (Estonia), 2) Lesvos (Greece), 3) Obersimmental (Switzerland), 4) Grand Parc de Miribel Jonage, Rhône-Alpes area (France), 5) Sierra de Guadarrama foothills (Spain), 6) Parque Naturel Regional d’Armorique (France), 7) South West Devon (United Kingdom), 8) Dutch river delta Rhine-Meuse (Netherlands), and 9) Uppland (Sweden). These SLs span a variety of different characteristics (e.g. the major biogeographical zones of Europe), include both outstanding heritage features and everyday landscapes with more hidden historical layers,
cover rural and urban areas and are all firmly embedded in the project via a local contact person who is member of the HERCULES consortium.
The case study selection was a joint enterprise to which all HERCULES partners actively contributed. It involved several typical challenges for Pan-European multi-partner projects, ranging from the homogenisation of material from different languages and administrative systems to the development of an integrative and well-balanced agreement on the potential of proposed sites beyond specific personal interests. As such, the successful selection of the SLs proves the capacity of the consortium to work as joint and target-oriented team.
Main authors:
Carole Crumley, Jan Kolen
With contributions from:
Gert Jan Burgers, Kim von H... more Main authors:
Carole Crumley, Jan Kolen
With contributions from:
Gert Jan Burgers, Kim von Hackwitz, Peter Howard, Krista Karro, Maurice de Kleijn, Daniel Löwenborg, Niels van Manen, Hannes Palang, Anu Printsmann, Hans Renes, Henk Scholten, Paul Sinclair, Martti Veldi, Philip Verhagen.
Executive summary
The first deliverable of Work Package 2 (D 2.1) of the HERCULES project contains the outlines of a protocol for studying the long-term changes in cultural landscapes. It is intended as a first design of such a protocol, as it has to be tested and refined further in the process of conducting three regional case studies and inter-regional comparisons within the HERCULES project. The protocol defines an innovative methodological procedure for understanding the long-term development and transformation of cultural landscapes, drawing on recent insights from geography, landscape archaeology, (historical) ecology, anthropology and information science. The procedure will be informed by the definitions and the conceptual framework developed in HERCULES work package 1.
The protocol text subsequently deals with the following topics and issues:
1. A short description of its main aim and its relationship to the work being done in other work packages of the HERCULES project (Section 1);
2. An overview of the major concepts and approaches in archaeological and historical landscape research in both North America and Europe and the major issues raised in landscape history over the past decades (Section 2). This also defines the necessity of developing an integrated approach to long-term changes in cultural landscapes (Section 3);
3. A set of premises for understanding long-term changes in cultural landscapes (Section 4), as well as a number of operational principles for translating these premises to concrete starting points, procedures, methods and techniques in individual or comparative landscape projects (section 5). These premises and operational principles are based on the methodological buildings blocks of the protocol: historical ecology, landscape biography and complex systems theory.
4. Starting points for integrating landscape history with the current theory and practice of geodesign (Section 6);
5. Design of an infrastructural facility for retrieving and linking archaeological, historical and ecological data and geo-information (SDI) to support the interdisciplinary study of landscape change (Section 7).
6. An exploration of concepts and techniques in dynamic modeling that can help better and more consistently understand the long-term processes that have been operating (or still are) in cultural landscapes, including outlines and examples of a comparative case study approach (Section 8).
Journal of Archaeology and Ancient History (JAAH) 6, Jun 2013
This article is an attempt to put forward the use of new digital techniques and data for understa... more This article is an attempt to put forward the use of new digital techniques and data for understanding prehistoric landscapes. The starting point is that the specific characteristics of the landscape and of the sites included affect the interpretation. One character is the contemporary landscape and its topographies. Ancient landscapes can be successfully recreated digitally using GIS. By applying GIS methodology, a regression equation and new data, we reinvestigated a thesis proposed by Welinder in 1978 concerning the acculturation of the Pitted Ware Culture. The results indicate that a reconstruction of the landscape may alter the understanding of the Neolithic land use and the question of the relocation and termination of the Pitted Ware Culture at the end of Middle Neolithic B.
KEYWORDS: EASTERN CENTRAL SWEDEN, NEOLITHIC, PITTED WARE CULTURE, SITE LOCATION, SITE PERFORMANCES, GIS, NNH, ELEVATION EQUATIONS, SHORELINE RECONSTRUCTIONS, WELINDER, NORSLUNDA
This article investigates whether there is an alternative understanding to the presumed coast–inl... more This article investigates whether there is an alternative understanding to the presumed coast–inland division that has dominated middle Neolithic research in Sweden. Traditionally, the partition of the landscape is put in relation to two different material cultures said to represent two different ethnic groups: the Pitted Ware Culture and the Boat Axe Culture. An alternative interpretation is presented based on analyses of water catchment areas, naturally formed regions and landscape historicity. The results suggest that the traditional division between the inland and the coast may be questioned since the naturally formed regions include both zones and hence both material groups. For this reason, the difference in the material culture is more likely a consequence of different activities taking place at different locales within a single region, rather than being evidence of various ethnic groups.
Boat axes are one of the main object categories defining the Battle Axe Culture in Sweden (2800–2... more Boat axes are one of the main object categories defining the Battle Axe Culture in Sweden (2800–2100 cal BC). Scholars interpret the axes as purely symbolical objects. During the later part of the period, miniatures occur. Their role has been much discussed. The axes have been interpreted as associated with children's graves or related to deposition sites in the landscape and ascribed symbolism. Yet, little research has been devoted to understanding the first appearance of the miniature boat axes and relating them to other changes in the material culture towards the end of theMiddle Neolithic B.
This study aims to reviewprevious research into the miniature boat axes and to discuss their role inMiddleNeolithic society. The discussion includes a survey of the axes and an analysis of their physical qualities in order to give the group a stringent
and practical definition.
