International Journal of Society, Culture & Language, 2024
English language education through various initiatives and partnerships with foreign institutions... more English language education through various initiatives and partnerships with foreign institutions. However, in recent years, the need to learn other languages such as Turkish, French, German, and Spanish has also been recognized, reflecting the increasing migration towards non-English speaking S Abstract Foreign language instruction emphasizes the development of learners' communicative competence with the primary goal of being able to communicate in the target language. However, many Spanish language learners in Iran are unable to speak Spanish fluently even after reaching the upper intermediate level. Classroom interaction is essential for efficient language teaching but has rarely been investigated from a Communication Accommodation Theory (CAT) perspective. This study explored communication accommodations used by Spanish language teachers, strategies for interaction, and common practices in Spanish language classes, aiming to provide insights into effective teaching methods and improve language learning outcomes for students. Data was gathered from a 460-minute video of three language teachers' classroom instruction. The study revealed that all three teachers employed CAT discourse tactics such as various forms of approximation, emotional expression, interpretability, and interpersonal control and in a way that facilitated their communicative competence in the foreign language. These findings suggested that incorporating CAT strategies in language teaching can enhance student engagement and overall language acquisition.
Muslims may not experience integration or assimilation in European countries, as they have certai... more Muslims may not experience integration or assimilation in European countries, as they have certain values regarding hijab, eating restrictions, and lifestyle. They may therefore face more challenges than other migrants. With the insight that religiosity may have an impact on migrants’ national and/ or ethnic identities, we look at the role of religion in acculturation. The study investigated emerging patterns and challenges in sociocultural adaptation processes, including host-community interactions with (Iranian) migrants and Iranian international PhD students’ future intentions. Positive evaluations of the attitudes of Spaniards towards Iranians are thought to improve the drive to seek out intergroup contact and facilitate integration or assimilation in Spain. The paper’s key finding is that religion has an impact on Iranian international students. It is possible to imagine religion as a unifying factor that binds many migrant populations under a single ethnic identity. When regarded as a threat to the migrants’ ethnic identity, it also appears to create social distance between the migrants and the local population. The results of this study can be used to address factors that threaten successful acculturation and boost those that encourage sociocultural adaptation and learning the local language.
Qualitative inquiry is an effective way to explore the perceptions of participants and unlock the... more Qualitative inquiry is an effective way to explore the perceptions of participants and unlock their experiences. In social science research (e.g., applied linguistics, sociology, sociolinguistics, psychology, psycholinguistics), there is a strong tendency among qualitative researchers to collect their required data through interviewing. Interviews are useful tools to glean the related data from the participants, and different types of interviews are commonly used to delve into the participants' perceptions. In this study, we address three types of interviews (structured, semi-structured, and unstructured), and compare them in detail. In addition, we focus on effective ways to form questions, offer a brief review of qualitative sampling, and provide guidelines for conducting an interview in qualitative studies. Finally, two examples of interviews with different structures are put forth to explore the process and to compare them. Having done this, we will juxtapose both the process and content to explore different types of questioning during the process of an interview. This study suggests the potential differences among different types of interviews. It also suggests how to select the best type of interview to collect the required data based on the nature of the study and research questions. Resumen La investigación cualitativa es una forma eficaz de explorar las percepciones de los participantes y descubrir sus experiencias. En la investigación de las ciencias sociales (por ejemplo, lingüística aplicada, sociología, sociolingüística, psicología, psicolingüística), existe una fuerte tendencia entre los investigadores cualitativos a recopilar los datos necesarios mediante entrevistas. Las entrevistas son herramientas útiles para recopilar los datos de los participantes, y comúnmente se utilizan diferentes tipos de entrevistas para profundizar en las percepciones de los participantes. En este estudio abordamos tres tipos de entrevistas (estructuradas, semiestructuradas y no estructuradas) y las comparamos en detalle. Además, nos enfocamos en formas efectivas de formular preguntas, ofrecemos una breve revisión del muestreo cualitativo y proporcionamos pautas para realizar una entrevista en estudios cualitativos. Finalmente, se proponen dos ejemplos de entrevistas con diferentes estructuras para explorar el proceso y compararlos. Una vez hecho esto, yuxtapondremos tanto el proceso como el contenido para explorar diferentes tipos de preguntas durante el proceso de una entrevista. Este estudio sugiere las posibles diferencias entre los distintos tipos de entrevistas. También sugiere cómo seleccionar el mejor tipo de entrevista para recopilar los datos requeridos según la naturaleza del estudio y las preguntas de la investigación.
