Papers by John Nsor Okongo
International Journal of Social Sciences and Conflicts Management, 2023
FUDMA Journal of Politics and International Affairs (FUJOPIA), 2020
International Journal of Advances in Management and Economics, 2023
This study examined the awareness and utilization of crowd funding among entrepreneurs within the... more This study examined the awareness and utilization of crowd funding among entrepreneurs within the South-South geopolitical region of Nigeria. It was conducted using the survey research design, the population of study consisted of graduates of Entrepreneurship Development Centre (EDC), Calabar. Snowball sampling technique was then used to draw a sample of 100 entrepreneurs. Data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics. It was found that the level of awareness of crowdfunding was relatively low among entrepreneurs. There was no reported case of entrepreneurs utilizing crowd-funding. Correlation result reveals that the demographic variables (gender, age and academic qualification) are not significantly related to the awareness and utilization of crowd-funding. Also, awareness of crowd-funding is significantly related to the utilization by up to 39.8 percent (r = .398; p < 0.05). Factors impeding the awareness and utilization of crowd funding are restrictive governance and regulatory framework, unwillingness of entrepreneurs to share business ownership/ control, lack of confidence by the crowd, technology related issues and poverty. The introduction and implementation of framework to regulate crowding was recommended as a panacea to enhancing crowd-funding awareness and utilization.
JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND TOURISM EDUCATION (JETE), 2023
The purpose of this study was to examine the actions of the Nigerian police and their
involvemen... more The purpose of this study was to examine the actions of the Nigerian police and their
involvement in election management, with specific focus on the 2023 general election and its
impact on the nation security. The research employed a survey design, selected for its
descriptive nature. This design was chosen to facilitate the researcher in drawing general
conclusions from a diverse range of information sources, including online materials, textbooks, newspapers and firsthand field observations. Additionally, insights and commentary from
legal, security and political experts proved to be valuable assets that enriched the content of
this study. The study recognized the constitutional authority granted to the police and ot her
security agencies to address various forms of criminality, including electoral misconduct and
violations. The findings revealed that electoral fraud is deeply ingrained in the system and
poses a significant threat to the socio-economic well-being of the nation, directly impacting
national security; and notably, elections in Nigeria have consistently been marred by
repression, hostility and Intimidation, with the police and other security agencies, such as the
military, civil defense, immigration personnel, often implicated in election rigging on behalf
of the ruling party. These actions, which flagrantly disregard the law, including regulations
governing conduct, inevitably foster an atmosphere of mistrust, anger, and resentment. In light
of these findings, the study put forward some practical recommendations include among others:
emphasis should be placed on the need for security operations to align with established election
rules and regulations; that the leadership of security organizations should regularly organize
seminars and workshops to educate their personnel about electoral laws, with a clear warning
that violators would face severe legal consequences. Additionally, the study stressed the
importance of continuous training and retraining of personnel in terms of professional ethics,
skills and values relevant to the proper conduct of elections; and further proposed that victims
of security agency misconduct should be adequately compensated, aiming to prevent the
development of resentment that could potentially evolve into a threat to national security. In
conclusion, these recommendations, when implemented, will enrich the existing body of
literature and contribute to a deeper understanding of this research area.
International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS), 2019
The study focused on Predicting Strategic Planning
on Job Effectiveness of Academic Heads of Ter... more The study focused on Predicting Strategic Planning
on Job Effectiveness of Academic Heads of Tertiary Institutions
in North Central. Two research questions and hypotheses were
adopted for the study and the adopted the descriptive survey
design. Data were collected from a sample of 372 academic head
of departments (HODs) from six tertiary institutions in North
Central, Nigeria using a structured researchers’ developed
instrument titled “Strategic Planning and Job Effectiveness
Questionnaires (SPJEQ). Data collected were analyzed using
simple regression analysis. The findings revealed that mission
statement and core values can highly predict job performance in
the study area. Also most institutions do not see the need for
adequately accepting and working toward the attainment of the
mission, vision statement and core values of the organization
which in-turn promotes excellence in job performance by
academic heads. Based on the findings of the study, it was
recommended that factors related to strategic planning should be
well articulated to management and staff of the tertiary
institution. Also, the vision, mission statement and core value of
the organization should be clearly spelt out in the organization.
JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND TOURISM EDUCATION (JETE), 2023
This study examined the impact of inadequate legal representation and prison overcrowding on
the... more This study examined the impact of inadequate legal representation and prison overcrowding on
the issue of repeat offenses in Nigeria, which has been aggravated by flaws in the criminal
justice system. The research aimed to achieve two objectives and test corresponding hypotheses to establish a connection between the lack of legal representation, overcrowding, and
recidivism in Nigeria. Relevant literature was reviewed in relation to the identified variables.
A descriptive survey research design was utilized, and the study population was drawn from
the state ministry of justice and the correctional service. The Taro Yamane statistical technique
was employed to derive a sample size of 221. Statistical tools such as simple percentage and
Pearson product-moment correlation were applied. The findings revealed a significant
relationship between the
lack of legal representation, overcrowding, evidence tampering,
police corruption, and re-offending. Several recommendations were proposed, including:
strengthening and adequately funding the Legal Aid Council to enhance and motivate lawyers
to provide pro bono services; urgent renovation and equipping of correctional facilities to
effectively carry out the tasks of reformation and rehabilitation of inmates; employing due
diligence in investigations to establish sufficient evidence before prosecution to prevent
wrongful incarceration; implementing appropriate punitive measures against any personnel in
the police or judiciary found guilty of tampering with evidence to maliciously harm individuals
who are unjustly labeled as criminals; improving the welfare of judiciary, police, and
correctional staff to discourage bribery attempts and misconduct.
