Papers by Enrico Bergamaschi
Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology, Jan 25, 2015
Amorphous Silica NanoParticles (ASNP) can be synthetized via several processes, two of which are ... more Amorphous Silica NanoParticles (ASNP) can be synthetized via several processes, two of which are the thermal route (to yield pyrogenic silica) and the wet route from a solution containing silicate salts (to obtain precipitated, colloidal, mesoporous silica or silica gel). Both methods of synthesis lead to ASNP that are applied as food additive (E551). Current food regulation does not require that production methods of additives are indicated on the product label, and, thus, the ASNP are listed without mentioning the production method. Recent results indicate, however, that pyrogenic ASNP are more cytotoxic than ASNP synthetized through the wet route. The present study was aimed at clarifying if two representative preparations of ASNP, NM-203 (pyrogenic) and NM-200 (precipitated), of comparable size, specific surface area, surface charge and hydrodynamic radius in complete growth medium, had different effects on two murine macrophage cell lines (MH-S and RAW264.7 cells). Our results ...
Wiley interdisciplinary reviews. Nanomedicine and nanobiotechnology, Jan 24, 2015
Workers involved in producing nanomaterials or using nanomaterials in manufacturing plants are li... more Workers involved in producing nanomaterials or using nanomaterials in manufacturing plants are likely to have earlier and higher exposure to manufactured/engineered nanomaterials (ENM) than the general population. This is because both the volume handled and the probability of the effluence of 'free' nanoparticles from the handled volume are much higher during a production process than at any other stage in the lifecycle of nanomaterials and nanotechnology-enabled products. Risk assessment (RA) techniques using control banding (CB) as a framework for risk transfer represents a robust theory but further progress on implementing the model is required so that risk can be transferred to insurance companies. Following a review of RA in general and hazard measurement in particular, we subject a Structural Alert Scheme methodology to three industrial case studies using ZrO2 , TiO2 , and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT). The materials are tested in a pristine state and in a reme...
Environmental Research, 1992
Male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to high-dose (0.5%) lead acetate for periods ranging from 1... more Male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to high-dose (0.5%) lead acetate for periods ranging from 1 to 9 months; then lead exposure was discontinued, and animals were sacrificed after 12 months. Two additional groups of low-dose (0.01%) and high-dose (0.5%) rats were exposed to lead for 6 months, then lead was discontinued and the rats were treated with three 5-day courses
In this study we investigated the short-term effects of calcium channel blockers and angiotensin-... more In this study we investigated the short-term effects of calcium channel blockers and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors on renal hemodynamics and the urinary excretion of proteins with different relative mass in subjects with mild to moderate essential hypertension and apparently normal glomerular filtration rate but reduced renal functional reserve. Sixteen subjects underwent the following four treatments: (1) low-protein meal (0.2 g protein/kg body wt), (2) high-protein meal (1.3 g protein/kg body wt), (3) high-protein meal plus oral nifedipine (20 mg), and (4) high-protein meal plus oral captopril (50 mg). Two urine samples were obtained after meals. Blood samples were drawn at the midpoint of each 120-minute urine collection period. Urine and serum were tested for total protein, immunoglobulin G, albumin, a r microglobulin, retinol binding protein, and /3 2 -microglobulin. Glomerular filtration rate and renal plasma flow were assessed by iothalamate and p-aminohippuric clearance, respectively. Compared with the high-protein meal alone, nifedipine elicited a clear-cut increase in the urinary excretion of total protein (+60%, F<.01), immunoglobulin G (+58%, P<.01), albumin (+25%, P<.05), retinol binding protein (+47%, P<.05), and ft-microglobulin (+52%, P<.05); captopril decreased the urinary excretion rate of immunoglobulin G (-26%, P<.05), albumin (-22%, P<.05), and /3 r microglobulin (-34%, P<.05). The ratio between the clearances of immunoglobulin G and albumin was higher after nifedipine (+21%, P<.0l) and unchanged after captopril (-9%, P=NS) compared with the high-protein meal alone. Glomerular filtration rate and renal plasma flow were higher after nifedipine (+10%, P<.05 and +9%, P<.05, respectively) and lower after captopril (-2%, P<.05 and -9%, / ) =NS, respectively) than after the high-protein meal alone. Thus, single doses of nifedipine, preceding a protein load in the form of a meat meal, raise both glomerular filtration rate and renal plasma flow and increase urinary protein excretion rate. Changes in both glomerular selectivity and tubular reabsorption seem to account for increased proteinuria. (Hypertension. 1994;24:763-769.)