Muslims may not experience integration or assimilation in European countries, as they have certai... more Muslims may not experience integration or assimilation in European countries, as they have certain values regarding hijab, eating restrictions, and lifestyle. They may therefore face more challenges than other migrants. With the insight that religiosity may have an impact on migrants’ national and/ or ethnic identities, we look at the role of religion in acculturation. The study investigated emerging patterns and challenges in sociocultural adaptation processes, including host-community interactions with (Iranian) migrants and Iranian international PhD students’ future intentions. Positive evaluations of the attitudes of Spaniards towards Iranians are thought to improve the drive to seek out intergroup contact and facilitate integration or assimilation in Spain. The paper’s key finding is that religion has an impact on Iranian international students. It is possible to imagine religion as a unifying factor that binds many migrant populations under a single ethnic identity. When regarded as a threat to the migrants’ ethnic identity, it also appears to create social distance between the migrants and the local population. The results of this study can be used to address factors that threaten successful acculturation and boost those that encourage sociocultural adaptation and learning the local language.
Social Sciences Humanities and Education Journal (SHE Journal), 2024
Migration is a conscious decision that comes with many difficulties and has been a feature of hum... more Migration is a conscious decision that comes with many difficulties and has been a feature of human history since the beginning of time. The process has increased in frequency recently as a result of globalization. These days, a large number of people from less developed or lower-income countries migrate to more developed or higher-income countries to gamble their fate in a new society in the hopes of ameliorating their lot in life, obtaining a more profitable job, raising their kids in a less hazardous environment, or attending top-notch universities. During their experience, they often endure hardships in the target country, such as resettlement stress, racism, unemployment, and/or language difficulties. Hence, the study of acculturation is crucial in understanding how individuals adapt to a new culture and cope with the challenges they may encounter. This article aims to explore the concept of acculturation by looking at existing theories and research on the topic.
The current study aimed at finding probable differences between native-Persian-speaking (n = 72) ... more The current study aimed at finding probable differences between native-Persian-speaking (n = 72) and native-English-speaking (n = 72) academic writers' use of hedging devices in the 'discussion' sections of research articles (RAs). 144 RA discussions from Persian-text Iranian academic journals published by Iranian state universities and Englishtext foreign academic journals published by several famous international academic publishers were randomly selected. The publication dates of the RAs ranged from 2017 to 2022. Using a counterbalanced design, two human coders identified and coded the functions of hedging devices in the corpus according to the theoretical framework proposed by Hyland (1998). Results indicated that Iranian authors of Persian-text RAs systematically use much fewer hedging devices in their discussions than their foreign counterparts. It is argued that this pattern might be due to Iranian RA authors' (a) personality traits, (b) incompetence in academic writing, or (c) cultural mindset. The paper concludes that professional workshops in which native-Persianspeaking authors are taught to be aware of the importance of hedging devices in academic writing might be necessary and that journal editors should also have an eye on the use of hedging in the process of screening the manuscripts they receive for possible publication in the journals they edit.
Owing to the increasing number of migrations throughout the world (Elhami, 2020a), scholars are t... more Owing to the increasing number of migrations throughout the world (Elhami, 2020a), scholars are trying to determine the contributing factors in adapting and integrating to the target society. Social distance factors and psychological distance factors have significant influence on acculturation (Schumann, 1986; Ellis, 2008). Scholars have noted that acculturation is a process that happens with first-hand continued contact by which some changes will happen in migrants (
Due to an increasing number of migration of Iranians to Spain and language and cultural problems ... more Due to an increasing number of migration of Iranians to Spain and language and cultural problems they might face in the new society, a model of socio-pragmatic contrastive analysis was used with the intention of comparing the Spanish and Persian verbal and nonverbal greeting forms with the aim of helping Iranian immigrant in Spain for having a better understanding of cultural differences in greeting forms. In this study, the naturalistic context was used for both Spanish and Persian forms of greeting. This study shows two Spanish and two Persian patterns for greetings to show the differences and similarities between Persian and Spanish greeting to be a help for Iranian immigrants who are newcomers in Spain to be able to adapt themselves to Spanish culture which greeting is a part of it.
International Journal of Social Science Research, 2020
In recent decades due to a noticeable increase in migration, there has been increasing scholarly ... more In recent decades due to a noticeable increase in migration, there has been increasing scholarly attention given to problems immigrants are facing. It seems that the most significant challenges for immigrants are adapting to the new culture and being part of the new society. However, there are numerous factors that not only may affect the type of acculturation strategy immigrants take advantage of, but also boost adaptation or the other way round, stop them or hinder the adaptation and acculturation process. This paper aims to make a better understanding of the demographical features (age, gender, and level of education) with uni-dimensional and bi-dimensional acculturation strategies. The researcher has used an online questioner (Vancouver Index of Acculturation) for 35 participants (Filipino immigrants) in Madrid, Spain. The author hopes that this paper helps migrants especially Filipinos, who envisage emigration and accommodating in a new society with a new language and culture, ...