International Journal of Economics, Business and Social Science Research, 2024
The purpose of the study was to examine the impact of facility management on organizational
effi... more The purpose of the study was to examine the impact of facility management on organizational
efficiency. The specific objectives were to: examine the relationship between building facility
and organizational efficiency, determine the relationship between equipment facility and
efficiency, and to investigate the relationship between land facility and organizational
efficiency. A survey design was employed in the study. Data for this study were gathered from
primary sources through the use of a structured questionnaire from respondents of Flour Mills
in Calabar. The study employed Pearson Product Moment Correlation analysis to measure the
relationship between variables tested in the study. Based on the analysis of the results, it was
revealed that there was a significant relationship between building facility and efficiency, there
was a significant relationship between equipment facility and efficiency and there was a
significant relationship between land facility and efficiency in Flour Mills, Calabar. The study
recommended that facility management activities are relevant to the various aspects and
dimensions of an organization, therefore, managers need to have an intimate understanding of
how the organization works to create and implement facility management strategy. The authors
also recommended that managements need to understand all dimensions of the organization,
such as the purpose of the organization, its vision, mission, objectives, core competency and
goals and the processes of work, operations, and projects.
Geojournal of Tourism and Geosites, 2024
The study examines the impact of crime on sustainable tourism development in the southern senato... more The study examines the impact of crime on sustainable tourism development in the southern senatorial district of
Cross River State, Nigeria, focusing on kidnapping, armed robbery, and drug abuse/trafficking in relation to the Calabar
Carnival. Employing a survey design, data from 384 respondents were collected through questionnaires and interviews. Simple
linear regression analysis indicates a significant association between kidnapping, armed robbery, drug abuse/trafficking, and
sustainable tourism, particularly the Calabar Carnival. Recommendations include prioritizing local community involvement in
tourism management to address security concerns, enhancing security personnel training in tourism education and modern
policing techniques, and allocating increased funding for alternative means of subsistence for indigenous populations. These
measures aim to mitigate negative impacts, encourage tourism, and foster sustainability in the region.
Nigerian Journal of Management Sciences, 2024
The study evaluated the relationship between employees’ commitment and organizational
performanc... more The study evaluated the relationship between employees’ commitment and organizational
performance of the University of Cross River State, Calabar. The study adopted survey research
design. The population for the study was 1206 respondents. The sample size was 300
respondents determined through Taro Yamane formula. The instrument for the study was a
structured questionnaire using 4-points Likert Scale. The study adopted Pearson Product Moment
Correlation Coefficient using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 23, to test
the hypotheses and to determine the relationships between the independent and dependent
variables under studies. The study revealed that there was a significant relationship between
affective commitment and job satisfaction of workers, that there was a significant relationship
between normative commitment and motivation of workers, that there was a significant
relationship between continuance commitment to work and workers’ involvement in the
University of Cross River State. The study recommended that management of the institution
should at all times create affective commitment among their staff in order to achieve maximum
job satisfaction steadily. Normative commitment should also be developing by workers and
supported by management by providing intrinsic and extrinsic motivations to workers in the
institution. The management of the institution should also create continuance commitment
among workers in order to enhance job involvement and performance in the institution.
British Journal of Multidisciplinary and Advanced Studies, 2024
This study evaluated the effects of total quality control practices on employee retention of
Dan... more This study evaluated the effects of total quality control practices on employee retention of
Dangote Group of Company Calabar, Cross River State. The study employed survey research design. The
population of the study was two hundred and sixty (260) respondents. The sample size for this study was
one hundred and fifty-five (155) respondents from the Dangote Group of Company Limited Calabar,
selected for the study using Krejcie and Morgan Table of 1970 for sample size determination. The
instrument used for the study was a structured questionnaire using 4-pointLikert scales. Simple linear
regression analysis model was employed to analyzed the data and test the study hypotheses. The study
revealed that employee involvement had a significant effect on employees’ retention of Dangote Group of
Company Limited Calabar, Cross River State. The study revealed that continuous training and education
had a significant effect on employees’ retention of Dangote Group of Company Limited Calabar. Also, it
was found that top management commitment had a significant effect on employees’ retention of Dangote
Group of Company Limited Calabar. The study also showed that process improvement had a significant
effect on employees’ retention of Dangote Group of Company Limited Calabar. The study recommended
that management should allow workers to participate and contribute to quality problems and decisions in
setting quality standard of the organizational products in the organization. The management of the
organization should at all times train and educates the employees on new quality standards and other
quality related matters or issues in order to maintain quality products and services.
British Journal of Multidisciplinary and Advanced Studies, 2023
This study investigated the effects of job design dimensions on organizational performance of pub... more This study investigated the effects of job design dimensions on organizational performance of public
sector organization in Cross River State using Cross River State Board of Internal Revenue Service, Calabar, for the
study. The study sought to examine the extent to which skill variety, task identity, task significance, task autonomy as
well as feedback significantly affects organizational performance (employees’ motivation, job satisfaction,
employees’ commitment, employees’ involvement) of public sector organizations in the state. The study adopted
survey research design. The population of the study was four hundred (400). The sample size was 196 respondents
from the Cross River State Board of Internal Revenue Service, Calabar, determined by Krejcie and Morgan Table of
1970. The study revealed that skill variety, task identity, task significance, task autonomy as well as job feedback
significantly affects organizational performance of public sector organizations in the state. Based on the findings, the
study recommended that the government and management of public sector organizations should at all times design
jobs based on skill variety, task identity and task significance in order to increase organizational performance
continuously. The government as well as management should also be granting task autonomy to workers while
performing their routine jobs and responsibilities, for this will in turn enhance employees as well as organizational
performance steadily.
