There have been different and sometimes conflicting viewpoints regarding Human Rights in Iran fro... more There have been different and sometimes conflicting viewpoints regarding Human Rights in Iran from the years after the revolution so far. New and enlightening views have been publicized regarding the relation between Human Rights, Islam, Iran, and the Constitution in recent years including fundamentalists, religious modernists and secular modernists. They have different interpretations on Human Rights based on their positions. This article explains their opinions and differences in interpreting relation between religion and human rights.
In today's modern democratic system, elections are considered one of the institutional ways to sy... more In today's modern democratic system, elections are considered one of the institutional ways to symbolize the citizens' participation in the system. Political scientists such as ), Dahl (1971 and others, recognize election as an important characteristic that must exist in any community or nation which practices democracy. This paper serves three main purposes. Firstly, it analyzes and debates issues pertaining to the practice of democracy in Malaysia with particular reference to Sarawak state election 2001. Secondly, it studies the extent to which election practices in Malaysia manifest the fundamental tenet of democracy i.e. a fair and just political competition. Finally, it presents a possible explanation on the unsuccessful attempts of the opposition parties to overpower the political hegemony of the Barisan Nasional.
This essay brings into light the possible Greek elements in Ibn Khaldun's philosophical thoughts.... more This essay brings into light the possible Greek elements in Ibn Khaldun's philosophical thoughts. A historian and civilizationist by profession, Ibn Khaldun did not write philosophy book per se. Instead, he published Muqaddima, a prolegomena of history, where the major part of his philosophical ideas is centered. This study is mainly to carry out textual investigation on the Muqaddima, to trace and determine the manner and nature of Greek elements and/or the influence of Greek philosophy in Ibn Khaldun's thoughts and how far can he be linked to the Greeks. Some conclusion will be drawn on whether or not Ibn Khaldun carried any signs of the Greek philosophy and, if any, in what manner and to what extent did he employ
Sudden emerge of Ayatollah Khomeini as a prominent jurist in Iran and Muslim world political sphe... more Sudden emerge of Ayatollah Khomeini as a prominent jurist in Iran and Muslim world political sphere and presenting Islamic Government theory considered by both Muslim and western scholars and analysts as a surprise. The Islamic Government theory which have been recognized as a turning point in Shi'a juridical and political thought, never deliberated and emphasized as much as this by any other Shi'a jurists before him. By focus upon and examining the personal experiences and interests, social and political affairs and his intellectual pursuits and the thoughts that affected his theorizing researcher aim to provide a more propound understanding of preconditions and roots of formation of his approach as well as its underlying structure. The study reveals that formation and development of his thought in the course of time in general and after publishing of his first political book, "Kashf al Asrar", where he shows loyalty to theory of "Constitutional government with designation and permission of jurists" to "Islamic Government" book which he announced his major shift from old theory to theory of "Governance of the jurists" in particular was result of a series of social, political events and intellectual factors in Iran's contemporary history that affected directly or indirectly his thought and contributed to formation, development and formulation of his thought.
Ibn Khaldun was a scholar whose thoughts and ideas transgress boundaries of time and place. His m... more Ibn Khaldun was a scholar whose thoughts and ideas transgress boundaries of time and place. His magnum opus, the Muqaddimah, describes some principles relating to planning the urban environment that are still relevant in addressing contemporary urban issues. ...
Security and insecurity are complex concepts that states have problem in defining them in differe... more Security and insecurity are complex concepts that states have problem in defining them in different conditions. Complexity of the concepts comes out of security dilemma which states face when they seek to recognize enemy and scale of threat that the enemy may cause. Events of September the 11 th formed a new condition in which United States faced the security dilemma that had not risen from a specific country but the enemy that was not recognizable and did not behave like states. United States attempted to solve the mentioned security dilemma by defining enemy, its threats and the new condition after events of September the 11 th . This article, in order to explain the security dilemma of the United States after events of the September the 11 th , is written in two parts; the first part is to explain security dilemma and the approaches that have been given to solve it and the second part tends to explain the security dilemma that United States faced after terrorist attacks of September the 11 th 2001.