International Journal of English Linguistics, 2016
The study was designed to show if the full and partial recast given to third person "s" or simple... more The study was designed to show if the full and partial recast given to third person "s" or simple past "ed" caused learners to generate various kinds of output. 32 EFL learners at the elementary level participated in the current research. They were divided in two different groups, one included 18 and the other 14 learners. After recording their voice while giving them full and partial recast, regarding data analysis, chi Square and Paired-Samples t-test were run to analyze the data. The hypothesis was retained, leading us to conclude that full and partial recast did not function differently in simple past "ed" and the third person "s". In doing so, it aims to help teachers to better understand the effectiveness of full recast and partial recast in different grammatical structures. Keywords: implicit and explicit knowledge, implicit and explicit feedback, corrective feedback, types of recasts (full and partial), grammatical structures All types of corrective feedback have positive effect on second language learning. However, among all types, recast has proved more outstanding. Trofimovich, Ammar, & Gatbonton (2011) assert that recasts are important, and they improve L2 development in the context of meaningful interaction. Recast can be one of the best forms of feedback. Gass & Selinker (2008) assert that "recasts are another form of feedback; though they are less direct and more subtle than other forms of feedback. A recast is a reformulation of an incorrect utterance that maintains the original meaning of the utterance" (p. 334). Guided by the above considerations, recast has been regarded as one of the most effective feedbacks over the recent decade. Researchers and scholars have studied various kinds of recasts, especially full and partial recast, and their effects on second language learning development. Recast can be classified into different types. As Gass & Selinker (2008) point out, recasts are complex, because of different types. The teacher may respond to an error by using one type or more. Another factor to be taken into consideration is the output. Whether a learner modifies his or her output followed by a recast type is an important issue. The output may be unmodified, less modified, and modified. This output is believed to play an important role in language learning. Swain (2005, as cited in Brown, 2007) has suggested three major functions of output in SLA. The first is the claim that while attempting to produce the target language, learners may notice their erroneous attempts to convey meaning. Also, he further believes that the act of producing language itself can prompt learners to identify their language deficiencies. Here, leaners become self-informed through their own output. The second function of output, according to Swain, is that it serves as a means to try out one's language, to test various hypotheses that are forming. He maintains that the third function fits appropriately in a social constructivist view of SLA: speech and writing can offer a means for the learners to reflect productively on language itself in interaction with peers. When learners receive corrective feedback they try to modify their output, so corrective feedbacks help learners to modify their output. Alison Mackey (2012) points out that "learners are pushed to reformulate their initial utterance in other to facilitate native speakers' understanding by modifying their linguistic output in a more www.ccsenet.org/ijel
Journal of Advances in Education and Philosophy, 2020
Studies on Communication Accommodation Theory has advanced rapidly in recent years. Communication... more Studies on Communication Accommodation Theory has advanced rapidly in recent years. Communication is an important part of human life and from the beginning of human history, people have always tried to communicate together and to understand the others and make themselves understood. This paper aims to have a brief review on the notion "Communication Accommodation Theory" (CAT), which is an important aspect of different sciences (e.g., Linguistics, sociology, sociolinguistics, and psychology). The concept of Communication Accommodation is used in all people"s social life, for instance, between mother and child, teacher and student, reporter and listener, doctor and patient, and immigrants (newcomers) and citizens, however, this review helps us to have a better understanding through CAT.
As many studies show, different corrective feedbacks have different effect on second language lea... more As many studies show, different corrective feedbacks have different effect on second language learning, hence this study is focused on the impact of different types of recast which are full and partial recast on noticing of the learners, in other word, the researcher intended to see which kind of recast resulted in better noticing on the part of learners. In doing so, it aims to help teachers to better understand the effectiveness of full recast and partial recast on noticing of learners. 32 EFL learners at the elementary level participated in the current research. They were divided in two different groups, one included 18 and the other 14 learners. Regarding data analysis, Paired-Samples t-test was run to analyze the data. The hypothesis of this study was retained, thereby showing there is no difference between full and partial recast in improving the learners’ noticing ability. Keywords: Corrective Feedback, Recast, Noticing Introduction Receiving feedback from teachers is an evit...
Over the last few years, the role of corrective feedback, especially recast, has become a highly ... more Over the last few years, the role of corrective feedback, especially recast, has become a highly controversial issue in language learning. The study was designed to examine the impact of full recast versus partial recast on the modified output of EFL basic level learners. In doing so, it aims to help teachers to better understand the effectiveness of full recast and partial recast. 32 EFL learners at the elementary level participated in the current research. They were divided in two different groups, one included 18 and the other 14 learners. Regarding data analysis, chi Square was run to analyze the data. The null hypothesis was rejected, leading to the conclusion the superiority of full recast over partial recast in helping learners to produce modified output.