International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Business Innovation, 2021
This study focused on the correlation between job
analysis and corporate performance of business... more This study focused on the correlation between job
analysis and corporate performance of business organizations in
Nigeria. The study adopted both descriptive surveys as well as
correlational survey designs. The population of this research work was
400, the entire staff of Niger Mill Plc Calabar, Cross River State. The
sample size was 200 respondents determined through Taro Yamane's
formula of 1964. The data was collected using both primary and secondary
sources. A structured questionnaire was used using a 4-point Likert scale
of strongly agreed, agreed, strongly disagreed and disagreed. The study
adopted the Pearson Product Moment of Correlation Coefficient to test the
hypotheses and analyzed data at 0.05% significance. The study revealed
that was a significant relationship existing between job analysis and
corporate performances of business organizations in Nigeria. It was also
discovered that significant relationships existed between job description,
specification as well as job evaluation, and corporate performance of
business organizations. It was recommended that the management of
business organizations should incorporate a well-established job
analysis programme into their human resource planning during
recruitment and training of existing and prospective employees to boast
its overall corporate performance continuously. Human resource
managers should also endeavour to describe organizational jobs and
specify the person who is to carry out the tasks with the basic
knowledge, skills, competency, ability, and other job characteristics for
the corporate performance to be enhanced steadily.
British Journal of Management and Marketing Studies, 2021
The challenge of ineffective and poor corporate performance is a recurring
issue of serious conc... more The challenge of ineffective and poor corporate performance is a recurring
issue of serious concern and which has attracted unending corporate discourse among
managers of private and public sector organizations in Nigeria. Poor corporate performance
could have been the result of lack of effective and efficient change management, worldwide
competition, and changes in the environmental factors which affect the growth and
development of the organizations. Organizational development as an intentional and
unintentional change management, is an interior supportive, creative and innovative
intervention strategy that can be used to drive corporate performance in the Nigerian business
environment. Organizational development is a well-organized and controlled mechanism
which is used by managers and top management in enhancing the corporate performance of
any given organization. This research work revealed that organizational development
strategies have a significant influence on corporate performance of business organizations in
Nigeria. It also revealed that the failure of the organizational development process is caused
by poor corporate performance planning of the top management towards the organizational
growth and development at regular interval. Based on the findings, it was recommended that
top management should institute a good planning group team to formulate and implement
viable organizational development intervention strategies in order to enhance the corporate
performance of the organizations. The management should also adopt good organizational development intervention strategies such as action research, survey research and feedback,
socio-technical systems approach, total quality management approach in the overall corporate
planning of the organizations in order to achieve efficient and effective corporate performance
standards steadily.
African Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Research, 2024
The study employed survey research design in order to utilize a structured questionnaire in the c... more The study employed survey research design in order to utilize a structured questionnaire in the collection of data for analysis. The population for the study was five hundred and fifty (550). The sample size for the study was two hundred and twenty six (226) using Krejcie and Morgan table of 1970. The hypothesis was tested and analyzed using a simple linear regression analysis model applying a statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 23. The study found that there are positive effects of conflict avoidance strategy on employees' performance of the University of Calabar Teaching Hospital, Calabar. There is a significant effect of conflict collaboration strategy on employees' commitment to goals achievement. There is a significant relationship between conflict accommodation strategy and employees' motivation. There is also a significant conflict mediation strategy on employees' involvement in the University of Calabar Teaching Hospital, Calabar. Based on the findings, the study recommended that management of organizations or institutions should monitor and intervene on issues that can lead to conflicts in order to enhance employees' performance by adopting avoidance strategies. Management should employ a collaboration strategy or approach of win-win method of conflict resolution in order to enhance employees' commitment. Management should also attend to conflicting situations as urgently as possible in order to avoid those factors that can hinder employees' motivation and commitment to goal achievement. Management should also use a mediator in resolving conflicts on a continuous basis.
International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation, 2021
The study investigated the impact of age falsification on an individual's performance in an organ... more The study investigated the impact of age falsification on an individual's performance in an organisation. Issues of why the phenomenon continues unabated in Nigeria were discussed and chief among them include: unemployment, poverty and government insensitivity to its citizens as concern prompt and regular payment of their retirement benefits. The study made some recommendations which include: Nigerian government should re-evaluate her policy of employment that excludes energetic young persons who are willing to work, on account of age (you must not be above 30 years); Government should objectively and without delay pay off the entitlement of all retirees as this would hitherto allay the fears of Nigerians from retiring as of when due; and, Government through its relevant agencies should arrest and prosecute the perpetrators and accomplices that aid and abet age forgery.
American International Journal of Supply Chain Management, 2020
With the rapid expansion of non-implementation of management planning functions, there is a drast... more With the rapid expansion of non-implementation of management planning functions, there is a drastic reduction/dawn fall in the performance of the Cross River State Water Board Limited Calabar (CRSWBL).The adequate and regular supply of water in Calabar by Cross River State Water Board Limited, has been disdain or neglected in the planning functions and control of the organization by government as well as the management of the board. The imperative implication of inadequate and irregular supply of water in Calabar Metropolis by CRSWBL is no doubt a recurring issued in the life of Cross Riverians and other occupants in the state capital. This study principally focused on implementing management planning functions and organizational performance of the Cross River State Water Board Limited Calabar. The study employed a theoretical based approached supported with secondary data sourced from text books, journals and internet materials. The study revealed that planning functions has a significant relationship with the organizational performance of CRSWBL Calabar. The study also revealed that there is a significant relationship between organizing function and the quality of water supply by the organization. It also indicated that there is a positive relationship between controlling function and the quantity of water supply by the organization. Based on the findings, the study recommended that government and management of the organization should ensure proper and adequate implementation of predetermine goals, objectives as well as plans setting, in order to enhance steady performance of the firm. The management should also ensure that the structure of the organization needs to be well designed in order to allow a free flow of communication system among workers and management of the enterprise.
