Journal of Complementary and Alternative Medical Research
The study investigated the anti-inflammatory activity of ethanol leaf extract of Arthropteris ori... more The study investigated the anti-inflammatory activity of ethanol leaf extract of Arthropteris orientalis in wistar albino rat. The plant extract was obtained with the procedure as described by Khalifa et al. [1] and both acute and chronic anti-inflammatory properties was assessed. Five groups of five animals each were utilized for acute and chronic inflammation respectively. Anti-inflammatory effect of the extract was evaluated on egg albumin induced paw edema in albino rats and edema induced by formalin in the wistar albino rats’ paw for acute and chronic inflammation respectively. The extract had 26.665% tannin while flavonoid, saponin, phenol, and glycoside had 0.784%, 0.631%, 0.183% and 0.057% respectively. The result revealed that the extract at 500 mg/kg exhibited significant inhibition (p<0.05) of systemic acute paw edema at the 4th hour of the second phase of edema in comparison with the standard drug. The results reveal that intraperitoneal administration of ethanol leaf...
Background: Extracts of both fresh and dried sheep placenta have been employed in traditional obs... more Background: Extracts of both fresh and dried sheep placenta have been employed in traditional obstetric practice in Nigeria to facilitate labour. The comparative oxytocin effects of an extracts of the pulverized dried sheep placenta with normal saline and a normal saline infusion of the fresh placenta were investigated on pregnant guinea-pig uterus. Method: Increasing concentrations of placental wash and placental extract were administered to uterine preparation which was mounted in a 50ml aerated organ bath. Uterine contractions were recorded on smoke paper mounted on a rotating kymograph drum. The effects were compared with those due to increasing concentrations of oxytocin as standard recorded on the same tissue. Results: Infusion from the fresh placenta was 2.89 – 5.70 times more potent than the extract of the dried placenta. Oxytocin showed a higher relative potency than either of the extracts; 2.5 x 106 times as potent the dried placental extract and 8.7 x 105 times more potent than the fresh placental infusion. Conclusion: The oxytocic substance in the placenta is to some degree affected by drying, hence its lower potency. Key Words: Sheep placenta, Extract, Infusion, Relative Oxytocic Potency. Jnl of Medical Investigation and Practice Vol.1 2000: 29-32
Journal of Complementary and Alternative Medical Research
Bioactive constituents are the active ingredients of herbal product such as Dryopteris dilataa th... more Bioactive constituents are the active ingredients of herbal product such as Dryopteris dilataa that possess therapeutic efficacies in the treatment and management of several diseases. Thus, we evaluated different concentration of the free radical scavenging activity and phytochemical constituents of ethanol and sub-extracts of Dryopteris dilatata (Dd) leaves such as butane, hexane and benzene. Phytochemicals analysis was determined on the ethanol extract of Dryopteris dilatata sub-extracts using standard principles, also free radical scavenging capacity of the ethanol extract for Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), hydroxyl radical scavenging assay (OH), superoxide radical scavenging assay (SSRA), 2,2--Diphenyl-1-Picrylhydrazyl assay (DPPH), 2, 2'-azino-bis 3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphoric acid scavenging activity (ABTS) and thiobarbituric acid (TBA) assay (TBA) was done using standard protocols. Results of the phytochemical analysis revealed flavonoids and cardiac glycos...
Background: Experiments using animal models have indicated that maternal diet during the perinata... more Background: Experiments using animal models have indicated that maternal diet during the perinatal period can drastically impact the life-long susceptibility of offspring to chronic disease. Objectives: This study aims to determine the impact of perinatal consumption of Hibiscus sabdariffa to feed restriction on offspring heart development. Methods: In this study, we used 25 pregnant rats. They were grouped as follows: group 1 (normal control), group 2 (70% feed restriction), group 3 (70% feed restriction and 5mg/kg body weight of H. sabdariffa administration), group 4 (70% feed restriction, and 10mg/kg body weight of H. sabdariffa administration), and group 5 (70% feed restriction and 20mg/kg body weight of H. sabdariffa administration). Dams were only allowed to nurse 8 pups. Pups were weaned and observed daily for puberty onset. Blood samples were collected to determine serum levels of creatine kinase, hydrogen peroxide, and malondialdehyde. The hearts were excised, weighed, and ...
International Journal of Ethnomedicine and Pharmacognosy, 2017
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons Attribution 4.... more This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons Attribution 4.0 licence (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0) which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Haematological effects of Gnetum africanum leave extract in wistar rats Ufelle S. A, Achukwu P.U, Ikegwuonu I.C, Ghasi S Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria Enugu Campus, Nigeria, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria Enugu Campus, Nigeria
Haematological effects of leaves extract of Moringa oleifera Lam were investigated in normal and ... more Haematological effects of leaves extract of Moringa oleifera Lam were investigated in normal and myelo-suppressed Wistar rats. Acute toxicity and phytochemistry of Moringa oleifera were determined. Wistar-rats (n=35), aged 2 to 3 months, weighing 120 - 170 grams were divided into 5 groups of 7 rats per group, labeled A to E. Groups A and B were induced intraperitoneally with 3mg/kg body weight (b.wt) of cyclophosphamide for 7 days to achieve myelo-suppression. Groups A, B, C and D were orally administered with graded-doses of the extract (A=150, B=300, C=150 and D=300 mg/kg body weight) for 14 days. Group E served as control. Blood samples (3.0 ml) were collected on days 8 and 15 from each rat through the retro orbital plexus of the median canthus into tri-potassium ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid containers and analyzed using haematological auto analyzer (Sysmex KX-21N) following manufacturers guideline. The acute toxicity test of Moringa oleifera leaves revealed an oral LD50 of...
