Geology

Die Osterinsel gehört zu den einsamsten Orten unserer Erde. Sie liegt rund 4000 km westlich von Chile und etwa 3000 km entfernt von der nächsten größeren Insel Polynesiens, Tahiti. Ihren Namen erhielt die Insel nach dem Tag ihrer Entdeckung am Ostersonntag 1722 durch den Holländer Jakob Roggeveen, der im Auftrag der westindischen Handelskompanie mit drei Schiffen dort landete. Neben ihrer geographischen Lage zeichnet eine weitere herausragende Eigenart die Osterinsel vor allen anderen Inseln der pazifischen Hemisphäre aus, nämlich ihre einzigartigen archäologischen Hinterlassenschaften. Es gibt hunderte von Inseln und Atollen im Pazifik, von denen viele größer und fruchtbarer, zugleich aber weniger isoliert sind. Doch nicht auf einer einzigen von Ihnen entwickelten die Bewohner ein Schriftsystem oder bauten ähnliche monumentale Tempel (Ahus). Die Plattformen dieser Ahus sind aus behauenen, polierten und genau angepassten Steinblöcken zusammengefügt und bilden ein Fundament für die berühmten bis zu 20 Meter hohen und ca. 80 Tonnen schweren Steinfiguren, die sogenannten Moais.

On Zhabotyn Early Iron Age settlement a ditch is detected applying magnetometry. The ditch divides the settlement into two parts. Archaeological excavations proved the infill to be consisted of separate layers, with characteristic magnetic susceptibility, indicating main chronological stages between 8th -beginning of 6th cent. BC. It is demonstrated that the magnetic anomaly over the ditch is formed mainly due to building horizons dated end of 8th -middle of 7th cent. BC.

On Zhabotyn Early Iron Age settlement a ditch is detected applying magnetometry. The ditch divides the settlement into two parts. Archaeological excavations proved the infill to be consisted of separate layers, with characteristic magnetic susceptibility, indicating main chronological stages between 8th -beginning of 6th cent. BC. It is demonstrated that the magnetic anomaly over the ditch is formed mainly due to building horizons dated end of 8th -middle of 7th cent. BC.

We present results of comprehensive measures aimed at finding of volatile ammunition and explosive substances in Inkerman galleries (Mount Champagne), which were used as military storage and have been undermined by Soviet troops in retreat from Sevastopol at the end of June 1942.

Rockmagnetic, palaeomagnetic, and paleontological studies of loamy non-consolidated sediments of the Bukovynka Cave (Chernivtsi region, Ukraine) have been carried out. The sections include three main types of deposits: 1 -fluvial deposits containing travertine grus derived from the karst massif, 2 -fluvial deposits derived from temporary waterflows from outside the cave, 3aeolian deposits. Deposits of type 2 and 3 were examined in Sections 1 and 2 in the Trapeznyi Chamber. Their low field magnetic susceptibility (χ) reflects climatic conditions in the Late Pleistocene. The layer with cave hyena bones has higher magnetic susceptibility and appeared to indicate warmer climate. Deposits of type 1 and 2 were investigated in the Section 3 in the Dry Chamber of the cave. Low-field magnetic susceptibility of fluvial deposits, derived from inside of the karst massif, is much higher than for deposits derived from outside the cave. Deposits in Section 3 sharply differ in χ, NRM intensity and Keonigsberger ratio. The fluvial strata of type 1 in Section 3, dated using paleontological remains as Holocene, contains the record of palaeosecular variations of the geomagnetic field. The Etrussia excursion dated 2.8 ka BP was found at 1 m depth in Section 3. The lowest layer has anomalous polarity.

Purpose and methodology.
The study is aimed at evaluating ground penetrating radar (GPR) survey, employing 300
MHz antenna equipment as a tool for detection of old foundations and cave constructions on the territory of the
National Conservation Area of “St. Sophia of Kyiv”. Field measurements were carried out on two polygons previously
studied with archaeological excavations.
Findings.
The remains of the old foundations of annex from XI-XII cent. built to adjoin the main church building
from XI cent. are clearly detected on GPR images measured on polygon near Zaborovski gate. We registered the
feedback not only from the top edge of the foundations, but also from their base. In some cases, the foundation of
the XI cent. church in the foundation trench is also visible. The conservation backfilling of foundations made of
sand, soil and clay in the nine months before measurements forms legible anomalous features. The existing old cave
constructions could not be recognized from 300 MHz GPR images as they lie in the depth range of 2,5-5 m. Such
a depth could not be reached due to a signal attenuation effect in wet loess.
Practical value/implications.
We can conclude that GPR survey with 300 MHz equipment can be applied to detect
old foundations lying not deeper than 2 m. Searching for cave constructions should be done at a lower frequency.
Keywords:
GPR, archaeological object, foundation, cave construction, loess.

The paper is devoted to the study of the magnetic properties and content of heavy metals in soils from Zaporizhzhya - a powerful industrial center. The study found that low-frequency magnetic susceptibility (xlf ) of soils varies within the range61... 4087*10-8 m3/kg with a median value 271*10-8 m3/kg, and the frequency dependence of magnetic susceptibility (kfd% )is 0…13 3% with  a median value 2.0%. The low xlf  and high kfd  values, that are typical of natural soils,  are  observed on the right-bank western outskirts of the city, and low values  kfd<2% and  xlf>10-5 м3/кг  are confined to the main industrial zone where steel-mills are situated. Observed correlations between magnetic parameters and heavy metals content in soils allow us to recommend magnetic method for evaluating and monitoring of ecological conditionsin the city of Zaporizhia.
Maps that indicate spatial distribution of xlf and Pollution Load Index
(PLI) of soils have shown that  the river Dnieper prevents spreading of
dust and gas pollution on the right bank of the city.
Keywords: low-frequency magnetic susceptibilityof soils, heavy metals, pollution load index, Zaporizhia.