International Journal of Scientific and Academic Research (IJSAR) , 2021
Global changes in economic and business activities have propelled strategic alliances among count... more Global changes in economic and business activities have propelled strategic alliances among countries aimed at expanding markets across the globe. This requires catalysts such as Foreign Direct Investment, international trade, and diffusion of technology which are driven by emerging investment policy to serve as predominant factors for improved business performance in Nigeria. Qualitative research was adopted to elicit relevant information which reveals that globalization is a measure to open Nigeria's economy through a structural adjustment program for international markets. International trade breeds the exchange of raw materials and products between nations as a result of the interchange of products and services. Foreign trade impacts the GDP growth of the country. Diffusion of technology aids in spreading innovation across economies for improves business performance through disseminating technical information, know-how, and adopting new techniques and technologies by diverse users of the product and processes. Privatization promotes FDI which involves the transfer of state-owned enterprises either partly or completely managed by companies or individuals. Nigeria is a market for FDI based on economic liberation policy, Public-Private-Partnership (PPP), and other strategic alliances with multinational companies. It concludes that economic globalization connects different parts of the world to take advantage of lower labor costs in developing economies; leverage technical expertise and experience from the developed world.
JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND TOURISM EDUCATION (JETE), 2023
The study seeks to investigate the repercussions of neglecting orphans and vulnerable children (O... more The study seeks to investigate the repercussions of neglecting orphans and vulnerable children (OVC) in Calabar, here refers to Skolombo, and the associated threats to security. In order to achieve this purpose, two specific objectives and corresponding hypotheses were stated, and review of relevant literature was conducted, in line with the objectives. The research employed a survey design, utilizing questionnaire as the primary data collection instrument. Simple percentage calculations and Pearson moment correlation coefficient were employed as statistical tools for analysis. The study findings revealed that the failure of the government to take responsibility for rehabilitating OVCs poses significant threats to both security and socioeconomic fabric of society. Additionally, the study condemned certain cultural beliefs propagated by "witch-doctors" or priests, as well as prophesies made by religious leaders, has harmful, as they contribute to persistence of OVCs issue.. To address these issues, the study proposes several recommendations ,among which include; responsible citizens should legally adopt OVCs or become foster parents, providing them with nurturing environments filled with love and care; the government should make substantial investments in the education of OVCs, both in formal and informal settings, to enable their independence and optimal functioning without relying on others. Accessible and free healthcare services should be provided to all orphans and vulnerable children, thus reducing the prevalence of common and severe diseases that contribute to unnecessary and avoidable deaths; skill acquisition centers should be established specifically for OVCs to combat idleness and redundancy, which have been linked to their involvement in criminal activities, with the aim of mitigating the negative consequences of OVC neglect and promoting their well-being.
Conference Presentations by John Nsor Okongo
This study made an assessment of the influence extrinsic reward has on employee performance
in c... more This study made an assessment of the influence extrinsic reward has on employee performance
in cement manufacturing firms, South-South, Nigeria. Two variables extrinsic reward and
employee performance, were respectively decomposed into salary increase, bonus payment,
overtime allowance and hazard allowance, as independent variables (X), for extrinsic reward,
while employee productivity, output, regularity and work attitude were the dependent variables
(Y), for employee performance. Four specific research objectives were developed by crossed
matching the decomposed variables, from which four research hypotheses were also
formulated. A survey design was used and this allowed for the use of structured questionnaire.
Taro Yamane formula was adopted and a sample size of three hundred and ten respondents
(310) was obtained and used for the study. The questionnaire was administered, analyzed and
Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficients were calculated and hypotheses tested using
SPSS version 21. The results of the study revealed that only salary increase has a positive
correlation with employee productivity. Bonus, overtime and hazard allowances showed
negative correlation with employee output, regularity and work attitude. Further findings
revealed that salary increase, overtime allowance and hazard allowance have significant
relationship with employee productivity, regularity and work attitude, respectively, while
bonus has no significant relationship with employee output. Based on these findings, the study
concluded that salary increase is an important factor that could enhance employee productivity
in the cement manufacturing firms in South-South, Nigeria. Overtime, bonus payments and
hazard allowances are not necessarily significant factors that could enhance employee
performance in the studied firms. In line with these conclusions, the study recommended
among others, that workers’ salary should always be increased as at when due, effective bonus scheme put in place, and overtime and hazard allowances given serious consideration in order
to enhance employee performance in cement manufacturing firms in South-South, Nigeria.
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Papers by John Nsor Okongo
involvement in election management, with specific focus on the 2023 general election and its
impact on the nation security. The research employed a survey design, selected for its
descriptive nature. This design was chosen to facilitate the researcher in drawing general
conclusions from a diverse range of information sources, including online materials, textbooks, newspapers and firsthand field observations. Additionally, insights and commentary from
legal, security and political experts proved to be valuable assets that enriched the content of
this study. The study recognized the constitutional authority granted to the police and ot her
security agencies to address various forms of criminality, including electoral misconduct and
violations. The findings revealed that electoral fraud is deeply ingrained in the system and
poses a significant threat to the socio-economic well-being of the nation, directly impacting
national security; and notably, elections in Nigeria have consistently been marred by
repression, hostility and Intimidation, with the police and other security agencies, such as the
military, civil defense, immigration personnel, often implicated in election rigging on behalf
of the ruling party. These actions, which flagrantly disregard the law, including regulations
governing conduct, inevitably foster an atmosphere of mistrust, anger, and resentment. In light
of these findings, the study put forward some practical recommendations include among others:
emphasis should be placed on the need for security operations to align with established election
rules and regulations; that the leadership of security organizations should regularly organize
seminars and workshops to educate their personnel about electoral laws, with a clear warning
that violators would face severe legal consequences. Additionally, the study stressed the
importance of continuous training and retraining of personnel in terms of professional ethics,
skills and values relevant to the proper conduct of elections; and further proposed that victims
of security agency misconduct should be adequately compensated, aiming to prevent the
development of resentment that could potentially evolve into a threat to national security. In
conclusion, these recommendations, when implemented, will enrich the existing body of
literature and contribute to a deeper understanding of this research area.