The role of corrective feedback, especially recast, has become a highly controversial issue in la... more The role of corrective feedback, especially recast, has become a highly controversial issue in language learning. In this study, the researcher intended to see which kind of recast resulted in better noticing on the part of learners. In doing so, 32 EFL learners at the elementary level participated in the current research. They were divided in two different groups, one included 18 and the other 14 learners. The study aims to help teachers to better understand the effectiveness of full recast and partial recast. Chi Square and Paired-Samples t-test were run to analyze the data. The hypothesis was retained, thereby showing there is no difference between full and partial recast in improving the learners' noticing ability.
Qualitative inquiry is an effective way to explore the perceptions of participants and unlock the... more Qualitative inquiry is an effective way to explore the perceptions of participants and unlock their experiences. In social science research (e.g., applied linguistics, sociology, sociolinguistics, psychology, psycholinguistics), there is a strong tendency among qualitative researchers to collect their required data through interviewing. Interviews are useful tools to glean the related data from the participants, and different types of interviews are commonly used to delve into the participants' perceptions. In this study, we address three types of interviews (structured, semi-structured, and unstructured), and compare them in detail. In addition, we focus on effective ways to form questions, offer a brief review of qualitative sampling, and provide guidelines for conducting an interview in qualitative studies. Finally, two examples of interviews with different structures are put forth to explore the process and to compare them. Having done this, we will juxtapose both the process and content to explore different types of questioning during the process of an interview. This study suggests the potential differences among different types of interviews. It also suggests how to select the best type of interview to collect the required data based on the nature of the study and research questions. Resumen La investigación cualitativa es una forma eficaz de explorar las percepciones de los participantes y descubrir sus experiencias. En la investigación de las ciencias sociales (por ejemplo, lingüística aplicada, sociología, sociolingüística, psicología, psicolingüística), existe una fuerte tendencia entre los investigadores cualitativos a recopilar los datos necesarios mediante entrevistas. Las entrevistas son herramientas útiles para recopilar los datos de los participantes, y comúnmente se utilizan diferentes tipos de entrevistas para profundizar en las percepciones de los participantes. En este estudio abordamos tres tipos de entrevistas (estructuradas, semiestructuradas y no estructuradas) y las comparamos en detalle. Además, nos enfocamos en formas efectivas de formular preguntas, ofrecemos una breve revisión del muestreo cualitativo y proporcionamos pautas para realizar una entrevista en estudios cualitativos. Finalmente, se proponen dos ejemplos de entrevistas con diferentes estructuras para explorar el proceso y compararlos. Una vez hecho esto, yuxtapondremos tanto el proceso como el contenido para explorar diferentes tipos de preguntas durante el proceso de una entrevista. Este estudio sugiere las posibles diferencias entre los distintos tipos de entrevistas. También sugiere cómo seleccionar el mejor tipo de entrevista para recopilar los datos requeridos según la naturaleza del estudio y las preguntas de la investigación. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of a Creative Commons Attibution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0) license.
The role of corrective feedback, especially recast, has become a highly controversial issue in la... more The role of corrective feedback, especially recast, has become a highly controversial issue in language learning. In this study, the researcher intended to see which kind of recast resulted in better noticing on the part of learners. In doing so, 32 EFL learners at the elementary level participated in the current research. They were divided in two different groups, one included 18 and the other 14 learners. The study aims to help teachers to better understand the effectiveness of full recast and partial recast. Chi Square and Paired-Samples t-test were run to analyze the data. The hypothesis was retained, thereby showing there is no difference between full and partial recast in improving the learners’ noticing ability.
This research was conducted on Iranian EFL learners in Tehran Institute of Technology (The West B... more This research was conducted on Iranian EFL learners in Tehran Institute of Technology (The West Branch) to examine the effect of teachers’ metalanguage on learners’ learning of grammatical points. In each level of elementary and intermediate, two groups were chosen, an experimental and a control group. In the experimental group, the teachers used metalanguage to teach grammar points. However, in control group the teachers used examples to teach grammar points. The result indicated that the metalanguage had impacted the learners’ learning of grammatical points. The effect was more obvious with regard to the learning of grammatical points where the intermediate learners remarkably did better than the elementary ones.
International Journal of Society, Culture & Language, 2024
English language education through various initiatives and partnerships with foreign institutions... more English language education through various initiatives and partnerships with foreign institutions. However, in recent years, the need to learn other languages such as Turkish, French, German, and Spanish has also been recognized, reflecting the increasing migration towards non-English speaking S Abstract Foreign language instruction emphasizes the development of learners' communicative competence with the primary goal of being able to communicate in the target language. However, many Spanish language learners in Iran are unable to speak Spanish fluently even after reaching the upper intermediate level. Classroom interaction is essential for efficient language teaching but has rarely been investigated from a Communication Accommodation Theory (CAT) perspective. This study explored communication accommodations used by Spanish language teachers, strategies for interaction, and common practices in Spanish language classes, aiming to provide insights into effective teaching methods and improve language learning outcomes for students. Data was gathered from a 460-minute video of three language teachers' classroom instruction. The study revealed that all three teachers employed CAT discourse tactics such as various forms of approximation, emotional expression, interpretability, and interpersonal control and in a way that facilitated their communicative competence in the foreign language. These findings suggested that incorporating CAT strategies in language teaching can enhance student engagement and overall language acquisition.