The results suggest that boat axes of miniature size should be seen as a distinct part of Middle Neolithic B material culture. They differ from the full-sized axes in terms of shape, frequency and function.
Kim von Hackwitz, Institutionen för arkeologi och antik historia, Uppsala universitet, SE–751 26 Uppsala
[email protected]
Detta arbete ingår som en del av ett större projekt där syftet är att ta fram visuella underlag f... more Detta arbete ingår som en del av ett större projekt där syftet är att ta fram visuella underlag för kulturmiljön i Närke inför utvidgade landskapsförändringar i samband med etableringen av vindkraftverk. Projektet avser en metodutvecklande studie av GIS-analysers potential som handläggarstöd vid ärenden som rör vindkraftsetablering eller annan etablering av industriell skala i kulturhistoriskt värdefulla miljöer där den visuella upplevelsen är viktig för förståelsen av anläggningen eller landskapet. Två typer av analyser ska nedan presenteras och diskuteras; dels en viewshedanalys/siktanalys med utgångspunkt från fornborgar och vårdkasar i Närke, dels en rekonstruktion av vattenspeglar i ett mindre område inom sjösänkningsområdet – Kvismardalen.
When discussing the Swedish Middle Neolithic material, the focus has mainly been on verifying dif... more When discussing the Swedish Middle Neolithic material, the focus has mainly been on verifying differences between the Pitted Ware Culture and the Boat Axe Culture. Traditionally, the different distributions of these two assemblages have been understood as designating two different more or less contemporary ethnical cultures: the seal-hunting Pitted Ware Culture in the coastal area and the agro-pastoral Boat Axe Culture in the interior. In contrast to the location of sites, enquiries of stray finds show a presence of the Boat Axe Culture all over the landscape, while the Pitted Ware Culture is more or less absent. The question examined in this paper is why the Pitted Ware sites are fixed to the coastal zone. I suggest that by using an approach focusing on site performance characteristics the issue can be further elucidated. An investigation of the formal characteristics of Pitted Ware sites is carried out including the use of a GIS-based viewshed analysis. The results suggest that the Pitted Ware sites should be considered as nodes in a social network, and that the locations of the sites are connected to journeys across the sea.
Keywords: Sweden, Middle Neolithic, Pitted Ware Culture, Site Performance Characteristics, Viewshed analyses, Communication, Nodes
Uploads
Books by Kim von Hackwitz
The nature of the relationship between the Pitted Ware Culture and the Boat Axe Culture has dominated Swedish Middle Neolithic research, since the question was raised a century ago. Basically, the debate is concerned with whether or not the two material cultures express two different ethnical groups. Proponents for the currently established perspective
stress that the cultures represent two distinct ethnic groups. A large amount of research has focused on identifying differences between the two cultures in the archaeological
record.
This study will test an alternative approach to the archaeology of the Middle Neolithic. Rather than presuming an antithetical relationship between the two cultures attention will be given to investigating the relationship between the Pitted Ware Culture and the Boat Axe Culture. This will be done by a landscape centered approach. In the first case I will test the conventional opinion expressing that the two cultures are spatially separated to the coast and the inland. In addition, the analysis seeks to understand how different activities were located in relation to various landscape phenomena. In the second case study, phenomenology and current landscape theory combined with a viewshed GIS-analysis will form the basis for a discussion regarding the localisation and function of the Pitted Ware sites. In the third case I will discuss connective features of the Middle Neolithic landscapes in the Lake Hjälmaren area. Focus will be given to the long-term processes and the reproduction of the cultural landscapes over
time.
Based on the results, I will propose that the Middle Neolithic archaeological record, rather than being the result of two ethnic groups, express a dynamic and active society that manifests itself through a variety of different places, which were maintained for specific purposes.
Keywords: Middle Neolithic, Sweden, Pitted Ware Culture, Boat Axe Culture, landscape,GIS, stray finds, historicity, landmarks, phenomenology, viewshed, territories, ethnicity
Aktuell Arkeologi har sedan 1988 givits ut av Arkeologiska institutionen i Stockholm. Boken ingår i serien Stockholm Archaeological Reports och har som huvudsyfte att presentera pågående av handlingar vid institutionen. Denna volym, nummer VIII, är den första utgåvan detta millennium och även den fösta där doktorander antagna efter den senaste forskarutbildningsreformen bidrar med artiklar. Det är fem år sedan Aktuell Arkeologi gavs ut sist, nummer VII kom 1999 och detta tidsglapp kan delvis ses bero på denna reform, vilket bidragit till en mer restriktiv antagning i forskarutbildningen i arkeologi. Det är dock med glädje som vi i detta nummer kan konstatera att det fortfarande finns en stor variation i både tid och rum gällande forskningsområden.
Artiklarna i denna utgåva av Aktuell Arkeologi har inte något gemensamt tema, utan vår önskan har varit att så många som möjligt av institutionens doktorander ska bidra med sin forskning oberoende ämne. Artiklarna är kronologiskt ordnade och avslutas med de mer arkeologihistoriska bidragen.
Stockholm, augusti 2004
Kim von Hackwitz & Tove Werner
Bo Petré
Papers by Kim von Hackwitz
Cultural landscapes evolve over time. However,
the rate and direction of change might not be in
line with societal needs and more information on the
forces driving these changes are therefore needed.
Objectives
Filling the gap between single case
studies and meta-analyses, we present a comparative
study of landscape changes and their driving forces
based in six regions across Europe conducted using a
consistent method.
Methods
A LULC analysis based on historical and
contemporary maps from the nineteenth and twentieth
century was combined with oral history interviews to
learn more about perceived landscape changes, and
remembered driving forces. Land cover and landscape
changes were analysed regarding change, conversions
and processes. For all case study areas, narratives on
mapped land cover change, perceived landscape
changes and driving forces were compiled.