on Job Effectiveness of Academic Heads of Tertiary Institutions
in North Central. Two research questions and hypotheses were
adopted for the study and the adopted the descriptive survey
design. Data were collected from a sample of 372 academic head
of departments (HODs) from six tertiary institutions in North
Central, Nigeria using a structured researchers’ developed
instrument titled “Strategic Planning and Job Effectiveness
Questionnaires (SPJEQ). Data collected were analyzed using
simple regression analysis. The findings revealed that mission
statement and core values can highly predict job performance in
the study area. Also most institutions do not see the need for
adequately accepting and working toward the attainment of the
mission, vision statement and core values of the organization
which in-turn promotes excellence in job performance by
academic heads. Based on the findings of the study, it was
recommended that factors related to strategic planning should be
well articulated to management and staff of the tertiary
institution. Also, the vision, mission statement and core value of
the organization should be clearly spelt out in the organization.
the issue of repeat offenses in Nigeria, which has been aggravated by flaws in the criminal
justice system. The research aimed to achieve two objectives and test corresponding hypotheses to establish a connection between the lack of legal representation, overcrowding, and
recidivism in Nigeria. Relevant literature was reviewed in relation to the identified variables.
A descriptive survey research design was utilized, and the study population was drawn from
the state ministry of justice and the correctional service. The Taro Yamane statistical technique
was employed to derive a sample size of 221. Statistical tools such as simple percentage and
Pearson product-moment correlation were applied. The findings revealed a significant
relationship between the
lack of legal representation, overcrowding, evidence tampering,
police corruption, and re-offending. Several recommendations were proposed, including:
strengthening and adequately funding the Legal Aid Council to enhance and motivate lawyers
to provide pro bono services; urgent renovation and equipping of correctional facilities to
effectively carry out the tasks of reformation and rehabilitation of inmates; employing due
diligence in investigations to establish sufficient evidence before prosecution to prevent
wrongful incarceration; implementing appropriate punitive measures against any personnel in
the police or judiciary found guilty of tampering with evidence to maliciously harm individuals
who are unjustly labeled as criminals; improving the welfare of judiciary, police, and
correctional staff to discourage bribery attempts and misconduct.
efficiency. The specific objectives were to: examine the relationship between building facility
and organizational efficiency, determine the relationship between equipment facility and
efficiency, and to investigate the relationship between land facility and organizational
efficiency. A survey design was employed in the study. Data for this study were gathered from
primary sources through the use of a structured questionnaire from respondents of Flour Mills
in Calabar. The study employed Pearson Product Moment Correlation analysis to measure the
relationship between variables tested in the study. Based on the analysis of the results, it was
revealed that there was a significant relationship between building facility and efficiency, there
was a significant relationship between equipment facility and efficiency and there was a
significant relationship between land facility and efficiency in Flour Mills, Calabar. The study
recommended that facility management activities are relevant to the various aspects and
dimensions of an organization, therefore, managers need to have an intimate understanding of
how the organization works to create and implement facility management strategy. The authors
also recommended that managements need to understand all dimensions of the organization,
such as the purpose of the organization, its vision, mission, objectives, core competency and
goals and the processes of work, operations, and projects.
Cross River State, Nigeria, focusing on kidnapping, armed robbery, and drug abuse/trafficking in relation to the Calabar
Carnival. Employing a survey design, data from 384 respondents were collected through questionnaires and interviews. Simple
linear regression analysis indicates a significant association between kidnapping, armed robbery, drug abuse/trafficking, and
sustainable tourism, particularly the Calabar Carnival. Recommendations include prioritizing local community involvement in
tourism management to address security concerns, enhancing security personnel training in tourism education and modern
policing techniques, and allocating increased funding for alternative means of subsistence for indigenous populations. These
measures aim to mitigate negative impacts, encourage tourism, and foster sustainability in the region.
performance of the University of Cross River State, Calabar. The study adopted survey research
design. The population for the study was 1206 respondents. The sample size was 300
respondents determined through Taro Yamane formula. The instrument for the study was a
structured questionnaire using 4-points Likert Scale. The study adopted Pearson Product Moment
Correlation Coefficient using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 23, to test
the hypotheses and to determine the relationships between the independent and dependent
variables under studies. The study revealed that there was a significant relationship between
affective commitment and job satisfaction of workers, that there was a significant relationship
between normative commitment and motivation of workers, that there was a significant
relationship between continuance commitment to work and workers’ involvement in the
University of Cross River State. The study recommended that management of the institution
should at all times create affective commitment among their staff in order to achieve maximum
job satisfaction steadily. Normative commitment should also be developing by workers and
supported by management by providing intrinsic and extrinsic motivations to workers in the
institution. The management of the institution should also create continuance commitment
among workers in order to enhance job involvement and performance in the institution.
Dangote Group of Company Calabar, Cross River State. The study employed survey research design. The
population of the study was two hundred and sixty (260) respondents. The sample size for this study was
one hundred and fifty-five (155) respondents from the Dangote Group of Company Limited Calabar,
selected for the study using Krejcie and Morgan Table of 1970 for sample size determination. The
instrument used for the study was a structured questionnaire using 4-pointLikert scales. Simple linear
regression analysis model was employed to analyzed the data and test the study hypotheses. The study
revealed that employee involvement had a significant effect on employees’ retention of Dangote Group of
Company Limited Calabar, Cross River State. The study revealed that continuous training and education
had a significant effect on employees’ retention of Dangote Group of Company Limited Calabar. Also, it
was found that top management commitment had a significant effect on employees’ retention of Dangote
Group of Company Limited Calabar. The study also showed that process improvement had a significant
effect on employees’ retention of Dangote Group of Company Limited Calabar. The study recommended
that management should allow workers to participate and contribute to quality problems and decisions in
setting quality standard of the organizational products in the organization. The management of the
organization should at all times train and educates the employees on new quality standards and other
quality related matters or issues in order to maintain quality products and services.
