Constructed wetland is engineering systems used for wastewater treatment, whose objective is to r... more Constructed wetland is engineering systems used for wastewater treatment, whose objective is to reuse water, under the controlled condition, the mechanisms of treatment that occur in natural environments, through the development and get better the process that includes the porous media, plants, and gathering microbial. This paper explains horizontal flow in constructed wetland treatment, the horizontal flow is moving through the gravel media bed and vegetation which permits the wastewater flow through roots and has contact with the biofilm created in the subsurface wetland. To estimate the quality of treated water, some physical, chemical and biological parameters were measured. Treated wastewater from fieldwork showed removal efficiency was increased with time and showed the average removal after detention time of 3, 4, and 6 days, respectively, (47.7 %, 53.2 %, 77.5%) removal of COD, (45.1%, 52.8%, 64.4%) removal of TN, (55.4%, 58.8%, 72.2%) removal of NH4, also average removal of Nitrate was (19.41%) after 3 days. The results showed that the system was effective in removing target pollutants.
This investigation pertains to the evaluation of water quality in the Shatt Al-Arab River, locate... more This investigation pertains to the evaluation of water quality in the Shatt Al-Arab River, located in the Basrah province of southern Iraq, from 2017 to 2022. Its quality should be assessed regularly, and the condition of water resources should be maintained accordingly. The most common analytical method for describing and assessing general water quality is the Water Quality Index (WQI). Various physicochemical parameters like pH, total dissolved solids, total hardness, calcium, magnesium, chloride, and total alkalinity are considered for the present study. The Weighted Arithmetic Water Quality Index Technique is used to evaluate these data. For checking the portability of the parameters within the acceptable limit, WHO is adopted. According to the study mentioned above, the quality has been found to be very low compared to the WQI value. It is also observed that the water was found unsuitable for drinking purposes, and it is considered harmful to human health; therefore, it requires some kind of processing before use. This study will be beneficial to policymakers for identifying and providing details about water quality in the form of a specific value.
Accurate evaporation estimation is crucial for managing hydrologic, hydraulic, and agricultural s... more Accurate evaporation estimation is crucial for managing hydrologic, hydraulic, and agricultural systems, among many other applications of water resources. Empirical formulae for estimating evaporation exist, but their performance is not always sufficient due to the intricacy of the process and its nonlinear connection with other elements of the hydrological cycle. For this reason, a model of artificial neural networks was developed to estimate the daily potential evaporation in the southern Iraqi city of Basrah. A feedforward backpropagation (BP) network with a single hidden layer has been used to construct the mode. Different networks with various neuron counts were assessed. The developed models have been trained, tested, and validated using daily observations of the average rainfall, wind speed, average temperature, average relative humidity, and evaporation. The final evaporation was predicted using an artificial neural network (ANN) model. The proposed model was found to be more suitable to describe evaporation in any region of the world based on the values of the error analysis and the coefficient of determination, according to the ANN model. The Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm (LMA) was determined to have the lowest mean-squared error (MSE) and highest value of the coefficient of correlation (R) of the six proposed BP algorithms. The LMA's hidden layer's ideal neuron count was 30 neurons, with an MSE of 0.00288 and R 2 = 99. As a result, ANN displayed excellent performance in terms of evaporation prediction value. The study's findings highlight the significance of predicting evaporation as the main metric for evaluating the effects of climate change on water resources.
This is the first study looking at the wastewater treatment system created at Basrah University, ... more This is the first study looking at the wastewater treatment system created at Basrah University, Iraq. This study aims to investigate the effectiveness of horizontal subsurface flow (HSSF) constructed wetland (CW) system for treating municipal wastewater, and to understand the inner processes presented in the wetland to distinguish and define the function of each component of the treatment and to create wastewater treatment built using MATLAB programming language to represent the biochemical phenomena systems similar to the treatment system and implement them throughout Iraq. To do this, a mathematical model based on one dimensional constructed wetland model number 1 (CWM1) matrix and the optimum CWs operational parameters was occurring in the CWs. The CWM1 was used to simulate processes in horizontal subsurface flow (HSSF) constructed wetlands. Results of the simulation had a very good fit to measured NH4-N as well as a good fit to measured chemical oxygen demand (COD) concentratio...