The pituitary gland secretes a collection of hormones that jointly influence all cells and affect... more The pituitary gland secretes a collection of hormones that jointly influence all cells and affect virtually all physiologic processes. The anterior pituitary (also called the adenohypophysis or pars anterior), is the glandular, anterior lobe that together with the posterior lobe (posterior pituitary, or the neurohypophysis) makes up the pituitary gland (hypophysis). The anterior pituitary is the central regulator of the endocrine system, coordinating signals from the hypothalamus centrally and endocrine organs peripherally. The posterior pituitary is not glandular as is the anterior pituitary, but is largely a collection of axonal projections from the hypothalamus that terminate behind the anterior pituitary, and serve as a site for the secretion of neurohypophysial hormones (oxytocin and vasopressin) directly into the blood. The Pituitary gland and the hypothalamus together act as master regulators of the entire endocrine system. Its function is controlled by Humoral, hormonal and neural stimuli. With humoral stimuli the endocrine glands secrete hormones directly according to the concentration of various ions and nutrients in the blood surrounding them. Neural stimuli are involved where hormones are released directly due to stimulation of the endocrine gland by nerves. This review is intended to highlight once again the neural control of pituitary function. Mini-review Article
Objective Oxidative stress decreases the ability of β-cells to secrete insulin through glucolipot... more Objective Oxidative stress decreases the ability of β-cells to secrete insulin through glucolipotoxicity of the pancreatic islets. Flavonoids modulate insulin and amylin secretion through mainly antioxidant activities. Coumarins isomers of avonoids have direct effects on the cardiovascular system, not linked to antioxidant activities. This study aim to investigate in vivo the direct effects of 5,7-dimethoxycoumarin (Citropten) fractions present in grapefruit peel on insulin and amylin secretions in normal male Wistar rats. Methods Methanol extract of grapefruit peels was fractionated using vacuum assisted liquid chromatography with n-Hexane, Ethyl acetate and Methanol. Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry analysis reported ethyl acetate fraction with highest concentration (85.66%) of 5,7-dimethoxycoumarin. Intraperitoneal Glucose Tolerance Test was performed on 5 sets of 5 rats receiving intraperitoneally: 1) negative control, 1ml of sterile water 2) positive control, 0.2mg/kg glimepiride, 3) ethyl acetate fraction containing 20mg/kg 5,7dimethoxycoumarin, 4) methanol fraction containing 20mg/kg 5,7-dimethoxycoumarin 5a)1ml H 2 O 2 (0.6%, 6%) plus 20mg/kg 5,7-dimethoxycoumarin, and 5b)1000mg/kg Vitamin C plus 20mg/kg 5,7dimethoxycoumarin. Results Results showed Ethyl acetate fractions containing 10mg/kg and 20mg/kg dimethoxycoumarin had comparable plasma glucose control with glimepiride. Both ethyl acetate and methanol fractions of 5,7dimethoxycoumarin had indirect insulin secretion effect, but directly induced amylin synthesis and secretion 3-fold that of glimepiride. Conclusion 5,7-dimethoxycoumarin will nd special application in diabetics with chronic complications. Since the overall plasma glucose regulation is achieved through amylin and insulin synergy, attention should be shifted from insulin-based to amylin-based therapy, and also shifted from regulating blood glucose level to regulating its absorption in the GIT. and furanocoumarins are the main components of grapefruits implicated in grapefruits-drugs interactions by inhibiting the cytochrome P-450 metabolisms (3). Citrus plants biosynthesize both coumarins and furanocoumarins, with grapefruits contributing about 73% of furanocoumarins in western diet (3). The highest concentration of coumarins and furanocoumarins are found in the peel of citrus fruits (7) (8) just like avonoids (9) (10).Most of the avonoids in grapefruit occur as glycosides (11) while Coumarins occur in free forms, as glycosides, esters, and sublimates (12).Coumarins and avonoids are heterocyclic molecules and they are also isomers. Coumarins are used in the treatment of prostate cancer, renal cell carcinoma and leukemia (13). They have been reported to neutralize the side effects of radiotherapy (13). Unlike the avonoids whose effects are predominantly antioxidant in nature, coumarins have direct anticoagulation pharmacological activities on the cardiovascular systems, not linked to antioxidant effects(14) by inhibiting the activation of Vitamin K and blocking the synthesis of coagulation factors. Coumarins also have direct antiplatelet effects(14) (15) and vasodilating activities by inhibition of calcium in ux into the cell through calcium channel blockage (14) (16). Coumarins are known to be hepatotoxic and carcinogenic following chronic oral gavages in rats (17) (18). Coumarins oral LD50 is 290-680mg/kg in rats, 196-780mg/kg in mice. Intraperitoneal LD50 is 710mg/kg in mice. The no sign of oral acute toxicity level in rats is 125mg/kg (19) (20). The maximal allowed coumarins levels in foods prepared with cinnamon avor in EU are 50mg/kg in bakery products and 5mg/kg in desserts (19). Coumarin-linked toxicity are also known to be species-speci c and metabolism-dependent (18). Coumarin-mediated toxicity in rat liver and mouse lung cancer are linked to the production of coumarin 3, 4-epoxide (CE) the preferential metabolite in rats. Several studies in 1989 and 1998 in animals treated with dihydrocoumarin (DHC), a structural analog of coumarin saturated at the 3, 4-position, impossible to form an epoxide, showed neither hepatotoxicity nor Lung cancer (18). There were no liver nor lung cancers in F344 rats in the National Toxicology Program oral gavage studies in 1993 (18).Also, CD-1 mice exposed to dietary coumarin at 0, 27, 89 and 276mg/kg/day in utero, via lactation and weaning, and chronically for two years afterwards, reported no increased incidence in liver nor lung cancers (18) (21). Sprague-Dawley rats given up to 234mg/kg/day of coumarin in the diet for two years showed no tumors until they exceeded the maximum tolerated dose (18) (21). While a single Intraperitoneal injection of coumarin (25mg/kg, 50mg/kg) caused tissue-selective cytotoxicity in olfactory mucosa of Wistar rats and C57BL/6 mice, there was no reduction of P450 components in the liver of either rats nor mice at 50mg/kg, after 48 hours of injection (22).