sector organization in Cross River State using Cross River State Board of Internal Revenue Service, Calabar, for the
study. The study sought to examine the extent to which skill variety, task identity, task significance, task autonomy as
well as feedback significantly affects organizational performance (employees’ motivation, job satisfaction,
employees’ commitment, employees’ involvement) of public sector organizations in the state. The study adopted
survey research design. The population of the study was four hundred (400). The sample size was 196 respondents
from the Cross River State Board of Internal Revenue Service, Calabar, determined by Krejcie and Morgan Table of
1970. The study revealed that skill variety, task identity, task significance, task autonomy as well as job feedback
significantly affects organizational performance of public sector organizations in the state. Based on the findings, the
study recommended that the government and management of public sector organizations should at all times design
jobs based on skill variety, task identity and task significance in order to increase organizational performance
continuously. The government as well as management should also be granting task autonomy to workers while
performing their routine jobs and responsibilities, for this will in turn enhance employees as well as organizational
performance steadily.
analysis and corporate performance of business organizations in
Nigeria. The study adopted both descriptive surveys as well as
correlational survey designs. The population of this research work was
400, the entire staff of Niger Mill Plc Calabar, Cross River State. The
sample size was 200 respondents determined through Taro Yamane's
formula of 1964. The data was collected using both primary and secondary
sources. A structured questionnaire was used using a 4-point Likert scale
of strongly agreed, agreed, strongly disagreed and disagreed. The study
adopted the Pearson Product Moment of Correlation Coefficient to test the
hypotheses and analyzed data at 0.05% significance. The study revealed
that was a significant relationship existing between job analysis and
corporate performances of business organizations in Nigeria. It was also
discovered that significant relationships existed between job description,
specification as well as job evaluation, and corporate performance of
business organizations. It was recommended that the management of
business organizations should incorporate a well-established job
analysis programme into their human resource planning during
recruitment and training of existing and prospective employees to boast
its overall corporate performance continuously. Human resource
managers should also endeavour to describe organizational jobs and
specify the person who is to carry out the tasks with the basic
knowledge, skills, competency, ability, and other job characteristics for
the corporate performance to be enhanced steadily.
issue of serious concern and which has attracted unending corporate discourse among
managers of private and public sector organizations in Nigeria. Poor corporate performance
could have been the result of lack of effective and efficient change management, worldwide
competition, and changes in the environmental factors which affect the growth and
development of the organizations. Organizational development as an intentional and
unintentional change management, is an interior supportive, creative and innovative
intervention strategy that can be used to drive corporate performance in the Nigerian business
environment. Organizational development is a well-organized and controlled mechanism
which is used by managers and top management in enhancing the corporate performance of
any given organization. This research work revealed that organizational development
strategies have a significant influence on corporate performance of business organizations in
Nigeria. It also revealed that the failure of the organizational development process is caused
by poor corporate performance planning of the top management towards the organizational
growth and development at regular interval. Based on the findings, it was recommended that
top management should institute a good planning group team to formulate and implement
viable organizational development intervention strategies in order to enhance the corporate
performance of the organizations. The management should also adopt good organizational development intervention strategies such as action research, survey research and feedback,
socio-technical systems approach, total quality management approach in the overall corporate
planning of the organizations in order to achieve efficient and effective corporate performance
standards steadily.
Conference Presentations by John Nsor Okongo
in cement manufacturing firms, South-South, Nigeria. Two variables extrinsic reward and
employee performance, were respectively decomposed into salary increase, bonus payment,
overtime allowance and hazard allowance, as independent variables (X), for extrinsic reward,
while employee productivity, output, regularity and work attitude were the dependent variables
(Y), for employee performance. Four specific research objectives were developed by crossed
matching the decomposed variables, from which four research hypotheses were also
formulated. A survey design was used and this allowed for the use of structured questionnaire.
Taro Yamane formula was adopted and a sample size of three hundred and ten respondents
(310) was obtained and used for the study. The questionnaire was administered, analyzed and
Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficients were calculated and hypotheses tested using
SPSS version 21. The results of the study revealed that only salary increase has a positive
correlation with employee productivity. Bonus, overtime and hazard allowances showed
negative correlation with employee output, regularity and work attitude. Further findings
revealed that salary increase, overtime allowance and hazard allowance have significant
relationship with employee productivity, regularity and work attitude, respectively, while
bonus has no significant relationship with employee output. Based on these findings, the study
concluded that salary increase is an important factor that could enhance employee productivity
in the cement manufacturing firms in South-South, Nigeria. Overtime, bonus payments and
hazard allowances are not necessarily significant factors that could enhance employee
performance in the studied firms. In line with these conclusions, the study recommended
among others, that workers’ salary should always be increased as at when due, effective bonus scheme put in place, and overtime and hazard allowances given serious consideration in order
to enhance employee performance in cement manufacturing firms in South-South, Nigeria.