Constructed wetland is engineering systems used for wastewater treatment, whose objective is to r... more Constructed wetland is engineering systems used for wastewater treatment, whose objective is to reuse water, under the controlled condition, the mechanisms of treatment that occur in natural environments, through the development and get better the process that includes the porous media, plants, and gathering microbial. This paper explains horizontal flow in constructed wetland treatment, the horizontal flow is moving through the gravel media bed and vegetation which permits the wastewater flow through roots and has contact with the biofilm created in the subsurface wetland. To estimate the quality of treated water, some physical, chemical and biological parameters were measured. Treated wastewater from fieldwork showed removal efficiency was increased with time and showed the average removal after detention time of 3, 4, and 6 days, respectively, (47.7 %, 53.2 %, 77.5%) removal of COD, (45.1%, 52.8%, 64.4%) removal of TN, (55.4%, 58.8%, 72.2%) removal of NH4, also average removal of Nitrate was (19.41%) after 3 days. The results showed that the system was effective in removing target pollutants.
This investigation pertains to the evaluation of water quality in the Shatt Al-Arab River, locate... more This investigation pertains to the evaluation of water quality in the Shatt Al-Arab River, located in the Basrah province of southern Iraq, from 2017 to 2022. Its quality should be assessed regularly, and the condition of water resources should be maintained accordingly. The most common analytical method for describing and assessing general water quality is the Water Quality Index (WQI). Various physicochemical parameters like pH, total dissolved solids, total hardness, calcium, magnesium, chloride, and total alkalinity are considered for the present study. The Weighted Arithmetic Water Quality Index Technique is used to evaluate these data. For checking the portability of the parameters within the acceptable limit, WHO is adopted. According to the study mentioned above, the quality has been found to be very low compared to the WQI value. It is also observed that the water was found unsuitable for drinking purposes, and it is considered harmful to human health; therefore, it requires some kind of processing before use. This study will be beneficial to policymakers for identifying and providing details about water quality in the form of a specific value.
Accurate evaporation estimation is crucial for managing hydrologic, hydraulic, and agricultural s... more Accurate evaporation estimation is crucial for managing hydrologic, hydraulic, and agricultural systems, among many other applications of water resources. Empirical formulae for estimating evaporation exist, but their performance is not always sufficient due to the intricacy of the process and its nonlinear connection with other elements of the hydrological cycle. For this reason, a model of artificial neural networks was developed to estimate the daily potential evaporation in the southern Iraqi city of Basrah. A feedforward backpropagation (BP) network with a single hidden layer has been used to construct the mode. Different networks with various neuron counts were assessed. The developed models have been trained, tested, and validated using daily observations of the average rainfall, wind speed, average temperature, average relative humidity, and evaporation. The final evaporation was predicted using an artificial neural network (ANN) model. The proposed model was found to be more suitable to describe evaporation in any region of the world based on the values of the error analysis and the coefficient of determination, according to the ANN model. The Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm (LMA) was determined to have the lowest mean-squared error (MSE) and highest value of the coefficient of correlation (R) of the six proposed BP algorithms. The LMA's hidden layer's ideal neuron count was 30 neurons, with an MSE of 0.00288 and R 2 = 99. As a result, ANN displayed excellent performance in terms of evaporation prediction value. The study's findings highlight the significance of predicting evaporation as the main metric for evaluating the effects of climate change on water resources.
This is the first study looking at the wastewater treatment system created at Basrah University, ... more This is the first study looking at the wastewater treatment system created at Basrah University, Iraq. This study aims to investigate the effectiveness of horizontal subsurface flow (HSSF) constructed wetland (CW) system for treating municipal wastewater, and to understand the inner processes presented in the wetland to distinguish and define the function of each component of the treatment and to create wastewater treatment built using MATLAB programming language to represent the biochemical phenomena systems similar to the treatment system and implement them throughout Iraq. To do this, a mathematical model based on one dimensional constructed wetland model number 1 (CWM1) matrix and the optimum CWs operational parameters was occurring in the CWs. The CWM1 was used to simulate processes in horizontal subsurface flow (HSSF) constructed wetlands. Results of the simulation had a very good fit to measured NH4-N as well as a good fit to measured chemical oxygen demand (COD) concentratio...
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