African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 2016
Myelo-protective and haematopoietic effects of seed extract fractions (SEF) of Phoenix dactylifer... more Myelo-protective and haematopoietic effects of seed extract fractions (SEF) of Phoenix dactylifera were investigated in Wistar rats. The acute toxicity of the SEF were determined in mice (n=12). Wistar rats (n=45), aged 2 to 3 months and weighing 150 to 220 g were grouped into 9, labeled (A to I). Groups A to D were intraperitoneally-induced for myelo-suppression with 3 mg/kg bodyweight (b.wt) of cyclophosphamide for 7 days. Groups A to Horally received graded-doses of SEF (A = (SEF1)100, B = (SEF1) 200, C = (SEF2) 100, D = (SEF2) 200, E = (SEF1) 100, F = (SEF1) 200, G = (SEF2) 100, and H = (SEF2) 200 mg/kg b.wt) for 21 days. Group I served as control. Blood samples (2.0 ml) were collected from each rat on days 8 and 15 into tri-potassium ethylene diaminetetraacetic acid anticoagulant containers and analyzed using haematological auto analyzer (Sysmex KX-21N) following manufacturers guideline. Bone marrow was collected from myelo-suppressed groups (B, D) and normal groups (F, H) on days 15 and 22 into fetal calf serum for cell count. The acute toxicity test revealed an oral LD 50 of 2000 mg/kg b.wt. The SEF revealed flavonoids, saponins, tannin, proteins, reducing sugars and steroids. On day 8, the myelo-suppressed and normal groups revealed dose-dependentnon significant increase (p > 0.05) in haemoglobin, haematocrit, RBC and total WBC compared to control. On day 15, the myelo-suppressed and normal groups revealed dose-and time-dependent significant increase (p<0.05) in haemoglobin, haematocrit, RBC and total WBC and significant decrease (p < 0.05) in bone marrow cells of group B compared to control. Day 22 revealed significant increase (p < 0.05) in bone marrow cells of groups B, D, F and H compared to control. The observed effects indicate myeloprotective and haemopoietic potentials of the SEF in Wistar rats.
Journal of advances in medicine and medical research, Dec 27, 2022
There is hardly a disagreement about the dangers of alcoholism ranging from addiction through car... more There is hardly a disagreement about the dangers of alcoholism ranging from addiction through cardiovascular disorders and cancers to death. But there seem to be conflicting science and sense on the effect of low to moderate intake of alcohol and abstinence in health and disease. Some earlier scientific reports maintain that moderate intake of alcoholic beverages is beneficial to health; seemingly more beneficial than total abstinence from imbibing in the habit. A number of researchers went further to classify the different forms of alcoholic beverages and their effect on health at moderate intake. There exists a near general agreement on the health benefit of taking red wine in moderation; which was attributed to bioflavonoids and antioxidants used in the preparation of red wine and not the alcoholic medium of delivery. This logically suggests that these antioxidants can elicit the same benefit as supplements without alcohol. Individual variations are seen to exist in alcohol intake and handling; and genes can also act differently in people of different races and genders, further influencing whether someone is
The scientific study of the nervous system is a major area for disease and consequently disease m... more The scientific study of the nervous system is a major area for disease and consequently disease management. The use of drugs to treat neurological disease is the backbone of this sphere of therapy. This review will concentrate of the history, process, constraints and novelty of drug discovery for these disorders. It will enhance understanding and contribute to an improved efficiency of the drug development process. The history of drug discovery in neuroscience follows the pattern of other discoveries in civilisation. Solutions obtained by steeping or soaking natural substances comprised the only source of medicines until data-based processes were developed to; remove impurities from, increase the concentration of, and separate active substances from these extracts. In most cases, the development of a new medicinal drug starts when scientists learn of a target that is involved in a natural process thought to be impaired in function for patients with sicknesses such as Alzheimer's...
Effect of piperazine citrate on the vascular smooth muscle using rat hindquarters was investigate... more Effect of piperazine citrate on the vascular smooth muscle using rat hindquarters was investigated. Piperazine caused dose-dependent increase in flow rate of 51.69 +2.59, 89.33 + 6.23 and 200. 4 + 13.12% respectively for doses 25 and 10ìg over the control values indicating vasodilatation. Compared to the value from control animals (2.36 + 0.57%) these values were statistically significant using student’s ”t” test (
Research and Reviews: Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicological Studies, 2019
Background: There is a growing interest in the medicinal value of extracts of Ocimum gratissimum ... more Background: There is a growing interest in the medicinal value of extracts of Ocimum gratissimum plant. However, there is scanty data on the toxicity of extracts of this plant in experimental animals. Objective: This study was aimed at evaluating the safety and the effects on organs of crude leaf extracts of Ocimum gratissimum in normoglycaemic and diabetic rats. Methods: Freshly prepared leaf extracts of Ocimum gratissimum was admininstered on normoglycaemic and neonatal strptozotocine induced diabetic (n-STZ) rats.The animals were observed daily for clinical signs of toxicity throughout the period of study. At the end of the study, the animals were sacrificed after ether anesthesia. The kidneys, liver and a length of intestine were removed and examined for any pathologic changes due to treatment with the extract. Result: At the extract dose of 200mg /Kg body weight, no significant change was observed in all the biochemical parameters evaluated in the two groups following treatment...