involvement in election management, with specific focus on the 2023 general election and its
impact on the nation security. The research employed a survey design, selected for its
descriptive nature. This design was chosen to facilitate the researcher in drawing general
conclusions from a diverse range of information sources, including online materials, textbooks, newspapers and firsthand field observations. Additionally, insights and commentary from
legal, security and political experts proved to be valuable assets that enriched the content of
this study. The study recognized the constitutional authority granted to the police and ot her
security agencies to address various forms of criminality, including electoral misconduct and
violations. The findings revealed that electoral fraud is deeply ingrained in the system and
poses a significant threat to the socio-economic well-being of the nation, directly impacting
national security; and notably, elections in Nigeria have consistently been marred by
repression, hostility and Intimidation, with the police and other security agencies, such as the
military, civil defense, immigration personnel, often implicated in election rigging on behalf
of the ruling party. These actions, which flagrantly disregard the law, including regulations
governing conduct, inevitably foster an atmosphere of mistrust, anger, and resentment. In light
of these findings, the study put forward some practical recommendations include among others:
emphasis should be placed on the need for security operations to align with established election
rules and regulations; that the leadership of security organizations should regularly organize
seminars and workshops to educate their personnel about electoral laws, with a clear warning
that violators would face severe legal consequences. Additionally, the study stressed the
importance of continuous training and retraining of personnel in terms of professional ethics,
skills and values relevant to the proper conduct of elections; and further proposed that victims
of security agency misconduct should be adequately compensated, aiming to prevent the
development of resentment that could potentially evolve into a threat to national security. In
conclusion, these recommendations, when implemented, will enrich the existing body of
literature and contribute to a deeper understanding of this research area.
on Job Effectiveness of Academic Heads of Tertiary Institutions
in North Central. Two research questions and hypotheses were
adopted for the study and the adopted the descriptive survey
design. Data were collected from a sample of 372 academic head
of departments (HODs) from six tertiary institutions in North
Central, Nigeria using a structured researchers’ developed
instrument titled “Strategic Planning and Job Effectiveness
Questionnaires (SPJEQ). Data collected were analyzed using
simple regression analysis. The findings revealed that mission
statement and core values can highly predict job performance in
the study area. Also most institutions do not see the need for
adequately accepting and working toward the attainment of the
mission, vision statement and core values of the organization
which in-turn promotes excellence in job performance by
academic heads. Based on the findings of the study, it was
recommended that factors related to strategic planning should be
well articulated to management and staff of the tertiary
institution. Also, the vision, mission statement and core value of
the organization should be clearly spelt out in the organization.
the issue of repeat offenses in Nigeria, which has been aggravated by flaws in the criminal
justice system. The research aimed to achieve two objectives and test corresponding hypotheses to establish a connection between the lack of legal representation, overcrowding, and
recidivism in Nigeria. Relevant literature was reviewed in relation to the identified variables.
A descriptive survey research design was utilized, and the study population was drawn from
the state ministry of justice and the correctional service. The Taro Yamane statistical technique
was employed to derive a sample size of 221. Statistical tools such as simple percentage and
Pearson product-moment correlation were applied. The findings revealed a significant
relationship between the
lack of legal representation, overcrowding, evidence tampering,
police corruption, and re-offending. Several recommendations were proposed, including:
strengthening and adequately funding the Legal Aid Council to enhance and motivate lawyers
to provide pro bono services; urgent renovation and equipping of correctional facilities to
effectively carry out the tasks of reformation and rehabilitation of inmates; employing due
diligence in investigations to establish sufficient evidence before prosecution to prevent
wrongful incarceration; implementing appropriate punitive measures against any personnel in
the police or judiciary found guilty of tampering with evidence to maliciously harm individuals
who are unjustly labeled as criminals; improving the welfare of judiciary, police, and
correctional staff to discourage bribery attempts and misconduct.
efficiency. The specific objectives were to: examine the relationship between building facility
and organizational efficiency, determine the relationship between equipment facility and
efficiency, and to investigate the relationship between land facility and organizational
efficiency. A survey design was employed in the study. Data for this study were gathered from
primary sources through the use of a structured questionnaire from respondents of Flour Mills
in Calabar. The study employed Pearson Product Moment Correlation analysis to measure the
relationship between variables tested in the study. Based on the analysis of the results, it was
revealed that there was a significant relationship between building facility and efficiency, there
was a significant relationship between equipment facility and efficiency and there was a
significant relationship between land facility and efficiency in Flour Mills, Calabar. The study
recommended that facility management activities are relevant to the various aspects and
dimensions of an organization, therefore, managers need to have an intimate understanding of
how the organization works to create and implement facility management strategy. The authors
also recommended that managements need to understand all dimensions of the organization,
such as the purpose of the organization, its vision, mission, objectives, core competency and
goals and the processes of work, operations, and projects.
Cross River State, Nigeria, focusing on kidnapping, armed robbery, and drug abuse/trafficking in relation to the Calabar
Carnival. Employing a survey design, data from 384 respondents were collected through questionnaires and interviews. Simple
linear regression analysis indicates a significant association between kidnapping, armed robbery, drug abuse/trafficking, and
sustainable tourism, particularly the Calabar Carnival. Recommendations include prioritizing local community involvement in
tourism management to address security concerns, enhancing security personnel training in tourism education and modern
policing techniques, and allocating increased funding for alternative means of subsistence for indigenous populations. These
measures aim to mitigate negative impacts, encourage tourism, and foster sustainability in the region.
performance of the University of Cross River State, Calabar. The study adopted survey research
design. The population for the study was 1206 respondents. The sample size was 300
respondents determined through Taro Yamane formula. The instrument for the study was a
structured questionnaire using 4-points Likert Scale. The study adopted Pearson Product Moment
Correlation Coefficient using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 23, to test
the hypotheses and to determine the relationships between the independent and dependent
variables under studies. The study revealed that there was a significant relationship between
affective commitment and job satisfaction of workers, that there was a significant relationship
between normative commitment and motivation of workers, that there was a significant
relationship between continuance commitment to work and workers’ involvement in the
University of Cross River State. The study recommended that management of the institution
should at all times create affective commitment among their staff in order to achieve maximum
job satisfaction steadily. Normative commitment should also be developing by workers and
supported by management by providing intrinsic and extrinsic motivations to workers in the
institution. The management of the institution should also create continuance commitment
among workers in order to enhance job involvement and performance in the institution.