Human & experimental toxicology, 1996
Neurotoxicology presents major challenges to the development of biological markers in accordance ... more Neurotoxicology presents major challenges to the development of biological markers in accordance to conventional research strategies. Because of the inaccessibility of the nervous system, one of the proposed alternatives is the study of biochemical signals in peripheral tissues which can easily and ethically be obtained in humans, and which could represent surrogate indicators of equivalent parameters in the nervous tissue. Considerable scientific support to this approach is provided by the results of recent investigations in major areas of pharmacology and psychobiology. Studies examining parameters of neurotransmission and second messenger systems in peripheral blood cells, and variations in the peripheral body fluid content of endogenous substances reflecting nervous tissue dysfunction or damage are presented in this paper as examples of efforts toward rational development and validation of novel indicators of nervous system toxicity. Cholinergic muscarinic receptors and calcium ...
Toxicology letters, Jan 5, 1999
Since n-hexane metabolites are excreted as glucuronide conjugates, most conventional analytical p... more Since n-hexane metabolites are excreted as glucuronide conjugates, most conventional analytical procedures require preliminary hydrolysis, yielding to the 'total' 2,5-hexanedione (2,5-HD), but also giving rise to a number of artifacts. The whole pattern of n-hexane metabolites, both conjugated and unconjugated, as well as different methods of sample pretreatment have been evaluated by hyphenated techniques (liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS)). Aliquots of urine from rats exposed to n-hexane underwent enzymatic or acid hydrolysis or both; whereas one aliquot was applied to LC-MS, dichloromethane extracts were analyzed by GC-MS. In untreated urine, four glucuronides (-G) were identified and characterized by LC-MS: 2-hexanol-G, 5-hydroxy-2-hexanone-G, 4,5-dyhydroxy-2-hexanone-G, and 2,5-hexanediol-G. 'Free' 2,5-HD was detectable in non-hydrolyzed samples by both GC- and LC-MS. Whereas enzymatic hydrolysis did...
American journal of hypertension, 1996
This study was aimed at evaluating the time course of interstitial norepinephrine (NE) concentrat... more This study was aimed at evaluating the time course of interstitial norepinephrine (NE) concentrations in the white adipose tissue and at assessing NE release after local perfusion with tyramine hydrochloride (TYR) in rats of different ages. Two groups of eight spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) and normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats, aged 14 to 16 weeks, were studied. The same animals were reexamined at the age of 52 to 54 weeks. A soft microdialysis probe was implanted subcutaneously in the parascapular region and was perfused with Ringer solution (flow rate: 2.0 microL/min). After an equilibration period, NE levels were monitored for 120 min, following which, TYR (0.1 nmol/min) was perfused for 90 min. Dialysates from each 30 min collection period were analyzed by HPLC using electrochemical detection. At 14 to 16 weeks, SHR showed higher NE concentrations in dialysates as compared to WKY (1124.0 pg/mL v 541.4 pg/mL; P < .001) and a blunted response to TYR challenge. The net out...
Acta bio-medica : Atenei Parmensis, 2005
Risk assessment for a number of workplace or environmental chemicals, especially heavy metals and... more Risk assessment for a number of workplace or environmental chemicals, especially heavy metals and industrial organic compounds, relies mostly on clinical and epidemiologic findings. The low incidence of chronic nephropathies raises methodological issues in carrying out and interpreting human data on the progression of early changes towards end-stage renal disease. To overcome such limitations of epidemiological studies, two main approaches have been explored: (i) human studies relying on biomarkers and (ii) experimental animal models. Animal experiments have been useful to characterize early changes, such as hyperfiltration, eventually leading to chronic renal failure. Animal studies provided insights into the mechanisms underlying microalbuminuria and microproteinuria. Such biomarkers of early changes, developed for use at the workplace, have then been used to monitor such chronic disorders and multifactorial diseases as diabetes and arterial hypertension. Another area where occupa...
Pediatric Nephrology, 1992
This study was designed to evaluate the occurrence and the type of proteinuria in 82 children wit... more This study was designed to evaluate the occurrence and the type of proteinuria in 82 children with vesico-ureteric reflux (VUR) with or without renal scars. The urinary excretion of the high molecular weight protein albumin was taken as an index of glomerular alterations and the excretion of retinol-binding protein (RBP), [32-microglobulin and brush border antigens (BBA) (measured by monoclonal antibody-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) was taken as an index of tubular alterations. All such markers were increased in children with VUR and were related to the degree of renal function. Patients showing reduced creatinine clearance had very high levels of albuminuria, microproteinuria and BBA, with all these variables reciprocally correlated. In children with normal renal function however, only microproteins (not albumin or BBA) were slightly increased, thus indicating an isolated tubular defect without involvement of the proximal segment of the tubule. However, microprotein excretion did not correlate with the grade of scarring (99mtechnetiumdimercaptosuccinic acid scan), both RBP and ~2-microglobulin excretion being normal in 75% of children with radioisotopic signs of renal lesions but increased in 17% of children without scars. Therefore, tubular proteinuria identifies different groups of children with VUR but is not related to renal scarring. Prospective studies will define the usefulness of proteinuria as a reliable indicator of renal outcome.