Results
Despite a very high diversity in extent,
direction and rates of change, a few dominant
processes and widespread factors driving the changes
could be identified in the six case study areas, i.e.
access and infrastructure, political shifts, labor market, technological innovations, and for the more recent
period climate change.
Conclusions
Grasping peoples’ perception supplements
the analyses of mapped land use and land cover
changes and allows to address perceived landscape
changes. The list of driving forces determined to be
most relevant shows clear limits in predictability:
Whereas changes triggered by infrastructural developments
might be comparatively easy to model,
political developments cannot be foreseen but might,
nevertheless, leave major marks in the landscape.
Whereas the description is based on the map comparison presented in D3.2, additional sources of information were needed to better understand the so called driving forces of the changes determined. We used secondary literature, statistical information and oral history interviews to assess the local historical context, the changes perceived, but also to determine which actors were influential for the changes observed.
Abandonment shows to be the most important process across all SMs included and it was especially dominant in the 20th century. Afforestation, deforestation, expansion of agriculture and intensification of agriculture were also widespread. Whereas afforestation shows an
increasing trend, deforestation and expansion of agriculture show a moderate, and intensification of agriculture even a strong decreasing trend.
The SMs differ greatly regarding their average rate of change, with the fastest SM (Colmenar Viejo) showing about seven times higher rates of change than the slowest SM (Modbury). However, all SMs depict great temporal variability of change in the course of the study period.
Overall, it is interesting to note that the latest periods was in no SM showing the highest rates of change, but even included the least dynamic period in one SM (Lenk).
We also evaluate if certain factors seem to be especially suitable to cause change or persistence across the different SMs. Infrastructural developments, (macro-) economic shifts and crises, and increasing population numbers seem to have the potential to trigger massive landscape changes. However, the specific context determines if and how such developments have an impact on the landscape. An economic crises triggering emigration, such as in the case of Lenk 1876 to 1914,
might well lead to agricultural abandonment, which however in the case of pastures in harsh alpine environment might not immediately lead to forest expansion. Abandonment due to the conversion of a community structure from (subsistence) farming into commercial and industrial
activities might however trigger rapid changes. Such changes can be largely facilitated by infrastructural developments, enabling easy commuting to nearby centers.
Our study reflects the diversity and complexity of landscape change processes across Europe. The number of case studies does not allow to draw general conclusions, but enables to formulate further hypotheses for research and feedback to the local communities regarding their specific development.
The protocol defines an innovative methodological procedure for understanding the long-term development and transformation of cultural landscapes, drawing on recent insights from geography, landscape archaeology, (historical) ecology, anthropology and information
science
Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI) for retrieving and linking archaeological, historical, and
ecological data and geo-information to support the interdisciplinary study of landscape
change. It reports on the current state of the infrastructural facility, as the content (data) and
functionality (query, analysis and visualization functions) will be refined further in the
process of the modelling conducted in three regional case studies (task 2.3) and inter-regional
comparisons within the HERCULES project. The SDI outline defines an innovative SDI
conceptualization and architecture, grounded in international SDI literature and the
functionality and data needs of interdisciplinary research of the long-term development and
transformation of cultural landscapes. Furthermore, it describes how the architecture has been
implemented in order to achieve a user-centric facility that meets the demands of the WP2
researchers and their societal partners and that enables the SDI to be linked to the Knowledge
Hub developed in WP7.
The SDI outline subsequently deals with the following topics and issues:
1. A short description of its main aim and its relationship to the work being done in other
WPs of the HERCULES project (Section 1);
2. A detailed description of an innovative methodology for the development of a usercentric
SDI (Section 2)
3. An elaboration on the SDI architecture (technical components) implemented to support
the researchers of WP2 (Section 3)
4. An elaboration on the SDI content (data) with specific reference to the modelling
conducted in WP2 (Section 4)
dynamics of cultural landscapes, using case study approach. As a more detailed analysis can
be carried out in smaller spatial scale, Study Municipalities (SM) were distinguished within
Study Landscapes (SL).
The aim of this deliverable is to present the results of the task of “Compiled timelines of
cultural landscape change (CTCLC)” based on land use / land cover (LULC) change analysis
of maps and aerial images since mid-19th century from scales 1:10,000 – 1:50,000 digitised
and generalised to 1:50,000 level.
The variety of available maps, scales and level of detail for each SM in different natural,
physical, political, social and cultural environment is enormous and does not justify cross-SM
comparisons on LULC level. Still, some individual conclusions for CTCLC for specific SM
can be drawn:
1. Estonia: SL – Vooremaa and Kodavere, SM – Alatskivi and Peipsiääre. Constant
struggle with amelioration has reduced the area of wetlands remarkably promoting
forest in a marginalised area where otherwise the landscape has been quite stable:
massive forest with mosaic village landscapes.
2. Greece: SL – Lesvos, SM – Gera. The most remarkable change from 1960 to 2012 has
been the decline of agriculture whereas the grassland and shrubs, especially wooded
grasslands and shrubs taking over based on mapping categories. Also the forest and
built-up areas are increasing as is the road network. Probably the processes of
modernisation and tourist influx have had impact on abandoning agriculture, which in
turn may negatively affect tourism industry that is in search for traditional olive
landscapes.
3. Switzerland: SL – Obersimmental, SM – Lenk. With the glaciers melting away bare
natural rock area grows slowly. No agriculture. Built-up area grows slowly. Grassland
and shrubs are decreasing and forest increasing, both fragmented. Linear
infrastructures have been modernised from main roads, railways to cable cars. It seems
to be a rather natural landscape with forest overgrowth.
4. Spain: SL – Sierra de Guadarrama foothills, SM – Colmenar Viejo. 1946 seems to be
the crucial year, agriculture was in large amounts substituted with grasslands and
shrubs; forest almost clear cut. Built-up area and quarries spread as it is situated NW
from Madrid. The landscape is criss-crossed with infrastructures: highways, railways
and channels. A peri-urban landscape that is in constant change.