Dangote Group of Company Calabar, Cross River State. The study employed survey research design. The
population of the study was two hundred and sixty (260) respondents. The sample size for this study was
one hundred and fifty-five (155) respondents from the Dangote Group of Company Limited Calabar,
selected for the study using Krejcie and Morgan Table of 1970 for sample size determination. The
instrument used for the study was a structured questionnaire using 4-pointLikert scales. Simple linear
regression analysis model was employed to analyzed the data and test the study hypotheses. The study
revealed that employee involvement had a significant effect on employees’ retention of Dangote Group of
Company Limited Calabar, Cross River State. The study revealed that continuous training and education
had a significant effect on employees’ retention of Dangote Group of Company Limited Calabar. Also, it
was found that top management commitment had a significant effect on employees’ retention of Dangote
Group of Company Limited Calabar. The study also showed that process improvement had a significant
effect on employees’ retention of Dangote Group of Company Limited Calabar. The study recommended
that management should allow workers to participate and contribute to quality problems and decisions in
setting quality standard of the organizational products in the organization. The management of the
organization should at all times train and educates the employees on new quality standards and other
quality related matters or issues in order to maintain quality products and services.
sector organization in Cross River State using Cross River State Board of Internal Revenue Service, Calabar, for the
study. The study sought to examine the extent to which skill variety, task identity, task significance, task autonomy as
well as feedback significantly affects organizational performance (employees’ motivation, job satisfaction,
employees’ commitment, employees’ involvement) of public sector organizations in the state. The study adopted
survey research design. The population of the study was four hundred (400). The sample size was 196 respondents
from the Cross River State Board of Internal Revenue Service, Calabar, determined by Krejcie and Morgan Table of
1970. The study revealed that skill variety, task identity, task significance, task autonomy as well as job feedback
significantly affects organizational performance of public sector organizations in the state. Based on the findings, the
study recommended that the government and management of public sector organizations should at all times design
jobs based on skill variety, task identity and task significance in order to increase organizational performance
continuously. The government as well as management should also be granting task autonomy to workers while
performing their routine jobs and responsibilities, for this will in turn enhance employees as well as organizational
performance steadily.
analysis and corporate performance of business organizations in
Nigeria. The study adopted both descriptive surveys as well as
correlational survey designs. The population of this research work was
400, the entire staff of Niger Mill Plc Calabar, Cross River State. The
sample size was 200 respondents determined through Taro Yamane's
formula of 1964. The data was collected using both primary and secondary
sources. A structured questionnaire was used using a 4-point Likert scale
of strongly agreed, agreed, strongly disagreed and disagreed. The study
adopted the Pearson Product Moment of Correlation Coefficient to test the
hypotheses and analyzed data at 0.05% significance. The study revealed
that was a significant relationship existing between job analysis and
corporate performances of business organizations in Nigeria. It was also
discovered that significant relationships existed between job description,
specification as well as job evaluation, and corporate performance of
business organizations. It was recommended that the management of
business organizations should incorporate a well-established job
analysis programme into their human resource planning during
recruitment and training of existing and prospective employees to boast
its overall corporate performance continuously. Human resource
managers should also endeavour to describe organizational jobs and
specify the person who is to carry out the tasks with the basic
knowledge, skills, competency, ability, and other job characteristics for
the corporate performance to be enhanced steadily.
issue of serious concern and which has attracted unending corporate discourse among
managers of private and public sector organizations in Nigeria. Poor corporate performance
could have been the result of lack of effective and efficient change management, worldwide
competition, and changes in the environmental factors which affect the growth and
development of the organizations. Organizational development as an intentional and
unintentional change management, is an interior supportive, creative and innovative
intervention strategy that can be used to drive corporate performance in the Nigerian business
environment. Organizational development is a well-organized and controlled mechanism
which is used by managers and top management in enhancing the corporate performance of
any given organization. This research work revealed that organizational development
strategies have a significant influence on corporate performance of business organizations in
Nigeria. It also revealed that the failure of the organizational development process is caused
by poor corporate performance planning of the top management towards the organizational
growth and development at regular interval. Based on the findings, it was recommended that
top management should institute a good planning group team to formulate and implement
viable organizational development intervention strategies in order to enhance the corporate
performance of the organizations. The management should also adopt good organizational development intervention strategies such as action research, survey research and feedback,
socio-technical systems approach, total quality management approach in the overall corporate
planning of the organizations in order to achieve efficient and effective corporate performance
standards steadily.
in cement manufacturing firms, South-South, Nigeria. Two variables extrinsic reward and
employee performance, were respectively decomposed into salary increase, bonus payment,
overtime allowance and hazard allowance, as independent variables (X), for extrinsic reward,
while employee productivity, output, regularity and work attitude were the dependent variables
(Y), for employee performance. Four specific research objectives were developed by crossed
matching the decomposed variables, from which four research hypotheses were also
formulated. A survey design was used and this allowed for the use of structured questionnaire.
Taro Yamane formula was adopted and a sample size of three hundred and ten respondents
(310) was obtained and used for the study. The questionnaire was administered, analyzed and
Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficients were calculated and hypotheses tested using
SPSS version 21. The results of the study revealed that only salary increase has a positive
correlation with employee productivity. Bonus, overtime and hazard allowances showed
negative correlation with employee output, regularity and work attitude. Further findings
revealed that salary increase, overtime allowance and hazard allowance have significant
relationship with employee productivity, regularity and work attitude, respectively, while
bonus has no significant relationship with employee output. Based on these findings, the study
concluded that salary increase is an important factor that could enhance employee productivity
in the cement manufacturing firms in South-South, Nigeria. Overtime, bonus payments and
hazard allowances are not necessarily significant factors that could enhance employee
performance in the studied firms. In line with these conclusions, the study recommended
among others, that workers’ salary should always be increased as at when due, effective bonus scheme put in place, and overtime and hazard allowances given serious consideration in order
to enhance employee performance in cement manufacturing firms in South-South, Nigeria.