Pneumologie, 2007
ABSTRACT Introduction. Patients with diabetes are susceptible to diffuse microangiopathy. Previou... more ABSTRACT Introduction. Patients with diabetes are susceptible to diffuse microangiopathy. Previous clinical studies suggest pulmonary microangiopathy as a misdiagnosed aspect of diabetes, manifesting itself as reduced carbon monoxide diffusing capacity (DLCO). DLCO alterations may be associated with lung volumes or forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) reduction, whereas these data were not universally confirmed. Aims. Here we present our experience on subjects with type 1 diabetes in assessing lung volumes, pulmonary resistances and diffusion capacity. Materials and Methods. Eighteen subjects with type 1 diabetes mellitus (11 males, 7 females; mean age 42,6 years; BMI 25,1 Kg/m2), actually non smokers, were recruited from the Diabetology Service of Parma University. Results were compared with an age, BMI and sex-matched normative reference population. Subjects performed a complete pulmonary function test including lung volume, spirometry, plethysmographic evaluation of pulmonary resistances, and DLCO. Predicted values were obtained as previously described by the European Community for Coal and Steel. Comparison beetwen groups required expression of respiratory function test values in confront of predicted values, and done with Student’s non-paired t test. Statistical calculations were performed with the SPP 11.04 (Mac OsX) statistical package. Results. Forced vital capacity (FVC, p = 0,415), FEV1 (p = 0,090) and PEF (p = 0,218) showed not statistical differences between subjects and controls. Also residual volume (p = 0,138) and total lung capacity (p = 0,428) were not significantly different. DLCO (p = 0,013) was significantly reduced in subjects in confront of controls, and also when corrected for alveolar volume (p = 0,004). Conclusions. Spirometric values are preserved in our subjects and, consistently with previous reports, there are significant defects in DLCO. These results confirms that diabetic microangiopathy may play an important role in respiratory function.
Nephron, 1993
In this study, we examined the progression of chronic Adriamycin (ADR) nephropathy in mild leukop... more In this study, we examined the progression of chronic Adriamycin (ADR) nephropathy in mild leukopenic rats and tried to define the possible relationship between tubulointerstitial lesions and proteinuria in this model. Chronic ADR nephropathy was induced by 2 doses of ADR (2 mg/kg) in 32 Sprague-Dawley rats. Eight of these were randomly assigned to cyclophosphamide treatment (50 mg/kg), given intravenously every week, to keep the blood leukocyte count constantly lower than 5,000/mm3. Serial parameters were followed for 16 weeks including clearance studies with iothalamate and p-aminohippurate and the analysis of urinary protein composition by: (a) an enzymatic assay for beta-glucosidase; (b) specific ELISA using antibodies against rat albumin and RBP, and finally (c) two-dimensional electrophoresis. ADR-treated rats rapidly (within 2 weeks) developed massive proteinuria which was in constant increment throughout the disease evolution in each single component (i.e., high and low molecular weight proteinuria, enzymuria) and developed renal insufficiency. At week 8, in ADR rats, glomerulosclerosis was mild whereas tubulointerstitial infiltrates predominated, characterized mainly by CD4+ T lymphocytes while CD8+ T lymphocytes were inconspicuous, and macrophages were only occasionally present. All such alterations had worsened after 16 weeks when the tubulointerstitial infiltration was associated with marked interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy. Leukopenia induced by cyclophosphamide was in all cases associated with a net amelioration of renal histopathology reducing tubulointerstitial infiltrates (by 40%) and glomerulosclerosis (33 +/- 5 vs. 52.2 +/- 7.5% sclerotic glomeruli) and also ameliorated glomerular filtration indexes (Cl 780 +/- 40 vs. 447 +/- 66 microliters/min/kg-1). In spite of these differences, albuminuria and urinary-retinol-binding protein were comparable at weeks 4, 8 and 16 in this group, while urinary beta-glucosidase was decreased at week 16 (p &lt; 0.001) in cyclophosphamide-treated rats. No other qualitative changes in urinary proteins were detectable by 2-dimensional electrophoresis during the disease development. We concluded that chronic leukopenia prevents interstitial cellular infiltration by lymphocytes, interstitial fibrosis and slows down the decline of renal function typical of chronic ADR nephropathy. Glomerulosclerosis is also reduced in leukopenic rats without any appreciable changes in the urinary excretion of high molecular weight proteins deriving from the glomerulus. Finally, the improvement in tubulointerstitial alteration is associated with the reduction in urinary lysosomal enzymes. Tubulointerstitial alterations are implicated with a prominent role in the progression towards renal failure in chronic ADR glomerulopathy.