Abstract Aims Oxido-inflammatory stress has been implicated as the main targets in alleviating di... more Abstract Aims Oxido-inflammatory stress has been implicated as the main targets in alleviating diabetic complications induced by hyperglycaemia. Dryopteris dilatata: a bioactive plant serves great medicinal benefits in ethnopharmacology to ameliorate pathological conditions. This study investigated the protective effects of ethanol extract of Dryopteris dilatata (EEDD) in alloxan-induced diabetic rats through mechanism involving inhibition of oxidative stress and liver and kidney inflammatory markers. Methodology Male Wistar rats were made diabetic via alloxan monohydrate (100 mg/kg) administration intraperitoneally. Diabetic rats were post-treated with EEDD (800 mg/kg) and Metformin (50 mg/kg) orally for two weeks. Fasting blood sugar (FBS), body and organ weight change, markers of oxidative stress, liver and kidney inflammation were evaluated. Results Our results revealed that EEDD significantly reduced alloxan-induced hyperglycaemia in the diabetic rats after 5, 10 and 15 days of treatment. Markers of oxidative injury were also significantly ameliorated in the pancreas, liver and kidney of the diabetic rats following treatment with EEDD. However, liver and kidney injury markers were significantly attenuated with marked decreased organ weight in the diabetic rats after treatment with EEDD. Conclusion Here in, we found that Dryopteris dilatata could be used as nutraceuticals in the prevention and treatment of diabetes and its related complications through positively modulating oxidative stress and liver and kidney inflammatory markers
This was an experimental study that evaluated the effect of aqueous, methanol and chloroform root... more This was an experimental study that evaluated the effect of aqueous, methanol and chloroform root extracts of Imperata cylindrica on serum levels of testosterone in male Wistar rats. Shade dried Imperata cylindrica roots were pounded and crude extracts prepared using distilled water, methanol and chloroform. Diabetes mellitus was induced with alloxan monohydrate and the diabetic rats were divided into six groups (n=8) and kept in separate cages. Group A rats were Non-Diabetic Rats Treated With Distilled Water. In Group B were placed Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats Treated with Distilled Water. Groups C, D and E contained Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats Treated with 200 mg/Kg body weight water, chloroform and methanol Imperata cylindrica root extracts in the given order. Group F was the Positive Control with Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats Treated with Glibenclamide [0.5 mg/kg body weight]. This treatment was carried out for 28 days sequentially. An analysis of the serum obtained from the ...
Asian Journal of Research in Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2021
This study was performed to investigate the effects of aqueous Imperata cylindrica root extract o... more This study was performed to investigate the effects of aqueous Imperata cylindrica root extract on hepatic enzyme levels of alloxan-induced diabetic male Wistar rats. Forty (48) male wistar rats were divided into six groups consisting of eight animals each. Diabetes mellitus was induced using intraperitoneal administration 150 mg/kg body weight of alloxan and treatment was carried out for a period of 28 days. The first group served as the normal control and received only feed and water ad libitum. In Group 2 were diabetic rats without treatment with extracts. Group 3: diabetic rats treated with 200 mg/kg aqueous Imperata cylindrica root extract. Group 4: diabetic rats treated with 400mg/kg aqueous Imperata cylindrica root extract. Group 5: diabetic rats treated with 600mg/kg ethanol extract of aqueous Imperata cylindrica root extract. While Group 6 was diabetic rats treated with 0.5mg/kg Glibenclamide. The liver enzymes alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and alkali...
Haemopoietic effects of crude methanolic extract of Dacryodes edulis (D. edulis) seeds was invest... more Haemopoietic effects of crude methanolic extract of Dacryodes edulis (D. edulis) seeds was investigated in Wistar rats. Wistar rats (n=28), were grouped into 4 of 7 rats per group, labeled A-D. Groups A-C were orally administered with graded-doses of the extract (A=100, B=200 and C=300) mg/kg bodyweight respectively daily for 30 days. Group D served as control. Blood samples (2.0 ml) were collected from each rat through the retro orbital plexus of the median canthus into K3-EDTA containers for haematological analysis. The results revealed significantly decreased mean Hemoglobin (Hb) [g/dl]: (A=11.2±1.2, B=11.9±1.9, C=10.8±1.0), Haematocrit (Hct) [L/L]: (A=0.32±0.02, B=0.33±0.03, C=0.31±0.04) and significantly increased mean Total WBC (TWBC) [x10 9 /l]: (A=6.55±0.2, B=7.73±0.43, C=8.10±0.35) and platelets [x10 9 /l]: (A=961.67±11.2, B=988.55±23.8, C=1009.35±15.3) compared to control (Hb=15.4±1.3g/dl, Hct=0.43±0.03L/L, TWBC=4.85±0.15 x10 9 /l, Platelet=570.25±10.1x10 9 /l, (P=0.05). T...