Multiculturality is not a new phenomenon and Malaysia is no exception. The diverse nature of the ... more Multiculturality is not a new phenomenon and Malaysia is no exception. The diverse nature of the people in Malaysia and the ability to live in harmony and to maintain political stability so far manifest the sense of tolerance and reciprocity in practice. Sharing a single space for ...
Unappreciation and inattention to ethnic identity weakens unity, and this is a threat for nationa... more Unappreciation and inattention to ethnic identity weakens unity, and this is a threat for national integrity and solidarity in culturally diverse societies. For this reason, governments and authorities try to strengthen national integrity through utilizing local values. This study rates local values' Importance among the minorities that settled in Tehran through a questionnaire. The city of Tehran as the capital and largest city in Iran is one of the main immigrant receiving areas in the world with 31% reception of immigrants. This research validated the results of the questionnaire through in-depth interview with Iranian cultural experts. Evidently, paying attention to ethnic identity establishes a tradition which will continue in history for the later generations. Moreover, attention to ethnic identity can stimulate people's patriotism. This paper suggests that majority of Iranian groups show interest in local values' Importance. The interest of different tribes in their own ethnic identity can has tremendously important roles in implementing or not implementing major plans and long-term cultural programs.
Malaysia is regarded one of the most plural countries in Southeast Asia. The plurality and the di... more Malaysia is regarded one of the most plural countries in Southeast Asia. The plurality and the diversified nature of the society and the ability to live in relative peace and harmony make it possible to speak about Malaysia's experience of multiculturalism and co-existence. Upon independence in 1957 and the formation of Malaysia in 1963, the various religious and ethnic groups have practically demonstrated a remarkable sense of tolerance and reciprocity when they agreed to uphold the proposed Federal Constitution, which among other things granted citizenship to the immigrants (by the principle of jus soli), the recognition of Islam and the special Malay and Bumiputra rights. This paper seeks to depict the experience and the state of multiculturalism and the pattern of reciprocity and tolerance rooted and accustomed in the Malaysian society. It also traces some of the possible factors that are helping to shape the present generation's outlook towards multiculturalism.
Ayatollah Khomeini, in contrary with pre-dominant trend of thought in Shi ' a, announced establis... more Ayatollah Khomeini, in contrary with pre-dominant trend of thought in Shi ' a, announced establishment of Islamic government in the occultation era necessary and an obligation for jurists. He with invoke to a set of transmitting and intellectual reasons tried to justify his theory of "Governance of the Jurist" and granted to it a divine legitimacy, which is examined in the first part of the present research. But how he viewed the role of people in legitimizing of his acceptable type of government? Despite that he believed to divine legitimacy of Governance of the Jurists, but acceptance and satisfactory of people was also strongly emphasized by him. In second part of the present research, the researcher investigates how he combined between divine right of the jurists and popular right in legitimizing of power and government.
Sri Rahayu Ismail Lecturer Department of Government and Civilization Studies Faculty of Human Eco... more Sri Rahayu Ismail Lecturer Department of Government and Civilization Studies Faculty of Human Ecology, University Putra Malaysia Selangor Malaysia E-mail: [email protected] Tel: +603-89467078; Fax: +603-89467153 ... Haslinda Abdullah Senior Lecturer Department ...
... Urbanization in Malaysia Zaid Ahmad Dept of Government and Civilization Studies, Faculty of H... more ... Urbanization in Malaysia Zaid Ahmad Dept of Government and Civilization Studies, Faculty of Human Ecology Universiti Putra Malaysia E-mail [email protected] Nobaya Ahmad Deputy Dean, Faculty of Human Ecology Universiti Putra Malaysia ...
This is an analytical examination of Ibn Khaldun's epistemology, centred on Chapter Six of th... more This is an analytical examination of Ibn Khaldun's epistemology, centred on Chapter Six of the Muqaddima. In this chapter, entitled'The Book of Knowledge'(Kitab al'Ilm), Ibn Khaldun sketched his general ideas about knowledge and science and its relationship with human ...