Muslims may not experience integration or assimilation in European countries, as they have certai... more Muslims may not experience integration or assimilation in European countries, as they have certain values regarding hijab, eating restrictions, and lifestyle. They may therefore face more challenges than other migrants. With the insight that religiosity may have an impact on migrants’ national and/ or ethnic identities, we look at the role of religion in acculturation. The study investigated emerging patterns and challenges in sociocultural adaptation processes, including host-community interactions with (Iranian) migrants and Iranian international PhD students’ future intentions. Positive evaluations of the attitudes of Spaniards towards Iranians are thought to improve the drive to seek out intergroup contact and facilitate integration or assimilation in Spain. The paper’s key finding is that religion has an impact on Iranian international students. It is possible to imagine religion as a unifying factor that binds many migrant populations under a single ethnic identity. When regarded as a threat to the migrants’ ethnic identity, it also appears to create social distance between the migrants and the local population. The results of this study can be used to address factors that threaten successful acculturation and boost those that encourage sociocultural adaptation and learning the local language.
Qualitative inquiry is an effective way to explore the perceptions of participants and unlock the... more Qualitative inquiry is an effective way to explore the perceptions of participants and unlock their experiences. In social science research (e.g., applied linguistics, sociology, sociolinguistics, psychology, psycholinguistics), there is a strong tendency among qualitative researchers to collect their required data through interviewing. Interviews are useful tools to glean the related data from the participants, and different types of interviews are commonly used to delve into the participants' perceptions. In this study, we address three types of interviews (structured, semi-structured, and unstructured), and compare them in detail. In addition, we focus on effective ways to form questions, offer a brief review of qualitative sampling, and provide guidelines for conducting an interview in qualitative studies. Finally, two examples of interviews with different structures are put forth to explore the process and to compare them. Having done this, we will juxtapose both the process and content to explore different types of questioning during the process of an interview. This study suggests the potential differences among different types of interviews. It also suggests how to select the best type of interview to collect the required data based on the nature of the study and research questions. Resumen La investigación cualitativa es una forma eficaz de explorar las percepciones de los participantes y descubrir sus experiencias. En la investigación de las ciencias sociales (por ejemplo, lingüística aplicada, sociología, sociolingüística, psicología, psicolingüística), existe una fuerte tendencia entre los investigadores cualitativos a recopilar los datos necesarios mediante entrevistas. Las entrevistas son herramientas útiles para recopilar los datos de los participantes, y comúnmente se utilizan diferentes tipos de entrevistas para profundizar en las percepciones de los participantes. En este estudio abordamos tres tipos de entrevistas (estructuradas, semiestructuradas y no estructuradas) y las comparamos en detalle. Además, nos enfocamos en formas efectivas de formular preguntas, ofrecemos una breve revisión del muestreo cualitativo y proporcionamos pautas para realizar una entrevista en estudios cualitativos. Finalmente, se proponen dos ejemplos de entrevistas con diferentes estructuras para explorar el proceso y compararlos. Una vez hecho esto, yuxtapondremos tanto el proceso como el contenido para explorar diferentes tipos de preguntas durante el proceso de una entrevista. Este estudio sugiere las posibles diferencias entre los distintos tipos de entrevistas. También sugiere cómo seleccionar el mejor tipo de entrevista para recopilar los datos requeridos según la naturaleza del estudio y las preguntas de la investigación.
Muslims may not experience integration or assimilation in European countries, as they have certai... more Muslims may not experience integration or assimilation in European countries, as they have certain values regarding hijab, eating restrictions, and lifestyle. They may therefore face more challenges than other migrants. With the insight that religiosity may have an impact on migrants’ national and/ or ethnic identities, we look at the role of religion in acculturation. The study investigated emerging patterns and challenges in sociocultural adaptation processes, including host-community interactions with (Iranian) migrants and Iranian international PhD students’ future intentions. Positive evaluations of the attitudes of Spaniards towards Iranians are thought to improve the drive to seek out intergroup contact and facilitate integration or assimilation in Spain. The paper’s key finding is that religion has an impact on Iranian international students. It is possible to imagine religion as a unifying factor that binds many migrant populations under a single ethnic identity. When regarded as a threat to the migrants’ ethnic identity, it also appears to create social distance between the migrants and the local population. The results of this study can be used to address factors that threaten successful acculturation and boost those that encourage sociocultural adaptation and learning the local language.