5. Sweden: SL – Uppland, SM – Börje. Changes in the vicinity of Uppsala city do not
seem radical at all. Scattered mosaic land use seems to have found its peri-urban
equilibrium, if this is a possibility. Typical mature polarisation is slowly under way:
more monolithic fields appear and grasslands and shrubs are taking over – perhaps as
the urban way of life creeps into the countryside leaving fields aside, or more ecoaware
attitudes have emerged.
CTCLC based on LULC change analysis is not landscape, thus this outcome will serve as a
basis for “objective” background against which comparison of other methods (e.g. oral history
interviews (OHI), major events and driving forces (DF) analysis, public participatory GIS
(PP-GIS), terrestrial photos etc.) can be done forming Landscape change trajectories (LCT) as
case study approach. The mapping exercise results will be uploaded to Knowledge Hub (KH).
research program for the long-term history, present-day
management and further development of the European
landscapes, including their natural and cultural heritage:
HERCULES. One of the subprojects of this program
(Work Package 2) links archaeological, historical and
historical ecological data to the analysis of geo-information
in order to develop models of long-term landscape change
in three carefully chosen study regions in the Netherlands,
Sweden and Estonia. This is framed theoretically by
integrating insights from landscape biography, historical
ecology and complex systems theory. The linking and
analysis of data will be done using a Spatial Data
Infrastructure and by means of dynamic modelling.
Claudia Bieling, Matthias Bürgi
With contributions from
Laurence Le Du-Blayo, María García Martín, Geneviève Girod, Kim von Hackwitz, Pip Howard, Krista Karro, Thanasis Kizos, Maurice de Kleijn, Jan Kolen, Juraj Lieskovski, Niels van Manen, Matthias Müller, Anu Printsmann, Martti Veldi
Executive summary
HERCULES develops insights, tools, technologies and strategies and applies and tests these at regional case studies that span major environmental and land use history gradients throughout Europe. As a project that specifically refers to landscapes, the case studies form a cornerstone for HERCULES.
This report describes the selection of the HERCULES case studies (in the following termed study landscapes, SLs) regarding the criteria considered and the process carried out. As a second part, it contains an overview of all SLs and provides a detailed profile for each area, including cartographic information.
Attending to the criteria defined in the HERCULES Description of Work, a five step-process was carried out to identify the SLs. This encompassed 1) an open call for proposals of SL candidates among the HERCULES projects partners, 2) the evaluation of the suitability of proposed SLs by the leaders of those WPs that are active at the SL scale, 3) a decision on the SLs taken by the responsible WP 3 team and the project coordinator, 4) an adjustment process
in order to achieve a maximum overlap of the activities of different WPs in the SLs, and 5) the selection of specific focus areas/study municipalities (SMs) within the larger SLs, to be referred to e.g. for more detailed map analyses or closer stakeholder interaction.
This process resulted in the identification of nine SLs: 1) Vooremaa and Kodavere (Estonia), 2) Lesvos (Greece), 3) Obersimmental (Switzerland), 4) Grand Parc de Miribel Jonage, Rhône-Alpes area (France), 5) Sierra de Guadarrama foothills (Spain), 6) Parque Naturel Regional d’Armorique (France), 7) South West Devon (United Kingdom), 8) Dutch river delta Rhine-Meuse (Netherlands), and 9) Uppland (Sweden). These SLs span a variety of different characteristics (e.g. the major biogeographical zones of Europe), include both outstanding heritage features and everyday landscapes with more hidden historical layers,
cover rural and urban areas and are all firmly embedded in the project via a local contact person who is member of the HERCULES consortium.
The case study selection was a joint enterprise to which all HERCULES partners actively contributed. It involved several typical challenges for Pan-European multi-partner projects, ranging from the homogenisation of material from different languages and administrative systems to the development of an integrative and well-balanced agreement on the potential of proposed sites beyond specific personal interests. As such, the successful selection of the SLs proves the capacity of the consortium to work as joint and target-oriented team.
Carole Crumley, Jan Kolen
With contributions from:
Gert Jan Burgers, Kim von Hackwitz, Peter Howard, Krista Karro, Maurice de Kleijn, Daniel Löwenborg, Niels van Manen, Hannes Palang, Anu Printsmann, Hans Renes, Henk Scholten, Paul Sinclair, Martti Veldi, Philip Verhagen.
Executive summary
The first deliverable of Work Package 2 (D 2.1) of the HERCULES project contains the outlines of a protocol for studying the long-term changes in cultural landscapes. It is intended as a first design of such a protocol, as it has to be tested and refined further in the process of conducting three regional case studies and inter-regional comparisons within the HERCULES project. The protocol defines an innovative methodological procedure for understanding the long-term development and transformation of cultural landscapes, drawing on recent insights from geography, landscape archaeology, (historical) ecology, anthropology and information science. The procedure will be informed by the definitions and the conceptual framework developed in HERCULES work package 1.
The protocol text subsequently deals with the following topics and issues:
1. A short description of its main aim and its relationship to the work being done in other work packages of the HERCULES project (Section 1);
2. An overview of the major concepts and approaches in archaeological and historical landscape research in both North America and Europe and the major issues raised in landscape history over the past decades (Section 2). This also defines the necessity of developing an integrated approach to long-term changes in cultural landscapes (Section 3);
3. A set of premises for understanding long-term changes in cultural landscapes (Section 4), as well as a number of operational principles for translating these premises to concrete starting points, procedures, methods and techniques in individual or comparative landscape projects (section 5). These premises and operational principles are based on the methodological buildings blocks of the protocol: historical ecology, landscape biography and complex systems theory.