There have been different and sometimes conflicting viewpoints regarding Human Rights in Iran fro... more There have been different and sometimes conflicting viewpoints regarding Human Rights in Iran from the years after the revolution so far. New and enlightening views have been publicized regarding the relation between Human Rights, Islam, Iran, and the Constitution in recent years including fundamentalists, religious modernists and secular modernists. They have different interpretations on Human Rights based on their positions. This article explains their opinions and differences in interpreting relation between religion and human rights.
In today's modern democratic system, elections are considered one of the institutional ways to sy... more In today's modern democratic system, elections are considered one of the institutional ways to symbolize the citizens' participation in the system. Political scientists such as ), Dahl (1971 and others, recognize election as an important characteristic that must exist in any community or nation which practices democracy. This paper serves three main purposes. Firstly, it analyzes and debates issues pertaining to the practice of democracy in Malaysia with particular reference to Sarawak state election 2001. Secondly, it studies the extent to which election practices in Malaysia manifest the fundamental tenet of democracy i.e. a fair and just political competition. Finally, it presents a possible explanation on the unsuccessful attempts of the opposition parties to overpower the political hegemony of the Barisan Nasional.
This essay brings into light the possible Greek elements in Ibn Khaldun's philosophical thoughts.... more This essay brings into light the possible Greek elements in Ibn Khaldun's philosophical thoughts. A historian and civilizationist by profession, Ibn Khaldun did not write philosophy book per se. Instead, he published Muqaddima, a prolegomena of history, where the major part of his philosophical ideas is centered. This study is mainly to carry out textual investigation on the Muqaddima, to trace and determine the manner and nature of Greek elements and/or the influence of Greek philosophy in Ibn Khaldun's thoughts and how far can he be linked to the Greeks. Some conclusion will be drawn on whether or not Ibn Khaldun carried any signs of the Greek philosophy and, if any, in what manner and to what extent did he employ
Sudden emerge of Ayatollah Khomeini as a prominent jurist in Iran and Muslim world political sphe... more Sudden emerge of Ayatollah Khomeini as a prominent jurist in Iran and Muslim world political sphere and presenting Islamic Government theory considered by both Muslim and western scholars and analysts as a surprise. The Islamic Government theory which have been recognized as a turning point in Shi'a juridical and political thought, never deliberated and emphasized as much as this by any other Shi'a jurists before him. By focus upon and examining the personal experiences and interests, social and political affairs and his intellectual pursuits and the thoughts that affected his theorizing researcher aim to provide a more propound understanding of preconditions and roots of formation of his approach as well as its underlying structure. The study reveals that formation and development of his thought in the course of time in general and after publishing of his first political book, "Kashf al Asrar", where he shows loyalty to theory of "Constitutional government with designation and permission of jurists" to "Islamic Government" book which he announced his major shift from old theory to theory of "Governance of the jurists" in particular was result of a series of social, political events and intellectual factors in Iran's contemporary history that affected directly or indirectly his thought and contributed to formation, development and formulation of his thought.
Ibn Khaldun was a scholar whose thoughts and ideas transgress boundaries of time and place. His m... more Ibn Khaldun was a scholar whose thoughts and ideas transgress boundaries of time and place. His magnum opus, the Muqaddimah, describes some principles relating to planning the urban environment that are still relevant in addressing contemporary urban issues. ...
Security and insecurity are complex concepts that states have problem in defining them in differe... more Security and insecurity are complex concepts that states have problem in defining them in different conditions. Complexity of the concepts comes out of security dilemma which states face when they seek to recognize enemy and scale of threat that the enemy may cause. Events of September the 11 th formed a new condition in which United States faced the security dilemma that had not risen from a specific country but the enemy that was not recognizable and did not behave like states. United States attempted to solve the mentioned security dilemma by defining enemy, its threats and the new condition after events of September the 11 th . This article, in order to explain the security dilemma of the United States after events of the September the 11 th , is written in two parts; the first part is to explain security dilemma and the approaches that have been given to solve it and the second part tends to explain the security dilemma that United States faced after terrorist attacks of September the 11 th 2001.