Journal of Complementary and Alternative Medical Research
The study investigated the anti-inflammatory activity of ethanol leaf extract of Arthropteris ori... more The study investigated the anti-inflammatory activity of ethanol leaf extract of Arthropteris orientalis in wistar albino rat. The plant extract was obtained with the procedure as described by Khalifa et al. [1] and both acute and chronic anti-inflammatory properties was assessed. Five groups of five animals each were utilized for acute and chronic inflammation respectively. Anti-inflammatory effect of the extract was evaluated on egg albumin induced paw edema in albino rats and edema induced by formalin in the wistar albino rats’ paw for acute and chronic inflammation respectively. The extract had 26.665% tannin while flavonoid, saponin, phenol, and glycoside had 0.784%, 0.631%, 0.183% and 0.057% respectively. The result revealed that the extract at 500 mg/kg exhibited significant inhibition (p<0.05) of systemic acute paw edema at the 4th hour of the second phase of edema in comparison with the standard drug. The results reveal that intraperitoneal administration of ethanol leaf...
Background: Extracts of both fresh and dried sheep placenta have been employed in traditional obs... more Background: Extracts of both fresh and dried sheep placenta have been employed in traditional obstetric practice in Nigeria to facilitate labour. The comparative oxytocin effects of an extracts of the pulverized dried sheep placenta with normal saline and a normal saline infusion of the fresh placenta were investigated on pregnant guinea-pig uterus. Method: Increasing concentrations of placental wash and placental extract were administered to uterine preparation which was mounted in a 50ml aerated organ bath. Uterine contractions were recorded on smoke paper mounted on a rotating kymograph drum. The effects were compared with those due to increasing concentrations of oxytocin as standard recorded on the same tissue. Results: Infusion from the fresh placenta was 2.89 – 5.70 times more potent than the extract of the dried placenta. Oxytocin showed a higher relative potency than either of the extracts; 2.5 x 106 times as potent the dried placental extract and 8.7 x 105 times more potent than the fresh placental infusion. Conclusion: The oxytocic substance in the placenta is to some degree affected by drying, hence its lower potency. Key Words: Sheep placenta, Extract, Infusion, Relative Oxytocic Potency. Jnl of Medical Investigation and Practice Vol.1 2000: 29-32
Journal of Complementary and Alternative Medical Research
Bioactive constituents are the active ingredients of herbal product such as Dryopteris dilataa th... more Bioactive constituents are the active ingredients of herbal product such as Dryopteris dilataa that possess therapeutic efficacies in the treatment and management of several diseases. Thus, we evaluated different concentration of the free radical scavenging activity and phytochemical constituents of ethanol and sub-extracts of Dryopteris dilatata (Dd) leaves such as butane, hexane and benzene. Phytochemicals analysis was determined on the ethanol extract of Dryopteris dilatata sub-extracts using standard principles, also free radical scavenging capacity of the ethanol extract for Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), hydroxyl radical scavenging assay (OH), superoxide radical scavenging assay (SSRA), 2,2--Diphenyl-1-Picrylhydrazyl assay (DPPH), 2, 2'-azino-bis 3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphoric acid scavenging activity (ABTS) and thiobarbituric acid (TBA) assay (TBA) was done using standard protocols. Results of the phytochemical analysis revealed flavonoids and cardiac glycos...
Background: Experiments using animal models have indicated that maternal diet during the perinata... more Background: Experiments using animal models have indicated that maternal diet during the perinatal period can drastically impact the life-long susceptibility of offspring to chronic disease. Objectives: This study aims to determine the impact of perinatal consumption of Hibiscus sabdariffa to feed restriction on offspring heart development. Methods: In this study, we used 25 pregnant rats. They were grouped as follows: group 1 (normal control), group 2 (70% feed restriction), group 3 (70% feed restriction and 5mg/kg body weight of H. sabdariffa administration), group 4 (70% feed restriction, and 10mg/kg body weight of H. sabdariffa administration), and group 5 (70% feed restriction and 20mg/kg body weight of H. sabdariffa administration). Dams were only allowed to nurse 8 pups. Pups were weaned and observed daily for puberty onset. Blood samples were collected to determine serum levels of creatine kinase, hydrogen peroxide, and malondialdehyde. The hearts were excised, weighed, and ...
International Journal of Ethnomedicine and Pharmacognosy, 2017
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons Attribution 4.... more This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons Attribution 4.0 licence (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0) which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Haematological effects of Gnetum africanum leave extract in wistar rats Ufelle S. A, Achukwu P.U, Ikegwuonu I.C, Ghasi S Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria Enugu Campus, Nigeria, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria Enugu Campus, Nigeria
Haematological effects of leaves extract of Moringa oleifera Lam were investigated in normal and ... more Haematological effects of leaves extract of Moringa oleifera Lam were investigated in normal and myelo-suppressed Wistar rats. Acute toxicity and phytochemistry of Moringa oleifera were determined. Wistar-rats (n=35), aged 2 to 3 months, weighing 120 - 170 grams were divided into 5 groups of 7 rats per group, labeled A to E. Groups A and B were induced intraperitoneally with 3mg/kg body weight (b.wt) of cyclophosphamide for 7 days to achieve myelo-suppression. Groups A, B, C and D were orally administered with graded-doses of the extract (A=150, B=300, C=150 and D=300 mg/kg body weight) for 14 days. Group E served as control. Blood samples (3.0 ml) were collected on days 8 and 15 from each rat through the retro orbital plexus of the median canthus into tri-potassium ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid containers and analyzed using haematological auto analyzer (Sysmex KX-21N) following manufacturers guideline. The acute toxicity test of Moringa oleifera leaves revealed an oral LD50 of...