4. Starting points for integrating landscape history with the current theory and practice of geodesign (Section 6);
5. Design of an infrastructural facility for retrieving and linking archaeological, historical and ecological data and geo-information (SDI) to support the interdisciplinary study of landscape change (Section 7).
6. An exploration of concepts and techniques in dynamic modeling that can help better and more consistently understand the long-term processes that have been operating (or still are) in cultural landscapes, including outlines and examples of a comparative case study approach (Section 8).
KEYWORDS: EASTERN CENTRAL SWEDEN, NEOLITHIC, PITTED WARE CULTURE, SITE LOCATION, SITE PERFORMANCES, GIS, NNH, ELEVATION EQUATIONS, SHORELINE RECONSTRUCTIONS, WELINDER, NORSLUNDA
This study aims to reviewprevious research into the miniature boat axes and to discuss their role inMiddleNeolithic society. The discussion includes a survey of the axes and an analysis of their physical qualities in order to give the group a stringent
and practical definition.
The results suggest that boat axes of miniature size should be seen as a distinct part of Middle Neolithic B material culture. They differ from the full-sized axes in terms of shape, frequency and function.
Kim von Hackwitz, Institutionen för arkeologi och antik historia, Uppsala universitet, SE–751 26 Uppsala
[email protected]
Keywords: Sweden, Middle Neolithic, Pitted Ware Culture, Site Performance Characteristics, Viewshed analyses, Communication, Nodes
The nature of the relationship between the Pitted Ware Culture and the Boat Axe Culture has dominated Swedish Middle Neolithic research, since the question was raised a century ago. Basically, the debate is concerned with whether or not the two material cultures express two different ethnical groups. Proponents for the currently established perspective
stress that the cultures represent two distinct ethnic groups. A large amount of research has focused on identifying differences between the two cultures in the archaeological
record.
This study will test an alternative approach to the archaeology of the Middle Neolithic. Rather than presuming an antithetical relationship between the two cultures attention will be given to investigating the relationship between the Pitted Ware Culture and the Boat Axe Culture. This will be done by a landscape centered approach. In the first case I will test the conventional opinion expressing that the two cultures are spatially separated to the coast and the inland. In addition, the analysis seeks to understand how different activities were located in relation to various landscape phenomena. In the second case study, phenomenology and current landscape theory combined with a viewshed GIS-analysis will form the basis for a discussion regarding the localisation and function of the Pitted Ware sites. In the third case I will discuss connective features of the Middle Neolithic landscapes in the Lake Hjälmaren area. Focus will be given to the long-term processes and the reproduction of the cultural landscapes over
time.
Based on the results, I will propose that the Middle Neolithic archaeological record, rather than being the result of two ethnic groups, express a dynamic and active society that manifests itself through a variety of different places, which were maintained for specific purposes.
Keywords: Middle Neolithic, Sweden, Pitted Ware Culture, Boat Axe Culture, landscape,GIS, stray finds, historicity, landmarks, phenomenology, viewshed, territories, ethnicity
Aktuell Arkeologi har sedan 1988 givits ut av Arkeologiska institutionen i Stockholm. Boken ingår i serien Stockholm Archaeological Reports och har som huvudsyfte att presentera pågående av handlingar vid institutionen. Denna volym, nummer VIII, är den första utgåvan detta millennium och även den fösta där doktorander antagna efter den senaste forskarutbildningsreformen bidrar med artiklar. Det är fem år sedan Aktuell Arkeologi gavs ut sist, nummer VII kom 1999 och detta tidsglapp kan delvis ses bero på denna reform, vilket bidragit till en mer restriktiv antagning i forskarutbildningen i arkeologi. Det är dock med glädje som vi i detta nummer kan konstatera att det fortfarande finns en stor variation i både tid och rum gällande forskningsområden.
Artiklarna i denna utgåva av Aktuell Arkeologi har inte något gemensamt tema, utan vår önskan har varit att så många som möjligt av institutionens doktorander ska bidra med sin forskning oberoende ämne. Artiklarna är kronologiskt ordnade och avslutas med de mer arkeologihistoriska bidragen.
Stockholm, augusti 2004
Kim von Hackwitz & Tove Werner
Bo Petré
Cultural landscapes evolve over time. However,
the rate and direction of change might not be in
line with societal needs and more information on the
forces driving these changes are therefore needed.
Objectives
Filling the gap between single case
studies and meta-analyses, we present a comparative
study of landscape changes and their driving forces
based in six regions across Europe conducted using a
consistent method.
Methods
A LULC analysis based on historical and
contemporary maps from the nineteenth and twentieth
century was combined with oral history interviews to
learn more about perceived landscape changes, and
remembered driving forces. Land cover and landscape
changes were analysed regarding change, conversions
and processes. For all case study areas, narratives on
mapped land cover change, perceived landscape
changes and driving forces were compiled.
Results
Despite a very high diversity in extent,
direction and rates of change, a few dominant
processes and widespread factors driving the changes
could be identified in the six case study areas, i.e.
access and infrastructure, political shifts, labor market, technological innovations, and for the more recent
period climate change.
Conclusions
Grasping peoples’ perception supplements
the analyses of mapped land use and land cover
changes and allows to address perceived landscape
changes. The list of driving forces determined to be
most relevant shows clear limits in predictability:
Whereas changes triggered by infrastructural developments
might be comparatively easy to model,
political developments cannot be foreseen but might,
nevertheless, leave major marks in the landscape.
Whereas the description is based on the map comparison presented in D3.2, additional sources of information were needed to better understand the so called driving forces of the changes determined. We used secondary literature, statistical information and oral history interviews to assess the local historical context, the changes perceived, but also to determine which actors were influential for the changes observed.
Abandonment shows to be the most important process across all SMs included and it was especially dominant in the 20th century. Afforestation, deforestation, expansion of agriculture and intensification of agriculture were also widespread. Whereas afforestation shows an
increasing trend, deforestation and expansion of agriculture show a moderate, and intensification of agriculture even a strong decreasing trend.