Toxicology Letters, 2002
Two workers were accidentally exposed to unusually high styrene concentrations ( \ 1000 ppm) for ... more Two workers were accidentally exposed to unusually high styrene concentrations ( \ 1000 ppm) for about 30 min. In addition to the main styrene metabolites, mandelic acid (MA) and phenylglyoxylic acid PGA), other minor metabolites, including specific mercapturic acids, (R,R)-and (S,R)-N-acetyl-S-(1-phenyl-2-hydroxyethyl)-L-cysteine [(R,R)-M1 and (S,R)-M1] and (R,R)-and (S,R)-N-acetyl-S-(2-phenyl-2-hydroxyethyl)-L-cysteine [(R,R)-M2 and (S,R)-M2], 4-vinylphenol-glucuronide and -sulfate, and phenylglycine, were determined by Liquid Chromatography Electrospray Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS) in urine samples collected 12, 24, 36, 48, 75 and 99 h after the episode.
Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 1989
Mutagenesis, 2008
Owing to the increasing development of nanotechnology, there is a need to assess how engineered n... more Owing to the increasing development of nanotechnology, there is a need to assess how engineered nanomaterials can interact with living cells. The main purpose of the present study was to assess whether metal cobalt nanoparticles (CoNP 100-500 nm) are genotoxic compared to cobalt ions (Co 21 ). Uptake experiments were carried out by incubating peripheral blood leukocytes (PBLs) with 57 Co 21 (added to stable Co 21 10 22 M to obtain concentrations in the range of 10 25 to 10 24 M) or with 60 CoNP for 24 and 48 h. Whereas intracellular Co 21 showed slight or no variations over the baseline levels, CoNP were taken up efficiently leading to intracellular CoNP concentrations of 485 6 106.1 and 970 6 99 fg per cell after 24 and 48 h, respectively. The genotoxicity end points considered in this study were the frequency of binucleated micronucleated (BNMN) cells and the percentage of tail DNA (% Tail DNA) fragmentation by means of the comet assay. Genotoxic effects were evaluated by incubating PBLs of three healthy donors with subtoxic concentrations (10 25 to 8 3 10 25 M) of Co 21 in the form of cobalt chloride, CoNP and 'washed' CoNP, the latter to exclude any interference by Co 21 . On a group basis, Co 21 induced a clear trend in the increase of the BNMN frequency, whereas CoNP showed only minor changes. Moreover, we observed a high variability among donors in the induction of micronuclei. The comet assay showed a statistically significant doserelated increase in % Tail DNA for CoNP (P < 0,001), whereas Co 21 did not induce significant changes over control values. These findings suggest that nanosized Co can be internalized by human leukocytes and can interact with DNA leading to the observed genotoxic effects, which are, however, modulated both by donor's characteristics and/or by Co 21 release.
Journal of Chromatography A, 1988
Alcian Blue (AB), a cationic dye widely employed for monitoring negative surface charge variation... more Alcian Blue (AB), a cationic dye widely employed for monitoring negative surface charge variations on red blood cell (RBC), platelet and glomerular membranes of patients with nephrotic syndromes, was found in fact to aggregate with itself and precipitate in the pH range 7 .0-7 .8, i .e ., at the physiological pH values used for performing the binding assay between the dye and cell surfaces . This aggregation appears to be essentially hydrophobic as it is insensitive to urea but fully prevented in presence of 2% zwitterionic detergent . In addition, AB binds to most RBC membrane proteins solubilized by urea-detergent extraction, again suggesting hydrophobic interaction . AB also interacts with freely soluble proteins such as haemoglobin and myoglobin; such binding is disrupted by ethylurea and/or 2% zwitterionic detergent, typical inhibitors of hydrophobic liaisons . AB also strongly binds to myoglobin with all the negative charges blocked by esterification of the carboxyl groups, again ruling out direct interaction via surface negative charges . It is concluded that AB binding to the RBC surface can hardly monitor variations in surface charge due to sialic acid residues but, at best, variations in surface hydrophobicity . 0021-9673/88/903 .50 CC) 1988 Elsevier Science Publishers B .V .