Multiculturality is not a new phenomenon and Malaysia is no exception. The diverse nature of the ... more Multiculturality is not a new phenomenon and Malaysia is no exception. The diverse nature of the people in Malaysia and the ability to live in harmony and to maintain political stability so far manifest the sense of tolerance and reciprocity in practice. Sharing a single space for ...
Unappreciation and inattention to ethnic identity weakens unity, and this is a threat for nationa... more Unappreciation and inattention to ethnic identity weakens unity, and this is a threat for national integrity and solidarity in culturally diverse societies. For this reason, governments and authorities try to strengthen national integrity through utilizing local values. This study rates local values' Importance among the minorities that settled in Tehran through a questionnaire. The city of Tehran as the capital and largest city in Iran is one of the main immigrant receiving areas in the world with 31% reception of immigrants. This research validated the results of the questionnaire through in-depth interview with Iranian cultural experts. Evidently, paying attention to ethnic identity establishes a tradition which will continue in history for the later generations. Moreover, attention to ethnic identity can stimulate people's patriotism. This paper suggests that majority of Iranian groups show interest in local values' Importance. The interest of different tribes in their own ethnic identity can has tremendously important roles in implementing or not implementing major plans and long-term cultural programs.
Malaysia is regarded one of the most plural countries in Southeast Asia. The plurality and the di... more Malaysia is regarded one of the most plural countries in Southeast Asia. The plurality and the diversified nature of the society and the ability to live in relative peace and harmony make it possible to speak about Malaysia's experience of multiculturalism and co-existence. Upon independence in 1957 and the formation of Malaysia in 1963, the various religious and ethnic groups have practically demonstrated a remarkable sense of tolerance and reciprocity when they agreed to uphold the proposed Federal Constitution, which among other things granted citizenship to the immigrants (by the principle of jus soli), the recognition of Islam and the special Malay and Bumiputra rights. This paper seeks to depict the experience and the state of multiculturalism and the pattern of reciprocity and tolerance rooted and accustomed in the Malaysian society. It also traces some of the possible factors that are helping to shape the present generation's outlook towards multiculturalism.
Ayatollah Khomeini, in contrary with pre-dominant trend of thought in Shi ' a, announced establis... more Ayatollah Khomeini, in contrary with pre-dominant trend of thought in Shi ' a, announced establishment of Islamic government in the occultation era necessary and an obligation for jurists. He with invoke to a set of transmitting and intellectual reasons tried to justify his theory of "Governance of the Jurist" and granted to it a divine legitimacy, which is examined in the first part of the present research. But how he viewed the role of people in legitimizing of his acceptable type of government? Despite that he believed to divine legitimacy of Governance of the Jurists, but acceptance and satisfactory of people was also strongly emphasized by him. In second part of the present research, the researcher investigates how he combined between divine right of the jurists and popular right in legitimizing of power and government.
Sri Rahayu Ismail Lecturer Department of Government and Civilization Studies Faculty of Human Eco... more Sri Rahayu Ismail Lecturer Department of Government and Civilization Studies Faculty of Human Ecology, University Putra Malaysia Selangor Malaysia E-mail: [email protected] Tel: +603-89467078; Fax: +603-89467153 ... Haslinda Abdullah Senior Lecturer Department ...
... Urbanization in Malaysia Zaid Ahmad Dept of Government and Civilization Studies, Faculty of H... more ... Urbanization in Malaysia Zaid Ahmad Dept of Government and Civilization Studies, Faculty of Human Ecology Universiti Putra Malaysia E-mail [email protected] Nobaya Ahmad Deputy Dean, Faculty of Human Ecology Universiti Putra Malaysia ...
This is an analytical examination of Ibn Khaldun's epistemology, centred on Chapter Six of th... more This is an analytical examination of Ibn Khaldun's epistemology, centred on Chapter Six of the Muqaddima. In this chapter, entitled'The Book of Knowledge'(Kitab al'Ilm), Ibn Khaldun sketched his general ideas about knowledge and science and its relationship with human ...
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