The SMs differ greatly regarding their average rate of change, with the fastest SM (Colmenar Viejo) showing about seven times higher rates of change than the slowest SM (Modbury). However, all SMs depict great temporal variability of change in the course of the study period.
Overall, it is interesting to note that the latest periods was in no SM showing the highest rates of change, but even included the least dynamic period in one SM (Lenk).
We also evaluate if certain factors seem to be especially suitable to cause change or persistence across the different SMs. Infrastructural developments, (macro-) economic shifts and crises, and increasing population numbers seem to have the potential to trigger massive landscape changes. However, the specific context determines if and how such developments have an impact on the landscape. An economic crises triggering emigration, such as in the case of Lenk 1876 to 1914,
might well lead to agricultural abandonment, which however in the case of pastures in harsh alpine environment might not immediately lead to forest expansion. Abandonment due to the conversion of a community structure from (subsistence) farming into commercial and industrial
activities might however trigger rapid changes. Such changes can be largely facilitated by infrastructural developments, enabling easy commuting to nearby centers.
Our study reflects the diversity and complexity of landscape change processes across Europe. The number of case studies does not allow to draw general conclusions, but enables to formulate further hypotheses for research and feedback to the local communities regarding their specific development.
The protocol defines an innovative methodological procedure for understanding the long-term development and transformation of cultural landscapes, drawing on recent insights from geography, landscape archaeology, (historical) ecology, anthropology and information
science
Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI) for retrieving and linking archaeological, historical, and
ecological data and geo-information to support the interdisciplinary study of landscape
change. It reports on the current state of the infrastructural facility, as the content (data) and
functionality (query, analysis and visualization functions) will be refined further in the
process of the modelling conducted in three regional case studies (task 2.3) and inter-regional
comparisons within the HERCULES project. The SDI outline defines an innovative SDI
conceptualization and architecture, grounded in international SDI literature and the
functionality and data needs of interdisciplinary research of the long-term development and
transformation of cultural landscapes. Furthermore, it describes how the architecture has been
implemented in order to achieve a user-centric facility that meets the demands of the WP2
researchers and their societal partners and that enables the SDI to be linked to the Knowledge
Hub developed in WP7.
The SDI outline subsequently deals with the following topics and issues:
1. A short description of its main aim and its relationship to the work being done in other
WPs of the HERCULES project (Section 1);
2. A detailed description of an innovative methodology for the development of a usercentric
SDI (Section 2)
3. An elaboration on the SDI architecture (technical components) implemented to support
the researchers of WP2 (Section 3)
4. An elaboration on the SDI content (data) with specific reference to the modelling
conducted in WP2 (Section 4)
dynamics of cultural landscapes, using case study approach. As a more detailed analysis can
be carried out in smaller spatial scale, Study Municipalities (SM) were distinguished within
Study Landscapes (SL).
The aim of this deliverable is to present the results of the task of “Compiled timelines of
cultural landscape change (CTCLC)” based on land use / land cover (LULC) change analysis
of maps and aerial images since mid-19th century from scales 1:10,000 – 1:50,000 digitised
and generalised to 1:50,000 level.
The variety of available maps, scales and level of detail for each SM in different natural,
physical, political, social and cultural environment is enormous and does not justify cross-SM
comparisons on LULC level. Still, some individual conclusions for CTCLC for specific SM
can be drawn:
1. Estonia: SL – Vooremaa and Kodavere, SM – Alatskivi and Peipsiääre. Constant
struggle with amelioration has reduced the area of wetlands remarkably promoting
forest in a marginalised area where otherwise the landscape has been quite stable:
massive forest with mosaic village landscapes.
2. Greece: SL – Lesvos, SM – Gera. The most remarkable change from 1960 to 2012 has
been the decline of agriculture whereas the grassland and shrubs, especially wooded
grasslands and shrubs taking over based on mapping categories. Also the forest and
built-up areas are increasing as is the road network. Probably the processes of
modernisation and tourist influx have had impact on abandoning agriculture, which in
turn may negatively affect tourism industry that is in search for traditional olive
landscapes.
3. Switzerland: SL – Obersimmental, SM – Lenk. With the glaciers melting away bare
natural rock area grows slowly. No agriculture. Built-up area grows slowly. Grassland
and shrubs are decreasing and forest increasing, both fragmented. Linear
infrastructures have been modernised from main roads, railways to cable cars. It seems
to be a rather natural landscape with forest overgrowth.
4. Spain: SL – Sierra de Guadarrama foothills, SM – Colmenar Viejo. 1946 seems to be
the crucial year, agriculture was in large amounts substituted with grasslands and
shrubs; forest almost clear cut. Built-up area and quarries spread as it is situated NW
from Madrid. The landscape is criss-crossed with infrastructures: highways, railways
and channels. A peri-urban landscape that is in constant change.
5. Sweden: SL – Uppland, SM – Börje. Changes in the vicinity of Uppsala city do not
seem radical at all. Scattered mosaic land use seems to have found its peri-urban
equilibrium, if this is a possibility. Typical mature polarisation is slowly under way:
more monolithic fields appear and grasslands and shrubs are taking over – perhaps as
the urban way of life creeps into the countryside leaving fields aside, or more ecoaware
attitudes have emerged.