Social Sciences Humanities and Education Journal (SHE Journal), 2024
Migration is a conscious decision that comes with many difficulties and has been a feature of hum... more Migration is a conscious decision that comes with many difficulties and has been a feature of human history since the beginning of time. The process has increased in frequency recently as a result of globalization. These days, a large number of people from less developed or lower-income countries migrate to more developed or higher-income countries to gamble their fate in a new society in the hopes of ameliorating their lot in life, obtaining a more profitable job, raising their kids in a less hazardous environment, or attending top-notch universities. During their experience, they often endure hardships in the target country, such as resettlement stress, racism, unemployment, and/or language difficulties. Hence, the study of acculturation is crucial in understanding how individuals adapt to a new culture and cope with the challenges they may encounter. This article aims to explore the concept of acculturation by looking at existing theories and research on the topic.
The current study aimed at finding probable differences between native-Persian-speaking (n = 72) ... more The current study aimed at finding probable differences between native-Persian-speaking (n = 72) and native-English-speaking (n = 72) academic writers' use of hedging devices in the 'discussion' sections of research articles (RAs). 144 RA discussions from Persian-text Iranian academic journals published by Iranian state universities and Englishtext foreign academic journals published by several famous international academic publishers were randomly selected. The publication dates of the RAs ranged from 2017 to 2022. Using a counterbalanced design, two human coders identified and coded the functions of hedging devices in the corpus according to the theoretical framework proposed by Hyland (1998). Results indicated that Iranian authors of Persian-text RAs systematically use much fewer hedging devices in their discussions than their foreign counterparts. It is argued that this pattern might be due to Iranian RA authors' (a) personality traits, (b) incompetence in academic writing, or (c) cultural mindset. The paper concludes that professional workshops in which native-Persianspeaking authors are taught to be aware of the importance of hedging devices in academic writing might be necessary and that journal editors should also have an eye on the use of hedging in the process of screening the manuscripts they receive for possible publication in the journals they edit.
Owing to the increasing number of migrations throughout the world (Elhami, 2020a), scholars are t... more Owing to the increasing number of migrations throughout the world (Elhami, 2020a), scholars are trying to determine the contributing factors in adapting and integrating to the target society. Social distance factors and psychological distance factors have significant influence on acculturation (Schumann, 1986; Ellis, 2008). Scholars have noted that acculturation is a process that happens with first-hand continued contact by which some changes will happen in migrants (
Due to an increasing number of migration of Iranians to Spain and language and cultural problems ... more Due to an increasing number of migration of Iranians to Spain and language and cultural problems they might face in the new society, a model of socio-pragmatic contrastive analysis was used with the intention of comparing the Spanish and Persian verbal and nonverbal greeting forms with the aim of helping Iranian immigrant in Spain for having a better understanding of cultural differences in greeting forms. In this study, the naturalistic context was used for both Spanish and Persian forms of greeting. This study shows two Spanish and two Persian patterns for greetings to show the differences and similarities between Persian and Spanish greeting to be a help for Iranian immigrants who are newcomers in Spain to be able to adapt themselves to Spanish culture which greeting is a part of it.
International Journal of Social Science Research, 2020
In recent decades due to a noticeable increase in migration, there has been increasing scholarly ... more In recent decades due to a noticeable increase in migration, there has been increasing scholarly attention given to problems immigrants are facing. It seems that the most significant challenges for immigrants are adapting to the new culture and being part of the new society. However, there are numerous factors that not only may affect the type of acculturation strategy immigrants take advantage of, but also boost adaptation or the other way round, stop them or hinder the adaptation and acculturation process. This paper aims to make a better understanding of the demographical features (age, gender, and level of education) with uni-dimensional and bi-dimensional acculturation strategies. The researcher has used an online questioner (Vancouver Index of Acculturation) for 35 participants (Filipino immigrants) in Madrid, Spain. The author hopes that this paper helps migrants especially Filipinos, who envisage emigration and accommodating in a new society with a new language and culture, ...