The pituitary gland secretes a collection of hormones that jointly influence all cells and affect... more The pituitary gland secretes a collection of hormones that jointly influence all cells and affect virtually all physiologic processes. The anterior pituitary (also called the adenohypophysis or pars anterior), is the glandular, anterior lobe that together with the posterior lobe (posterior pituitary, or the neurohypophysis) makes up the pituitary gland (hypophysis). The anterior pituitary is the central regulator of the endocrine system, coordinating signals from the hypothalamus centrally and endocrine organs peripherally. The posterior pituitary is not glandular as is the anterior pituitary, but is largely a collection of axonal projections from the hypothalamus that terminate behind the anterior pituitary, and serve as a site for the secretion of neurohypophysial hormones (oxytocin and vasopressin) directly into the blood. The Pituitary gland and the hypothalamus together act as master regulators of the entire endocrine system. Its function is controlled by Humoral, hormonal and neural stimuli. With humoral stimuli the endocrine glands secrete hormones directly according to the concentration of various ions and nutrients in the blood surrounding them. Neural stimuli are involved where hormones are released directly due to stimulation of the endocrine gland by nerves. This review is intended to highlight once again the neural control of pituitary function. Mini-review Article
Objective Oxidative stress decreases the ability of β-cells to secrete insulin through glucolipot... more Objective Oxidative stress decreases the ability of β-cells to secrete insulin through glucolipotoxicity of the pancreatic islets. Flavonoids modulate insulin and amylin secretion through mainly antioxidant activities. Coumarins isomers of avonoids have direct effects on the cardiovascular system, not linked to antioxidant activities. This study aim to investigate in vivo the direct effects of 5,7-dimethoxycoumarin (Citropten) fractions present in grapefruit peel on insulin and amylin secretions in normal male Wistar rats. Methods Methanol extract of grapefruit peels was fractionated using vacuum assisted liquid chromatography with n-Hexane, Ethyl acetate and Methanol. Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry analysis reported ethyl acetate fraction with highest concentration (85.66%) of 5,7-dimethoxycoumarin. Intraperitoneal Glucose Tolerance Test was performed on 5 sets of 5 rats receiving intraperitoneally: 1) negative control, 1ml of sterile water 2) positive control, 0.2mg/kg glimepiride, 3) ethyl acetate fraction containing 20mg/kg 5,7dimethoxycoumarin, 4) methanol fraction containing 20mg/kg 5,7-dimethoxycoumarin 5a)1ml H 2 O 2 (0.6%, 6%) plus 20mg/kg 5,7-dimethoxycoumarin, and 5b)1000mg/kg Vitamin C plus 20mg/kg 5,7dimethoxycoumarin. Results Results showed Ethyl acetate fractions containing 10mg/kg and 20mg/kg dimethoxycoumarin had comparable plasma glucose control with glimepiride. Both ethyl acetate and methanol fractions of 5,7dimethoxycoumarin had indirect insulin secretion effect, but directly induced amylin synthesis and secretion 3-fold that of glimepiride. Conclusion 5,7-dimethoxycoumarin will nd special application in diabetics with chronic complications. Since the overall plasma glucose regulation is achieved through amylin and insulin synergy, attention should be shifted from insulin-based to amylin-based therapy, and also shifted from regulating blood glucose level to regulating its absorption in the GIT. and furanocoumarins are the main components of grapefruits implicated in grapefruits-drugs interactions by inhibiting the cytochrome P-450 metabolisms (3). Citrus plants biosynthesize both coumarins and furanocoumarins, with grapefruits contributing about 73% of furanocoumarins in western diet (3). The highest concentration of coumarins and furanocoumarins are found in the peel of citrus fruits (7) (8) just like avonoids (9) (10).Most of the avonoids in grapefruit occur as glycosides (11) while Coumarins occur in free forms, as glycosides, esters, and sublimates (12).Coumarins and avonoids are heterocyclic molecules and they are also isomers. Coumarins are used in the treatment of prostate cancer, renal cell carcinoma and leukemia (13). They have been reported to neutralize the side effects of radiotherapy (13). Unlike the avonoids whose effects are predominantly antioxidant in nature, coumarins have direct anticoagulation pharmacological activities on the cardiovascular systems, not linked to antioxidant effects(14) by inhibiting the activation of Vitamin K and blocking the synthesis of coagulation factors. Coumarins also have direct antiplatelet effects(14) (15) and vasodilating activities by inhibition of calcium in ux into the cell through calcium channel blockage (14) (16). Coumarins are known to be hepatotoxic and carcinogenic following chronic oral gavages in rats (17) (18). Coumarins oral LD50 is 290-680mg/kg in rats, 196-780mg/kg in mice. Intraperitoneal LD50 is 710mg/kg in mice. The no sign of oral acute toxicity level in rats is 125mg/kg (19) (20). The maximal allowed coumarins levels in foods prepared with cinnamon avor in EU are 50mg/kg in bakery products and 5mg/kg in desserts (19). Coumarin-linked toxicity are also known to be species-speci c and metabolism-dependent (18). Coumarin-mediated toxicity in rat liver and mouse lung cancer are linked to the production of coumarin 3, 4-epoxide (CE) the preferential metabolite in rats. Several studies in 1989 and 1998 in animals treated with dihydrocoumarin (DHC), a structural analog of coumarin saturated at the 3, 4-position, impossible to form an epoxide, showed neither hepatotoxicity nor Lung cancer (18). There were no liver nor lung cancers in F344 rats in the National Toxicology Program oral gavage studies in 1993 (18).Also, CD-1 mice exposed to dietary coumarin at 0, 27, 89 and 276mg/kg/day in utero, via lactation and weaning, and chronically for two years afterwards, reported no increased incidence in liver nor lung cancers (18) (21). Sprague-Dawley rats given up to 234mg/kg/day of coumarin in the diet for two years showed no tumors until they exceeded the maximum tolerated dose (18) (21). While a single Intraperitoneal injection of coumarin (25mg/kg, 50mg/kg) caused tissue-selective cytotoxicity in olfactory mucosa of Wistar rats and C57BL/6 mice, there was no reduction of P450 components in the liver of either rats nor mice at 50mg/kg, after 48 hours of injection (22).