CTCLC based on LULC change analysis is not landscape, thus this outcome will serve as a
basis for “objective” background against which comparison of other methods (e.g. oral history
interviews (OHI), major events and driving forces (DF) analysis, public participatory GIS
(PP-GIS), terrestrial photos etc.) can be done forming Landscape change trajectories (LCT) as
case study approach. The mapping exercise results will be uploaded to Knowledge Hub (KH).
research program for the long-term history, present-day
management and further development of the European
landscapes, including their natural and cultural heritage:
HERCULES. One of the subprojects of this program
(Work Package 2) links archaeological, historical and
historical ecological data to the analysis of geo-information
in order to develop models of long-term landscape change
in three carefully chosen study regions in the Netherlands,
Sweden and Estonia. This is framed theoretically by
integrating insights from landscape biography, historical
ecology and complex systems theory. The linking and
analysis of data will be done using a Spatial Data
Infrastructure and by means of dynamic modelling.
Claudia Bieling, Matthias Bürgi
With contributions from
Laurence Le Du-Blayo, María García Martín, Geneviève Girod, Kim von Hackwitz, Pip Howard, Krista Karro, Thanasis Kizos, Maurice de Kleijn, Jan Kolen, Juraj Lieskovski, Niels van Manen, Matthias Müller, Anu Printsmann, Martti Veldi
Executive summary
HERCULES develops insights, tools, technologies and strategies and applies and tests these at regional case studies that span major environmental and land use history gradients throughout Europe. As a project that specifically refers to landscapes, the case studies form a cornerstone for HERCULES.
This report describes the selection of the HERCULES case studies (in the following termed study landscapes, SLs) regarding the criteria considered and the process carried out. As a second part, it contains an overview of all SLs and provides a detailed profile for each area, including cartographic information.
Attending to the criteria defined in the HERCULES Description of Work, a five step-process was carried out to identify the SLs. This encompassed 1) an open call for proposals of SL candidates among the HERCULES projects partners, 2) the evaluation of the suitability of proposed SLs by the leaders of those WPs that are active at the SL scale, 3) a decision on the SLs taken by the responsible WP 3 team and the project coordinator, 4) an adjustment process
in order to achieve a maximum overlap of the activities of different WPs in the SLs, and 5) the selection of specific focus areas/study municipalities (SMs) within the larger SLs, to be referred to e.g. for more detailed map analyses or closer stakeholder interaction.
This process resulted in the identification of nine SLs: 1) Vooremaa and Kodavere (Estonia), 2) Lesvos (Greece), 3) Obersimmental (Switzerland), 4) Grand Parc de Miribel Jonage, Rhône-Alpes area (France), 5) Sierra de Guadarrama foothills (Spain), 6) Parque Naturel Regional d’Armorique (France), 7) South West Devon (United Kingdom), 8) Dutch river delta Rhine-Meuse (Netherlands), and 9) Uppland (Sweden). These SLs span a variety of different characteristics (e.g. the major biogeographical zones of Europe), include both outstanding heritage features and everyday landscapes with more hidden historical layers,
cover rural and urban areas and are all firmly embedded in the project via a local contact person who is member of the HERCULES consortium.
The case study selection was a joint enterprise to which all HERCULES partners actively contributed. It involved several typical challenges for Pan-European multi-partner projects, ranging from the homogenisation of material from different languages and administrative systems to the development of an integrative and well-balanced agreement on the potential of proposed sites beyond specific personal interests. As such, the successful selection of the SLs proves the capacity of the consortium to work as joint and target-oriented team.
Carole Crumley, Jan Kolen
With contributions from:
Gert Jan Burgers, Kim von Hackwitz, Peter Howard, Krista Karro, Maurice de Kleijn, Daniel Löwenborg, Niels van Manen, Hannes Palang, Anu Printsmann, Hans Renes, Henk Scholten, Paul Sinclair, Martti Veldi, Philip Verhagen.
Executive summary
The first deliverable of Work Package 2 (D 2.1) of the HERCULES project contains the outlines of a protocol for studying the long-term changes in cultural landscapes. It is intended as a first design of such a protocol, as it has to be tested and refined further in the process of conducting three regional case studies and inter-regional comparisons within the HERCULES project. The protocol defines an innovative methodological procedure for understanding the long-term development and transformation of cultural landscapes, drawing on recent insights from geography, landscape archaeology, (historical) ecology, anthropology and information science. The procedure will be informed by the definitions and the conceptual framework developed in HERCULES work package 1.
The protocol text subsequently deals with the following topics and issues:
1. A short description of its main aim and its relationship to the work being done in other work packages of the HERCULES project (Section 1);
2. An overview of the major concepts and approaches in archaeological and historical landscape research in both North America and Europe and the major issues raised in landscape history over the past decades (Section 2). This also defines the necessity of developing an integrated approach to long-term changes in cultural landscapes (Section 3);
3. A set of premises for understanding long-term changes in cultural landscapes (Section 4), as well as a number of operational principles for translating these premises to concrete starting points, procedures, methods and techniques in individual or comparative landscape projects (section 5). These premises and operational principles are based on the methodological buildings blocks of the protocol: historical ecology, landscape biography and complex systems theory.
4. Starting points for integrating landscape history with the current theory and practice of geodesign (Section 6);
5. Design of an infrastructural facility for retrieving and linking archaeological, historical and ecological data and geo-information (SDI) to support the interdisciplinary study of landscape change (Section 7).
6. An exploration of concepts and techniques in dynamic modeling that can help better and more consistently understand the long-term processes that have been operating (or still are) in cultural landscapes, including outlines and examples of a comparative case study approach (Section 8).
KEYWORDS: EASTERN CENTRAL SWEDEN, NEOLITHIC, PITTED WARE CULTURE, SITE LOCATION, SITE PERFORMANCES, GIS, NNH, ELEVATION EQUATIONS, SHORELINE RECONSTRUCTIONS, WELINDER, NORSLUNDA
This study aims to reviewprevious research into the miniature boat axes and to discuss their role inMiddleNeolithic society. The discussion includes a survey of the axes and an analysis of their physical qualities in order to give the group a stringent
and practical definition.
The results suggest that boat axes of miniature size should be seen as a distinct part of Middle Neolithic B material culture. They differ from the full-sized axes in terms of shape, frequency and function.