International Journal of English Linguistics, 2016
The study was designed to show if the full and partial recast given to third person "s" or simple... more The study was designed to show if the full and partial recast given to third person "s" or simple past "ed" caused learners to generate various kinds of output. 32 EFL learners at the elementary level participated in the current research. They were divided in two different groups, one included 18 and the other 14 learners. After recording their voice while giving them full and partial recast, regarding data analysis, chi Square and Paired-Samples t-test were run to analyze the data. The hypothesis was retained, leading us to conclude that full and partial recast did not function differently in simple past "ed" and the third person "s". In doing so, it aims to help teachers to better understand the effectiveness of full recast and partial recast in different grammatical structures. Keywords: implicit and explicit knowledge, implicit and explicit feedback, corrective feedback, types of recasts (full and partial), grammatical structures All types of corrective feedback have positive effect on second language learning. However, among all types, recast has proved more outstanding. Trofimovich, Ammar, & Gatbonton (2011) assert that recasts are important, and they improve L2 development in the context of meaningful interaction. Recast can be one of the best forms of feedback. Gass & Selinker (2008) assert that "recasts are another form of feedback; though they are less direct and more subtle than other forms of feedback. A recast is a reformulation of an incorrect utterance that maintains the original meaning of the utterance" (p. 334). Guided by the above considerations, recast has been regarded as one of the most effective feedbacks over the recent decade. Researchers and scholars have studied various kinds of recasts, especially full and partial recast, and their effects on second language learning development. Recast can be classified into different types. As Gass & Selinker (2008) point out, recasts are complex, because of different types. The teacher may respond to an error by using one type or more. Another factor to be taken into consideration is the output. Whether a learner modifies his or her output followed by a recast type is an important issue. The output may be unmodified, less modified, and modified. This output is believed to play an important role in language learning. Swain (2005, as cited in Brown, 2007) has suggested three major functions of output in SLA. The first is the claim that while attempting to produce the target language, learners may notice their erroneous attempts to convey meaning. Also, he further believes that the act of producing language itself can prompt learners to identify their language deficiencies. Here, leaners become self-informed through their own output. The second function of output, according to Swain, is that it serves as a means to try out one's language, to test various hypotheses that are forming. He maintains that the third function fits appropriately in a social constructivist view of SLA: speech and writing can offer a means for the learners to reflect productively on language itself in interaction with peers. When learners receive corrective feedback they try to modify their output, so corrective feedbacks help learners to modify their output. Alison Mackey (2012) points out that "learners are pushed to reformulate their initial utterance in other to facilitate native speakers' understanding by modifying their linguistic output in a more www.ccsenet.org/ijel
Journal of Advances in Education and Philosophy, 2020
Studies on Communication Accommodation Theory has advanced rapidly in recent years. Communication... more Studies on Communication Accommodation Theory has advanced rapidly in recent years. Communication is an important part of human life and from the beginning of human history, people have always tried to communicate together and to understand the others and make themselves understood. This paper aims to have a brief review on the notion "Communication Accommodation Theory" (CAT), which is an important aspect of different sciences (e.g., Linguistics, sociology, sociolinguistics, and psychology). The concept of Communication Accommodation is used in all people"s social life, for instance, between mother and child, teacher and student, reporter and listener, doctor and patient, and immigrants (newcomers) and citizens, however, this review helps us to have a better understanding through CAT.
As many studies show, different corrective feedbacks have different effect on second language lea... more As many studies show, different corrective feedbacks have different effect on second language learning, hence this study is focused on the impact of different types of recast which are full and partial recast on noticing of the learners, in other word, the researcher intended to see which kind of recast resulted in better noticing on the part of learners. In doing so, it aims to help teachers to better understand the effectiveness of full recast and partial recast on noticing of learners. 32 EFL learners at the elementary level participated in the current research. They were divided in two different groups, one included 18 and the other 14 learners. Regarding data analysis, Paired-Samples t-test was run to analyze the data. The hypothesis of this study was retained, thereby showing there is no difference between full and partial recast in improving the learners’ noticing ability. Keywords: Corrective Feedback, Recast, Noticing Introduction Receiving feedback from teachers is an evit...
Over the last few years, the role of corrective feedback, especially recast, has become a highly ... more Over the last few years, the role of corrective feedback, especially recast, has become a highly controversial issue in language learning. The study was designed to examine the impact of full recast versus partial recast on the modified output of EFL basic level learners. In doing so, it aims to help teachers to better understand the effectiveness of full recast and partial recast. 32 EFL learners at the elementary level participated in the current research. They were divided in two different groups, one included 18 and the other 14 learners. Regarding data analysis, chi Square was run to analyze the data. The null hypothesis was rejected, leading to the conclusion the superiority of full recast over partial recast in helping learners to produce modified output.
The role of corrective feedback, especially recast, has become a highly controversial issue in la... more The role of corrective feedback, especially recast, has become a highly controversial issue in language learning. In this study, the researcher intended to see which kind of recast resulted in better noticing on the part of learners. In doing so, 32 EFL learners at the elementary level participated in the current research. They were divided in two different groups, one included 18 and the other 14 learners. The study aims to help teachers to better understand the effectiveness of full recast and partial recast. Chi Square and Paired-Samples t-test were run to analyze the data. The hypothesis was retained, thereby showing there is no difference between full and partial recast in improving the learners' noticing ability.