African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 2016
Myelo-protective and haematopoietic effects of seed extract fractions (SEF) of Phoenix dactylifer... more Myelo-protective and haematopoietic effects of seed extract fractions (SEF) of Phoenix dactylifera were investigated in Wistar rats. The acute toxicity of the SEF were determined in mice (n=12). Wistar rats (n=45), aged 2 to 3 months and weighing 150 to 220 g were grouped into 9, labeled (A to I). Groups A to D were intraperitoneally-induced for myelo-suppression with 3 mg/kg bodyweight (b.wt) of cyclophosphamide for 7 days. Groups A to Horally received graded-doses of SEF (A = (SEF1)100, B = (SEF1) 200, C = (SEF2) 100, D = (SEF2) 200, E = (SEF1) 100, F = (SEF1) 200, G = (SEF2) 100, and H = (SEF2) 200 mg/kg b.wt) for 21 days. Group I served as control. Blood samples (2.0 ml) were collected from each rat on days 8 and 15 into tri-potassium ethylene diaminetetraacetic acid anticoagulant containers and analyzed using haematological auto analyzer (Sysmex KX-21N) following manufacturers guideline. Bone marrow was collected from myelo-suppressed groups (B, D) and normal groups (F, H) on days 15 and 22 into fetal calf serum for cell count. The acute toxicity test revealed an oral LD 50 of 2000 mg/kg b.wt. The SEF revealed flavonoids, saponins, tannin, proteins, reducing sugars and steroids. On day 8, the myelo-suppressed and normal groups revealed dose-dependentnon significant increase (p > 0.05) in haemoglobin, haematocrit, RBC and total WBC compared to control. On day 15, the myelo-suppressed and normal groups revealed dose-and time-dependent significant increase (p<0.05) in haemoglobin, haematocrit, RBC and total WBC and significant decrease (p < 0.05) in bone marrow cells of group B compared to control. Day 22 revealed significant increase (p < 0.05) in bone marrow cells of groups B, D, F and H compared to control. The observed effects indicate myeloprotective and haemopoietic potentials of the SEF in Wistar rats.
Journal of advances in medicine and medical research, Dec 27, 2022
There is hardly a disagreement about the dangers of alcoholism ranging from addiction through car... more There is hardly a disagreement about the dangers of alcoholism ranging from addiction through cardiovascular disorders and cancers to death. But there seem to be conflicting science and sense on the effect of low to moderate intake of alcohol and abstinence in health and disease. Some earlier scientific reports maintain that moderate intake of alcoholic beverages is beneficial to health; seemingly more beneficial than total abstinence from imbibing in the habit. A number of researchers went further to classify the different forms of alcoholic beverages and their effect on health at moderate intake. There exists a near general agreement on the health benefit of taking red wine in moderation; which was attributed to bioflavonoids and antioxidants used in the preparation of red wine and not the alcoholic medium of delivery. This logically suggests that these antioxidants can elicit the same benefit as supplements without alcohol. Individual variations are seen to exist in alcohol intake and handling; and genes can also act differently in people of different races and genders, further influencing whether someone is
The scientific study of the nervous system is a major area for disease and consequently disease m... more The scientific study of the nervous system is a major area for disease and consequently disease management. The use of drugs to treat neurological disease is the backbone of this sphere of therapy. This review will concentrate of the history, process, constraints and novelty of drug discovery for these disorders. It will enhance understanding and contribute to an improved efficiency of the drug development process. The history of drug discovery in neuroscience follows the pattern of other discoveries in civilisation. Solutions obtained by steeping or soaking natural substances comprised the only source of medicines until data-based processes were developed to; remove impurities from, increase the concentration of, and separate active substances from these extracts. In most cases, the development of a new medicinal drug starts when scientists learn of a target that is involved in a natural process thought to be impaired in function for patients with sicknesses such as Alzheimer's...
Effect of piperazine citrate on the vascular smooth muscle using rat hindquarters was investigate... more Effect of piperazine citrate on the vascular smooth muscle using rat hindquarters was investigated. Piperazine caused dose-dependent increase in flow rate of 51.69 +2.59, 89.33 + 6.23 and 200. 4 + 13.12% respectively for doses 25 and 10ìg over the control values indicating vasodilatation. Compared to the value from control animals (2.36 + 0.57%) these values were statistically significant using student’s ”t” test (
Research and Reviews: Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicological Studies, 2019
Background: There is a growing interest in the medicinal value of extracts of Ocimum gratissimum ... more Background: There is a growing interest in the medicinal value of extracts of Ocimum gratissimum plant. However, there is scanty data on the toxicity of extracts of this plant in experimental animals. Objective: This study was aimed at evaluating the safety and the effects on organs of crude leaf extracts of Ocimum gratissimum in normoglycaemic and diabetic rats. Methods: Freshly prepared leaf extracts of Ocimum gratissimum was admininstered on normoglycaemic and neonatal strptozotocine induced diabetic (n-STZ) rats.The animals were observed daily for clinical signs of toxicity throughout the period of study. At the end of the study, the animals were sacrificed after ether anesthesia. The kidneys, liver and a length of intestine were removed and examined for any pathologic changes due to treatment with the extract. Result: At the extract dose of 200mg /Kg body weight, no significant change was observed in all the biochemical parameters evaluated in the two groups following treatment...