Kim von Hackwitz, Institutionen för arkeologi och antik historia, Uppsala universitet, SE–751 26 Uppsala
[email protected]
Keywords: Sweden, Middle Neolithic, Pitted Ware Culture, Site Performance Characteristics, Viewshed analyses, Communication, Nodes
Key words: Lake Hjälmaren, Middle Neolithic, Pitted Ware Culture, Boat Axe Culture, historicity, landmark
Detta arbete är ett projektarbete för distanskursen GIS för Arkeologer. Här presenteras en del av de GIS metoder och resonemang jag för i avhandlingen, vilken är under arbete.
Arbetet är inte publicerat och bör därav inte refereras till. Däremot diskuterar jag gärna de metoder jag har valt samt de tolkningar jag gör av resulteten.
(Lösfynd, viewshed analyse, water catchment analyse, avrinningsområden, territorrier, centralplatser, sociala relationer, kommunikation)
research tools, also provides an educational platform to adapt research training at the advanced level and to establish cross-institutional research collaborations. The paper presents our collective experience from 10 years of learning landscapes and of using landscape as a conceptual frame in teaching archaeology and in building student designed research approaches that explore the long term social and environmental relations. As will be shown, landscape, provides a conceptual base, that enables even first year students to build smaller
research projects and address research questions, that constitutes not only new approaches in archeological analyses but also contribute with new understanding of the prehistoric past. The paper critically reviews the pedagogical methodologies and conceptual frames used and we also suggest that some of these methodologies are relevant also for larger cross-disciplinary research projec.
In this paper I will present new information derived from a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods to put forward the experience of the landscape and different boundaries by using methods such as
water catchment areas and regression equations in combination with the archaeological record and theories on experience derived from the concept of Historical Ecology, bridging the gap between science and humanities. The results point to historical maintenance of ancient territories that both ignore and follow natural topographies.
This article is an attempt to put forward the use of new digital techniques and data for reconstructing prehistoric landscapes. The starting point is that the specific characteristics of the landscape and of the sites included affect the interpretation. One of those characters is the contemporary landscape and its topographies. Ancient landscapes can be successfully recreated digitally in GIS. However, in Sweden such reconstructions are usually based on GSD elevation data and a perfunctory conception of the shoreline regression, resulting in fixed metres above sea level for different time periods. By applying a regression equation model and the new elevation data (NNH) in two different cases; a regional and a local, it thus became obvious that there is a substantial need for the use of new techniques and more refined data in heritage management and archaeological landscape studies.
This study aims to reviewprevious research into the miniature boat axes and to discuss their role inMiddleNeolithic society. The discussion includes a survey of the axes and an analysis of their physical qualities in order to give the group a stringent and practical definition.
The results suggest that boat axes of miniature size should be seen as a distinct part of Middle Neolithic B material culture. They differ from the full-sized axes in terms of shape, frequency and function.
In my opinion there are several problems concerning the presumed cultural dualism. An obvious predicament is that the interpretations of the different sites maintain that these sites were places where people of the Middle Neolithic lived and expressed their ethnicity. In contrast to the distribution of Middle Neolithic sites where Pitted Ware sites are found in the coastal area and Boat-Axe sites in the interior, studies have indicated that the stray finds from the two cultures complicate and perhaps even change the picture of the Middle Neolithic.
In this paper, an alternative view on the two material cultures will be presented based on theory of social communication.
of Lake Hjälmaren in the middle of Sweden. My main concern is different locations for the
placing of Pitted Ware Culture sites and the Boat Axe Culture sites. Traditionally the different
distribution of these two assemblages has been understood as designating two different more or
less contemporary ethnical cultures: The seal hunting Pitted Ware Culture in the coastal area and
the agro-pastoral Boat Axe Culture in the interior. Opposite to the site location, a enquiry of stray
finds show a presence of the Boat Axe culture all over the landscape while the Pitted Ware
Culture is more or less absent. This raises the question about the validity of an ethnical dualism
during the middle Neolithic. In the paper an alternative interpretation is suggested, giving special
attention to adjacent mobility by social units. There will also be a minor discussion about the use
of ethnoarchaeology to interpret the material record from the middle Neolithic.
Keywords: middle Neolithic, Sweden, cultural dualism, stray finds, mobility, ethno-archaeology
In the study I am mostly concerned with the use and “re-use” of the landscape and the choices of different topographies for the placing of Pitted Ware ceramic places and the Battle-axe graves. An alternative to the conventional understanding is that the cultures represent activities associated to different rooms in the landscape. The choices and activities that constitute these rooms, at some periods separated should, according to my view, be understood as reflecting activities that took place in relation to a pre-existing landscape. For describing these relationships I use the term historicity, pointing towards an active social reproduction of a landscape.
The archaeological material used in the study is taken from two digital databases: The information system of relics of antiquity (FMIS), and from the digital database at the Museum of National Antiquities. I use a GIS platform to compile the archaeological material from the periods in concern. The material is large and the full potential of archaeological modeling in this way is probably not realizable without the use of GIS. The historicity is investigated by modeling, using reconstructed shorelines, topography and surface interpolations of stray find. Secure contexts from my research period and the predating periods are then applied onto the models to create/reconstruct a Neolithic landscape. My intention is however more than just visualize the Neolithic landscape as I aim to gain new understandings of the time period in concern. The paper presented on the course will focus on new information gained by using GIS to reconstruct the Neolithic landscape.
In this paper I will discuss topographical location of Middle Neolithic sites. It is my theory that different activities took place at the sites and for that reason they are not comparable in an ethnical/cultural discussion. Furthermore I believe that the activities interpreted as different cultures were involved in the location of the sites owing to different needs for different actions. Therefore, I will suggest that the topographical qualities of the Middle Neolithic sites can be helpful for interpreting the causes for their location.
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