Qualitative inquiry is an effective way to explore the perceptions of participants and unlock the... more Qualitative inquiry is an effective way to explore the perceptions of participants and unlock their experiences. In social science research (e.g., applied linguistics, sociology, sociolinguistics, psychology, psycholinguistics), there is a strong tendency among qualitative researchers to collect their required data through interviewing. Interviews are useful tools to glean the related data from the participants, and different types of interviews are commonly used to delve into the participants' perceptions. In this study, we address three types of interviews (structured, semi-structured, and unstructured), and compare them in detail. In addition, we focus on effective ways to form questions, offer a brief review of qualitative sampling, and provide guidelines for conducting an interview in qualitative studies. Finally, two examples of interviews with different structures are put forth to explore the process and to compare them. Having done this, we will juxtapose both the process and content to explore different types of questioning during the process of an interview. This study suggests the potential differences among different types of interviews. It also suggests how to select the best type of interview to collect the required data based on the nature of the study and research questions. Resumen La investigación cualitativa es una forma eficaz de explorar las percepciones de los participantes y descubrir sus experiencias. En la investigación de las ciencias sociales (por ejemplo, lingüística aplicada, sociología, sociolingüística, psicología, psicolingüística), existe una fuerte tendencia entre los investigadores cualitativos a recopilar los datos necesarios mediante entrevistas. Las entrevistas son herramientas útiles para recopilar los datos de los participantes, y comúnmente se utilizan diferentes tipos de entrevistas para profundizar en las percepciones de los participantes. En este estudio abordamos tres tipos de entrevistas (estructuradas, semiestructuradas y no estructuradas) y las comparamos en detalle. Además, nos enfocamos en formas efectivas de formular preguntas, ofrecemos una breve revisión del muestreo cualitativo y proporcionamos pautas para realizar una entrevista en estudios cualitativos. Finalmente, se proponen dos ejemplos de entrevistas con diferentes estructuras para explorar el proceso y compararlos. Una vez hecho esto, yuxtapondremos tanto el proceso como el contenido para explorar diferentes tipos de preguntas durante el proceso de una entrevista. Este estudio sugiere las posibles diferencias entre los distintos tipos de entrevistas. También sugiere cómo seleccionar el mejor tipo de entrevista para recopilar los datos requeridos según la naturaleza del estudio y las preguntas de la investigación. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of a Creative Commons Attibution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0) license.
The role of corrective feedback, especially recast, has become a highly controversial issue in la... more The role of corrective feedback, especially recast, has become a highly controversial issue in language learning. In this study, the researcher intended to see which kind of recast resulted in better noticing on the part of learners. In doing so, 32 EFL learners at the elementary level participated in the current research. They were divided in two different groups, one included 18 and the other 14 learners. The study aims to help teachers to better understand the effectiveness of full recast and partial recast. Chi Square and Paired-Samples t-test were run to analyze the data. The hypothesis was retained, thereby showing there is no difference between full and partial recast in improving the learners’ noticing ability.
This research was conducted on Iranian EFL learners in Tehran Institute of Technology (The West B... more This research was conducted on Iranian EFL learners in Tehran Institute of Technology (The West Branch) to examine the effect of teachers’ metalanguage on learners’ learning of grammatical points. In each level of elementary and intermediate, two groups were chosen, an experimental and a control group. In the experimental group, the teachers used metalanguage to teach grammar points. However, in control group the teachers used examples to teach grammar points. The result indicated that the metalanguage had impacted the learners’ learning of grammatical points. The effect was more obvious with regard to the learning of grammatical points where the intermediate learners remarkably did better than the elementary ones.
V Jornadas Filosofía y Ciencias del Lenguaje UAM, 2021
Owing to the increasing number of migrations throughout the world (Elhami, 2020a), scholars are t... more Owing to the increasing number of migrations throughout the world (Elhami, 2020a), scholars are trying to determine the contributing factors in adapting and integrating to the target society. Social distance factors and psychological distance factors have significant influence on acculturation (Schumann, 1986; Ellis, 2008). Scholars have noted that acculturation is a process that happens with first-hand continued contact by which some changes will happen in migrants (
Conference: 5th Annual Interdisciplinary Symposium on Qualitative Methodologies.
At: University o... more Conference: 5th Annual Interdisciplinary Symposium on Qualitative Methodologies. At: University of South Florida Tampa (VIRTUAL EVENT)
From the standpoint of second-language acquisition, and socio-psychological adaptation in cross-c... more From the standpoint of second-language acquisition, and socio-psychological adaptation in cross-cultural interactions, acculturation and language proficiency have been found to be interrelated. The current study investigates two Iranian women's acculturation orientation in connection to their language experience. Semi-structured interviews were used to obtain the qualitative data, which were then examined in relation to social distance and linguistic characteristics. The analysis sought to comprehend the connections between acculturation strategy choice and language proficiency, as well as the relationships between formal language instruction and language use in a natural situation. The findings demonstrate that, despite individual variation, research participants are more likely to choose integration as their acculturation strategy than assimilation, marginalization, or separation. This could mean that attitudes are more connected with knowing the local language of the host country as a second language by individuals.
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Papers by Ali Elhami
At: University of South Florida Tampa (VIRTUAL EVENT)