Human & Experimental Toxicology, 2009
The ultrafine (UF) component of airborne pollution may impair cardiovascular autonomic control, a... more The ultrafine (UF) component of airborne pollution may impair cardiovascular autonomic control, a high-risk condition for cardiovascular adverse events. Since engineered nanoparticles, such as single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) share physicochemical properties with UF, they might have similar adverse effects. Aim of the study was to evaluate arterial baroreflex function (BRF) at baseline, 24 h after the first instillation, immediately before the second one, and 2 weeks later, in adult Wystar-Kyoto conscious rats undergoing two intratracheal instillations of SWCNT (eight rats) or phosphate buffer saline (PBS) (five rats) at 2-week interval. During each session, 30-min continuous recording of arterial pressure and pulse interval was performed by a telemetered catheter implanted in the abdominal aorta of the rats. BRF was studied by the sequence technique. SWCNTs dispersed in PBS (1 mg/ml) were administered immediately after sonication (1 microg/g body weight). A significant decrease in the number of baroreflex sequences (from 498 +/- 27.1 at baseline to 287 +/- 40.2 at the recording performed after 4 weeks; P &lt; 0.05) was observed in SWCNT-instilled rats, whereas no significant change was detected in controls. These data suggest that SWCNTs may alter the BRF, thus affecting the autonomic cardiovascular control regulation.
Human & Experimental Toxicology, 2009
Environmental Research, 1992
Male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to high-dose (0.5%) lead acetate for periods ranging from l... more Male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to high-dose (0.5%) lead acetate for periods ranging from l to 9 months; then lead exposure was discontinued, and animals were sacrificed after 12 months. Controls were pair-fed. Two additional groups of low-dose (0.01%) and high-dose (0.5%) rats were exposed to lead for 6 months, then lead was discontinued and the rats were treated with three 5-day courses of 0.5% DMSA (dimercaptosuccinic acid) over the next 6 months. Controls were rats exposed to lead for 6 months, then removed from exposure for 6 months without receiving DMSA. Low-dose lead-treated rats showed no significant pathological changes with or without DMSA treatment, but exhibited a significant increase in GFR after DMSA. High-dose lead-treated animals showed no functional or pathological changes when lead exposure was discontinued after 1 month. However, when duration of exposure was 6 or 9 months, GFR was decreased and serum creatinine and urea nitrogen were increased as compared to controls. Tubulointerstitial disease was severe. Administration of DMSA resulted in an improvement in GFR and a decrease in albuminuria, together with a reduction in size and number of nuclear inclusion bodies in proximal tubules. However, tubulointerstitial scarring was only minimally reduced. It may be concluded that, except for brief initial exposure, discontinuation of high-dose lead exposure fails to reverse lead-induced renal damage. Treatment with the chelator, DMSA, improves renal function but has less effect on pathological alterations. As GFR improved after DMSA treatment in both low-dose and high-dose lead-treated rats, irrespective of the degree of pathological alterations, it may be concluded that the DMSA effect is most likely mediated by hemodynamic changes.
Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis, 2010
The induction of DNA and chromosome damage following in vitro exposure to carbon nanotubes (CNT) ... more The induction of DNA and chromosome damage following in vitro exposure to carbon nanotubes (CNT) was assessed on the murine macrophage cell line RAW 264.7 by means of the micronucleus (MN) and the comet assays. Exposures to two CNT preparations (single-walled CNT (SWCNT &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;gt; 90%) and multiwalled CNT (MWCNT &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;gt; 90%) were performed in increasing mass concentrations (0.01-100 microg/ml). The frequency of micronuclei was significantly increased in cells treated with SWCNT (at doses above 0.1 microg/ml), whereas MWCNT had the same effect at higher concentrations (1 microg/ml) (P &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt; 0.05). The results of the comet assay revealed that the effects of treatment with SWCNT were detectable at all concentrations tested (1-100 microg/ml); oxidized purines increased significantly, whereas pyrimidines showed a significant increase (P &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt; 0.001) only at the highest concentration (100 microg/ml). In cells treated with MWCNT, an increase in DNA migration due to the oxidative damage to purines was observed at a concentration of 1 and 10 microg/ml, whereas pyrimidines showed a significant increase only at the highest mass concentration tested. However, both SWCNT and MWCNT induced a statistically significant cytotoxic effect at the highest concentrations tested (P &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt; 0.001). These findings suggest that both the MN and comet assays can reliably detect small amount of damaged DNA at both chromosome and nuclear levels in RAW 264.7 cells. Moreover, the modified version of the comet assay allows the specific detection of the induction of oxidative damage to DNA, which may be the underlying mechanism involved in the CNT-associated genotoxicity.
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Papers by Enrico Bergamaschi