Abstract Aims Oxido-inflammatory stress has been implicated as the main targets in alleviating di... more Abstract Aims Oxido-inflammatory stress has been implicated as the main targets in alleviating diabetic complications induced by hyperglycaemia. Dryopteris dilatata: a bioactive plant serves great medicinal benefits in ethnopharmacology to ameliorate pathological conditions. This study investigated the protective effects of ethanol extract of Dryopteris dilatata (EEDD) in alloxan-induced diabetic rats through mechanism involving inhibition of oxidative stress and liver and kidney inflammatory markers. Methodology Male Wistar rats were made diabetic via alloxan monohydrate (100 mg/kg) administration intraperitoneally. Diabetic rats were post-treated with EEDD (800 mg/kg) and Metformin (50 mg/kg) orally for two weeks. Fasting blood sugar (FBS), body and organ weight change, markers of oxidative stress, liver and kidney inflammation were evaluated. Results Our results revealed that EEDD significantly reduced alloxan-induced hyperglycaemia in the diabetic rats after 5, 10 and 15 days of treatment. Markers of oxidative injury were also significantly ameliorated in the pancreas, liver and kidney of the diabetic rats following treatment with EEDD. However, liver and kidney injury markers were significantly attenuated with marked decreased organ weight in the diabetic rats after treatment with EEDD. Conclusion Here in, we found that Dryopteris dilatata could be used as nutraceuticals in the prevention and treatment of diabetes and its related complications through positively modulating oxidative stress and liver and kidney inflammatory markers
This was an experimental study that evaluated the effect of aqueous, methanol and chloroform root... more This was an experimental study that evaluated the effect of aqueous, methanol and chloroform root extracts of Imperata cylindrica on serum levels of testosterone in male Wistar rats. Shade dried Imperata cylindrica roots were pounded and crude extracts prepared using distilled water, methanol and chloroform. Diabetes mellitus was induced with alloxan monohydrate and the diabetic rats were divided into six groups (n=8) and kept in separate cages. Group A rats were Non-Diabetic Rats Treated With Distilled Water. In Group B were placed Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats Treated with Distilled Water. Groups C, D and E contained Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats Treated with 200 mg/Kg body weight water, chloroform and methanol Imperata cylindrica root extracts in the given order. Group F was the Positive Control with Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats Treated with Glibenclamide [0.5 mg/kg body weight]. This treatment was carried out for 28 days sequentially. An analysis of the serum obtained from the ...
Asian Journal of Research in Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2021
This study was performed to investigate the effects of aqueous Imperata cylindrica root extract o... more This study was performed to investigate the effects of aqueous Imperata cylindrica root extract on hepatic enzyme levels of alloxan-induced diabetic male Wistar rats. Forty (48) male wistar rats were divided into six groups consisting of eight animals each. Diabetes mellitus was induced using intraperitoneal administration 150 mg/kg body weight of alloxan and treatment was carried out for a period of 28 days. The first group served as the normal control and received only feed and water ad libitum. In Group 2 were diabetic rats without treatment with extracts. Group 3: diabetic rats treated with 200 mg/kg aqueous Imperata cylindrica root extract. Group 4: diabetic rats treated with 400mg/kg aqueous Imperata cylindrica root extract. Group 5: diabetic rats treated with 600mg/kg ethanol extract of aqueous Imperata cylindrica root extract. While Group 6 was diabetic rats treated with 0.5mg/kg Glibenclamide. The liver enzymes alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and alkali...
Haemopoietic effects of crude methanolic extract of Dacryodes edulis (D. edulis) seeds was invest... more Haemopoietic effects of crude methanolic extract of Dacryodes edulis (D. edulis) seeds was investigated in Wistar rats. Wistar rats (n=28), were grouped into 4 of 7 rats per group, labeled A-D. Groups A-C were orally administered with graded-doses of the extract (A=100, B=200 and C=300) mg/kg bodyweight respectively daily for 30 days. Group D served as control. Blood samples (2.0 ml) were collected from each rat through the retro orbital plexus of the median canthus into K3-EDTA containers for haematological analysis. The results revealed significantly decreased mean Hemoglobin (Hb) [g/dl]: (A=11.2±1.2, B=11.9±1.9, C=10.8±1.0), Haematocrit (Hct) [L/L]: (A=0.32±0.02, B=0.33±0.03, C=0.31±0.04) and significantly increased mean Total WBC (TWBC) [x10 9 /l]: (A=6.55±0.2, B=7.73±0.43, C=8.10±0.35) and platelets [x10 9 /l]: (A=961.67±11.2, B=988.55±23.8, C=1009.35±15.3) compared to control (Hb=15.4±1.3g/dl, Hct=0.43±0.03L/L, TWBC=4.85±0.15 x10 9 /l, Platelet=570.25±10.1x10 9 /l, (P=0.05). T...
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Papers by Samuel Ghasi